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href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gull</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نوارس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوارس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་སྐྱར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་སྐྱར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouelan" title="Gouelan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouelan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavines" title="Gavines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gavines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racci" title="Racci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Racci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ger" title="Måger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Måger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6wen" title="Möwen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Möwen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_ts%C3%ADdii" title="Tónteel tsídii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γλάρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλάρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaviotas" title="Gaviotas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaviotas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="کاکایی (پرنده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکایی (پرنده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinae" title="Larinae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Larinae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miuwf%C3%BBgels" title="Miuwfûgels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Miuwfûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faoile%C3%A1n" title="Faoileán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faoileán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foillan" title="Foillan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Foillan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinae" title="Larinae – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Larinae" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinae" title="Larinae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Larinae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan" title="Golan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Golan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiju_apak%C5%A1dzimta" title="Kaiju apakšdzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaiju apakšdzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="കടൽക്കാക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടൽക്കാക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نوارس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوارس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اکابیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اکابیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ဇင်ယော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇင်ယော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%A1%E4%BA%9C%E7%A7%91" title="カモメ亜科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カモメ亜科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ker" title="Måker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Måker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5sar" title="Måsar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Måsar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laakkam" title="Laakkam – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Laakkam" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayka_(baliqchi_qush)" title="Chayka (baliqchi qush) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chayka (baliqchi qush)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewy" title="Mewy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mewy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaivota" title="Gaivota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaivota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesc%C4%83ru%C8%99" title="Pescăruș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pescăruș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86_(%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95)" title="کاکاتۆ (باڵندە) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاکاتۆ (باڵندە)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokit_(alaheimo)" title="Lokit (alaheimo) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lokit (alaheimo)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5sar_och_trutar" title="Måsar och trutar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Måsar och trutar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="கடல் புறா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடல் புறா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C4%B1" title="Martı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Мартинові (підродина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартинові (підродина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2ng_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Mòng biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mòng biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%B7%97" title="海鷗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海鷗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagulls&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagulls">Seagulls</a>)</span><br /> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gull_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gull (disambiguation)">Gull (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seagull_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Seagull (disambiguation)">Seagull (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Gull (commonly seagull)<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Oligocene">Early Oligocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagull_on_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seagull_on_wall.jpg/220px-Seagull_on_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seagull_on_wall.jpg/330px-Seagull_on_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Seagull_on_wall.jpg/440px-Seagull_on_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult <a href="/wiki/Herring_gull" title="Herring gull">Herring gull</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Laridae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lari_(bird)" title="Lari (bird)">Lari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>11, <a href="#Genera_11">see below</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight,_Sevan_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg/220px-Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg/330px-Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg/440px-Armenian_Gull_Juvenile_in_flight%2C_Sevan_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_gull" title="Armenian gull">Armenian gull</a> in flight, flying over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gulls</b>, or colloquially <b>seagulls</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a> in the suborder <a href="/wiki/Lari_(bird)" title="Lari (bird)">Lari</a>. They are most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (bird)">skimmers</a>, distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>, and even more distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a>. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i>, but that arrangement is now considered <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>, leading to the resurrection of several genera.<sup id="cite_ref-Pons_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older name for gulls is <b>mews</b>; this still exists in certain regional English dialects and is cognate with German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Möwe</i></span>, Danish <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">måge</i></span></i>, Swedish <i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">mås</i></span></i>, Dutch <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">meeuw</i></span></i>, Norwegian <i><span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">måke/måse</i></span></i>, and French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mouette</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically medium to large in size, gulls are usually grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They normally have harsh wailing or squawking calls; stout, longish bills; and webbed feet. Most gulls are ground-nesting <a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">piscivores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> which take live food or scavenge opportunistically, particularly the <i>Larus</i> species. Live food often includes <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, fish and small birds. Gulls have unhinging jaws that provide the flexibility to consume large prey. Gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea, except for the <a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">kittiwakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olsen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls. <a href="#Taxonomy">Large white-headed gulls</a> are usually long-lived birds, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded for the <a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">herring gull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulls nest in large, densely packed, noisy colonies. They lay two or three speckled eggs in nests composed of vegetation. The young are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>, born with dark mottled down and mobile upon hatching.<sup id="cite_ref-EoB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulls are resourceful, inquisitive, and intelligent, the larger species in particular,<sup id="cite_ref-rspb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rspb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly developed social structure. For example, many gull colonies display <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mobbing</a> behaviour, attacking and harassing predators and other intruders.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain species, such as the herring gull, have exhibited tool-use behaviour, for example using pieces of bread as bait with which to catch <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-henry_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of gulls have learned to coexist successfully with humans and thrive in human habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-seagull_crisps_aberdeen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seagull_crisps_aberdeen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others rely on <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a> to get their food. Gulls have been observed preying on live whales, landing on the whale as it surfaces and pecking out pieces of flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_gull_whale_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_gull_whale-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_morphology">Description and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg/170px-Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg/255px-Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg/340px-Larus_pacificus_Bruny_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_gull" title="Pacific gull">Pacific gull</a> is a large white-headed gull with a particularly heavy bill.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gulls range in size from the <a href="/wiki/Little_gull" title="Little gull">little gull</a>, at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>120 grams (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> ounces) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">29 centimetres (<span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches), to the <a href="/wiki/Great_black-backed_gull" title="Great black-backed gull">great black-backed gull</a>, at 1.75 kg (3 lb 14 oz) and 76 cm (30 in). They are generally uniform in shape, with heavy bodies, long wing, and moderately long necks. The tails of all but three species are rounded; the exceptions being <a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">swallow-tailed gulls</a>, which have forked tails, and <a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_gull" title="Ross's gull">Ross's gull</a>, which has a wedge-shaped tail. Gulls have moderately long legs, especially when compared to the similar terns, with fully webbed feet. The bill is generally heavy and slightly hooked, with the larger species having stouter bills than the smaller species. The bill colour is often yellow with a red spot for the larger white-headed species and red, dark red or black in the smaller species.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulls are a <a href="/wiki/Generalist_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalist species">generalist species</a> that can thrive in various environments and survive on a widely varied diet. They are the least specialised of all the seabirds, and their morphology allows for equal adeptness in swimming, flying, and walking. They are more adept walking on land than most other seabirds, and the smaller gulls tend to be more manoeuvrable while walking. The walking gait of gulls includes a slight side to side motion, something that can be exaggerated in breeding displays. In the air, they are able to hover and they are also able to take off quickly with little space.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general pattern of <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> in adult gulls is a white body with a darker mantle; the extent to which the mantle is darker varies from pale grey to black. A few species vary in this, the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_gull" title="Ivory gull">ivory gull</a> is entirely white, and some like the <a href="/wiki/Lava_gull" title="Lava gull">lava gull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heermann%27s_gull" title="Heermann's gull">Heermann's gull</a> have partly or entirely grey bodies. The wingtips of most species are black, which improves their resistance to wear and tear, usually with a diagnostic pattern of white markings. The head of a gull may be covered by a dark hood or be entirely white. The plumage of the head varies by breeding season; in nonbreeding dark-hooded gulls, the hood is lost, sometimes leaving a single spot behind the eye, and in white-headed gulls, nonbreeding heads may have streaking.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Charadriiformes_by_population" title="List of Charadriiformes by population">List of Charadriiformes by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg/220px-Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg/330px-Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg/440px-Swallow-tailed-gull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">Swallow-tailed gulls</a> are endemic to the Galapagos Islands.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gulls have a worldwide <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>. They breed on every continent, including the margins of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and are found in the high Arctic as well. They are less common on tropical islands, although a few species do live on islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos">Galapagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>. Many species breed in coastal colonies, with a preference for islands, and one species, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_gull" title="Grey gull">grey gull</a>, breeds in the interior of dry deserts far from water. Considerable variety exists in the family and species may breed and feed in marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most gull species are <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a>, with birds moving to warmer habitats during the winter, but the extent to which they migrate varies by species. Some migrate long distances, notably <a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a>, which migrates from the Arctic coasts to winter off the west coasts of South America and southern Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull" title="Franklin's gull">Franklin's gull</a>, which migrates from Canada to wintering grounds off the west coast of South America. Other species move much shorter distances and may simply disperse along the coasts near their breeding sites.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haugesund_komm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haugesund_komm.svg/150px-Haugesund_komm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haugesund_komm.svg/225px-Haugesund_komm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haugesund_komm.svg/300px-Haugesund_komm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Gulls in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Haugesund" title="Haugesund">Haugesund</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A big influence on non-breeding gull distribution are food patches. Human fisheries especially have an impact since they often provide an abundant and predictable food resource.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramírez_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramírez_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking at two species of gulls dependent on human fisheries, Audouin's gull (<i>Ichthyaetus audouinii</i>) and lesser black-backed gulls (<i>Larus fuscus)</i>, their breeding distributions (especially the black-backed gull) was heavily impacted by human fishing discards and fishing ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramírez_2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramírez_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking further at environmental drivers that structure bird habitat and distribution are human and climate impacts. Looking at waterbird distribution in wetlands, changes in salinity, water depth, water body isolation and hydroperiod altered bird community structure in both a species and guild specific way.<sup id="cite_ref-How_will_climate_change_affect_enda_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_will_climate_change_affect_enda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulls in particular had high associations with salinity levels, being the main environmental predictor for waterbird assemblage.<sup id="cite_ref-How_will_climate_change_affect_enda_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_will_climate_change_affect_enda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiform birds</a> drink salt water, as well as fresh water, as they possess <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a> located in supraorbital grooves of the skull by which salt can be excreted through the nostrils to assist the kidneys in maintaining electrolyte balance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulls are highly adaptable feeders that opportunistically take a wide range of prey. The food taken by gulls includes fish and marine and freshwater invertebrates, both alive and already dead; terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a> and invertebrates such as insects and earthworms; rodents, eggs, carrion, <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, reptiles, amphibians, seeds, fruit, human refuse, and even other birds. No gull species is a single-prey specialist, and no gull species forages using only a single method. The type of food depends on circumstances, and terrestrial prey such as seeds, fruit, and earthworms are more common during the breeding season while marine prey is more common in the nonbreeding season when birds spend more time on large bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/220px--Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Gulls_foot_paddling.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Gulls_foot_paddling.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm/Gulls_foot_paddling.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hartlaub%27s_gull" title="Hartlaub's gull">Hartlaub's gull</a> foot paddling, Cape Town</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to taking a wide range of prey, gulls display great versatility in how they obtain prey. Prey can be obtained in the air, on water, or on land. In the air, a number of hooded species are able to <a href="/wiki/Hawking_(birds)" title="Hawking (birds)">hawk</a> insects on the wing; larger species perform this feat more rarely. Gulls on the wing also snatch items both off water and off the ground, and over water they also plunge-dive to catch prey. Again, smaller species are more manoeuvrable and better able to hover-dip fish from the air. Dipping is also common when birds are sitting on the water, and gulls may swim in tight circles or foot paddle to bring marine invertebrates up to the surface. Food is also obtained by searching the ground, often on the shore among sand, mud or rocks. Larger gulls tend to do more feeding in this way. In shallow water gulls may also engage in foot paddling.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One method of obtaining prey involves dropping heavy shells of clams and mussels onto hard surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulls may fly some distance to find a suitable surface on which to drop shells, and apparently a learned component to the task exists, as older birds are more successful than younger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While overall feeding success is a function of age, the diversity in both prey and feeding methods is not. The time taken to learn foraging skills may explain the delayed maturation in gulls.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulls have only a limited ability to dive below the water to feed on deeper prey. To obtain prey from deeper down, many species of gulls feed in association with other animals, where marine hunters drive prey to the surface when hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such associations include four species of gulls feeding around plumes of mud brought to the surface by feeding <a href="/wiki/Grey_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey whale">grey whales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also between <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> (largest dolphin species) and <a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">kelp gulls</a> (and other seabirds).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking at the effect of humans on gull diet, overfishing of target prey such as sardines have caused a shift in diet and behaviour. Analysis of yellow-legged gull's (<i><a href="/wiki/Larus_michahellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Larus michahellis">Larus michahellis</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(ornithology)" title="Pellet (ornithology)">pellets</a> off the northwest coast of Spain revealed a shift from a sardine to crustacean-based diet.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift was linked to higher fishing efficiency and thus overall fish stock depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, closure of nearby open-air landfills limited food availability for the gulls, furthering creating a stress on their shift in diet.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years of 1974–1994, yellow-legged gull populations in Berlenga Island, Portugal, increased from 2600 to 44,698 individuals. Analyzing both adult and chick remains, researchers found a mixture of both natural prey and human refuse. The gulls relied substantially on the Henslow's swimming crab (<i><a href="/wiki/Polybius_henslowii" title="Polybius henslowii">Polybius henslowii</a></i>). Yet, in times when local prey availability is low, the gulls shift to human-related food. These temporal shifts from a marine to terrestrial prey highlight the resilience adult gulls have and their ability to keep chick condition consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human disturbance has also shown to have an effect on gull breeding, in which hatching failure is directly proportional to the amount of disturbance in a given plot.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain gull breeds have been known to feast on the eyeballs of baby seals, and directly pilfer milk from the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a>'s teat.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American herring gull eating a starfish"><img alt="American herring gull eating a starfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg/180px-Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg/270px-Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg/360px-Seagull_eating_starfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gull</a> eating a <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gull_attacking_coot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western gull attacking an American coot. The gull is probably trying to steal food from the coot's bill."><img alt="Western gull attacking an American coot. The gull is probably trying to steal food from the coot's bill." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gull_attacking_coot.jpg/180px-Gull_attacking_coot.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gull_attacking_coot.jpg/270px-Gull_attacking_coot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gull_attacking_coot.jpg/360px-Gull_attacking_coot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">Western gull</a> attacking an <a href="/wiki/American_coot" title="American coot">American coot</a>. The gull is probably trying to steal food from the coot's bill.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juvenile seagull serenely waiting for discarded human food"><img alt="Juvenile seagull serenely waiting for discarded human food" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg/180px-Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg/270px-Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg/360px-Huntington_beach_pier_seagull_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juvenile seagull serenely waiting for discarded human food</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser black-backed gulls in a feeding frenzy"><img alt="Lesser black-backed gulls in a feeding frenzy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg/180px-Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg/270px-Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg/360px-Lesser_Black-backed_Gulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser black-backed gulls in a <a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">feeding frenzy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juvenile ring-billed gull"><img alt="Juvenile ring-billed gull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg/120px-Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg/180px-Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg/240px-Seagull_taking_off_the_Sandy_Hook_shore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juvenile <a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">ring-billed gull</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdsniper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European herring gull stealing food from a man's hand"><img alt="European herring gull stealing food from a man's hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Birdsniper.jpg/135px-Birdsniper.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Birdsniper.jpg/202px-Birdsniper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Birdsniper.jpg/270px-Birdsniper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">European herring gull</a> stealing food from a man's hand</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kittiwakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kittiwakes.jpg/220px-Kittiwakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kittiwakes.jpg/330px-Kittiwakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kittiwakes.jpg/440px-Kittiwakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">Black-legged kittiwakes</a> nest colonially, but have tiny, closely packed territories.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg/220px-Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg/330px-Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg/440px-Larus_marinus_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>The nest of a <a href="/wiki/Great_black-backed_gull" title="Great black-backed gull">great black-backed gull</a>, with three typical eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newborn_seagull_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Newborn_seagull_03.jpg/220px-Newborn_seagull_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Newborn_seagull_03.jpg/330px-Newborn_seagull_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Newborn_seagull_03.jpg/440px-Newborn_seagull_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Newborn baby gulls with parent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagull_chicks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seagull_chicks.jpg/220px-Seagull_chicks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seagull_chicks.jpg/330px-Seagull_chicks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seagull_chicks.jpg/440px-Seagull_chicks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>Two ring-billed gull chicks sitting amongst rocks</figcaption></figure> <p>Gulls are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seabird_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabird colony">colonial</a> breeders that display mate fidelity that usually lasts for the life of the pair. Divorce of mated pairs does occur, but it apparently has a social cost that persists for a number of years after the break-up. Gulls also display high levels of <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">site fidelity</a>, returning to the same colony after breeding there once and even usually breeding in the same location within that colony. Colonies can vary from just a few pairs to over a hundred thousand pairs, and may be exclusive to that gull species or shared with other seabird species. A few species nest singly, and single pairs of <a href="/wiki/Band-tailed_gull" class="mw-redirect" title="Band-tailed gull">band-tailed gulls</a> may breed in colonies of other birds. Within colonies, gull pairs are <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a>, defending an area of varying size around the nesting site from others of their species. This area can be as large as a 5-m radius around the nest in the <a href="/wiki/Herring_gull" title="Herring gull">herring gull</a> to just a tiny area of cliff ledge in the <a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">kittiwakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most gulls breed once a year and have predictable breeding seasons lasting for three to five months. Gulls begin to assemble around the colony for a few weeks prior to occupying the colony. Existing pairs re-establish their pair-bonds, and unpaired birds begin courting. Birds then move back into their territories and new males establish new territories and attempt to court females. Gulls defend their territories from rivals of both sexes through calls and aerial attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nest building is also part of the pair-bonding. Gull nests are usually mats of herbaceous matter with a central nest cup. Nests are usually built on the ground, but a few species build nests on cliffs, including the kittiwakes, which almost always nest in such habitats, and in some cases in trees, and high places like <a href="/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull" title="Bonaparte's gull">Bonaparte's gulls</a>. Species that nest in marshes must construct a nesting platform to keep the nest dry, particularly in species that nest in tidal marshes. Both sexes gather nesting material and build the nest, but the division of labour is not always exactly equal.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In coastal towns, many gulls nest on rooftops and can be observed by nearby human residents. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">Clutch size</a> is typically three eggs, although it is two in some of the smaller species and only one egg for the swallow-tailed gull. Within colonies, birds synchronise their laying, with synchronisation being higher in larger colonies, although after a certain point, this levels off. The eggs of gulls are usually dark tan to brown or dark olive with dark splotches and scrawl markings, and are well camouflaged. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with incubation bouts lasting between one and four hours during the day and one parent incubating through the night.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on various bird species including the gull suggests that females form pair bonds with other females to obtain <a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">alloparental care</a> for their dependent offspring, a behaviour seen in other animal species, like the elephants, wolves, and the <a href="/wiki/Fathead_minnow" title="Fathead minnow">fathead minnow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incubation lasts between 22 and 26 days, and begins after laying the first egg, although it is discontinuous until the second egg is laid. This means the first two chicks are born close together, and the third chick some time later. Young chicks are brooded by their parents for about one or two weeks, and often at least one parent remains with them, until they <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a>, to guard them. Both parents feed the chicks, although early on in the rearing period, the male does most of the feeding and the female most of the brooding and guarding.<sup id="cite_ref-HBW_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/250px--Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Black-tailed_Gulls,_Matsushima,_Japan_2008-8-8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Black-tailed_Gulls,_Matsushima,_Japan_2008-8-8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm/Black-tailed_Gulls%2C_Matsushima%2C_Japan_2008-8-8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Black-tailed gulls following a ferry in <a href="/wiki/Matsushima" title="Matsushima">Matsushima</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the French <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Constantine Samuel Rafinesque</a> in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of gulls is confused by their widespread distribution zones of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Geneflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneflow">geneflow</a>. Some have traditionally been considered <a href="/wiki/Ring_species" title="Ring species">ring species</a>, but recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> evidence suggests that this assumption is questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently, most gulls were placed in the genus <i>Larus</i>, but this arrangement is now known to be <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>, leading to the resurrection of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus" title="Chroicocephalus">Chroicocephalus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leucophaeus" title="Leucophaeus">Leucophaeus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saundersilarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saundersilarus">Saundersilarus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrocoloeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocoloeus">Hydrocoloeus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pons_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pons-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some English names refer to species complexes within the group: </p> <ul><li><b>Large white-headed gull</b> is used to describe the 18 or so <a href="/wiki/Herring_gull" title="Herring gull">herring gull-like</a> species from <a href="/wiki/California_gull" title="California gull">California gull</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lesser_black-backed_gull" title="Lesser black-backed gull">lesser black-backed gull</a> in the taxonomic list below.</li> <li><b>White-winged gull</b> is used to describe the four pale-winged, high Arctic-breeding taxa within the former group; these are <a href="/wiki/Iceland_gull" title="Iceland gull">Iceland gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glaucous_gull" title="Glaucous gull">glaucous gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thayer%27s_gull" title="Thayer's gull">Thayer's gull</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kumlien%27s_gull" title="Kumlien's gull">Kumlien's gull</a>.</li></ul> <p>In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as sea gulls or seagulls; however, "seagull" is a layperson's term that is not used by most ornithologists and biologists. This name is used informally to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed taxonomic meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common usage, gull-like seabirds that are not technically gulls (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulmar" title="Fulmar">fulmars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>) may also be referred to as seagulls by the layperson. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve,_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg/220px-Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg/330px-Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg/440px-Sea_Gull_at_Point_Lobos_State_Natural_Reserve%2C_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">Western gull</a> at Point Lobos State Natural Reserve, California, US</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ornithologists' Union">American Ornithologists' Union</a> combines the <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">Sternidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">Stercorariidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (bird)">Rhynchopidae</a> as <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">subfamilies</a> in the family Laridae, but recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> research<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates this is incorrect. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> study published in 2022 found the following relationships between the genera, including the most recent generic change, the placement of Saunders's gull in its own genus <i>Saundersilarus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="anchor" id="Genera_11"></span> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Gulls </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Creagrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Creagrus">Creagrus</a></i> – swallow-tailed gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hydrocoloeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocoloeus">Hydrocoloeus</a></i> – little gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodostethia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodostethia">Rhodostethia</a></i> – Ross's gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rissa_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rissa (bird)">Rissa</a></i> – kittiwakes (2 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xema" class="mw-redirect" title="Xema">Xema</a></i> – Sabine's gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pagophila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagophila">Pagophila</a></i> – ivory gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Saundersilarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saundersilarus">Saundersilarus</a></i> – Saunders's gull </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus" title="Chroicocephalus">Chroicocephalus</a></i> – (10 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Leucophaeus" title="Leucophaeus">Leucophaeus</a></i> – (5 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a></i> – (6 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i> – (24 species) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_species">List of species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of the 54 gull <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, presented in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_sequence" title="Taxonomic sequence">taxonomic sequence</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image </th> <th>Genus </th> <th>Species </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg/175px-Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg/263px-Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg/350px-Glaucous-winged_Gull_RWD1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="3193" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_gull" title="Pacific gull">Pacific gull</a> <i>Larus pacificus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher%27s_gull" title="Belcher's gull">Belcher's gull</a> <i>Larus belcheri</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrog%27s_gull" title="Olrog's gull">Olrog's gull</a> <i>Larus atlanticus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_gull" title="Black-tailed gull">Black-tailed gull</a> <i>Larus crassirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heermann%27s_gull" title="Heermann's gull">Heermann's gull</a> <i>Larus heermanni</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_gull" title="Common gull">Common gull</a> <i>Larus canus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-billed_gull" title="Short-billed gull">Short-billed gull</a> <i>Larus brachyrhynchus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">Ring-billed gull</a> <i>Larus delawarensis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gull" title="California gull">California gull</a> <i>Larus californicus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black-backed_gull" title="Great black-backed gull">Great black-backed gull</a> <i>Larus marinus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">Kelp gull</a> <i>Larus dominicanus</i> ("southern black-backed gull" or "<i>karoro</i>" in New Zealand) <ul><li>Cape gull <i>Larus dominicanus vetula</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous-winged_gull" title="Glaucous-winged gull">Glaucous-winged gull</a> <i>Larus glaucescens</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">Western gull</a> <i>Larus occidentalis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-footed_gull" title="Yellow-footed gull">Yellow-footed gull</a> <i>Larus livens</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous_gull" title="Glaucous gull">Glaucous gull</a> <i>Larus hyperboreus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_gull" title="Iceland gull">Iceland gull</a> <i>Larus glaucoides</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumlien%27s_gull" title="Kumlien's gull">Kumlien's gull</a> <i>Larus glaucoides kumlieni</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayer%27s_gull" title="Thayer's gull">Thayer's gull</a> <i>Larus glaucoides thayeri</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">European herring gull</a> <i>Larus argentatus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gull</a> <i>Larus smithsonianus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_gull" title="Caspian gull">Caspian gull</a> <i>Larus cachinnans</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-legged_gull" title="Yellow-legged gull">Yellow-legged gull</a> <i>Larus michahellis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_gull" title="Vega gull">Vega gull</a> <i>Larus vegae</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_gull" title="Armenian gull">Armenian gull</a> <i>Larus armenicus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaty-backed_gull" title="Slaty-backed gull">Slaty-backed gull</a> <i>Larus schistisagus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_black-backed_gull" title="Lesser black-backed gull">Lesser black-backed gull</a> <i>Larus fuscus</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gull" title="Heuglin's gull">Heuglin's gull</a> <i>Larus fuscus heuglini</i></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relict_Gull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relict_Gull.jpg/175px-Relict_Gull.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relict_Gull.jpg/263px-Relict_Gull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Relict_Gull.jpg/350px-Relict_Gull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kaup, 1829</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_gull" title="White-eyed gull">White-eyed gull</a> <i>Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty_gull" title="Sooty gull">Sooty gull</a> <i>Ichthyaetus hemprichii</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_gull" title="Pallas's gull">Pallas's gull</a> (or Great black-headed gull) <i>Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audouin%27s_gull" title="Audouin's gull">Audouin's gull</a> <i>Ichthyaetus audouinii</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_gull" title="Mediterranean gull">Mediterranean gull</a> <i>Ichthyaetus melanocephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relict_gull" title="Relict gull">Relict gull</a> <i>Ichthyaetus relictus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laughing-gull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laughing-gull.jpg/175px-Laughing-gull.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laughing-gull.jpg/263px-Laughing-gull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Laughing-gull.jpg/350px-Laughing-gull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Leucophaeus" title="Leucophaeus">Leucophaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bruch, 1853</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_gull" title="Dolphin gull">Dolphin gull</a> <i>Leucophaeus scoresbii</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_gull" title="Laughing gull">Laughing gull</a> <i>Leucophaeus atricilla</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull" title="Franklin's gull">Franklin's gull</a> <i>Leucophaeus pipixcan</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_gull" title="Lava gull">Lava gull</a> <i>Leucophaeus fuliginosus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_gull" title="Grey gull">Grey gull</a> <i>Leucophaeus modestus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_(summer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg/175px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg/263px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg/350px-Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_%28summer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="2149" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus" title="Chroicocephalus">Chroicocephalus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Eyton, 1836</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_gull" title="Silver gull">Silver gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_gull" title="Red-billed gull">Red-billed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine_gull" title="Huahine gull">Huahine gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus utunui</i> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlaub%27s_gull" title="Hartlaub's gull">Hartlaub's gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus hartlaubii</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-hooded_gull" title="Brown-hooded gull">Brown-hooded gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus maculipennis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_gull" title="Grey-headed gull">Grey-headed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_gull" title="Andean gull">Andean gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus serranus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_gull" title="Black-billed gull">Black-billed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus bulleri</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_gull" title="Brown-headed gull">Brown-headed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">Black-headed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus ridibundus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_gull" title="Slender-billed gull">Slender-billed gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus genei</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull" title="Bonaparte's gull">Bonaparte's gull</a> <i>Chroicocephalus philadelphia</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg/175px-Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg/263px-Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg/350px-Saundersilarus_saundersi_2739737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Saundersilarus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Dwight, 1926</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saunders%27s_gull" title="Saunders's gull">Saunders's gull</a>, <i>Saundersilarus saundersi</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_(Larus_minutus)_a_(4834254958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg/175px-%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg/263px-%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg/350px-%C4%8Cajka_mal%C3%A1_%28Larus_minutus%29_a_%284834254958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Hydrocoloeus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kaup, 1829</span> (may include <i>Rhodostethia</i>) </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_gull" title="Little gull">Little gull</a> <i>Hydrocoloeus minutus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross%27s_Gull_(Rhodostethia_rosea)_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Ross%27s_Gull_%28Rhodostethia_rosea%29_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="662" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Rhodostethia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">MacGillivray, 1842</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_gull" title="Ross's gull">Ross's gull</a> <i>Rhodostethia rosea</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg/175px-Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg/263px-Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg/350px-Red-legged_Kittiwake_RWD3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2378" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">Rissa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Stephens, 1826</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">Black-legged kittiwake</a> <i>Rissa tridactyla</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_kittiwake" title="Red-legged kittiwake">Red-legged kittiwake</a> <i>Rissa brevirostris</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GULL,_IVORY_(11-7-10)_pismo_beach,_slo_co,_ca_-01_(5156197737).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg/175px-GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg/263px-GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg/350px-GULL%2C_IVORY_%2811-7-10%29_pismo_beach%2C_slo_co%2C_ca_-01_%285156197737%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1561" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Pagophila</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Kaup, 1829</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_gull" title="Ivory gull">Ivory gull</a> <i>Pagophila eburnea</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg/175px-Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg/263px-Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg/350px-Sabine%27s_Gull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Xema</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Leach, 1819</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a> <i>Xema sabini</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg/175px-Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg/263px-Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg/350px-Creagrus_furcatus_-Galapagos_Islands-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2423" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span> </td> <td><i>Creagrus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Bonaparte, 1854</span> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">Swallow-tailed gull</a> <i>Creagrus furcatus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Laridae are known from not-yet-published <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> evidence since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Oligocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Oligocene">Early Oligocene</a>, some 30–33 million years ago. Three gull-like species were described by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Milne-Edwards" title="Alphonse Milne-Edwards">Alphonse Milne-Edwards</a> from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France. A fossil gull from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_County,_Nebraska" title="Cherry County, Nebraska">Cherry County, Nebraska</a>, US, is placed in the prehistoric genus <i><a href="/wiki/Gaviota_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaviota (bird)">Gaviota</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species were tentatively assigned to the modern genus <i>Larus</i>. Among those of them that have been confirmed as gulls, Milne-Edwards' <i>"Larus" elegans</i> and <i>"L." totanoides</i> from the Late Oligocene/<a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> of southeast <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> have since been separated in <i><a href="/wiki/Laricola" title="Laricola">Laricola</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pons-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pons_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pons_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPonsHassaninCrochet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pons JM, Hassanin A, Crochet PA (December 2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within the Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 686–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MolPE..37..686P">2005MolPE..37..686P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.05.011">10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16054399">16054399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+within+the+Laridae+%28Charadriiformes%3A+Aves%29+inferred+from+mitochondrial+markers&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=686-99&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16054399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.05.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MolPE..37..686P&rft.aulast=Pons&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Hassanin%2C+A&rft.au=Crochet%2C+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104033543/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?action=search&resource=Webster%27s&word=Mew&quicksearch=on">"mew"</a>. <i>Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?action=search&resource=Webster%27s&word=Mew&quicksearch=on">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webster%27s+Revised+Unabridged+Dictionary%2C+1913&rft.atitle=mew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmachaut.uchicago.edu%2F%3Faction%3Dsearch%26resource%3DWebster%2527s%26word%3DMew%26quicksearch%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mew">"mew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513235604/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mew">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=mew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fmew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mew">"mew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-7087-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-7087-8"><bdi>0-7136-7087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+North+America&rft.pub=Helm&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7136-7087-8&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.au=Larsson%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Larus_argentatus">"AnAge entry for Larus argentatus"</a>. <i>The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104045158/http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Larus_argentatus">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Animal+Ageing+and+Longevity+Database&rft.atitle=AnAge+entry+for+Larus+argentatus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomics.senescence.info%2Fspecies%2Fentry.php%3Fspecies%3DLarus_argentatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1991" class="citation book cs1">Harrison CJ (1991). Forshaw J (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds</i>. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-186-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85391-186-6"><bdi>978-1-85391-186-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Animals%3A+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Merehurst+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85391-186-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rspb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rspb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224233900/http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/features/gulls.aspx">"Gulls and man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RSPB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSPB">RSPB</a></i>. 13 August 2007. 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Sunderland, Massachusetts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-009-4">0-87893-009-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henry-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henry_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenryAznar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Henry PY, Aznar JC (June 2006). "Tool-use in Charadrii: Active Bait-Fishing by a Herring Gull". <i>Waterbirds</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 233–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1675%2F1524-4695%282006%2929%5B233%3ATICABB%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[233:TICABB]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85738152">85738152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waterbirds&rft.atitle=Tool-use+in+Charadrii%3A+Active+Bait-Fishing+by+a+Herring+Gull&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-234&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1675%2F1524-4695%282006%2929%5B233%3ATICABB%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85738152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=PY&rft.au=Aznar%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seagull_crisps_aberdeen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seagull_crisps_aberdeen_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/6907994.stm">"Seagull becomes crisp shoplifter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 20 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215143154/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/6907994.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Seagull+becomes+crisp+shoplifter&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fnorth_east%2F6907994.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_gull_whale-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_gull_whale_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626053141/http://news.bbc.co.uk:80/2/hi/science/nature/8116551.stm">"Gulls' vicious attacks on whales"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 21 June 2009. 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"Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>177</b>: 107620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MolPE.17707620C">2022MolPE.17707620C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2022.107620">10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36038056">36038056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+taxon+sampling+and+vetted+fossils+help+clarify+the+time+tree+of+shorebirds+%28Aves%2C+Charadriiformes%29&rft.volume=177&rft.pages=107620&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36038056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2022.107620&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022MolPE.17707620C&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Natale%2C+Rossy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, A. H. and Sibley (1941) described <i>Gaviota niobrara</i> from the upper Miocene of Nebraska</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Pietri2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Pietri VL (2011). "A revision of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes) from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier, France)". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 812–828. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JVPal..31..812D">2011JVPal..31..812D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2011.586663">10.1080/02724634.2011.586663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84758271">84758271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+revision+of+the+Lari+%28Aves%2C+Charadriiformes%29+from+the+early+Miocene+of+Saint-G%C3%A9rand-le-Puy+%28Allier%2C+France%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=812-828&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84758271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2011.586663&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JVPal..31..812D&rft.aulast=De+Pietri&rft.aufirst=VL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1986" class="citation book cs1">Grant PJ (1986). <i>Gulls: a guide to identification</i>. Poyser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85661-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85661-044-5"><bdi>0-85661-044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls%3A+a+guide+to+identification&rft.pub=Poyser&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85661-044-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowellDunn2007" class="citation book cs1">Howell SN, Dunn J (2007). <i>Gulls of the Americas</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-72641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-72641-7"><bdi>978-0-618-72641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls+of+the+Americas&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-72641-7&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=SN&rft.au=Dunn%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGull" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gull&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gull" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gull">gull</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laridae" class="extiw" title="commons:Laridae"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Laridae</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Laridae">Laridae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calidris.home.xs4all.nl/gullindex.htm">Rudy's Gull-index</a> Pictures of less well-known plumages of large gulls</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulls_(family:_Laridae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulls" title="Template:Gulls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulls" title="Template talk:Gulls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulls_(family:_Laridae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: Laridae)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#eef;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b> († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_gull" title="Pacific gull">Pacific gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher%27s_gull" title="Belcher's gull">Belcher's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrog%27s_gull" title="Olrog's gull">Olrog's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_gull" title="Black-tailed gull">Black-tailed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heermann%27s_gull" title="Heermann's gull">Heermann's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_gull" title="Common gull">Common gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-billed_gull" title="Short-billed gull">Short-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">Ring-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gull" title="California gull">California gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black-backed_gull" title="Great black-backed gull">Great black-backed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">Kelp gull (or Cape gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous-winged_gull" title="Glaucous-winged gull">Glaucous-winged gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">Western gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-footed_gull" title="Yellow-footed gull">Yellow-footed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous_gull" title="Glaucous gull">Glaucous gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_gull" title="Iceland gull">Iceland gull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thayer%27s_gull" title="Thayer's gull">Thayer's gull</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">European herring gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-legged_gull" title="Yellow-legged gull">Yellow-legged gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_gull" title="Caspian gull">Caspian gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_gull" title="Vega gull">Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_gull" title="Armenian gull">Armenian gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaty-backed_gull" title="Slaty-backed gull">Slaty-backed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_black-backed_gull" title="Lesser black-backed gull">Lesser black-backed gull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gull" title="Heuglin's gull">Heuglin's gull</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_gull" title="White-eyed gull">White-eyed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty_gull" title="Sooty gull">Sooty gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black-headed_gull" class="mw-redirect" title="Great black-headed gull">Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audouin%27s_gull" title="Audouin's gull">Audouin's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_gull" title="Mediterranean gull">Mediterranean gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relict_gull" title="Relict gull">Relict gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucophaeus" title="Leucophaeus">Leucophaeus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_gull" title="Dolphin gull">Dolphin gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_gull" title="Laughing gull">Laughing gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull" title="Franklin's gull">Franklin's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_gull" title="Lava gull">Lava gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_gull" title="Grey gull">Grey gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus" title="Chroicocephalus">Chroicocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_gull" title="Silver gull">Silver gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_gull" title="Red-billed gull">Red-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine_gull" title="Huahine gull">Huahine gull</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlaub%27s_gull" title="Hartlaub's gull">Hartlaub's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-hooded_gull" title="Brown-hooded gull">Brown-hooded gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_gull" title="Grey-headed gull">Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_gull" title="Andean gull">Andean gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_gull" title="Black-billed gull">Black-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_gull" title="Brown-headed gull">Brown-headed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">Black-headed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_gull" title="Slender-billed gull">Slender-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull" title="Bonaparte's gull">Bonaparte's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders%27s_gull" title="Saunders's gull">Saunders's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Hydrocoloeus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_gull" title="Little gull">Little gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Rhodostethia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_gull" title="Ross's gull">Ross's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">Rissa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">Black-legged kittiwake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_kittiwake" title="Red-legged kittiwake">Red-legged kittiwake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Pagophila</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_gull" title="Ivory gull">Ivory gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Xema</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Creagrus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">Swallow-tailed gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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