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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Platonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Passive psychological</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passive_psychological-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passive psychological subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passive_psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purgation_or_purification?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purgation_or_purification?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Purgation or purification?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purgation_or_purification?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_clarification?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_clarification?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intellectual clarification?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_clarification?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_avoid_passive_catharsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_avoid_passive_catharsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Attempts to avoid passive catharsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_avoid_passive_catharsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_and_conversational_psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_and_conversational_psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Active and conversational psychological</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Active_and_conversational_psychological-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Active and conversational psychological subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Active_and_conversational_psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Psychoanalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychodrama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychodrama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Psychodrama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychodrama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primal_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primal_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Primal therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primal_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_catharsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_catharsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Social catharsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_catharsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Motives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_emotional_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_emotional_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Reactions to emotional events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_emotional_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_critical_perspective_of_collective_catharsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_critical_perspective_of_collective_catharsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>A critical perspective of collective catharsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_critical_perspective_of_collective_catharsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Catharsis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88)" title="تطهير (أرسطو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطهير (أرسطو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарзис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катарзис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarsi_(art)" title="Catarsi (art) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catarsi (art)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарсис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Катарсис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarze" title="Katarze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katarze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharsis_(Literatur)" title="Katharsis (Literatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katharsis (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κάθαρση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάθαρση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarsis" title="Catarsis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catarsis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarso" title="Katarso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katarso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsi" title="Katarsi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katarsi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کاتارسیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتارسیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catharsis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarse" title="Catarse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catarse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="Catharsis" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="카타르시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카타르시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Կատարսիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատարսիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="अरस्तु का विरेचन सिद्धांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरस्तु का विरेचन सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarza" title="Katarza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katarza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%BEarsis" title="Kaþarsis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaþarsis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarsi" title="Catarsi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catarsi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קתרזיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתרזיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕತಾರ್ಸಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕತಾರ್ಸಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарсис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катарсис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарсис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катарсис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarse" title="Katarse – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katarse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharsis" title="Katharsis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Katharsis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzis" title="Katarzis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katarzis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Kатарза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Kатарза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="कॅथार्सिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅथार्सिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis_(literatuur)" title="Catharsis (literatuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catharsis (literatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9" title="カタルシス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルシス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਥਾਰਸਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਥਾਰਸਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سپېڅلتيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سپېڅلتيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharsis_(literatura)" title="Katharsis (literatura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katharsis (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catarse" title="Catarse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catarse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catharsis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катарсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catharsis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B0%DA%AA%D9%8A%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تذڪيہ جذبات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تذڪيہ جذبات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzia" title="Katarzia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katarzia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Катарза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Катарза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Катарсис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Катарсис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarsis" title="Katarsis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katarsis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Catharsis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Catharsis (disambiguation)">Catharsis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Catharsis</b> is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάθαρσις">κάθαρσις</a></span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><i>katharsis</i></i></span>, meaning "purification" or "cleansing", commonly used to refer to the purification and purgation of thoughts and emotions by way of expressing them. The desired result is an emotional state of renewal and restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a>, the term usually refers to arousing <a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative emotion</a> in an audience, who subsequently expels it, making them feel happier.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greek the term originally had only a physical meaning, describing purification practices. In medicine, it can still refer to the evacuation of the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catamenia" class="extiw" title="wikt:catamenia">catamenia</a></i> ("monthlies", <a href="/wiki/Menstrual" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual">menstrual</a> fluid). Similarly, a <a href="/wiki/Cathartic" title="Cathartic">cathartic</a> is a substance that accelerates the <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">faeces</a>. </p><p>The first recorded uses of the term in a mental sense were by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, comparing the effects of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> on the mind of a spectator to the effect of catharsis on the body.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is also used in Greek to refer to the spiritual purging process that occurs in the Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>. Greek <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a> also used the term to refer to spiritual purification. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a> was used by outsiders to describe the thinking of a Christian movement, named because of its interest in purity. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, the term is associated with Freudian <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> where it relates to the expression of buried trauma (the cause of a <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a>), bringing it into consciousness and releasing it, increasing happiness. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purification_ritual">Purification ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purification ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "kathairein" and its relatives appear in the work of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, referring to purification rituals. The words "kathairein" and "katharos" became common in Greek. It is thought that they are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> word "qatar" ("fumigate").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199264_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199264-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Aithiopis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aithiopis">Aithiopis</a></i>, a later <a href="/wiki/Epic_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic (poetry)">epic</a> set in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Trojan War cycle</a>, narrates the purification of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> after his murder of <a href="/wiki/Thersites" title="Thersites">Thersites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the Greeks took certain new measures to cleanse away blood-guilt—"blood is purified through blood",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process in the development of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> culture in which the <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">oracle of Delphi</a> took a prominent role. The classic example—<a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a>—belongs to tragedy, but the procedure given by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> is ancient: the blood of a sacrificed piglet is allowed to wash over the blood-polluted man, and running water washes away the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identical ritual is represented, Burkert informs us, on a <i><a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a></i> found at Canicattini, wherein it is shown being employed to cure the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Proetus" title="Proetus">Proetus</a> from their madness, caused by some ritual transgression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the question of whether the ritual obtains <a href="/wiki/Atonement_(penal_substitution_view)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (penal substitution view)">atonement</a> for the subject, or just <a href="/wiki/Healing" title="Healing">healing</a>, Burkert answers: "To raise the question is to see the irrelevance of this distinction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platonism">Platonism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Platonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, catharsis is part of the soul's progressive ascent to knowledge. It is a means to go beyond the senses and embrace the pure world of the intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a> <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, catharsis is the elimination of passions. This leads to a clear distinction in the virtues. In the second tractate of the first <a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Ennead</a>, Plotinus lays out the difference between the civic virtues and the cathartic virtues and explains that the civic, or political, virtues are inferior. They are a principle of order and beauty and concern material existence. (<i>Enneads</i>, I,2,2) Although they maintain a trace of the Absolute Good, they do not lead to the unification of the soul with the divinity. As Porphyry makes clear, their function is to moderate individual passions and allow for peaceful coexistence with others. (<i>Sentences</i>, XXXIX) The purificatory, or cathartic, virtues are a condition for assimilation to the divinity. They separate the soul from the sensible, from everything that is not its true self, enabling it to contemplate the Mind (<i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passive_psychological">Passive psychological</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passive psychological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catharsis is a term used in <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic art</a> that describes a particular effect of a performance on its audience.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The first recorded use of the term being used in the mental sense was by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, regarding the use of music<i>:</i></p><blockquote><p>And since we accept the classification of melodies made by some philosophers, as ethical melodies, melodies of action, and passionate melodies, distributing the various harmonies among these classes as being in nature akin to one or the other, and as we say that music ought to be employed not for the purpose of one benefit that it confers but on account of several (for it serves the purpose both of education and of purgation [κάθαρσις]—the term purgation we use for the present without explanation, but we will return to discuss the meaning that we give to it more explicitly in our treatise on poetry—and thirdly it serves for amusement, serving to relax our tension and to give rest from it), it is clear that we should employ all the harmonies, yet not employ them all in the same way, but use the most ethical ones for education, and the active and passionate kinds for listening to when others are performing (for any experience that occurs violently in some souls is found in all, though with different degrees of intensity—for example pity and fear, and also religious excitement; for some persons are very liable to this form of emotion, and under the influence of sacred music we see these people, when they use tunes that violently arouse the soul, being thrown into a state as if they had received medicinal treatment and taken a purge [καθάρσεως]; the same experience then must come also to the compassionate and the timid and the other emotional people generally in such degree as befalls each individual of these classes, and all must undergo a purgation [κάθαρσις] and a pleasant feeling of relief; and similarly also the purgative [κάθαρσιν] melodies afford harmless delight to people).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As translated by Harris Rackham)</p></blockquote><p>In his treatise on poetry, <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, he describes the relief brought about by a staged <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>We must now treat of tragedy after first gathering up the definition of its nature which results from what we have said already. Tragedy is, then, a representation of an action that is heroic and complete and of a certain magnitude—by means of language enriched with all kinds of ornament, each used separately in the different parts of the play: it represents men in action and does not use narrative, and through pity and fear it effects relief [κάθαρσις] to these and similar emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As translated by Harris Rackham)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purgation_or_purification?"><span id="Purgation_or_purification.3F"></span>Purgation or purification?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purgation or purification?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his works prior to the <i>Poetics</i>, Aristotle had usually used the term <i>catharsis</i> purely in its literal medical sense (usually referring to the evacuation of the <i>katamenia</i>—the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual">menstrual</a> fluid or other reproductive material) from the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">F. L. Lucas</a> opposes, therefore, the use of words like <i>purification</i> and <i>cleansing</i> to translate <i>catharsis</i>; he proposes that it should rather be rendered as <a href="/wiki/Purgation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Purgation (disambiguation)"><i>purgation</i></a>. "It is the human soul that is purged of its excessive passions."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Gerald F. Else made the following argument against the "purgation" theory: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It presupposes that we come to the tragic drama (unconsciously, if you will) as patients to be cured, relieved, restored to psychic health. But there is not a word to support this in the "Poetics", not a hint that the end of drama is to cure or alleviate pathological states. On the contrary it is evident in every line of the work that Aristotle is presupposing "normal" auditors, normal states of mind and feeling, normal emotional and aesthetic experience.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a> (1729–1781) sidesteps the medical attribution. He interprets <i>catharsis</i> as a purification (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Reinigung</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an experience that brings pity and fear into their proper balance: "In real life", he explained, "men are sometimes too much addicted to pity or fear, sometimes too little; tragedy brings them back to a virtuous and happy mean."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tragedy is then a corrective; through watching tragedy, the audience learns how to feel these emotions at proper levels. </p><p>G. F. Else argues that traditional, widely held interpretations of catharsis as "purification" or "purgation" have no basis in the text of the <i>Poetics</i>, but are derived from the use of catharsis in other Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, a number of diverse interpretations of the meaning of this term have arisen. The term is often discussed along with Aristotle's concept of <a href="/wiki/Anagnorisis" title="Anagnorisis">anagnorisis</a>. </p><p>Elizabeth Belfiore held an alternate view of catharsis as an <a href="/wiki/Allopathic_medicine" title="Allopathic medicine">allopathic</a> process in which pity and fear produce a catharsis of emotions unlike pity and fear, which she described in her book,<i>Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_clarification?"><span id="Intellectual_clarification.3F"></span>Intellectual clarification?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intellectual clarification?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the twentieth century a paradigm shift took place in the interpretation of catharsis: a number of scholars contributed to the argument in support of the intellectual clarification concept.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clarification theory of catharsis would be fully consistent, as other interpretations are not, with Aristotle's argument in chapter 4 of the <i>Poetics</i> (1448b4-17) that the essential pleasure of <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> is the intellectual pleasure of "learning and inference".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally understood<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that Aristotle's theory of mimesis and catharsis represent responses to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s negative view of artistic <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> on an audience. Plato argued that the most common forms of artistic mimesis were designed to evoke from an audience powerful emotions such as pity, fear, and ridicule which override the rational control that defines the highest level of our humanity and lead us to wallow unacceptably in the overindulgence of emotion and passion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aristotle's concept of catharsis, in all of the major senses attributed to it, contradicts Plato's view by providing a mechanism that generates the rational control of irrational emotions. Most scholars consider all of the commonly held interpretations of catharsis, purgation, purification, and clarification to represent a process in which pity and fear accomplish the catharsis of emotions like themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._W._Lucas" title="D. W. Lucas">D. W. Lucas</a>, in an authoritative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> edition of the <i>Poetics</i>, comprehensively covers the various nuances inherent in the meaning of the term in an Appendix devoted to "Pity, Fear, and Katharsis".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucas recognizes the possibility of catharsis bearing some aspect of the meaning of "purification, purgation, and 'intellectual clarification,'" although his approach to these terms differs in some ways from that of other influential scholars. In particular, Lucas's interpretation is based on "the Greek doctrine of Humours," which has not received wide subsequent acceptance. The conception of catharsis in terms of purgation and purification remains in wide use today, as it has for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the twentieth century, the interpretation of catharsis as "intellectual clarification" has gained recognition in describing the effect of catharsis on members of the audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_avoid_passive_catharsis">Attempts to avoid passive catharsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempts to avoid passive catharsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been, for political or aesthetic reasons, deliberate attempts made to subvert the effect of catharsis in theatre. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> viewed catharsis as a pap (pabulum) for the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> theatre audience, and designed dramas which left significant emotions unresolved, intending to force social action upon the audience. Brecht then identified the concept of catharsis with the notion of identification of the spectator, meaning a complete adhesion of the viewer to the dramatic actions and characters. Brecht reasoned that the absence of a cathartic resolution would require the audience to take political action in the real world, in order to fill the emotional gap they had experienced vicariously. This technique can be seen as early as his <a href="/wiki/Agit-prop" class="mw-redirect" title="Agit-prop">agit-prop</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Measures_Taken" class="mw-redirect" title="The Measures Taken">The Measures Taken</a></i>, and is mostly the source of his invention of an <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a></i>, based on a <a href="/wiki/Distancing_effect" title="Distancing effect">distancing effect</a> (Verfremdungseffekt) between the viewer and the representation or portrayal of characters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazilian dramatist <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Boal" title="Augusto Boal">Augusto Boal</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">Theater of the Oppressed</a>, which seeks to eliminate the distinction between spectator and actor, also considers this kind of catharsis "something very harmful". “In me, too, and in everyone else, there is the power to change. I want to release and develop these skills. The bourgeois theater oppresses them.”<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_and_conversational_psychological">Active and conversational psychological</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Active and conversational psychological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psychoanalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bernays" title="Jakob Bernays">Jakob Bernays</a> was a German philosopher who wrote books about Aristotle's views of drama in 1857 and 1880. These prompted a lot of writing about catharsis in the German speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In this environment, Austrian psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a> developed a <b>cathartic method</b> of treatment using <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a> for persons who have intensive <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a> in the early 1890s. While under hypnosis, Breuer's patients were able to recall <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> experiences, and through the process of expressing the original emotions that had been repressed and forgotten (and had formed <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neuroses</a>), they were relieved of their neurotic hysteria symptoms. Breuer became a mentor to fellow Austrian psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (who was married to Bernays' niece). Breuer and Freud released the book <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Hysteria" title="Studies on Hysteria">Studies on Hysteria</a></i> in 1895. This book explained the cathartic method to the world, and was the first published work about <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>.</p><blockquote><p>The injured person's reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a> only exercises a completely 'cathartic' effect if it is an <i>adequate</i> reaction as, for instance, revenge. But language serves as a substitute for action; by its help, an affect can be '<a href="/wiki/Abreaction" title="Abreaction">abreacted</a>' almost as effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>As Freud developed psychoanalysis, catharsis remained a central part of it. After trying hypnotherapy and finding it wanting, Freud replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catharsis has remained an important part of "<a href="/wiki/Talking_therapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking therapies">talking therapies</a>" ever since. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Cathexis" title="Cathexis">cathexis</a></i> has also been adopted by modern <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, particularly Freudian psychoanalysis, to describe the act of experiencing the deep emotions associated with events in the individual's past which had originally been repressed or ignored, and had never been adequately addressed or experienced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psychodrama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a> involves people expressing themselves using spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">dramatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Role_playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Role playing">role playing</a>, and dramatic <a href="/wiki/Self-presentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-presentation">self-presentation</a> to investigate and gain insight into their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychodrama includes elements of <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>, often conducted on a <a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">stage</a>, or a space that serves as a stage area, where <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a> can be used. </p><p>The therapy was developed by American <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Moreno" title="Jacob L. Moreno">Jacob Moreno</a> (a psychiatrist previously from Romania and Austria) and later also his wife <a href="/wiki/Zerka_T._Moreno" title="Zerka T. Moreno">Zerka Moreno</a> (a psychologist previously from the Netherlands and the UK). Jacob was a contemporary of Freud, but rejected many of his ideas of psychoanalysis. He developed psychodrama in New York from 1925. In 1929, he founded an Impromptu Theater at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>. In 1936, he founded the Beacon Hill Sanitarium, and the adjacent Therapeutic Theater.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morenos established the Psychodramatic Institute in New York in 1942. </p><p>A psychodrama therapy group, under the direction of a psychodramatist, reenacts real-life, past situations (or inner mental processes), acting them out in present time. Participants then have the opportunity to evaluate their behavior, reflect on how the past incident is getting played out in the present and more deeply understand particular situations in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-kellerman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kellerman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of cathartic <a href="/wiki/Drama_therapy" title="Drama therapy">drama therapy</a> have since been developed, including <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">Theater of the Oppressed</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Playback_Theatre" title="Playback Theatre">Playback Theatre</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a> in which audience or group members tell stories from their lives and watch them enacted on the spot. This can have therapeutic uses. </p><p>There are additionally other forms of <a href="/wiki/Expressive_therapies" title="Expressive therapies">expressive therapies</a> which make use of various kinds of art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primal_therapy">Primal therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primal therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> created by American psychologist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a>, who argues that <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurosis</a> is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_repression" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological repression">repressed</a> pain of childhood trauma. Janov argues that repressed pain can be sequentially brought to conscious awareness for resolution through re-experiencing specific incidents and fully expressing the resulting pain during therapy. Primal therapy was developed as a means of eliciting the repressed pain; the term <i>Pain</i> is capitalized in discussions of primal therapy when referring to any repressed emotional distress and its purported long-lasting psychological effects. Janov criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Talking_therapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking therapies">talking therapies</a> as they deal primarily with the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> and higher-reasoning areas and do not access the source of Pain within the more basic parts of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PoPInt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoPInt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primal therapy is used to re-experience childhood pain—i.e., felt rather than conceptual memories—in an attempt to resolve the pain through complete processing and integration, becoming real. An intended objective of the therapy is to lessen or eliminate the hold early trauma exerts on adult behaviour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_catharsis">Social catharsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social catharsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emotional situations can elicit physiological, behavioral, cognitive, expressive, and subjective changes in individuals. Affected individuals often use social sharing as a cathartic release of emotions. </p><p>Bernard Rimé studies the patterns of social sharing after emotional experiences. His works suggest that individuals seek social outlets in an attempt to modify the situation and restore personal homeostatic balance. Rimé found that 80–95% of emotional episodes are shared. The affected individuals talk about the emotional experience recurrently to people around them throughout the following hours, days, or weeks. These results indicate that this response is irrespective of emotional valence, gender, education, and culture. His studies also found that social sharing of emotion increases as the intensity of the emotion increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If emotions are shared socially and elicits emotion in the listener then the listener will likely share what they heard with other people. Rimé calls this process "secondary social sharing". If this repeats, it is then called "tertiary social sharing".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stages">Stages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> proposed emotional stages of social sharing:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Directly after emotional effects, the emotions are shared. Through sharing, there is a reciprocal stimulation of emotions and emotional communion.</li> <li>This leads to social effects like social integration and strengthening of beliefs.</li> <li>Finally, individuals experience a renewed trust in life, strength, and self-confidence.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motives">Motives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Motives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affect scientists have found differences in motives for social sharing of positive and negative emotions. </p><p>A study by Christopher Langston<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that individuals share positive events to capitalize on the positive emotions they elicit. Reminiscing the positive experience augments positive affects like temporary mood and longer-term well-being. A study by Shelly Gable et al.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed Langston's "capitalization" theory by demonstrating that relationship quality is enhanced when partners are responsive to positive recollections. The responsiveness increased levels of intimacy and satisfaction within the relationship. In general, the motives behind social sharing of positive events are to recall the positive emotions, inform others, and gain attention from others. All three motives are representatives of capitalization. </p><p>Bernard Rimé studies suggest that the motives behind social sharing of negative emotions are to vent, understand, bond, and gain social support. Negatively affected individuals often seek life meaning and emotional support to combat feelings of loneliness after a tragic event.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions_to_emotional_events">Reactions to emotional events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reactions to emotional events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When communities are affected by an emotional event, members repetitively share emotional experiences. After the 2001 New York and the 2004 Madrid terrorist attacks, more than 80% of respondents shared their emotional experience with others.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bernard Rimé, every sharing round elicits emotional reactivation in the sender and the receiver. This then reactivates the need to share in both. Social sharing throughout the community leads to high amounts of emotional recollection and "emotional overheating". </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_W._Pennebaker" title="James W. Pennebaker">James Pennebaker</a> and Kent Harber<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined three stages of collective responses to emotional events: </p> <ol><li>a state of "emergency" takes place in the first month after the emotional event. In this stage, there is an abundance of thoughts, talks, media coverage, and social integration based on the event.</li> <li>the "plateau" occurs in the second month. Abundant thoughts remain, but the amount of talks, media coverage, and social integration decreases.</li> <li>the "extinction" occurs after the second month. There is a return to normalcy.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_critical_perspective_of_collective_catharsis">A critical perspective of collective catharsis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: A critical perspective of collective catharsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks" title="Black Skin, White Masks">Black Skin, White Masks</a></i>, provides a multi-dimensional and critical analysis of the manifestations and implications of colonial racism in early 1900 France, including a critical conceptualization of collective catharsis within the context of colonial states. Fanon’s perspective on collective catharsis highlights the psychological impact of cultural and social narratives on white as well as black individuals in European-colonized contexts, exploring how these narratives serve as a means of channeling collective aggression<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and establishing social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes and negative self-perceptions among black individuals. </p><p>Intertwining social psychology and psychoanalysis, Fanon conceptualizes collective catharsis as a release of aggressive impulses, “a channel, an outlet through which the forces accumulated in the form of aggression can be released,"<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and analyzes how this aggressive release manifests for the white colonizers in the ‘civilized’ context. In an era where overtly cruel acts of racism such as lynching and slavery are frowned upon and no longer a commonplace reality, Fanon explores how the white population finds more subtle outlets for their aggressive impulses through acts of collective catharsis.   </p><p>“Did the little black child see his father beaten or lynched by a white man? Has there been a real traumatism? To all of this we have to answer no. Well, then? </p><p>If we want to answer correctly, we have to fall back on the idea of collective catharsis.”<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fanon highlights how popular entertainment, such as children's magazines or comic books, often portrays "Evil Spirits" as black individuals and other racialized figures and thereby serves as a cathartic release for the collective aggression of the white colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these stories, the socially unacceptable racist desires of white individuals are <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">sublimated</a> through fiction and pop culture, allowing for the dehumanization and derogation of black individuals. And so too, in this way, are the establishment of social norms and attitudes that perpetuate racial stereotypes argued as acts of collective catharsis by the dominant white hegemony. </p><p>Fanon underscores that because the black individual is immersed in this white-centric hegemonic state, they are implicated in this collective catharsis as not only the target of the aggressive release but also as the perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In engagement with these derogatory fictions or channels of collective catharsis, the black individual identifies with the white hero and encourages their defeat of the ‘uncivilized’ black antagonists. This co-perpetration and identification with the white protagonists (of fiction and society) results in the black individual internalizing these oppressive narratives, thereby developing an incongruence between their actual and ideal selves that is inherently unbreachable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This cathartic release of emotions is often believed to be therapeutic for affected individuals. Many therapeutic mechanisms have been seen to aid in emotional recovery. One example is "<a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal emotion regulation</a>", in which listeners help to modify the affected individual's affective state by using certain strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Expressive_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressive writing">Expressive writing</a> is another common mechanism for personal catharsis. Joanne Frattaroli<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a meta-analysis suggesting that written disclosure of information, thoughts, and feelings enhances mental health. </p><p>There has been much debate about the use of catharsis in the reduction of anger. Some scholars believe that "blowing off steam" may reduce physiological stress in the short term, but this reduction may act as a reward mechanism, reinforcing the behavior and promoting future outbursts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bushman1999_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bushman1999-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gannon2007_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon2007-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baron2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denzler2009_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denzler2009-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies have suggested that using violent media may decrease hostility under periods of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_&_Rueda,_2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_&_Rueda,_2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal scholars have linked personal "catharsis" to "<a href="/wiki/Closure_(psychology)" title="Closure (psychology)">closure</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an individual's desire for a firm answer to a question and an aversion toward ambiguity) and "<a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">satisfaction</a>" which can be applied to affective strategies as diverse as retribution, on one hand, and forgiveness on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies question the benefits of social catharsis. Catrin Finkenauer and colleagues<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that non-shared memories were no more emotionally triggering than shared ones. Other studies have also failed to prove that social catharsis leads to any degree of emotional recovery. Emmanuelle Zech and Bernard Rimé<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asked participants to recall and share a negative experience with an experimenter. When compared with the control group that only discussed unemotional topics, there was no correlation between emotional sharing and emotional recovery. </p><p>Some studies even found adverse effects of social catharsis. Contrary to the Frattaroli study, David Sbarra and colleagues<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found expressive writing to greatly impede emotional recovery following a marital separation. Similar findings have been published regarding trauma recovery. A group intervention technique is often used on disaster victims to prevent trauma-related disorders. However, meta-analysis showed negative effects of this cathartic "therapy".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abreaction" title="Abreaction">Abreaction</a> – Psychoanalytical term</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(psychology)" title="Closure (psychology)">Closure (psychology)</a> – Psychological term for one's need for an answer to something</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">Dissociation (psychology)</a> – Feeling of detachment from reality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a> – Eastern Orthodox contemplative prayer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_therapy" title="Journal therapy">Journal therapy</a> – Types of therapy where the patient records thoughts and memories in writing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a> – Christian theological concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairosis" title="Kairosis">Kairosis</a> – literary effect<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">Sublimation (psychology)</a> – Psychological defense mechanism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humor" title="Theories of humor">Theories of humor</a> – Conjectures explaining humor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharsis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerndtson1975" class="citation book cs1">Berndtson, Arthur (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2XgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Art, Expression, and Beauty</i></a>. Krieger. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882752174" title="Special:BookSources/9780882752174"><bdi>9780882752174</bdi></a>. <q>The theory of catharsis has a disarming affinity with the expressional theory, since it emphasizes emotion, asserts a change in emotion as a result of aesthetic operations, and concludes on a note of freedom in relation to the emotion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Expression%2C+and+Beauty&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Krieger&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780882752174&rft.aulast=Berndtson&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2XgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2003" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvZYaJmH6LcC"><i>Looking for an Argument: Critical Encounters with the New Approaches to the Criticism of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838639641" title="Special:BookSources/9780838639641"><bdi>9780838639641</bdi></a>. <q>Catharsis in Shakespearean tragedy involves ... some kind of restoration of order and a renewal or enhancement of our positive feelings for the hero.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+for+an+Argument%3A+Critical+Encounters+with+the+New+Approaches+to+the+Criticism+of+Shakespeare+and+His+Contemporaries&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780838639641&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvZYaJmH6LcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA217">"catharsis"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</i>. Merriam-Webster. 1995. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877790426" title="Special:BookSources/9780877790426"><bdi>9780877790426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=catharsis&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780877790426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKNK1YwHcQ4C%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Poetics</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0056%3Asection%3D1449b">1449b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/99492/catharsis">"catharsis (criticism)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 28 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=catharsis+%28criticism%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F99492%2Fcatharsis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199264-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199264_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkert1992">Burkert (1992)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199256_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkert1992">Burkert (1992)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert notes parallels with a bilingual <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> ritual text: "the knowledgeable specialist, the sacrificial piglet, slaughter, contact with blood, and the subsequent cleansing with water" <a href="#CITEREFBurkert1992">Burkert (1992)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert199257_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkert1992">Burkert (1992)</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Reale" title="Giovanni Reale">Reale, Giovanni</a>, (1990) <i>History of Ancient Philosophy</i>, vols. 5, trans. by John R. Catan, Albany: State University of New York Press, vol II, pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Andrew, (2004) Philosophy in Late Antiquity, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 62–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheff1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Scheff" title="Thomas J. Scheff">Scheff, Thomas J.</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catharsisinheali00sche"><i>Catharsis in Healing, Ritual, and Drama</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-15237-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-15237-7"><bdi>978-0-595-15237-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catharsis+in+Healing%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Drama&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-595-15237-7&rft.aulast=Scheff&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatharsisinheali00sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0058:book=8:section=1341b">"Book 8"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)"><i>Politics</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+8&rft.btitle=Politics&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058%3Abook%3D8%3Asection%3D1341b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2013" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Marina Berzins (2013-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/26718/chapter/195543453">"Chapter 7: Tragedy, Katharsis, and Community in Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/26718"><i>Wounded Heroes: Vulnerability as a Virtue in Ancient Greek Literature and Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">168–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199672783.003.0007">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672783.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-175732-7"><bdi>978-0-19-175732-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Tragedy%2C+Katharsis%2C+and+Community+in+Aristotle%E2%80%99s+Poetics&rft.btitle=Wounded+Heroes%3A+Vulnerability+as+a+Virtue+in+Ancient+Greek+Literature+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199672783.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-175732-7&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Marina+Berzins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F26718%2Fchapter%2F195543453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelifiore1992" class="citation book cs1">Belifiore, Elizabeth S. (1992). <i>Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Pleasures%3A+Aristotle+on+Plot+and+Emotion&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Belifiore&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, F. L. (1927) <i>Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle's Poetics</i>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Else, Gerald F. <i>Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument</i>, p. 440. Cambridge, Massachusetts (1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessing1769" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim</a> (1769). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/lessing_dramaturgie02_1767/?hl=Reinigung&p=190"><i>Hamburgische Dramaturgie</i></a> [<i>Hamburg Dramaturgy</i>]. Deutsches Textarchiv (in German). Vol. 2. Hamburg. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-27</span></span>. <q>Wir dürfen nur annehmen, er habe eben nicht behaupten wollen, daß beide Mittel zugleich, sowohl Furcht als Mitleid, nöthig wären, um die Reinigung der Leidenschaften zu bewirken, die er zu dem letzten Endzwecke der Tragödie macht [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamburgische+Dramaturgie&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Deutsches+Textarchiv&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1769&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=Gotthold+Ephraim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschestextarchiv.de%2Fbook%2Fview%2Flessing_dramaturgie02_1767%2F%3Fhl%3DReinigung%26p%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, F. L. <i>Tragedy in Relation to Aristotle's Poetics</i>, p. 23. Hogarth, 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1962" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Leon (1962). "Catharsis". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>93</b>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283751">10.2307/283751</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283751">283751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Catharsis&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfiore1992" class="citation book cs1">Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zEABAAAQBAJ"><i>Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion</i></a>. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (published 2014). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400862573" title="Special:BookSources/9781400862573"><bdi>9781400862573</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Pleasures%3A+Aristotle+on+Plot+and+Emotion&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781400862573&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zEABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: L. Golden, <i>Aristotle on Tragic and Comic Mimesis</i>, Atlanta, 1992; S. Halliwell, <i>Aristotle's Poetics</i>, London, 1986; D. Keesey, "On Some Recent Interpretations of Catharsis", <i>The Classical World</i>, (1979) 72.4, 193–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1977" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, D. W. (1977). <i>Aristotle: Poetics</i>. 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Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+On+Hysteria&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.au=Josef+Breuer+And+Sigmund+Freud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudiesonhysteri037649mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Strickland, Bonnie</a>, ed. (2001). <i>Catharsis</i>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297672">"Expressive Writing Can Impede Emotional Recovery Following Marital Separation"</a>. <i>Clinical Psychological Science</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167702612469801">10.1177/2167702612469801</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-7026">2167-7026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297672">4297672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25606351">25606351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Expressive+Writing+Can+Impede+Emotional+Recovery+Following+Marital+Separation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4297672%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2167-7026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25606351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2167702612469801&rft.aulast=Sbarra&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Boals%2C+Adriel&rft.au=Mason%2C+Ashley+E.&rft.au=Larson%2C+Grace+M.&rft.au=Mehl%2C+Matthias+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4297672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_EmmerikKamphuisHulsboschEmmelkamp2002" class="citation journal cs1">van Emmerik, Arnold A. 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Purification"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Purification">"Purification" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">660–</span>661.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purification&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E660-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/orientalizingrev0000burk"><i>The orientalizing revolution : Near Eastern influence on Greek culture in the early archaic age</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-64363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-64363-5"><bdi>978-0-674-64363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+orientalizing+revolution+%3A+Near+Eastern+influence+on+Greek+culture+in+the+early+archaic+age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-674-64363-5&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forientalizingrev0000burk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hammann, Christoph (2020). <i>Katharsis in Kaiserzeit und Spätantike. Vorstellungen von Reinigung und Reinheit in Medizin, platonischer Philosophie und christlicher Theologie des 2. bis 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.</i> [Catharsis in the imperial age and late antiquity. Ideas of purification and purity in medicine, Platonic philosophy and Christian theology from the 2nd to 4th century AD]. Hypomnemata, vol. 208. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-31723-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-31723-5">978-3-525-31723-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628230355/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-36"><i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i></a>: "Catharsis"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10663b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: "Mysticism"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10742b.htm">"NeoPlatonism"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g978140512433125_ss1-226"><i>Blackwell Reference</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1992" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Alfie (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLudHIk3gsMC&pg=PA144"><i>No Contest: The Cast Against Competition</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63125-6"><bdi>978-0-395-63125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Contest%3A+The+Cast+Against+Competition&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-395-63125-6&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Alfie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLudHIk3gsMC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatharsis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primal-page.com/cathar.htm">"Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond: A Historic Overview" by Esta Powell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aristotelianism339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aristotelianism" title="Template:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aristotelianism" title="Template talk:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aristotelianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aristotelianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aristotelianism339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_logic" title="Term logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas and interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">Active intellect</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiperistasis" title="Antiperistasis">Antiperistasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catharsis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory of truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a>–<a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_causes" title="Four causes">Four causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents" title="Problem of future contingents">Future contingents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genus%E2%80%93differentia_definition" title="Genus–differentia definition">Genus–differentia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexis" title="Hexis">Hexis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexis_(Aristotle)" title="Lexis (Aristotle)">Lexis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimesis#Aristotle" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minima_naturalia" title="Minima naturalia">Minima naturalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythos_(Aristotle)" title="Mythos (Aristotle)">Mythos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(physics)" title="Horror vacui (physics)">Horror vacui (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_animal" title="Rational animal">Rational animal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">Potentiality and actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hypokeimenon" title="Hypokeimenon">hypokeimenon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos">Telos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_realist_philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics">Mathematical realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Aristotle" title="Works of Aristotle">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Interpretation" title="On Interpretation">On Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_Analytics" title="Posterior Analytics">Posterior Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Generation_and_Corruption" title="On Generation and Corruption">On Generation and Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">On Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metaphysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Ethics</a> and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric and poetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudepigrapha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names of Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Magna Moralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peripatetic_school22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymneus" title="Erymneus">Erymneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Islamic_Golden_Age22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-16T03:31:45Z","dateModified":"2024-12-27T21:40:52Z","headline":"the purification and purgation of emotions through art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration"}</script> </body> </html>