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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Behaviour </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Predators and parasites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relationships with humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conservation status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tern</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterretjies" title="Sterretjies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterretjies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خرشناوات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرشناوات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternidae" title="Sternidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sternidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C3%BCp%C3%BCr%C9%99nl%C9%99r" title="Susüpürənlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Susüpürənlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="টার্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টার্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Крачкавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крачкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterninae" title="Sterninae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sterninae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8rnids" title="Estèrnids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estèrnids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чарлак йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чарлак йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryb%C3%A1ci" title="Rybáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rybáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-wennol" title="Môr-wennol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-wennol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terner" title="Terner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Terner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeschwalben" title="Seeschwalben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeschwalben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_t%C3%A1shchozhii" title="Tónteel táshchozhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel táshchozhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiirlased" title="Tiirlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiirlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternidae" title="Sternidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sternidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cternenoj" title="Ŝternenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝternenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txenada" title="Txenada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txenada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsale" title="Tsale – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsale" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پرستودریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرستودریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terna" title="Terna – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Terna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterninae" title="Sterninae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sterninae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirnzen" title="Stirnzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stirnzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geabhr%C3%B3g" title="Geabhróg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Geabhróg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste%C3%A0rnan" title="Steàrnan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Steàrnan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9rnidos" title="Estérnidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estérnidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%88%EB%A7%A4%EA%B8%B0%EB%A5%98" title="제비갈매기류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제비갈매기류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cigre" title="Čigre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čigre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_laut" title="Dara laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dara laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterninae" title="Sterninae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sterninae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שחפיתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחפיתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეთოვლიასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეთოვლიასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қарқылдақ шағалалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарқылдақ шағалалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buabua" title="Buabua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Buabua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чабакчылдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чабакчылдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterninae" title="Sterninae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sterninae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABri%C5%86u_apak%C5%A1dzimta" title="Zīriņu apakšdzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīriņu apakšdzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuv%C4%97driniai" title="Žuvėdriniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuvėdriniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciirakot" title="Čiirakot – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čiirakot" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A9rf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Csérfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csérfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B3" title="ആള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="خرشناوات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خرشناوات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اسپری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterns" title="Sterns – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterns" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeezwaoluw" title="Zeezwaoluw – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zeezwaoluw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B7%E4%BA%9C%E7%A7%91" title="アジサシ亜科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アジサシ亜科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakern" title="Bakern – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakern" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terner" title="Terner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Terner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terner" title="Terner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigirtchilar" title="Chigirtchilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chigirtchilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieren" title="Kieren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kieren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybitwy_(ptaki)" title="Rybitwy (ptaki) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rybitwy (ptaki)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estern%C3%ADdeos" title="Esternídeos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esternídeos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chir%C4%83" title="Chiră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chiră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of seabirds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tern_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tern (disambiguation)">Tern (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Terns <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> to present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:3-point_tern_(Sandwich,_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns,_St_Mary%27s_Island,_Northumberland).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg/220px-3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg/330px-3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg/440px-3-point_tern_%28Sandwich%2C_Common_%26_Roseate_Terns%2C_St_Mary%27s_Island%2C_Northumberland%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_tern" title="Sandwich tern">Sandwich tern</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">common tern</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Roseate_tern" title="Roseate tern">roseate tern</a> together, Northumberland, UK </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sterninae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sterninae</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1838 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anous" title="Anous">Anous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_tern" title="Marsh tern">Chlidonias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelochelidon" title="Gelochelidon">Gelochelidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gygis" title="Gygis">Gygis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Hydroprogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_tern" title="Inca tern">Larosterna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychoprion" title="Onychoprion">Onychoprion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-billed_tern" title="Large-billed tern">Phaetusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterna" title="Sterna">Sterna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternula" title="Sternula">Sternula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalasseus" title="Thalasseus">Thalasseus</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg/220px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg/330px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg/440px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">Common tern</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg/250px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg/330px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg/500px-Birds_of_Sweden_2016_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Common tern in flight</figcaption></figure> Terns are <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Laridae" title="Laridae">Laridae</a>, subfamily Sterninae, that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>. Terns are treated in eleven <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> in a subgroup of the family Laridae, which also includes several genera of <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (bird)">skimmers</a> (Rynchops). They are slender, lightly built birds with long, forked tails, narrow wings, long bills, and relatively short legs. Most species are pale grey above and white below with a contrasting black cap to the head, but the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_tern" title="Marsh tern">marsh terns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_tern" title="Black-bellied tern">black-bellied tern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_tern" title="Inca tern">Inca tern</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Noddy_(tern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noddy (tern)">noddies</a> have dark body <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> for at least part of the year. The sexes are identical in appearance, but young birds are readily distinguishable from adults. Terns have a non-breeding plumage, which usually involves a white forehead and much-reduced black cap. Terns are long-lived birds and are relatively free from natural predators and <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>; most species are declining in numbers due directly or indirectly to human activities, including habitat loss, pollution, disturbance, and predation by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduced mammal">introduced mammals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_crested_tern" title="Chinese crested tern">Chinese crested tern</a> is <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> and three other species are classed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>. International agreements provide a measure of protection, but adults and eggs of some species are still used for food in the tropics. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larosterna_inca4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Larosterna_inca4.jpg/220px-Larosterna_inca4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Larosterna_inca4.jpg/330px-Larosterna_inca4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Larosterna_inca4.jpg/440px-Larosterna_inca4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The plumage of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_tern" title="Inca tern">Inca tern</a> is the most atypical of the group.</figcaption></figure> Terns range in size from the <a href="/wiki/Least_tern" title="Least tern">least tern</a>, at 23 cm (9 in) in length and weighing <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>30–45 g (1+1⁄16–1+9⁄16 oz),<a href="#cite_note-Maehr-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-olsen136-2">[2]</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Caspian tern</a> at 48–56 cm (19–22 in), 500–700 g (18–25 oz).<a href="#cite_note-harrisoncasp-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> They are longer-billed, lighter-bodied, and more streamlined than gulls, and their long tails and long narrow wings give them an elegance in flight. Male and female plumages are identical, although the male can be 2–5% larger than the female and often has a relatively larger bill. Sea terns have deeply forked tails, and at least a shallow "V" is shown by all other species.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> The noddies (genus Anous) have unusual notched-wedge shaped tails, the longest tail feathers being the middle-outer, rather than the central or outermost.<a href="#cite_note-harrison388-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton-7">[7]</a> Although their legs are short, terns can run well. They rarely swim, despite having webbed feet, usually landing on water only to bathe.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> The majority of sea terns have light grey or white body <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> as adults, with a black cap to the head. The legs and bill are various combinations of red, orange, yellow, or black depending on species. The pale plumage is conspicuous from a distance at sea, and may attract other birds to a good feeding area for these fish-eating species. When seen against the sky, the white underparts also help to hide the hunting bird from its intended prey. The Inca tern has mainly dark plumage, and three species that mainly eat insects, <a href="/wiki/Black_tern" title="Black tern">black tern</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-winged_tern" title="White-winged tern">white-winged tern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_tern" title="Black-bellied tern">black-bellied tern</a>, have black underparts in the breeding season. Three of the noddies (<a href="/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">brown noddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_noddy" title="Lesser noddy">lesser noddy</a>) have dark plumage with a pale head cap, while the other two noddies (<a href="/wiki/Blue_noddy" title="Blue noddy">blue noddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_noddy" title="Grey noddy">grey noddy</a>, both of which were formerly placed in the genus Procelsterna) have paler grey plumage. The reason for their dark plumage is unknown, but it has been suggested that in tropical areas, where food resources are scarce, the less conspicuous colouration makes it harder for other noddies to detect a feeding bird.<a href="#cite_note-simmons-8">[8]</a> Plumage type, especially the head pattern, is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogeny</a> of the terns, and the pale-capped, dark-bodied noddies are believed to have diverged earlier than the other genera from an ancestral white-headed gull, followed by the partially black-headed <a href="/wiki/Onychoprion" title="Onychoprion">Onychoprion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternula" title="Sternula">Sternula</a> groupings.<a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cerny-10">[10]</a> Juvenile terns typically have brown- or yellow-tinged upperparts, and the feathers have dark edges that give the plumage a scaly appearance. They have dark bands on the wings and short tails. In most species, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moult</a> does not start until after migration, the plumage then becoming more like the adult, but with some retained juvenile feathers and a white forehead with only a partial dark cap. By the second summer, the appearance is very like the adult, and full mature plumage is usually attained by the third year. After breeding, terns moult into a winter plumage, typically showing a white forehead. Heavily worn or aberrant plumages such as <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">melanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a> are much rarer in terns than in gulls.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voice">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg" title="File:Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg">Common tern (80 s)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg/Sterna-hirundo-002.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Terns have a wide repertoire of vocalisations. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">common tern</a> has a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">alarm</a>, kee-yah, also used as a warning to intruders, and a shorter kyar, given as an individual takes flight in response to a more serious threat; this quietens the usually noisy colony while its residents assess the danger. Other calls include a down-slurred keeur given when an adult is approaching the nest with a fish, and a kip uttered during social contact.<a href="#cite_note-hume68-12">[12]</a> Parents and chicks can locate one another by call,<a href="#cite_note-burton-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a> also recognise each other's vocalisations from about the twelfth day after hatching, which helps to keep the brood together.<a href="#cite_note-sibling-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson-15">[15]</a> Vocal differences reinforce species separation between closely related birds such as the least and <a href="/wiki/Little_tern" title="Little tern">little terns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Massey-16">[16]</a> and can help humans distinguish similar species, such as common and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">arctic terns</a>, since flight calls are unique to each species.<a href="#cite_note-const-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> The bird <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> contains 18 <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">coastal seabird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">wader</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>. Within the order, the terns form a lineage with the <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, and, less closely, with the <a href="/wiki/Skimmer_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmer (bird)">skimmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuinen-20">[20]</a> Early authors such as <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willughby" title="Francis Willughby">Francis Willughby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> did not clearly separate terns from gulls,<a href="#cite_note-hume12-21">[21]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> recognised the distinction in his 1758 <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>, placing the gulls in the genus <a href="/wiki/Larus" title="Larus">Larus</a> and the terns in Sterna. He gave Sterna the description rostrum subulatum, "<a href="/wiki/Bradawl" title="Bradawl">awl-shaped</a> bill", referring to the long, pointed bills typical of this group of birds, a feature that distinguishes them from the thicker-billed gulls.<a href="#cite_note-linn84-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-job338-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Behaviour and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> suggest that the terns are more closely related to the gulls than to the skimmers or skuas, and although <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Charles Lucien Bonaparte</a> created the family Sternidae for the terns in 1838, for many years they were considered to be a subfamily, Sterninae, of the gull family, Laridae. Relationships between various tern species, and between the terns and the other Charadriiformes, were formerly difficult to resolve because of a poor <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record and the misidentification of some finds.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pietri-25">[25]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a> research in the early twenty-first century, the terns were historically treated as a separate family, Sternidae.<a href="#cite_note-paton-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Most terns were formerly treated as belonging to one large genus, <a href="/wiki/Sterna" title="Sterna">Sterna</a>, with just a few dark species placed in other genera; in one 1959 paper, only the <a href="/wiki/Noddy_(tern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noddy (tern)">noddies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_tern" title="Inca tern">Inca tern</a> were excluded from Sterna.<a href="#cite_note-Moynihan-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-collinson-29">[29]</a> A recent analysis of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequences</a> supported the splitting of Sterna into several smaller genera.<a href="#cite_note-collinson-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a> One study of part of the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a> gene sequence found a close relationship between terns and a group of waders in the suborder <a href="/wiki/Thinocori" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinocori">Thinocori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thomas-30">[30]</a> These results are in disagreement with other molecular and morphological studies, and have been interpreted as showing either a large degree of molecular <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> between the terns and these waders, or the retention of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paton-26">[26]</a> Research in 2007 had suggested that the noddies were not terns at all, but were basal to all the other genera in Laridae,<a href="#cite_note-Baker-31">[31]</a> a taxonomy that was followed by the IOC World Bird List for several years up to 2023, but more comprehensive analysis has now shown that the noddies are basal to only the other terns, not the whole family;<a href="#cite_note-Cerny-10">[10]</a> this has now been followed by the IOC World Bird List version 14.1 in 2024. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "stearn" was used for these birds in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as early as the eighth century, and appears in the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Seafarer_(poem)" title="The Seafarer (poem)">The Seafarer</a>, written in the ninth century or earlier. Variants such as "tearn" occurred by the eleventh century, although the older form lingered on in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk dialect">Norfolk dialect</a> for several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-hume12-21">[21]</a> As now, the term was used for the inland <a href="/wiki/Black_tern" title="Black tern">black tern</a> as well as the marine species.<a href="#cite_note-job365-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-lock-33">[33]</a> Some authorities consider "tearn" and similar forms to be variants of "stearn",<a href="#cite_note-hume12-21">[21]</a> while others derive the English words from Scandinavian equivalents such as Danish and Norwegian terne or Swedish tärna, and ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> þerna.<a href="#cite_note-OED1-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Linnaeus adopted "stearn" or "sterna" (which the naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> had used in 1544 as a Latinisation of an English word, presumably "stern", for the black tern)<a href="#cite_note-OED2-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turner78-37">[37]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> equivalent for his genus name Sterna.<a href="#cite_note-linn155-38">[38]</a> All of these names are ultimately <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoea">onomatopoeic</a>, derived from the bird's calls.<a href="#cite_note-lock-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> shows the relationships between the tern genera, and the currently recognised species, based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> studies, are listed below:<a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Anous" title="Anous">Anous</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gygis" title="Gygis">Gygis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Onychoprion" title="Onychoprion">Onychoprion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sternula" title="Sternula">Sternula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phaetusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaetusa">Phaetusa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gelochelidon" title="Gelochelidon">Gelochelidon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Hydroprogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroprogne">Hydroprogne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Larosterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Larosterna">Larosterna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chlidonias" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlidonias">Chlidonias</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thalasseus" title="Thalasseus">Thalasseus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sterna" title="Sterna">Sterna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Based on Bridge et al (2005)<a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a> and Černý & Natale (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Cerny-10">[10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image </th> <th>Genus </th> <th>Species </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg/250px-Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg/330px-Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg/500px-Anous_minutus_by_Gregg_Yan_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anous" title="Anous">Anous</a> Stephens, 1826 — <a href="/wiki/Noddy_(tern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noddy (tern)">noddies</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">Brown noddy</a> (Anous stolidus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">Black noddy</a> (A. minutus; sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the lesser noddy)<a href="#cite_note-harrison388-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_noddy" title="Lesser noddy">Lesser noddy</a> (A. tenuirostris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_noddy" title="Blue noddy">Blue noddy</a> (A. cerulea; formerly placed in a separate genus Procelsterna)<a href="#cite_note-harrison388-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_noddy" title="Grey noddy">Grey noddy</a> (A. albivitta; sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the blue noddy; formerly placed in a separate genus Procelsterna)<a href="#cite_note-harrison388-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:White_tern_with_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/White_tern_with_fish.jpg/175px-White_tern_with_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/White_tern_with_fish.jpg/263px-White_tern_with_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/White_tern_with_fish.jpg/350px-White_tern_with_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gygis" title="Gygis">Gygis</a> Wagler, 1832 — noddies </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">White tern</a> (Gygis alba also sometimes called white noddy)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sterna_fuscata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sterna_fuscata.JPG/250px-Sterna_fuscata.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sterna_fuscata.JPG/330px-Sterna_fuscata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sterna_fuscata.JPG/500px-Sterna_fuscata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Onychoprion" title="Onychoprion">Onychoprion</a> Wagler, 1832 — brown-backed terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_tern" title="Spectacled tern">Spectacled tern</a> (Onychoprion lunatus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridled_tern" title="Bridled tern">Bridled tern</a> (O. anaethetus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">Sooty tern</a> (O. fuscatus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_tern" title="Aleutian tern">Aleutian tern</a> (O. aleuticus)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg/175px-Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg/263px-Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg/350px-Yellow-billed_tern_Sternula_superciliaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2208" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sternula" title="Sternula">Sternula</a> F. Boie, 1822 — little white terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tern" title="Fairy tern">Fairy tern</a> (Sternula nereis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damara_tern" title="Damara tern">Damara tern</a> (S. balaenarum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_tern" title="Little tern">Little tern</a> (S. albifrons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders%27s_tern" title="Saunders's tern">Saunders's tern</a> (S. saundersi formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)<a href="#cite_note-harrison382-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_tern" title="Least tern">Least tern</a> (S. antillarum formerly considered to be a subspecies of the little tern)<a href="#cite_note-harrison382-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_tern" title="Yellow-billed tern">Yellow-billed tern</a> (S. superciliaris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_tern" title="Peruvian tern">Peruvian tern</a> (S. lorata)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Large-billed_Tern_(Phaetusa_simplex),_Pantanal,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg/250px-Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg/330px-Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg/500px-Large-billed_Tern_%28Phaetusa_simplex%29%2C_Pantanal%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="2413" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phaetusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaetusa">Phaetusa</a> — large-billed terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large-billed_tern" title="Large-billed tern">Large-billed tern</a> (Phaetusa simplex)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sterna-caspia-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sterna-caspia-010.jpg/175px-Sterna-caspia-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sterna-caspia-010.jpg/263px-Sterna-caspia-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sterna-caspia-010.jpg/350px-Sterna-caspia-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroprogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroprogne">Hydroprogne</a> Kaup, 1829— Caspian terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_tern" title="Caspian tern">Caspian tern</a> (Hydroprogne caspia)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam,_India,_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg/175px-Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg/263px-Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg/350px-Gull-billed_Tern_in_Koonthalulam%2C_India%2C_by_Dr._Tejinder_Singh_Rawal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="1071" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gelochelidon" title="Gelochelidon">Gelochelidon</a> Brehm, 1830 — gull-billed terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gull-billed_tern" title="Gull-billed tern">Gull-billed tern</a> (Gelochelidon nilotica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tern" title="Australian tern">Australian tern</a> (Gelochelidon macrotarsa)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Larosterna_inca3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Larosterna_inca3.jpg/250px-Larosterna_inca3.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Larosterna_inca3.jpg/330px-Larosterna_inca3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Larosterna_inca3.jpg/500px-Larosterna_inca3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="3308" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larosterna" class="mw-redirect" title="Larosterna">Larosterna</a> — Inca terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_tern" title="Inca tern">Inca tern</a> (Larosterna inca)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:White-winged_Tern,_M%C5%9Bcichy,_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy,_Polska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg/250px-White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg/330px-White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg/500px-White-winged_Tern%2C_M%C5%9Bcichy%2C_Biebrza%C5%84ski_Park_Narodowy%2C_Polska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marsh_tern" title="Marsh tern">Chlidonias</a> Rafinesque, 1822 — marsh terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_tern" title="Black tern">Black tern</a> (Chlidonias niger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-winged_tern" title="White-winged tern">White-winged tern</a> (or white-winged black tern C. leucopterus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskered_tern" title="Whiskered tern">Whiskered tern</a> (C. hybridus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_tern" title="Black-fronted tern">Black-fronted tern</a> (C. albostriatus sometimes placed in Sterna)<a href="#cite_note-birdlifealbostriata-40">[40]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis,_St_Marys_Island,_Northumberland_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg/250px-2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg/330px-2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg/500px-2020-07-18_Thalasseus_sandvicensis%2C_St_Marys_Island%2C_Northumberland_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalasseus" title="Thalasseus">Thalasseus</a> F. Boie, 1822 — crested terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_crested_tern" title="Lesser crested tern">Lesser crested tern</a> (Thalasseus bengalensis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_crested_tern" title="West African crested tern">West African crested tern</a> (Thalasseus albididorsalis recently split from T. maximus)<a href="#cite_note-collinson-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tern" title="Royal tern">Royal tern</a> (T. maximus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_crested_tern" title="Greater crested tern">Greater crested tern</a> (T. bergii also known as swift tern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_crested_tern" title="Chinese crested tern">Chinese crested tern</a> (T. bernsteini)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegant_tern" title="Elegant tern">Elegant tern</a> (T. elegans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich_tern" title="Sandwich tern">Sandwich tern</a> (T. sandvicensis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabot%27s_tern" title="Cabot's tern">Cabot's tern</a> (T. acuflavidus recently split from T. sandvicensis)<a href="#cite_note-ioc-41">[41]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo,_Killingworth_Lake,_Northumberland_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg/175px-2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg/263px-2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg/350px-2014-05-18_Sterna_hirundo%2C_Killingworth_Lake%2C_Northumberland_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2700" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sterna" title="Sterna">Sterna</a> Linnaeus, 1758 — large white terns </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forster%27s_tern" title="Forster's tern">Forster's tern</a> (Sterna forsteri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy-crowned_tern" title="Snowy-crowned tern">Snowy-crowned tern</a> (S. trudeaui)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">Common tern</a> (S. hirundo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseate_tern" title="Roseate tern">Roseate tern</a> (S. dougallii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-fronted_tern" title="White-fronted tern">White-fronted tern</a> (S. striata)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-naped_tern" title="Black-naped tern">Black-naped tern</a> (S. sumatrana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_tern" title="South American tern">South American tern</a> (S. hirundinacea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic tern</a> (S. vittata)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_tern" title="Kerguelen tern">Kerguelen tern</a> (S. virgata)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> (S. paradisaea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_tern" title="River tern">River tern</a> (S. aurantia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_tern" title="Black-bellied tern">Black-bellied tern</a> (S. acuticauda possibly Chlidonias)<a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-cheeked_tern" title="White-cheeked tern">White-cheeked tern</a> (S. repressa possibly Chlidonias)<a href="#cite_note-bridge-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> In addition to extant species, the fossil record includes a <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">palaeospecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sterna_milne-edwardsii" title="Sterna milne-edwardsii">Sterna milne-edwardsii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fossil-42">[42]</a> The birds in the genus <a href="/wiki/Anous" title="Anous">Anous</a> are known as noddies, the <a href="/wiki/Chlidonias" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlidonias">Chlidonias</a> species are the marsh terns,<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> and all other species comprise the sea terns.<a href="#cite_note-Barlow-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-perrins-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlidonias_niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chlidonias_niger.jpg/220px-Chlidonias_niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Chlidonias_niger.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black_tern" title="Black tern">black tern</a> breeds on inland marshes.</figcaption></figure> Terns have a worldwide distribution, breeding on all continents including Antarctica. The northernmost and southernmost breeders are the Arctic tern and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic tern</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-harrison370-45">[45]</a> Many terns breeding in temperate zones are long-distance <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrants</a>, and the Arctic tern sees more annual daylight than any other animal as it migrates from its northern breeding grounds to Antarctic waters, a return journey of more than 30,000 km (19,000 mi). A common tern that hatched in Sweden and was found dead five months later on <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, must have flown at least 25,000 km (16,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Newton150-46">[46]</a> Actual flight distances are, of course, much greater than the shortest possible route. Arctic terns from Greenland were shown by radio <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geolocation</a> to average 70,000 km (43,000 mi) on their annual migrations,<a href="#cite_note-Egevan-47">[47]</a> while another from the <a href="/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> tagged 'G82' covered a staggering 96,000 km in just 10 months from the end of one breeding season to the start of the next, travelling not just the length of the Atlantic Ocean and the width of the Indian Ocean, but also half way across the South Pacific to the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Seas</a> before returning back west.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redfern-49">[49]</a> Most terns breed on open sandy or rocky areas on coasts and islands. The <a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_tern" title="Yellow-billed tern">yellow-billed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large-billed_tern" title="Large-billed tern">large-billed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_tern" title="Black-fronted tern">black-fronted terns</a> breed only on rivers, and common, least and little terns also sometimes use inland locations. The <a href="/wiki/Marsh_tern" title="Marsh tern">marsh terns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trudeau%27s_tern" class="mw-redirect" title="Trudeau's tern">Trudeau's tern</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Forster%27s_tern" title="Forster's tern">Forster's terns</a> nest in inland marshes. The <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a> nest above ground level on cliffs or in trees. Migratory terns move to the coast after breeding, and most species winter near land, although some marine species, like the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_tern" title="Aleutian tern">Aleutian tern</a>, may wander far from land. The <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty tern</a> is entirely oceanic when not breeding, and healthy young birds are not seen on land for up to five years after fledging until they return to breed. They lack waterproof plumage, so they cannot rest on the sea. Where they spend the years prior to breeding is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Behaviour">edit</a>]</div> The terns are birds of open habitats that typically breed in noisy <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a> and lay their eggs on bare ground with little or no nest material. Marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats, and a few species build simple nests in trees, on cliffs or in crevices. The <a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a>, uniquely, lays its single egg on a bare tree branch. Depending on the species, one to three eggs make up the <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a>. Most species feed on fish caught by diving from flight, but the marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns will supplement their diet with small land <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. Many terns are long-distance <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrants</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic tern</a> may see more daylight in a year than any other animal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Breeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg/250px-Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg/330px-Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg/500px-Starr_080605-6653_Casuarina_equisetifolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">Brown noddy</a> nest on stump of <a href="/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia" title="Casuarina equisetifolia">Casuarina equisetifolia</a></figcaption></figure> Terns are normally <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>, although trios or female-female pairings have been observed in at least three species.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nisbet-50">[50]</a> Most terns breed annually and at the same time of year, but some tropical species may nest at intervals shorter than 12 months or <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">asynchronously</a>. Most terns become sexually mature when aged three, although some small species may breed in their second year. Some large sea terns, including the sooty and <a href="/wiki/Bridled_tern" title="Bridled tern">bridled terns</a>, are four or older when they first breed. Terns normally breed in <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a>, and are <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">site-faithful</a> if their habitat is sufficiently stable. A few species nest in small or dispersed groups, but most breed in colonies of up to a few hundred pairs, often alongside other seabirds such as gulls or skimmers.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Large tern species tend to form larger colonies,<a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> which in the case of the sooty tern can contain up to two million pairs. Large species nest very close together and sit tightly, making it difficult for aerial predators to land among them. Smaller species are less closely packed and <a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">mob</a> intruders. <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_tern" title="Peruvian tern">Peruvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damara_tern" title="Damara tern">Damara terns</a> have small dispersed colonies and rely on the <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">cryptic</a> plumage of the eggs and young for protection.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> The male selects a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a>, which he defends against <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecifics</a>, and re-establishes a <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bond</a> with his mate or attracts a new female if necessary. Courtship involves ritualised flight and ground displays, and the male often presents a fish to his partner. Most species have little or no nest, laying the eggs onto bare ground, but Trudeau's tern, Forster's tern and the marsh terns construct floating nests from the vegetation in their wetland habitats. Black and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_noddy" title="Lesser noddy">lesser noddies</a> build nests of twigs, feathers and excreta on tree branches, and <a href="/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_noddy" title="Blue noddy">blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grey_noddy" title="Grey noddy">grey noddies</a> make rough platforms of grass and seaweed on cliff ledges, in cavities or on other rocky surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-watling206-51">[51]</a> The Inca tern nests in crevices, caves and disused burrows, such as that of a <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_penguin" title="Humboldt penguin">Humboldt penguin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifeinca-52">[52]</a> The white tern is unique in that it lays its single egg on a bare tree branch.<a href="#cite_note-NSWNPWS-53">[53]</a> Tropical species usually lay just one egg, but two or three is typical in cooler regions if there is an adequate food supply. The time taken to complete the <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a> varies, but for temperate species <a href="/wiki/Egg_incubation" title="Egg incubation">incubation</a> takes 21–28 days.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> The eggs of most gulls and terns are brown with dark splotches, so they are difficult for predators to spot on the beach.<a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> chicks <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a> in about four weeks after hatching. Tropical species take longer because of the poorer food supply. Both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks, although the female does more incubating and less fishing than her partner.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Young birds migrate with the adults.<a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> Terns are generally long-lived birds, with individuals typically returning for 7–10 breeding seasons. Maximum known ages include 34 for an Arctic tern and 32 for a sooty. Although several other species are known to live in captivity for up to 20 years, their greatest recorded ages are underestimates because the birds can outlive their <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Interbreeding between tern species is rare, and involves closely related species when it occurs. Hybrids recorded include common tern with roseate, Sandwich with lesser-crested, and black with white-winged.<a href="#cite_note-olsen110-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feeding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge,_Massachusetts,_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg/250px-Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg/330px-Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg/500px-Sterna_hirundo_-Nantucket_National_Wildlife_Refuge%2C_Massachusetts%2C_USA_-adult_and_juvenile-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>An adult <a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">common tern</a> bringing a <a href="/wiki/Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">sand eel</a> to a juvenile</figcaption></figure> Most terns hunt fish by diving, often hovering first, and the particular approach technique used can help to distinguish similar species at a distance.<a href="#cite_note-humepearson-55">[55]</a> Sea terns often hunt in association with <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> or predatory fish, such as <a href="/wiki/Bluefish" title="Bluefish">bluefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonitos</a>, since these large marine animals drive the prey to the surface. Sooty terns feed at night as the fish rise to the surface, and are believed to sleep on the wing since they become waterlogged easily. Terns of several species will feed on <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, following the plough or hunting on foot on <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> The marsh terns normally catch insects in the air or pick them off the surface of fresh water. Other species will sometimes use these techniques if the opportunity arises.<a href="#cite_note-collins-56">[56]</a> An individual tern's foraging efficiency increases with its age.<a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gull-billed_tern" title="Gull-billed tern">gull-billed tern</a> is an opportunist predator, taking a wide variety of prey from marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Depending on what is available it will eat small crabs, fish, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and other large insects, lizards and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">Warm-blooded</a> prey includes <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> and the eggs and chicks of other beach-breeding birds; least terns, little terns and members of its own species may be victims.<a href="#cite_note-qld-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Erwin-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-dies-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_crested_tern" title="Greater crested tern">greater crested tern</a> will also occasionally catch unusual <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Agamidae" title="Agamidae">agamid lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> hatchlings, and follows trawlers for discards.<a href="#cite_note-Blaber-60">[60]</a> The eyes of terns cannot <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodate</a> under water, so they rely on accurate sighting from the air before they plunge-dive.<a href="#cite_note-Coles-61">[61]</a> Like other seabirds that feed at the surface or dive for food, terns have red oil droplets in the <a href="/wiki/Cone_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (eye)">cones</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-62">[62]</a> birds that have to look through an air/water interface have more deeply coloured <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> in the oil drops than other species.<a href="#cite_note-Varela-63">[63]</a> The pigment also improves visual contrast and sharpens distance vision, especially in hazy conditions,<a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-62">[62]</a> and helps terns to locate shoals of fish, although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> on which the fish feed, or other feeding birds.<a href="#cite_note-Lythgoe-64">[64]</a> The red colouring reduces <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> sensitivity, which in any case is an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls,<a href="#cite_note-Hastad-65">[65]</a> and this protects the eye from UV damage.<a href="#cite_note-Coles-61">[61]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little tern in flight showing the forked tail"><img alt="Little tern in flight showing the forked tail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg/120px-Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg/250px-Sternula_albifrons_2_-_Little_Swanport.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Little_tern" title="Little tern">Little tern</a> in flight showing the forked tail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gull-billed_Tern,_Parque_Natural_R%C3%ADo_Lagartos,_Yucat%C3%A1n,_Mexico_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The gull-billed tern will sometimes prey on the chicks and young of other terns"><img alt="The gull-billed tern will sometimes prey on the chicks and young of other terns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gull-billed_Tern%2C_Parque_Natural_R%C3%ADo_Lagartos%2C_Yucat%C3%A1n%2C_Mexico_1.jpg/120px-Gull-billed_Tern%2C_Parque_Natural_R%C3%ADo_Lagartos%2C_Yucat%C3%A1n%2C_Mexico_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gull-billed_Tern%2C_Parque_Natural_R%C3%ADo_Lagartos%2C_Yucat%C3%A1n%2C_Mexico_1.jpg/250px-Gull-billed_Tern%2C_Parque_Natural_R%C3%ADo_Lagartos%2C_Yucat%C3%A1n%2C_Mexico_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gull-billed_tern" title="Gull-billed tern">gull-billed tern</a> will sometimes prey on the chicks and young of other terns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlidonias_hybrida_2_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The whiskered tern is an insect-eating marsh tern"><img alt="The whiskered tern is an insect-eating marsh tern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chlidonias_hybrida_2_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/120px-Chlidonias_hybrida_2_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chlidonias_hybrida_2_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/250px-Chlidonias_hybrida_2_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="420" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_tern" title="Whiskered tern">whiskered tern</a> is an insect-eating <a href="/wiki/Marsh_tern" title="Marsh tern">marsh tern</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Predators and parasites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg/250px-Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg/330px-Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg/500px-Western_Gull_chasing_Elegant_Tern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">Kleptoparasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_gull" title="Western gull">western gull</a> chasing an <a href="/wiki/Elegant_tern" title="Elegant tern">elegant tern</a></figcaption></figure> The inaccessibility of many tern colonies gave them a measure of protection from <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> predators, especially on islands, but <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> brought by humans can seriously affect breeding birds. These can be predators such as <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, or animals that destroy the habitat, including <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Problems arise not only on formerly mammal-free islands, as in New Zealand, but also where an alien <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivore</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, presents an unfamiliar threat.<a href="#cite_note-hume112-66">[66]</a> Adult terns may be hunted by <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a>, and their chicks and eggs may be taken by <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> or gulls.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-qld-57">[57]</a> Less obvious nest predators include <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone" title="Ruddy turnstone">ruddy turnstones</a> in the Arctic, and gull-billed terns in little tern colonies.<a href="#cite_note-qld-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-parkes-67">[67]</a> Adults may be robbed of their catch by avian <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebirds</a>, skuas, other terns or large gulls.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-harrison320-68">[68]</a> External <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mallophaga" title="Mallophaga">chewing lice</a> of the genus <a href="/wiki/Saemundssonia" title="Saemundssonia">Saemundssonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ward-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bird_louse" title="Bird louse">feather lice</a> and fleas such as <a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllus_borealis" title="Ceratophyllus borealis">Ceratophyllus borealis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild82130-70">[70]</a> Lice are often host specific, and the closely related common and Arctic terns carry quite different species.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild135-71">[71]</a> Internal parasites include the <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> <a href="/wiki/Reighardia_sternae" title="Reighardia sternae">Reighardia sternae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">tapeworms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ligula_intestinalis" title="Ligula intestinalis">Ligula intestinalis</a> and members of the genera <a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Diphyllobothrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schistocephalus" title="Schistocephalus">Schistocephalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild194-72">[72]</a> Terns are normally free of blood parasites, unlike gulls that often carry <a href="/wiki/Haemoproteus" title="Haemoproteus">Haemoproteus</a> species. An exception is the brown noddy, which sometimes harbours <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> of that genus.<a href="#cite_note-Quillfeldt-73">[73]</a> In 1961 the common tern was the first wild bird species identified as being infected with avian influenza, the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N3" title="Influenza A virus subtype H5N3">H5N3</a> variant being found in an outbreak involving South African birds.<a href="#cite_note-olsen2006-74">[74]</a> Several species of terns have been implicated as carriers of <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Takken-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg/250px-Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg/330px-Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg/500px-Roseate_Tern_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roseate_tern" title="Roseate tern">roseate tern</a> is trapped for food on its wintering grounds.</figcaption></figure> Terns and their eggs have long been eaten by humans and island colonies were raided by sailors on long voyages since the eggs or large chicks were an easily obtained source of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Eggs are still illegally harvested in southern Europe, and adults of wintering birds are taken as food in West Africa and South America. The roseate tern is significantly affected by this hunting, with adult survival 10% lower than would otherwise be expected. In the West Indies, the eggs of roseate and sooty terns are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">aphrodisiacs</a>, and are disproportionately targeted by egg collectors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tern skins and feathers have long been used for making items of clothing such as capes and hats, and this became a large-scale activity in the second half of the nineteenth century when it became fashionable to use feathers in <a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">hatmaking</a>. This trend started in Europe but soon spread to the Americas and Australia. White was the preferred colour, and sometimes wings or entire birds were used.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-spenn-76">[76]</a> Terns have sometimes benefited from human activities, following the plough or fishing boats for easy food supplies, although some birds get trapped in nets or swallow plastic. Fishermen looked for feeding tern flocks, since the birds could lead them to fish shoals. <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> of small fish such as <a href="/wiki/Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">sand eels</a> can lead to steep declines in the colonies relying on these prey items. More generally, the loss or disruption to tern colonies caused by human activities has caused declines in many species.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Pollution has been a problem in some areas, and in the 1960s and 1970s <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> caused egg loss through thinning of the shells. In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">organochlorides</a> caused severe declines in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area of the US.<a href="#cite_note-burger-18">[18]</a> Because of their sensitivity to pollutants, terns are sometimes used as indicators of contamination levels.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Habitat enhancements used to increase the breeding success of terns include floating nest platforms for black, common and Caspian terns,<a href="#cite_note-shealer-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-dunlop-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-lampman-79">[79]</a> and artificial islands created for a number of different species.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-krogh-81">[81]</a> More specialised interventions include providing nest boxes for roseate terns, which normally nest in the shelter of tallish vegetation,<a href="#cite_note-morrisson-82">[82]</a> and using artificial <a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">eelgrass</a> mats to encourage common terns to nest in areas not vulnerable to flooding.<a href="#cite_note-Palestis-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranganathittu_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ranganathittu_3.jpg/220px-Ranganathittu_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ranganathittu_3.jpg/330px-Ranganathittu_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Ranganathittu_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_tern" title="Black-bellied tern">black-bellied tern</a> is <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> by human activities.</figcaption></figure> A number of terns face serious threats, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_crested_tern" title="Chinese crested tern">Chinese crested tern</a> is classed as "<a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>" by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>. It has a population of fewer than 50 birds and a breeding range of just 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi). It is declining due to egg collection, human disturbance and the loss of coastal wetlands in China.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifechinese-84">[84]</a> Three other species are categorised as "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>", with declining populations of less than 10,000 birds. The South Asian black-bellied tern is threatened by habitat loss, egg collecting for food, pollution and predation.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifeacuticauda-85">[85]</a> In New Zealand, the black-fronted tern is facing a rapid fall in numbers due to predation by introduced mammals and <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpies</a>. Disturbance by cattle and sheep and by human activities is also a factor.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifealbostriata-40">[40]</a> The Peruvian tern was initially damaged by the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_anchoveta" title="Peruvian anchoveta">anchoveta</a> stocks in 1972, but breeding colonies have subsequently been lost due to building, disturbance and pollution in their coastal wetlands.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifelorata-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tern" title="Fairy tern">fairy tern</a> is described as "<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a>". Disturbance by humans, dogs and vehicles, predation by introduced species and inappropriate water level management in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> are the main reasons for its decline.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifenereis-87">[87]</a> Five species are "<a href="/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened">near threatened</a>", indicating less severe concerns or only potential vulnerability. The <a href="/wiki/Elegant_tern" title="Elegant tern">elegant tern</a> is so categorised because 95% of the population breeds on one island, <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_Marine_Archipelago_National_Park" title="San Lorenzo Marine Archipelago National Park">Isla Rasa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_tern" title="Kerguelen tern">Kerguelen tern</a> has a population of less than 5,000 adults breeding on small and often stormy islands in the southern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifevirgata-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-birdlifeelegans-89">[89]</a> Three species, the Inca, Damara, and <a href="/wiki/River_tern" title="River tern">river terns</a>, are expected to decline in the future due to habitat loss and disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-birdlifeinca-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-birdliferiver-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-birdlifedam-91">[91]</a> Some tern <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are endangered, including the <a href="/wiki/California_least_tern" title="California least tern">California least tern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> race of the grey noddy.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Most tern species are declining in numbers due to the loss or disturbance of breeding habitat, pollution and increased predation. Gull populations have increased over the last century because of reduced persecution and the availability of food from human activities, and terns have been forced out of many traditional nesting areas by the larger birds. A few species are defying the trend and showing local increases, including the Arctic tern in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, Forster's tern around the Great Lakes, <a href="/wiki/Cabot%27s_tern" title="Cabot's tern">Cabot's tern</a> in eastern North America and its yellow-billed subspecies, the Cayenne tern, in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBW-5">[5]</a> Terns are protected by international legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_African-Eurasian_Migratory_Waterbirds" title="Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds">Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds</a> (AEWA) and the US-Canada <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AEWA-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-1918treaty-93">[93]</a> Parties to the AWEA agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan. The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a>, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation.<a href="#cite_note-AEWAintro-94">[94]</a> The North American legislation is similar, although there is a greater emphasis on protection.<a href="#cite_note-law-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabird_breeding_behavior" title="Seabird breeding behavior">Seabird breeding behavior</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maehr-1"><a 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href="#cite_ref-HBW_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBW_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBW_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBW_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBW_5-21">v</a> Gochfeld & Burger (1996) pp. 624–645. </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison388-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harrison388_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison388_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison388_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harrison388_6-3">d</a> Harrison (1988) pp. 387–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton_7-0">^</a> Hutton & Drummond (2011) p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-simmons-8"><a href="#cite_ref-simmons_8-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873403-32-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-873403-32-1"><bdi>1-873403-32-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Birds+of+The+Gambia+and+Senegal&rft.place=Robertsbridge&rft.pub=Pica+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-873403-32-1&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Wacher%2C+Tim&rft.au=Disley%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton1985" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Robert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birdbehaviour0000burt">Bird Behaviour</a>. London: Granada Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-12440-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-246-12440-7"><bdi>0-246-12440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bird+Behaviour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granada+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-246-12440-7&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirdbehaviour0000burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantineThe_Sound_Approach2006" class="citation book cs1">Constantine, Mark; The Sound Approach (2006). The Sound Approach to birding: a guide to understanding bird sound. Poole: The Sound Approach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-810933-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-810933-1-2"><bdi>90-810933-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Approach+to+birding%3A+a+guide+to+understanding+bird+sound&rft.place=Poole&rft.pub=The+Sound+Approach&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-810933-1-2&rft.aulast=Constantine&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=The+Sound+Approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColes2007" class="citation book cs1">Coles, Brian (2007). Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery. Oxford: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5755-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5755-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-5755-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Avian+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5755-1&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGochfeld,_M.Burger,_J.1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J. (1996). "Family Sternidae (Terns)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse">Handbook of Birds of the World</a>. Vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 624–667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87334-20-7"><bdi>978-84-87334-20-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Sternidae+%28Terns%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E624-%3C%2Fspan%3E667&rft.pub=Lynx+Edicions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-84-87334-20-7&rft.au=Gochfeld%2C+M.&rft.au=Burger%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofbirdso0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1988" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Peter (1988). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7470-1410-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7470-1410-8"><bdi>0-7470-1410-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seabirds%3A+An+Identification+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7470-1410-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHume1993" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Rob (1993). The Common Tern. London: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-01266-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-540-01266-1"><bdi>0-540-01266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common+Tern&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-540-01266-1&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumePearson,_Bruce1993" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). Seabirds. London: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-57951-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-57951-4"><bdi>0-600-57951-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seabirds&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-600-57951-4&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuttonDrummond,_James2011" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Frederick Wollaston; Drummond, James (2011) [1904]. The animals of New Zealand: an account of the dominion's air-breathing vertebrates (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04002-0"><bdi>978-1-108-04002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+animals+of+New+Zealand%3A+an+account+of+the+dominion%27s+air-breathing+vertebrates&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04002-0&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Wollaston&rft.au=Drummond%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.baikal.ru/files/605/1408125013.pdf">The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</a> (PDF). London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnature.baikal.ru%2Ffiles%2F605%2F1408125013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C</a> (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I.+Editio+decima%2C+reformata.&rft.place=Holmiae+%5BStockholm%5D&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1984" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, W B (1984). Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214155-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-214155-4"><bdi>0-19-214155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Book+of+British+Bird+Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-214155-4&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=W+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLythgoe1979" class="citation book cs1">Lythgoe, J N (1979). The Ecology of Vision. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-854529-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-854529-0"><bdi>0-19-854529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Vision&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-19-854529-0&rft.aulast=Lythgoe&rft.aufirst=J+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaehrKale,_Herbert_W2005" class="citation book cs1">Maehr, David S; Kale, Herbert W (2005). Florida's Birds. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56164-335-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56164-335-1"><bdi>1-56164-335-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida%27s+Birds&rft.place=Sarasota&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56164-335-1&rft.aulast=Maehr&rft.aufirst=David+S&rft.au=Kale%2C+Herbert+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster2014" class="citation web cs1">Merriam-Webster (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tern">"Tern - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tern+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewton2010" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Ian (2010). Bird Migration (Collins New Naturalist Library 113). London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730732-6"><bdi>978-0-00-730732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bird+Migration+%28Collins+New+Naturalist+Library+113%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-00-730732-6&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlsenLarsson,_Hans1995" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995). Terns of Europe and North America. London: Christopher Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-4056-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-4056-1"><bdi>0-7136-4056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terns+of+Europe+and+North+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7136-4056-1&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Klaus+Malling&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrinsArlott,_Norman1987" class="citation book cs1">Perrins, Christopher M; Arlott, Norman (1987). New generation guide to the birds of Britain and Europe. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-75532-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-75532-5"><bdi>0-292-75532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+generation+guide+to+the+birds+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-292-75532-5&rft.aulast=Perrins&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M&rft.au=Arlott%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothschild,_MiriamClay,_Theresa1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Rothschild" title="Miriam Rothschild">Rothschild, Miriam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Clay" title="Theresa Clay">Clay, Theresa</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fleasflukescucko017900mbp">Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites</a>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fleas%2C+Flukes+and+Cuckoos.+A+study+of+bird+parasites&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Rothschild%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Clay%2C+Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffleasflukescucko017900mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1985" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Sandra (1985). How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World. Beckenham, London: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-3336-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-3336-3"><bdi>0-7099-3336-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Animals+See%3A+Other+Visions+of+Our+World&rft.place=Beckenham%2C+London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7099-3336-3&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteeleThorpe_Steve_ATurekian,_Karl_K2001" class="citation book cs1">Steele, John H; Thorpe Steve A; Turekian, Karl K, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofoc0000unse">Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</a>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227430-5"><bdi>978-0-12-227430-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ocean+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227430-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofoc0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvenssonMullarney,_KillianZetterstrom,_DanGrant,_Peter1999" class="citation book cs1">Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). Collins Bird Guide. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-219728-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-219728-6"><bdi>0-00-219728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Bird+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-00-219728-6&rft.aulast=Svensson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Mullarney%2C+Killian&rft.au=Zetterstrom%2C+Dan&rft.au=Grant%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTakkenKnols,_Bart_G_J2007" class="citation book cs1">Takken, Willem; Knols, Bart G J, eds. (2007). Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8686-053-1"><bdi>978-90-8686-053-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+pests+and+vector-borne+diseases+in+Europe&rft.place=Wageningen&rft.pub=Wageningen+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-8686-053-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">Turner, William</a>. Evans, A H (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/turneronbirds00turnrich#page/78/mode/2up">Turner on Birds (Auium præcipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, breuis et succincta historia)</a> (1903 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 January 2014. <q>huius generis est & alia parua auis, nostrati lingua sterna apellata 'There is another small bird of this type, called Stern in local dialect'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner+on+Birds+%28Auium+pr%C3%A6cipuarum%2C+quarum+apud+Plinium+et+Aristotelem+mentio+est%2C+breuis+et+succincta+historia%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1903&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fturneronbirds00turnrich%23page%2F78%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatling2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Watling" title="Dick Watling">Watling, Dick</a> (2003). A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia. Suva, Fiji: Environmental Con-sultants. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-9030-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/982-9030-04-0"><bdi>982-9030-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Birds+of+Fiji+and+Western+Polynesia&rft.place=Suva%2C+Fiji&rft.pub=Environmental+Con-sultants&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=982-9030-04-0&rft.aulast=Watling&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZieglerBischof,_Hans-Joachim1993" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Harris Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim, eds. (1993). Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: A comparative review. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-24036-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-24036-X"><bdi>0-262-24036-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision%2C+Brain%2C+and+Behavior+in+Birds%3A+A+comparative+review&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-262-24036-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATern" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tern&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sternidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sternidae">Sternidae</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Sternidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875769" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q875769">Q875769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sterninae/">Sterninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1STNAF">1STNAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3242555">3242555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=113891">113891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000161059">NBNSYS0000161059</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b6a593fd-ccbc-4a68-8c72-3d21aefbcb73">b6a593fd-ccbc-4a68-8c72-3d21aefbcb73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4947418">4947418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148764">148764</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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