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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other indigenous languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_indigenous_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_language_and_regiolects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_language_and_regiolects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chinese language and regiolects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_language_and_regiolects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Indian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Indian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other Indian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Creoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sign languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_languages_in_Peninsular_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_languages_in_Peninsular_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Native languages in Peninsular Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_languages_in_Peninsular_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_languages_in_Malaysian_Borneo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_languages_in_Malaysian_Borneo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Native languages in Malaysian Borneo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_languages_in_Malaysian_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages_recognised_as_Native" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages_recognised_as_Native"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Other languages recognised as Native</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages_recognised_as_Native-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysian_Chinese_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysian_Chinese_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Malaysian Chinese languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysian_Chinese_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysian_Indian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysian_Indian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Malaysian Indian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysian_Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Foreign languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomas_de_Malasia" title="Idiomas de Malasia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idiomas de Malasia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_en_Malaisie" title="Langues en Malaisie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues en Malaisie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="मलेशिया की भाषाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मलेशिया की भाषाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_pagsasao_ti_Malaysia" title="Dagiti pagsasao ti Malaysia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti pagsasao ti Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Malaysia" title="Bahasa di Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Malaysia" title="Bahasa di Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa di Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_Malezji" title="Języki Malezji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki Malezji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesian_kielet" title="Malesian kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malesian kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மலேசிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலேசிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;">Languages of Malaysia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png/300px-Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png/450px-Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png/600px-Distribution_of_Malaysia_Families_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The distribution of language families of Malaysia shown by colours:<br /> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FF006E; color:#FF006E;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FF984F; color:#FF984F;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#007F0E; color:#007F0E;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#00FF90; color:#00FF90;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#4CFF00; color:#4CFF00;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#B200FF; color:#B200FF;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#FFD800; color:#FFD800;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#A0A0A0; color:#A0A0A0;">    </span> Areas with multiple languages</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Standard Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Standard Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">Main</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(West Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duano%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano’ language">Duano’</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay language">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ple-Temer_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ple-Temer language (page does not exist)">Ple-Temer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tioman_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tioman Malay (page does not exist)">Tioman Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a>) <hr /> (East Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gana%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana’ language">Gana’</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a> (Lundayeh), <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uma%E2%80%99_Lasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uma’ Lasan language">Uma’ Lasan</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Minority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-KB_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_Kingdom.svg/300px-KB_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_Kingdom.svg/400px-KB_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The indigenous <b>languages of Malaysia</b> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer languages">Mon-Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> families. The national, or official, language is <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay</a> which is the mother tongue of the majority <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> ethnic group. The main ethnic groups within Malaysia are the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Tamils</a>, with many other ethnic groups represented in smaller numbers, each with its own languages. The largest native languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Kadazan</a> languages. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is widely understood and spoken within the urban areas of the country; the English language is a compulsory subject in <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">secondary</a> education. It is also the main <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> within most private colleges and private universities. English may take precedence over Malay in certain official contexts as provided for by the National Language Act, especially in the states of Sabah and Sarawak, where it may be the official working language. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">law of Malaysia</a> is commonly taught and read in English,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the unwritten laws of Malaysia continue to be partially derived from pre-1957 <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, which is a legacy of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia#Colonial_era" title="History of Malaysia">past British colonisation of the constituents forming Malaysia</a>. In addition, authoritative versions of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a> (written laws of Malaysia) are continuously available in both Malay and English.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 41 of which are found in Peninsular Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government provides schooling at the <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> level in each of the three major languages, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. Within Malay and Tamil there are a number of dialectal differences.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of Chinese languages native to the ethnic Han Chinese who originated from Southern China, which include Yue, Min and Hakka Chinese. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malay">Malay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian Malay</a></div> <p>The official language of Malaysia is the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-CONSTITUTION_152_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONSTITUTION_152-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Bahasa Melayu</i>) which is sometimes interchangeable with "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian language</a>" (<i>Bahasa Malaysia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard language is promoted as a unifying symbol for the nation across all ethnicities, linked to the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Malaysia" title="Bangsa Malaysia">Bangsa Malaysia</a></i> (lit. 'Malaysian Nation'). The status as a national language is codified in Article 152 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarchnerOber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further strengthened by the passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Language_Act_1963/67" title="National Language Act 1963/67">National Language Act 1963/67</a>. This standard Malay is often a second language following use of related <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages#Languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a> spoken within Malaysia (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Ibanic_languages" title="Ibanic languages">Ibanic</a>) identified by local scholars as "dialects" (<i>loghat</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 of which are used throughout Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">variant of Malay</a> that is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> is also commonly spoken in East Malaysia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a>, English as the main kindergarten to university-level national education medium was gradually replaced with Malay since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Education Act of 1996 reiterates that Malay is to be "the main medium of instruction in all educational institutions in the National Education System", with certain exceptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_indigenous_languages">Other indigenous languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other indigenous languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citizens of <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> origins, who can be classified as "Malay" under constitutional definitions, may speak their respective ancestral tongues alongside Malay. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages, which are related to but easily distinguishable from Malay. <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> is the main tribal language in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Dusun_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun languages">Dusun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Kadazan</a> languages are spoken by the natives in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these languages remain strong, being used in education and daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabah has ten other sub-ethnic languages: <a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh/Lun Bawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rungus_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungus language">Rungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a>. There are over 30 native ethnic groups, each of which has its own dialect. These languages are in danger of dying out unlike the major ones such as <a href="/wiki/Kadazandusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazandusun language">Kadazan-Dusun</a>, which have developed educational syllabuses. <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> also has developed an educational syllabus.<sup id="cite_ref-SpeakUp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakUp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages on the peninsula can be divided into three major groups: Negrito, Senoi, and Malayic, further divided into 18 subgroups.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a> language is used in education.<sup id="cite_ref-SpeakUp_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpeakUp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thai is also spoken in northern parts of the peninsula, especially in northern Langkawi and mainland Kedah, Perlis, northern Perak, northern Terengganu, and northern Kelantan.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Fact_Book_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Fact_Book-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a></div> <p>Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English (MySE), is a form of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, although there is little official use of the term except with relation to education. English was used in the Parliament briefly upon independence (then as Federation of Malaya), prior to a gradual and complete transition to the Malay language, and continued to be used today for specific terminologies with permission. English, however, remains an official language in the State Legislative Assemblies and Courts of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaysian English differs little from standard British English.<sup id="cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarchnerOber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysian English also sees wide usage in business, along with <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a>, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> influences. Many Malaysians (particularly those who live in urban areas) are conversant in English, although some are only fluent in the Manglish form. The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many businesses in Malaysia conduct their transactions in English, and it is sometimes used in official correspondence. </p><p>The federal constitution provides that English would continue to serve as an official language for at least 10 years after <a href="/wiki/Merdeka" title="Merdeka">Merdeka</a> until the parliament provides otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the National Language Act re-iterated the primacy of Malay as an official language for most official purposes, however the act provides for the use of English in certain official contexts. Among these, section 5 provides that English may be used in the parliament and state assemblies with the presiding officer's permission. Article 152(3) of the constitution and sections 6–7 of the National Language Act provide that all federal and state laws must be enacted in Malay and English. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided for the continued use of English in Sabah and Sarawak for any official purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under article 161(3) of the constitution, federal legislation affecting the use of English in Sabah and Sarawak would not become law in these states unless approved by their respective legislative assemblies. Sarawak has not adopted the National Language Act; meanwhile Sabah has amended its constitution to provide for Malay as "the official language of the state cabinet and assembly".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English was the predominant language in government until 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-History_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is significant tension regarding the status and usage of English in the country, as the language is seen both as a historical colonial imposition and as a crucial skill for academic achievement and global business.<sup id="cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarchnerOber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English served as the medium of instruction for Maths and Sciences in all public schools per the <a href="/wiki/Pengajaran_dan_Pembelajaran_Sains_dan_Matematik_Dalam_Bahasa_Inggeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains dan Matematik Dalam Bahasa Inggeris">PPSMI</a> policy, but reverted to Bahasa Malaysia in national schools and mother-tongue languages in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parent Action Group for Education and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> has called for science and maths to be taught in English again.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English language is an important aspect of the legal system in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">law of Malaysia</a> is commonly taught and read in English,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the unwritten laws of Malaysia continues to be partially derived from pre-1957 <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, which is a legacy of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia#Colonial_era" title="History of Malaysia">past British colonisation of the constituents forming Malaysia</a>. In addition, authoritative versions of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a> (written laws of Malaysia) are continuously available in both Malay and English.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_language_and_regiolects">Chinese language and regiolects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese language and regiolects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a whole, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (Mandarin) and its <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian dialect</a> are the most widely spoken forms among <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a>, as it is a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for Chinese who speak mutually unintelligible varieties; Mandarin is also the language of instruction in Chinese schools and an important language in business.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As most Malaysian Chinese have ancestry from the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, various southern Chinese varieties are spoken in Malaysia (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (Mandarin) which originated from northern China and was introduced through the educational system. The more common forms in Peninsular Malaysia are <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_Fact_Book_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_Fact_Book-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hokkien is mostly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klang_(city)" title="Klang (city)">Klang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, Southwest <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dickson (town)">Port Dickson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, whereas Cantonese is mostly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, most ethnic Chinese speak Hokkien, Hokchew, or Hakka. Hakka predominates in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> except in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> where Cantonese is more frequently spoken despite the Hakka origins of the Chinese residing there. </p><p>As with Malaysian youths of other ethnicities, most Chinese youth are multilingual and can speak at least three languages with at least moderate fluency – Mandarin, English, and Malay, as well as their Chinese regiolect and/or the dominant Chinese regiolect in their area. However, most Chinese regiolects are losing ground to Mandarin, due to its prestige and use as the language of instruction in Chinese vernacular schools. Some parents speak exclusively in Mandarin with their children. Some of the less-spoken regiolects, such as <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, are facing extinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tamil">Tamil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian dialect</a> are used predominantly by Tamils, who form a majority of Malaysian Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is especially used in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>. The Education Act of 1996 regulates the use of Tamil as medium of instruction at the primary level in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_primary_schools_in_Malaysia" title="Tamil primary schools in Malaysia">"national-type schools"</a>, and also entitles Tamil children to obtain Tamil classes in national primary schools and national secondary schools (which use Malay as medium of instruction), provided "it is reasonable and practicable so to do and if the parents of at least fifteen pupils in the school so request".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamil-speaking immigrants to Malaysia came from two groups, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil dialect</a>, and Indian Tamils who spoke dialect from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. These dialects reflected class differences, with the Sri Lankan Tamils being more educated and overseeing the Indian Tamils, who primarily served as labourers on rubber estates. These two communities with their very different dialects remained mostly separate in Malaysia, forming two separate Tamil communities. Tamil is becoming less common among the more highly educated Tamil population, being predominantly replaced by English, and in a minority by Malay. Tamil-medium schools are considered less advantageous than English-medium schools, bringing little prospect of socioeconomic advancement. While the Malaysian government provides limited support for elementary Tamil schooling, secondary school is only taught in Malay, and there are no Tamil private schools. Usage of Tamil remains common among the less educated Tamil community, who often continue to live in their own communities on or near plantations, or in urban squatter settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One small group of former Tamil speakers, the <a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a>, almost entirely speak Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman1995_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Indian_languages">Other Indian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayalees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> are known to be the second largest <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> ethnicity, after the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malayalees can be found in the West Coast states, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a>. They can be classified into three major groups: labourers, traders and government servants and estate clerks. Malayalee labourers were predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Cannannore</a> regions in Malabar. These communities spoke <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> dialect and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> dialect. Some of the labourers who were not associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kangani_system" title="Kangani system">Kangani system</a> were placed in estates that had mix ethnicities, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>. Thus, these labourers mix around with the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> and eventually used <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> vocabularies in their language. Some have even received formal Tamil education, which eventually lead them to not speaking Malayalam as their first language but Tamil. The Malayalam-speaking traders who came to Malaya were mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a>. They spoke the <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Moplah</a> dialect, which has influence of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. This particular dialect is still used among today's <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabari</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Besides, Malayalees who were employed as estate clerks and semi-professional positions in the Malayan Civil Service consists of Hindus and Christians from <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, as they were educated. These people spoke <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> dialects which are similar to the standard Malayalam spoken today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many youngsters of the <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalee</a> community are unable to speak their mother tongue fluently because of the usage of English among the educated urban <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalees</a> and the domination of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, as a lingua franca of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are roughly more than 200,000 Malayalam speakers in Malaysia. </p><p>Other South Asian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> are also spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creoles">Creoles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Creoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of Malaysians have Eurasian ancestry and speak <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a>, such as the Portuguese-based <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages#Southeast_Asia" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Malaccan Creoles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Spanish-based creole, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Zamboangueño Chavacano</a>, has spread into Sabah from the southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sign languages include <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> and the older <a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a>. No sign language is used in the education of the deaf. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_languages">List of languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg/220px-7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg/330px-7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg/440px-7-11_Penang_Sentral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A sign at <a href="/wiki/7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> stores showing common languages in Malaysia: English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-%22No_Admittance%22_sign_in_five_languages_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>A "No Admittance" sign in five languages in <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, Malaysia. Top to bottom: Malay, English, Chinese, Punjabi and Tamil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_languages_in_Peninsular_Malaysia">Native languages in Peninsular Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Native languages in Peninsular Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3 code">ISO 639-3 code</a></th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>% of total population</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></td> <td>mbf</td> <td style="text-align: right;">12,000 </td> <td>0.0374</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></td> <td>btq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,000 </td> <td>0.0031</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></td> <td>ccm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">300 </td> <td>0.0009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></td> <td>cwg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">460 </td> <td>0.0014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></td> <td>dup</td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,000 </td> <td>0.0125</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></td> <td>jah</td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,191 </td> <td>0.0131</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></td> <td>jhi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,000 </td> <td>0.0031</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></td> <td>jak</td> <td style="text-align: right;">28,000 </td> <td>0.0874</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">280 </td> <td>0.0009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedahan Malay</a></td> <td>meo</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,600,000 </td> <td>8.1124</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantanese Malay</a></td> <td>mfa</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,500,000 </td> <td>4.6802</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></td> <td>xbn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">extinct </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">Unclassified</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></td> <td>kns</td> <td style="text-align: right;">259 </td> <td>0.0008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></td> <td>knq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">110 </td> <td>0.0003</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></td> <td>mcm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,200 </td> <td>0.0069</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></td> <td>lnh</td> <td style="text-align: right;">240 </td> <td>0.0007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Standard Malay</a>)</td> <td>msa, zlm, zsm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">20,000,000 </td> <td>62.4031</td> <td>nationwide</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></td> <td>mhe</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,000 </td> <td>0.0094</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td>mostly in urban centres like <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></td> <td>mnq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">270 </td> <td>0.0008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></td> <td>mzt</td> <td style="text-align: right;">180 </td> <td>0.0006</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></td> <td>zmi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">500,000 </td> <td>1.5601</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></td> <td>orn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">80 </td> <td>0.0002</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></td> <td>ors</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,500 </td> <td>0.0047 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,400,000 </td> <td>4.3682</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></td> <td>sbo</td> <td style="text-align: right;">extinct </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></td> <td>sea</td> <td style="text-align: right;">44,000 </td> <td>0.1373</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></td> <td>szc</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,000 </td> <td>0.0062</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></td> <td>sza</td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,100 </td> <td>0.0128</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></td> <td>ssm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">670 </td> <td>0.0021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></td> <td>sou</td> <td style="text-align: right;">70,000 </td> <td>0.2184</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tai-Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Kadai languages">Tai-Kadai</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></td> <td>tea</td> <td style="text-align: right;">15,000 </td> <td>0.0468</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten'edn language">Ten'edn/Mos</a></td> <td>tnz</td> <td style="text-align: right;">370 </td> <td>0.0012</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></td> <td>tmo</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></td> <td>tmw</td> <td style="text-align: right;">23,300 </td> <td>0.0727</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,100,000 </td> <td>3.4322</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tioman_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tioman Malay (page does not exist)">Tioman Malay</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,000 </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">extinct </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_languages_in_Malaysian_Borneo">Native languages in Malaysian Borneo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Native languages in Malaysian Borneo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3 code">ISO 639-3 code</a></th> <th>Speakers </th> <th>% of total population</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></td> <td>bhv</td> <td style="text-align: right;">19,000 </td> <td>0.0593</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayan-Murik_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan-Murik languages">Kayan-Murik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></td> <td>bdr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">436,672 </td> <td>1.3625</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw languages">Sama-Bajaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></td> <td>beg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></td> <td>zbc, zbe, zbw</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,600 </td> <td>0.0112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></td> <td>bth</td> <td style="text-align: right;">72,000 </td> <td>0.2247</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></td> <td>bny</td> <td style="text-align: right;">4,200 </td> <td>0.0131</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></td> <td>bdg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,400 </td> <td>0.0044</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></td> <td>bnb</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,700 </td> <td>0.0053 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Malay language">Brunei Malay</a></td> <td>kxd</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></td> <td>bsb</td> <td style="text-align: right;">60,000 </td> <td>0.1872</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></td> <td>sdo</td> <td style="text-align: right;">49,000 </td> <td>0.1529</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></td> <td>bkn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">860 </td> <td>0.0027</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a></td> <td>kzj</td> <td style="text-align: right;">60,000 </td> <td>0.1872</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></td> <td>coa</td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,000 </td> <td>0.0156</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Central Dusun</a></td> <td>dtp</td> <td style="text-align: right;">140,000 </td> <td>0.4368</td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></td> <td>dro</td> <td style="text-align: right;">7,600 </td> <td>0.0237</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></td> <td>dmv</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,100 </td> <td>0.0034</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></td> <td>kzt, tdu, ktr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">36,000 </td> <td>0.1123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></td> <td>dtb</td> <td style="text-align: right;">20,600 </td> <td>0.0643 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gana%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana' language">Gana'</a></td> <td>gnq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,000 </td> <td>0.0031 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></td> <td>iba</td> <td style="text-align: right;">790,000 </td> <td>2.4649</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></td> <td>dbj</td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,000 </td> <td>0.0312</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></td> <td>ilm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">22,000 </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></td> <td>sne</td> <td style="text-align: right;">29,000 </td> <td>0.0905</td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></td> <td>djo</td> <td style="text-align: right;">37,000 </td> <td>0.1154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></td> <td>kag</td> <td style="text-align: right;">500 </td> <td>0.0016</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></td> <td>kve</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,200 </td> <td>0.0069 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></td> <td>kxn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">200 </td> <td>0.0006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan languages">Kayan (Baram)</a></td> <td>kys</td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,400 </td> <td>0.0418</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayan-Murik_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan-Murik languages">Kayan-Murik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></td> <td>kzi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,963 </td> <td>0.0186</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></td> <td>knx</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></td> <td>kxi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">7,000 </td> <td>0.0218</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></td> <td>dmg, ruu, low</td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,000 </td> <td>0.0312 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Kimaragang</a></td> <td>kqr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></td> <td>kyi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,500 </td> <td>0.0078</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></td> <td>kqt</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,000 </td> <td>0.0031</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></td> <td>grm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,800 </td> <td>0.0056 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></td> <td>dkr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">7,910 </td> <td>0.0247 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></td> <td>lhn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">350 </td> <td>0.0011</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a></td> <td>llk</td> <td style="text-align: right;">extinct </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></td> <td>lgi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3 </td> <td>0.0000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></td> <td>dtr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">20,000 </td> <td>0.0624</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></td> <td>lnd</td> <td style="text-align: right;">16,000 </td> <td>0.0499</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lundayeh</a></td> <td>xkl</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,125 </td> <td>0.0285</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></td> <td>xkl</td> <td style="text-align: right;">50,000 </td> <td>0.1560</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></td> <td>mrw</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></td> <td>mel, sdx</td> <td style="text-align: right;">110,000 </td> <td>0.3432</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Minokok</a></td> <td>mqq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,000 </td> <td>0.0062</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></td> <td>pwm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,700 </td> <td>0.0209 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></td> <td>mxr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,120 </td> <td>0.0035</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayan-Murik_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan-Murik languages">Kayan-Murik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></td> <td>nrm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,420 </td> <td>0.0076</td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></td> <td>tid</td> <td style="text-align: right;">20,000 </td> <td>0.0624</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></td> <td>kqv</td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,000 </td> <td>0.0156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></td> <td>plz</td> <td style="text-align: right;">5,500 </td> <td>0.0172 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></td> <td>dpp</td> <td style="text-align: right;">500 </td> <td>0.0016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></td> <td>pez, pne</td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,000 </td> <td>0.0406</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></td> <td>pnm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">30 </td> <td>0.0001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></td> <td>lkj</td> <td style="text-align: right;">3,500 </td> <td>0.0109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Rungus</a></td> <td>drg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">60,000 </td> <td>0.1872</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></td> <td>snv</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,000 </td> <td>0.0062</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></td> <td>bsy</td> <td style="text-align: right;">21,000 </td> <td>0.0655</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></td> <td>msi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">– </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></td> <td>ssb, sml, sse</td> <td style="text-align: right;">80,000 </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw languages">Sama-Bajaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="text-align: right;">600,000 </td> <td>1.8721</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></td> <td>sib</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,730 </td> <td>0.0054</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></td> <td>skp</td> <td style="text-align: right;">750 </td> <td>0.0023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></td> <td>slg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,200 </td> <td>0.0037</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></td> <td>sbr</td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,000 </td> <td>0.0062 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a></td> <td>szd</td> <td style="text-align: right;">extinct </td> <td>0.0000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></td> <td>srk</td> <td style="text-align: right;">350 </td> <td>0.0011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></td> <td>spg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">50 </td> <td>0.0002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></td> <td>abf</td> <td style="text-align: right;">500 </td> <td>0.0016</td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Sugut Dusun</a></td> <td>kzs</td> <td style="text-align: right;">240,000 </td> <td>0.7488 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Tatana'</a></td> <td>txx</td> <td style="text-align: right;">21,000 </td> <td>0.0655 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></td> <td>tsg</td> <td style="text-align: right;">209,000 </td> <td>0.6521</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></td> <td>mvv</td> <td style="text-align: right;">50,000 </td> <td>0.1560</td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></td> <td>tih</td> <td style="text-align: right;">9,000 </td> <td>0.0281 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></td> <td>txa</td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,000 </td> <td>0.0406 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></td> <td>tgq</td> <td style="text-align: right;">550 </td> <td>0.0017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></td> <td>trx</td> <td style="text-align: right;">850 </td> <td>0.0027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></td> <td>ttw</td> <td style="text-align: right;">600 </td> <td>0.0019</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></td> <td>umi</td> <td style="text-align: right;">120 </td> <td>0.0004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uma%27_Lasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uma' Lasan language">Uma' Lasan</a></td> <td>xky</td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,000 </td> <td>0.0187 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages_recognised_as_Native">Other languages recognised as Native</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other languages recognised as Native"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimated number of speakers in Malaysia as of 2019:<sup id="cite_ref-joshua_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshua-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></td> <td>ace</td> <td style="text-align: right;">84,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></td> <td>bjn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">26,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></td> <td>bug</td> <td style="text-align: right;">143,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></td> <td>cja</td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></td> <td>jav</td> <td style="text-align: right;">661,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></td> <td>kvr</td> <td style="text-align: right;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></td> <td>btm</td> <td style="text-align: right;">31,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></td> <td>min</td> <td style="text-align: right;">931,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysian_Chinese_languages">Malaysian Chinese languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malaysian Chinese languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The estimated numbers of speakers of Chinese languages in Malaysia as of 2019 are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-joshua_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshua-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3 code">ISO 639-3 code</a></th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></td> <td>yue</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,443,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Foochow</a></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align: right;">260,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></td> <td>hak</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,787,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></td> <td>nan</td> <td style="text-align: right;">405,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></td> <td>nan</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,966,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a></td> <td>cmn</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,019,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Min Bei</a></td> <td>mnp</td> <td style="text-align: right;">397,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></td> <td>nan</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,038,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysian_Indian_languages">Malaysian Indian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysian Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimated number of speakers in Malaysia as of 2023:<sup id="cite_ref-joshua_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshua-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td> <td>guj</td> <td style="text-align: right;">31,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></td> <td>hin</td> <td style="text-align: right;">63,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></td> <td>Ben</td> <td style="text-align: right;">87,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></td> <td>mal</td> <td style="text-align: right;">367,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></td> <td>pan</td> <td style="text-align: right;">72,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Tamil</a></td> <td>tam</td> <td style="text-align: right;">1,993,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></td> <td>tel</td> <td style="text-align: right;">126,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></td> <td>urd</td> <td style="text-align: right;">16,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_languages">Foreign languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in-personam.com/articles/2020/wzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts/">"In Personam: Malay Language Usage in the Malaysian Courts"</a>. <i>www.in-personam.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.in-personam.com&rft.atitle=In+Personam%3A+Malay+Language+Usage+in+the+Malaysian+Courts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in-personam.com%2Farticles%2F2020%2Fwzp-malay-usage-in-malaysian-courts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY">"Languages of Malaysia"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY">the original</a> on 18 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP">"Languages of Malaysia (Peninsular)"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP">the original</a> on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Malaysia+%28Peninsular%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DMYP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamila_Ghazali2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Kamila Ghazali (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173228/http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true">"National Identity and Minority Languages"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/wcm/content/site/chronicle/home/archive/issues2010/un_academic_impact/national_identity_and_minority_languages?ctnscroll_articleContainerList=1_0&ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList=true">the original</a> on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle&rft.atitle=National+Identity+and+Minority+Languages&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Kamila+Ghazali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwcm%2Fcontent%2Fsite%2Fchronicle%2Fhome%2Farchive%2Fissues2010%2Fun_academic_impact%2Fnational_identity_and_minority_languages%3Fctnscroll_articleContainerList%3D1_0%26ctnlistpagination_articleContainerList%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CONSTITUTION_152-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CONSTITUTION_152_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia:Article 152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Alexander_Adelaar" title="K. Alexander Adelaar">Adelaar, K. Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Himmelmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaus Himmelmann">Himmelmann, Nikolaus</a>, eds. (2005). <i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i>. Psychology Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700712860" title="Special:BookSources/0700712860"><bdi>0700712860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0700712860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarchnerOber-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarchnerOber_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKärchner-Ober2013" class="citation book cs1">Kärchner-Ober, Renate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289487264">"Linguistic Quandary in Multilingual Malaysia: Socio-Political Issues, Language Policy, Educational Changes"</a>. In Singleton, David; Fishman, Joshua A; Aronin, Larissa; Ó Laoire, Muiris (eds.). <i>Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">299–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-389-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-389-6"><bdi>978-1-61451-389-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Quandary+in+Multilingual+Malaysia%3A+Socio-Political+Issues%2C+Language+Policy%2C+Educational+Changes&rft.btitle=Current+Multilingualism%3A+A+New+Linguistic+Dispensation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-389-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rchner-Ober&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F289487264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, James T. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031">"Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>145</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003253">10.1163/22134379-90003253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864031">27864031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Malay+Dialect+Research+in+Malaysia%3A+The+Issue+of+Perspective&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27864031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27864031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_AndayaLeonard_Y._Andaya1984" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC"><i>A History of Malaysia</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38121-9"><bdi>978-0-312-38121-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38121-9&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft.au=Leonard+Y.+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GSBCcNn1fsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&pg=PA397"><i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 397–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1286-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1286-0"><bdi>0-7007-1286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=397-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7007-1286-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i1aMcmLWlMC%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpeakUp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpeakUp_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpeakUp_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Rintod2010" class="citation news cs1">Luke Rintod (30 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/fmt-english/politics/sabah-and-sarawak/13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged">"Speak Up, Native Language Champions urged"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Malaysia_Today" title="Free Malaysia Today">Free Malaysia Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Malaysia+Today&rft.atitle=Speak+Up%2C+Native+Language+Champions+urged&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.au=Luke+Rintod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Ffmt-english%2Fpolitics%2Fsabah-and-sarawak%2F13511-speak-up-native-language-champions-Urged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_Fact_Book-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Fact_Book_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_Fact_Book_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/">"Malaysia"</a> (listed as "Foochow" there). Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/">the original</a> on 8 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malaysia&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmalaysia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/about-us/committees/constitutional-law-committee/my-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests">"My Constitution: Sabah, Sarawak and special interests"</a>. <i>Malaysian Bar</i>. 2 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>English has been the official language of the State Legislative Assemblies and Courts in Sabah and Sarawak since Malaysia Day, Sept 16, 1963. Any change of the official language to Bahasa Melayu can only become effective when the State Legislative Assembly of Sabah or Sarawak agrees to adopt federal laws that make Bahasa Melayu the official language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Bar&rft.atitle=My+Constitution%3A+Sabah%2C+Sarawak+and+special+interests&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysianbar.org.my%2Farticle%2Fabout-us%2Fcommittees%2Fconstitutional-law-committee%2Fmy-constitution-sabah-sarawak-and-special-interests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dayakdaily.com/article-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak/">"Article 32 of the National Language Act Has No Legal Effect in Sarawak"</a>. <i>Dayak Daily</i>. 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dayak+Daily&rft.atitle=Article+32+of+the+National+Language+Act+Has+No+Legal+Effect+in+Sarawak&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdayakdaily.com%2Farticle-32-of-the-federal-constitution-has-no-legal-effect-in-sarawak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/09/05/swak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage/">"S'wak Govt Never Agreed to Change Present Policy on English Usage"</a>. <i>Borneo Post</i>. 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=S%27wak+Govt+Never+Agreed+to+Change+Present+Policy+on+English+Usage&rft.date=2018-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2018%2F09%2F05%2Fswak-govt-never-agreed-to-change-present-policy-on-english-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2006" class="citation web cs1">Zimmer, Benjamin (5 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html">"Malaysia Cracks Down on "Salad Language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Language Log</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=Malaysia+Cracks+Down+on+%22Salad+Language%22&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F003643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, article 152(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">which provided for North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore joining the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malaysia Agreement, section 61(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabah Constitution, article 11a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation">"Math and Science Back to Bahasa, Mother Tongues"</a>. <i>The Star Online</i>. 8 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation">the original</a> on 2 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=Math+and+Science+Back+to+Bahasa%2C+Mother+Tongues&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2009%2F7%2F8%2Fnation%2F20090708144354%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohd_Farhan_Darwis2013" class="citation news cs1">Mohd Farhan Darwis (12 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018052410/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again">"Dr Mahathir Calls for Science and Maths to Be Taught in English, Again"</a>. <i>The Malaysian Insider</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/dr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again">the original</a> on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malaysian+Insider&rft.atitle=Dr+Mahathir+Calls+for+Science+and+Maths+to+Be+Taught+in+English%2C+Again&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.au=Mohd+Farhan+Darwis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaysianinsider.com%2Fmalaysia%2Farticle%2Fdr-mahathir-calls-for-science-and-maths-to-be-taught-in-english-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f9%2fnation%2f6630852&sec=nation">"PAGE Hands in Second Memorandum"</a>. <i>The Star Online</i>. 9 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/7/9/nation/6630852&sec=nation">the original</a> on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announced last year that the policy of Teaching of Mathematics and Science in English (known by its Malay acronym, PPSMI) would be scrapped from 2012.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=PAGE+Hands+in+Second+Memorandum&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2010%2F7%2F9%2Fnation%2F6630852%26sec%3Dnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. New York, New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7109-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-7109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/b23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf"><i>Act 550 – Education Act 1996</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> – via UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+550+%E2%80%93+Education+Act+1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fedurights%2Fmedia%2Fdocs%2Fb23f75adacffad84dacf9ac5ac431c0e3596ef62.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamila_Ghazali2010" class="citation web cs1">Kamila Ghazali (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-identity-and-minority-languages">"National Identity and Minority Languages"</a>. <i>UN Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Chronicle&rft.atitle=National+Identity+and+Minority+Languages&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Kamila+Ghazali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fchronicle%2Farticle%2Fnational-identity-and-minority-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiffman1995-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman1995_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman1995_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffman, Harold F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html">"Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: The Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy"</a>. <i>Language Loss and Public Policy</i>. <b>14</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Loss+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Language+Shift+in+the+Tamil+Communities+of+Malaysia+and+Singapore%3A+The+Paradox+of+Egalitarian+Language+Policy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2F~haroldfs%2F540%2Fhandouts%2Fsparadox%2Fsparadox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY">"Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia"</a>. <i>Joshua Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Malayali%2C+Malayalam+in+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F17433%2FMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSercombeTupas2014" class="citation book cs1">Sercombe, Peter; Tupas, Ruanni, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mllvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Language, Education and Nation-building: Assimilation and Shift in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45553-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45553-6"><bdi>978-1-137-45553-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Education+and+Nation-building%3A+Assimilation+and+Shift+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45553-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmllvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hancock, Ian F. (1975). "Malacca Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European?". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>17</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027570">30027570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Malacca+Creole+Portuguese%3A+Asian%2C+African+or+European%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30027570%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis2008" class="citation book cs1">Michaelis, Susanne, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC"><i>Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5255-5"><bdi>978-90-272-5255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Creole+Structures%3A+Weighing+the+Contribution+of+Substrates+and+Superstrates&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5255-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpPUeQLcGMOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joshua-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joshua_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joshua_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joshua_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/countries/MY">"Malaysia"</a>. <i>Joshua Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joshua+Project&rft.atitle=Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fcountries%2FMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji_Omar2016" class="citation book cs1">Asmah Haji Omar, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ"><i>Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual Strands in Multilingual Settings</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-66947-2"><bdi>978-1-315-66947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+in+the+Malaysian+Education+System%3A+Monolingual+Strands+in+Multilingual+Settings&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-66947-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaQ0CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Malaysia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/4.htm">Languages of Malaysia</a> at Muturzikin.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://borneodictionary.com/">borneodictionary.com</a> - Dictionary of Borneo Languages</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor%E2%80%93Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor–Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Johor–Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor Malay (page does not exist)">Johor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacca_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malacca Malay (page does not exist)">Malacca Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selangor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selangor Malay (page does not exist)">Selangor Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles675" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Malaysia" title="National symbols of Malaysia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_Related_to_Languages_of_Malaysia108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_Related_to_Languages_of_Malaysia108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles Related to Languages of Malaysia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Asia413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Timor-Leste" title="Languages of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_English" title="Maltese English">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America2312" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_American_Speech" title="Good American Speech">Good American Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_elite_accent" title="Northeastern elite accent">Northeastern elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia481" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&oldid=1276528011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Malaysia&oldid=1276528011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden 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Malaysia</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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