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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Food and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common gull</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C7%A3nelic_m%C7%A3w" title="Gemǣnelic mǣw – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gemǣnelic mǣw" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="نورس شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورس شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Күк сарлаҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күк сарлаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Чайка шызая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чайка шызая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Чайка шызая – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чайка шызая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Чайка буревестница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чайка буревестница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouelan_louet" title="Gouelan louet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouelan louet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavina_cendrosa" title="Gavina cendrosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gavina cendrosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racek_bou%C5%99n%C3%AD" title="Racek bouřní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Racek bouřní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwylan_y_Gweunydd" title="Gwylan y Gweunydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwylan y Gweunydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormm%C3%A5ge" title="Stormmåge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stormmåge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1iski" title="Báiski – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Báiski" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmm%C3%B6we" title="Sturmmöwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sturmmöwe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeteel_Bik%C3%A9yahd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_t%C3%B3nteel_ts%C3%ADdii" title="Deeteel Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ tónteel tsídii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Deeteel Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ tónteel tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakajakas" title="Kalakajakas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalakajakas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griza_mevo" title="Griza mevo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Griza mevo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaio_mokohori" title="Kaio mokohori – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaio mokohori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="کاکایی نوک‌سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاکایی نوک‌سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skatum%C3%A1si" title="Skatumási – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skatumási" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A9land_cendr%C3%A9" title="Goéland cendré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goéland cendré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwaarsf%C3%BBgel" title="Unwaarsfûgel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unwaarsfûgel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faoile%C3%A1n_b%C3%A1n" title="Faoileán bán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faoileán bán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaivota_cana" title="Gaivota cana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gaivota cana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A7%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="갈매기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈매기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Թխակապույտ որոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թխակապույտ որոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burni_galeb" title="Burni galeb – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burni galeb" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauyatchiaq" title="Nauyatchiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nauyatchiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormm%C3%A1fur" title="Stormmáfur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stormmáfur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="שחף אפרורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחף אפרורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%ABczajn%C3%B4_miewa" title="Zwëczajnô miewa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zwëczajnô miewa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaks" title="Kajaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kajaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_kiras" title="Paprastasis kiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis kiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharsir%C3%A1ly" title="Viharsirály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viharsirály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Обичен галеб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обичен галеб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="نورس شائع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورس شائع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Үүлэн цахлай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үүлэн цахлай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormmeeuw" title="Stormmeeuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stormmeeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="मिउ गंगाचील – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिउ गंगाचील" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%A1" title="カモメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カモメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meew" title="Meew – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meew" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskem%C3%A5ke" title="Fiskemåke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiskemåke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskem%C3%A5se" title="Fiskemåse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fiskemåse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%84" title="عام گل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عام گل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" title="Larus canus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Larus canus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCttje_Seem%C3%B6we" title="Lüttje Seemöwe – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lüttje Seemöwe" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewa_siwa" title="Mewa siwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mewa siwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaivota-parda" title="Gaivota-parda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaivota-parda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesc%C4%83ru%C8%99_sur" title="Pescăruș sur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pescăruș sur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мева голубонога – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мева голубонога" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сизая чайка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сизая чайка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Алыы хоптото – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алыы хоптото" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_maw" title="Loch maw – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Loch maw" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cajka_siv%C3%A1" title="Čajka sivá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čajka sivá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalalokki" title="Kalalokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalalokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskm%C3%A5s" title="Fiskmås – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskmås" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="ஐரோப்பிய மற்றும் ஆசிய கிளையின கடற்பறவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய மற்றும் ஆசிய கிளையின கடற்பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_g%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F_mart%C4%B1" title="Küçük gümüş martı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küçük gümüş martı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the common gull butterfly, see <a href="/wiki/Cepora_nerissa" title="Cepora nerissa">Cepora nerissa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Common gull </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_gull_(Larus_canus)_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg/220px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg/330px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg/440px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_Oppdal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="2526" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Adult in breeding plumage, Norway </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Larus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus"><i>Larus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. canus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Larus canus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Larus_canus_map.svg/220px-Larus_canus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Larus_canus_map.svg/330px-Larus_canus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Larus_canus_map.svg/440px-Larus_canus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>common gull</b> (<i><b>Larus canus</b></i>) is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a> that breeds in cool temperate regions of the <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Far East. Most common gulls <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> further south in winter, reaching the Mediterranean Sea, the southern Caspian Sea, and the seas around China and Japan; northwest European populations are at least partly resident.<sup id="cite_ref-olsen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hbw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closely related <a href="/wiki/Short-billed_gull" title="Short-billed gull">short-billed gull</a> was formerly often included in this species, which was then sometimes known collectively as "mew gull". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common gull was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> under the current <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> <i>Larus canus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus specified the <a href="/wiki/Type_location_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type location (biology)">type locality</a> as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus name is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for a seabird, probably a gull. The specific epithet <i>canus</i> is also Latin and means "grey".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "common gull" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> in 1768 because he considered it the most numerous of its <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood199346_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood199346-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> earlier used the name <i>common sea-mall</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood199346_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood199346-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many old British regional names for this species, typically variations on <i>maa</i>, <i>mar</i>, and <i>mew</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original English word <i>mew</i> is related to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>möwe</i> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>meeuw</i>, and is ultimately <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood1993103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood1993103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Norse</a> influenced regions of Britain, variations include <i>maw</i> or <i>sea-maw</i>, the old <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk dialect">Norfolk</a> form being <i>mow</i>. The word <i>gull</i> comes from a <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Celtic</a> root, with the first recorded usage in English from the 1400s; the modern Welsh form is <i>gwylan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_Trudgill_2016_p._118_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill_Trudgill_2016_p._118-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subspecies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg/220px-Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg/330px-Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg/440px-Larus_canus_winter_plumage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Winter plumage</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Kamchatka gull (<i>L. (c.) kamtschatschensis</i>) being considered a potential distinct species by some authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olsen_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Subspecies</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Gull_(Fiskem%C3%A5ke)_(Larus_canus)_-_Senja,_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg/120px-Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg/180px-Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg/240px-Common_Gull_%28Fiskem%C3%A5ke%29_%28Larus_canus%29_-_Senja%2C_Norway_2023-07-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1695" /></a></span></td> <td><i>L. c. canus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small><br /><b>Common gull</b></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies#Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate</a> subspecies; small, mantle medium grey (the palest subspecies); wingtips with extensive black; iris dark. First-year birds develop white feathers on the head and belly with fine dark markings. Wingspan 110–125 cm (43–49 in); weight 290–480 g (10–17 oz).</td> <td>Breeds in northern Europe and northwestern Asia, wintering mainly in western Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus_heinei,_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA,_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg/120px-Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg/180px-Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg/240px-Larus_canus_heinei%2C_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%CC%81%D0%BD%2C_%D0%98%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></td> <td><i>L. c. heinei</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ferdinand_von_Homeyer" title="Eugen Ferdinand von Homeyer">Homeyer</a>, 1853</small><br /><b>Russian common gull</b></td> <td>Larger than <i>L. c. canus</i> with a more sloping forehead, which gives the appearance of a smaller bill. Eyes are usually paler, bill and legs deeper yellow than <i>L. c. canus</i> with weaker dark bill markings in winter. The wings are proportionally longer with more black on p5-p8 than <i>L. c. canus</i> with narrow white spots forming a conspicuous "string of pearls". p4 has black markings which are rare in <i>L. c. canus</i>. First-year immatures have a whiter head, belly and underwings than <i>L. c. canus</i> at the same age, with an unmarked rump and more defined black tail band. Intergrades are common in west Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight 315–550 g (11.1–19.4 oz).</td> <td>Breeds in north central Asia, winters in southeastern Europe, southwestern and eastern Asia (eastern China, Korea). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis,_Nemuro,_Hokkaido,_Japan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg/120px-Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg/180px-Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg/240px-Larus_canus_kamtschatschensis%2C_Nemuro%2C_Hokkaido%2C_Japan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></td> <td><i>L. c. kamtschatschensis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1857</small><br />syn. <i>L. kamtschatschensis</i><br /><b>Kamchatka gull</b></td> <td>The largest subspecies, its size intermediate between common and <a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">ring-billed gulls</a> with the largest males approaching the size of <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_gull" title="Black-tailed gull">black-tailed gulls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head is squarer with a flatter forehead and the bill is thicker and longer than <i>L. c. canus,</i> with paler eyes and deeper yellow bill and legs. Mantle medium-dark grey; wingtips with extensive black, with markings on p5-p8 forming a "string of pearls". Plumage development is generally slower than <i>L. c. canus</i>; first-year immatures retain juvenile feathers through the winter, appearing darker and browner overall, and the tail has more extensive black. Brown covert wing feathers are still retained in the second winter.<sup id="cite_ref-olsen_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight 394–586 g (13.9–20.7 oz).</td> <td>Breeds in northeastern Asia, winters in eastern Asia (Japan, Korea, Sakhalin). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The North American <a href="/wiki/Short-billed_gull" title="Short-billed gull">short-billed gull</a> was formerly widely considered conspecific with this species (as <i>Larus canus brachyrhynchus</i>), but most authorities now accept it as a distinct species <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i>, based on differences in genetics, morphology and calls.<sup id="cite_ref-olsen_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the name "mew gull" was then widely used outside of North America as its unique subspecific name,<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfrey_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfrey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olsen_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this name was also used in North America for <i>Larus canus</i> as a whole, so the name "short-billed gull" was chosen for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Ornithological_Society" title="American Ornithological Society">American Ornithological Society</a> (AOS) to avoid confusion with this North American usage of mew gull to denote all forms of the <i>L. canus</i> complex. The revival of the name short-billed gull in some of the same literature for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i>, and that that short-billed gull was used historically for <i>L. brachyrhynchus</i> when it was treated as a distinct species in the first to third editions of the AOU (now AOS) checklist (in which the name mew gull, contrary to more recent usage, was specifically reserved for the Old World subspecies).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_gull_(Larus_canus)_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg/220px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg/330px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg/440px-Common_gull_%28Larus_canus%29_adult_breeding_in_flight_Oppdal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4867" data-file-height="3245" /></a><figcaption>Adult breeding plumage, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus-calling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Larus_canus-calling.jpg/220px-Larus_canus-calling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Larus_canus-calling.jpg/330px-Larus_canus-calling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Larus_canus-calling.jpg/440px-Larus_canus-calling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Breeding adults have red rings around dark eyes <a href="/wiki/Kizhi_Island" title="Kizhi Island">Kizhi Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Adult common gulls are 40–46 cm (16–18 in) long and a wingspan of 100–115 cm (39–45 in), noticeably smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Herring_gull" title="Herring gull">herring gull</a> and slightly smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">ring-billed gull</a>. It is further distinguished from the ring-billed gull by its shorter, more tapered bill, which is a more greenish shade of yellow and is unmarked during the breeding season. The body is grey above and white below. The legs are yellow in breeding season, becoming duller in the winter. In winter, the head is streaked grey and the bill often has a poorly defined blackish band near the tip, which is sometimes sufficiently obvious to cause confusion with ring-billed gull. They have black wingtips with large white "mirrors" on the outer primaries p9 and p10, which are smaller than those in the short-billed gull.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern, and pink legs which become greyish in the second year before tuning yellow. By the first winter, the head and belly are white, with fine streaks and greyish feathers grow on the saddle. They take three years (up to four in the Kamchatka subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to reach maturity. The call is a high-pitched "laughing" cry.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bwp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common gull breeds in the northern Palearctic from Iceland eastwards to northeast Siberia. It is mainly migratory and winters in Europe, the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, Persian Gulf; <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a>, Japan, Korean Peninsula to southeast China.<sup id="cite_ref-bow_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bow-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It occurs as a scarce winter visitor to coastal eastern Canada and as a vagrant to the northeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sibley2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sibley2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kamchatka gull is occasionally seen in northwestern North America mainly in spring, and there is one autumn record in Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG/220px-Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG/330px-Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG/440px-Larus_canus_MWNH_0334.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Eggs, Collection <a href="/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden" title="Museum Wiesbaden">Museum Wiesbaden</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common gull usually breeds colonially, but can be solitary. Both sexes make a lined nest on the ground or in a small tree near water or in marshes. Usually three eggs are laid (sometimes just one or two). They are incubated by both parents and hatch after 24–26 days. The chicks are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> but remain in the vicinity of the nest. They are cared for by both parents and fledge when aged around 35 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1983799–800_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp1983799–800-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most gulls, they are omnivores and will scavenge as well as hunt small prey. The global population is estimated to be about one million pairs; they are most numerous in Europe, with over half (possibly as much as 80-90%) of the world population.<sup id="cite_ref-ebcc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the short-billed gull population in Alaska is only about 10,000 pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:none;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Larus canus fishing sequence"><img alt="Larus canus fishing sequence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg/1200px-Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg/1800px-Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg/2400px-Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Larus_Canus_Fishing_Sequence.jpg" title="File:Larus Canus Fishing Sequence.jpg"> </a></div><i>Larus canus</i> fishing sequence</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International.2019" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694308/155576460">"<i>Larus canus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2019</b>: e.T22694308A155576460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694308A155576460.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694308A155576460.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Larus+canus&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T22694308A155576460&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694308A155576460.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22694308%2F155576460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olsen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olsen_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsen_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsen_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsen_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsen_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenLarsson2004" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004). <i>Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America</i>. Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-7087-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-7087-8"><bdi>0-7136-7087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+North+America&rft.pub=Helm&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7136-7087-8&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.au=Larsson%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hbw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hbw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbw_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hbw_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgerGolchfeld1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Burger, J.; Golchfeld, M. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0003unse/page/572/mode/1up">"Family Laridae"</a></span>. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World</i>. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 572–623 [603–604]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-20-7"><bdi>978-84-87334-20-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Laridae&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pages=572-623+603-604&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-84-87334-20-7&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Golchfeld%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofbirdso0003unse%2Fpage%2F572%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727041"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Peters" title="James L. Peters">Peters, James Lee</a>, ed. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483128"><i>Check-List of Birds of the World</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Check-List+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F14483128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A. (2010). <i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n219/mode/1up">219</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n89/mode/1up">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=219%2C+89&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood199346-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood199346_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood199346_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockwood1993">Lockwood 1993</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennant1768" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Pennant, Thomas</a> (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40880706"><i>British Zoology</i></a>. Vol. 2. Warrington, United Kingdom: Printed for Benjamin White. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Zoology&rft.place=Warrington%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Printed+for+Benjamin+White&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Pennant&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F40880706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillughby1678" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Willughby, Francis</a> (1678). <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">Ray, John</a> (ed.). <i>The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick</i>. London: John Martyn. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41441780">27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41442144">345-346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornithology+of+Francis+Willughby+of+Middleton+in+the+County+of+Warwick&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27%2C+345-346&rft.pub=John+Martyn&rft.date=1678&rft.aulast=Willughby&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNB_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1968" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Christine E. (1968). <i>British Names of Birds</i>. Witherby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0854930043" title="Special:BookSources/978-0854930043"><bdi>978-0854930043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Names+of+Birds&rft.pub=Witherby&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0854930043&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Christine+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood1993103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood1993103_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockwood1993">Lockwood 1993</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudgill_Trudgill_2016_p._118-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_Trudgill_2016_p._118_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgillTrudgill2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trudgill, P.; Trudgill, J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1CeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>Dialect Matters: Respecting Vernacular Language</i></a>. Dialect Matters. Respecting Vernacular Language (in German). Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13047-0"><bdi>978-1-107-13047-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect+Matters%3A+Respecting+Vernacular+Language&rft.series=Dialect+Matters.+Respecting+Vernacular+Language&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13047-0&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1CeDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ioc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)" title="Frank Gill (ornithologist)">Gill, Frank</a>; Donsker, David; <a href="/wiki/Pamela_C._Rasmussen" title="Pamela C. Rasmussen">Rasmussen, Pamela</a>, eds. (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/gulls/">"Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks"</a>. <i>IOC World Bird List Version 14.1</i>. International Ornithologists' Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+Version+14.1&rft.atitle=Noddies%2C+gulls%2C+terns%2C+skimmers%2C+skuas%2C+auks&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbirdnames.org%2Fbow%2Fgulls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2018" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Klaus Malling (2018). <i>Gulls of the World : a Photographic Guide</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18059-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18059-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls+of+the+World+%3A+a+Photographic+Guide&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18059-5&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Klaus+Malling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rasmussen, Pamela C. (10 November 2020). "Split Mew Gull <i>Larus canus brachyrhynchus</i> and rename as Short-billed Gull". <i>AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America</i>. Proposal Set 2021-A: 187–188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AOS+Classification+Committee+%E2%80%93+North+and+Middle+America&rft.atitle=Split+Mew+Gull+Larus+canus+brachyrhynchus+and+rename+as+Short-billed+Gull&rft.volume=Proposal+Set+2021-A&rft.pages=187-188&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Pamela+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1986" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Peter James (1986). <i>Gulls</i>. Christopher Helm Publishers. p. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85661-044-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85661-044-5"><bdi>0-85661-044-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulls&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85661-044-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Peter+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfrey-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alfrey_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfrey2006" class="citation web cs1">Alfrey, Peter (2006-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.surfbirds.com/ID%20Articles/alfreymewgull0406/alfreymew0406.html">"Mew Gull Identification"</a>. <i>Surfbirds</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Surfbirds&rft.atitle=Mew+Gull+Identification&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.aulast=Alfrey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.surfbirds.com%2FID%2520Articles%2Falfreymewgull0406%2Falfreymew0406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesserBillermanBurnsCicero2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab037">"Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds"</a>. <i>Ornithology</i>. <b>138</b> (ukab037). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab037">10.1093/ornithology/ukab037</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ornithology&rft.atitle=Sixty-second+Supplement+to+the+American+Ornithological+Society%27s+Check-list+of+North+American+Birds&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=ukab037&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fornithology%2Fukab037&rft.aulast=Chesser&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft.au=Billerman%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Burns%2C+K.J.&rft.au=Cicero%2C+C.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Ba%C3%B1os%2C+B.E.&rft.au=Kratter%2C+A.W.&rft.au=Lovette%2C+I.J.&rft.au=Mason%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+P.C.&rft.au=Remsen%2C+J.V.J.&rft.au=Stotz%2C+D.F.&rft.au=Winker%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fornithology%252Fukab037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bwp-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bwp_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowPerrins1998" class="citation book cs1">Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M. (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_the_Western_Palearctic" title="The Birds of the Western Palearctic">The Birds of the Western Palearctic</a></i> (Concise ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854099-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-854099-X"><bdi>0-19-854099-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic&rft.edition=Concise&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-854099-X&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft.au=Perrins%2C+C.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bow-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bow_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskoffBevierRasmussen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moskoff, W.; Bevier, L.R.; Rasmussen, P.C. (2020). Billerman, S.M. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.mewgul.01.1">"Common Gull (<i>Larus canus</i>), version 1.1"</a></span>. <i>Birds of the World</i>. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2173%2Fbow.mewgul.01.1">10.2173/bow.mewgul.01.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birds+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Common+Gull+%28Larus+canus%29%2C+version+1.1.&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2173%2Fbow.mewgul.01.1&rft.aulast=Moskoff&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Bevier%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+P.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2173%2Fbow.mewgul.01.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sibley2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sibley2000_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Sibley" title="David Allen Sibley">Sibley, David Allen</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/483"><i>The Sibley Guide to Birds</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/483">483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45122-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45122-6"><bdi>0-679-45122-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sibley+Guide+to+Birds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-679-45122-6&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.aufirst=David+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsibleyguidetobir00sibl_0%2Fpage%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp1983799–800-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1983799–800_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCramp1983">Cramp 1983</a>, pp. 799–800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebcc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebcc_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagemeijerBlair1997" class="citation book cs1">Hagemeijer, W.J.M.; Blair, M.J., eds. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/The_EBCC_Atlas_of_European_Breeding_Birds" title="The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds">The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds</a></i>. London: Poyser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85661-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85661-091-7"><bdi>0-85661-091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+EBCC+Atlas+of+European+Breeding+Birds&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Poyser&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-85661-091-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramp1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cramp" title="Stanley Cramp">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1983). "<i>Larus canus</i> Common gull". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic</i>. Vol. III: Waders to Gulls. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 790–801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857506-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857506-1"><bdi>978-0-19-857506-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Larus+canus+Common+gull&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+Europe+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.+The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=790-801&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857506-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Burley_Lockwood" title="William Burley Lockwood">Lockwood, William Burley</a> (1993) [1984]. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866196-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866196-2"><bdi>978-0-19-866196-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+British+Bird+Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866196-2&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=William+Burley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_gull&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Larus_canus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Larus canus">Larus canus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22694308">BirdLife species factsheet for <i>Larus canus</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=00DA9D9151189271">"Larus canus"</a>. <i>Avibase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avibase&rft.atitle=Larus+canus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fspecies.jsp%3Flang%3DEN%26avibaseid%3D00DA9D9151189271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26427#P2026" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbw.com/ibc/species/mew-gull-larus-canus">"Mew Gull media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Bird Collection">Internet Bird Collection</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Bird+Collection&rft.atitle=Mew+Gull+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbw.com%2Fibc%2Fspecies%2Fmew-gull-larus-canus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+gull" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=mew+gull&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24">Mew Gull photo gallery</a> at VIREO (Drexel University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=22694308">Interactive range map of <i>Larus canus</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.iucnredlist.org/index.html">IUCN Red List maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Larus-canus">Audio recordings of Mew gull</a> on <a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/birdguide/pool/tags/Larus+canus"><i>Larus canus</i></a> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/birdguide">Field Guide: Birds of the World</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/">Common gull</a> media from <a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26427#P2833" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulls_(family:_Laridae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulls" title="Template:Gulls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulls" title="Template talk:Gulls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulls_(family:_Laridae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">Gulls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>: Laridae)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#eef;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></b> († indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_gull" title="Pacific gull">Pacific gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher%27s_gull" title="Belcher's gull">Belcher's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrog%27s_gull" title="Olrog's gull">Olrog's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_gull" title="Black-tailed gull">Black-tailed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heermann%27s_gull" title="Heermann's gull">Heermann's gull</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Common gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-billed_gull" title="Short-billed gull">Short-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring-billed_gull" title="Ring-billed gull">Ring-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gull" title="California gull">California gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black-backed_gull" title="Great black-backed gull">Great black-backed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">Kelp gull (or Cape gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous-winged_gull" title="Glaucous-winged gull">Glaucous-winged gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">Western gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-footed_gull" title="Yellow-footed gull">Yellow-footed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucous_gull" title="Glaucous gull">Glaucous gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_gull" title="Iceland gull">Iceland gull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thayer%27s_gull" title="Thayer's gull">Thayer's gull</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">European herring gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-legged_gull" title="Yellow-legged gull">Yellow-legged gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_gull" title="Caspian gull">Caspian gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_gull" title="Vega gull">Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_gull" title="Armenian gull">Armenian gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaty-backed_gull" title="Slaty-backed gull">Slaty-backed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_black-backed_gull" title="Lesser black-backed gull">Lesser black-backed gull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gull" title="Heuglin's gull">Heuglin's gull</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_gull" title="White-eyed gull">White-eyed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty_gull" title="Sooty gull">Sooty gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_black-headed_gull" class="mw-redirect" title="Great black-headed gull">Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audouin%27s_gull" title="Audouin's gull">Audouin's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_gull" title="Mediterranean gull">Mediterranean gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relict_gull" title="Relict gull">Relict gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Leucophaeus" title="Leucophaeus">Leucophaeus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_gull" title="Dolphin gull">Dolphin gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_gull" title="Laughing gull">Laughing gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_gull" title="Franklin's gull">Franklin's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_gull" title="Lava gull">Lava gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_gull" title="Grey gull">Grey gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Chroicocephalus" title="Chroicocephalus">Chroicocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_gull" title="Silver gull">Silver gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_gull" title="Red-billed gull">Red-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine_gull" title="Huahine gull">Huahine gull</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlaub%27s_gull" title="Hartlaub's gull">Hartlaub's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-hooded_gull" title="Brown-hooded gull">Brown-hooded gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_gull" title="Grey-headed gull">Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_gull" title="Andean gull">Andean gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_gull" title="Black-billed gull">Black-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-headed_gull" title="Brown-headed gull">Brown-headed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">Black-headed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_gull" title="Slender-billed gull">Slender-billed gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte%27s_gull" title="Bonaparte's gull">Bonaparte's gull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders%27s_gull" title="Saunders's gull">Saunders's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Hydrocoloeus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_gull" title="Little gull">Little gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Rhodostethia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_gull" title="Ross's gull">Ross's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kittiwake" title="Kittiwake">Rissa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">Black-legged kittiwake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_kittiwake" title="Red-legged kittiwake">Red-legged kittiwake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Pagophila</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_gull" title="Ivory gull">Ivory gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Xema</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabine%27s_gull" title="Sabine's gull">Sabine's gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Creagrus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">Swallow-tailed gull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gull_egg" title="Gull egg">Gull eggs as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybridisation_in_gulls" title="Hybridisation in gulls">Hybridisation in gulls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Larus canus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26427" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q26427">Q26427</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Larus_canus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Larus canus">Larus canus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">mewgul</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Larus_canus/">Larus_canus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=00DA9D9151189271">00DA9D9151189271</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8696">8696</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22694308">22694308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/mewgul">mewgul</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob5900.htm">bob5900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3SBPZ">3SBPZ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/mewgul">mewgul</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LARUCA">LARUCA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1107">1107</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp5900.htm">5900</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96935">96935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9707ce90-6f74-4fa6-a8e1-e6930dc26864">9707ce90-6f74-4fa6-a8e1-e6930dc26864</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7982160">7982160</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/mew-gull">mew-gull</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Birds_of_the_World" title="Handbook of the Birds of the World">IBC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/mew-gull-larus-canus">mew-gull-larus-canus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/4356">4356</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10452599">10452599</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=176832">176832</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22694308">22694308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000000354">NBNSYS0000000354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28681">28681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_Birds_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical Birds Online">Neotropical</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/mewgul">mewgul</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/183/">183</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/137141">137141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=855472">855472</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372763">372763</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SeaLifeBase" title="SeaLifeBase">SeaLifeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=75067">75067</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=9040">9040</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137141">137141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Larus-canus">Larus-canus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/A678665A-56EF-4961-9010-BC9AE7765FD3">A678665A-56EF-4961-9010-BC9AE7765FD3</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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