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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in United States and Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the regional dialect in the northern United States, see <a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">North American English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">North American English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Northern Americans (<a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadians</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>North American English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English#North_America" title="List of dialects of English">their subdivisions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a><sup id="cite_ref-braille_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braille-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3314">nort3314</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-021</code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>North American English</b> is the most generalized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> as spoken in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Because of their related histories and cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category.<sup id="cite_ref-Labov_et_al._2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al._2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, with British spellings of certain words (e.g., <i>colour</i>) preferred in more formal settings and in Canadian print media; for some other words the American spelling prevails over the British (e.g., <i>tire</i> rather than <i>tyre</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dialects of American English spoken by <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> who fled the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diaper</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a></i> are widely used instead of <i><a href="/wiki/Nappy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nappy">nappy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a></i>). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">Americanisms</a>, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> where significant pockets of British culture still remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">different accents within the regions</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and other regions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American <a href="/wiki/Koine_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine dialect">dialect mixture</a> that solidified by the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/600px-USA_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/900px-USA_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/USA_location_map.svg/1200px-USA_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="968" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:67px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span style="font-size:120%;color:#008080;"><b>ENE</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519px; top:80.8px"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English"><span style="color:purple"><span style="font-size:120%">WNE</span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:519.9px; top:107.2px"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English"><span style="color:gray"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>NYC</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:495px; top:121px"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English"><span style="color:navy"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>PHILA.</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North"><span style="font-size:150%;color:#e80000;"><b>INLAND NORTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:450px; top:115.6px"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh English"><span style="font-size:120%"><span style="color: Maroon;"><b>WPA</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:40px"><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English"><span style="font-size:180%;color:#f39;"><b>NORTH CENTRAL</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:88px"><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English"><span style="font-size:370%;"><span style="color:green;"><b>WEST</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English"><span style="font-size:275%;"><span style="color:#964B00"><b>MIDLAND</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:312px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English"><span style="font-size:320%;color:#c70;"><b>SOUTH</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:252px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English"><span style="color:#c70;">Texas</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:48px; top:169px"><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English"><span style="color:green;">California</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:407px; top:161.33px"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English"><span style="color:#c70;">Appalachia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:85px"><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Boston</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:21px; top:42.4px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English"><span style="color:green;">Pacific <br />Northwest</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:501px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider"><span style="color:olive">Chesapeake &<br /> Outer Banks</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:552px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent"><span style="color:#008080;">Maine</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:242.8px"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English"><span style="color:gray">New <br />Orleans</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:498px; top:133px"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English"><span style="color:navy">Baltimore</span></a></div> </div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The American English major regional dialects (in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al.'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related Telsur Project's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional">regional maps</a>. Many regions also contain speakers of a "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:350px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:350px;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_map_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/350px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/525px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Blank_map_of_Canada.svg/700px-Blank_map_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="921" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:46.5px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English"><span style="color:blue"><span style="font-size:150%;"><b>STANDARD CANADIAN</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:1px; top:207.25px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English"><span style="color:blue">Pacific <br />Northwest</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:67.5px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada"><span style="color:blue">Aboriginal Canadian</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:232px; top:245.75px"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English"><span style="color:#0080FF">Quebec</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:228.5px; top:256.25px"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English"><span style="color:navy">Ottawa</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:218px; top:268.5px"><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_Toronto_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural Toronto English"><span style="color:purple">MTE</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:267px; top:198.5px"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Maritime_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Maritime English"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size:110%;"><b>ATLANTIC CANADIAN</b></span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:281px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English"><span style="color: red;">Lunenburg</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:260px; top:184.5px"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English"><span style="color: red;">Newfoundland</span></a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a>), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al.'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the related Telsur Project's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html#regional">regional maps</a>. Many regions also contain speakers of a "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_English">American English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_American_English">Ethnic American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshiva English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_American_English">Regional American English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional American English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern American ("Great Lakes") English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston English">Boston English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Midwest American English">North-Central American ("Upper Midwest") English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoi_Toider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoi Toider">High Tider English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older Southern American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburghese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburghese">Western Pennsylvania ("Pittsburgh") English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_English">Canadian English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canadian English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_English_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal English in Canada">Aboriginal Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_accents">Table of accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Table of accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th>Most populous city</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> fronting</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger"><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pin%E2%80%93pen_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin–pen merger"><i>Pin–pen</i> merger</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">/æ/ raising system</a></th> <th>Other defining criteria<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American</a></b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov197219_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">African-American Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhoticity</a> / <a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">Th-fronting</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic Canadian</a></b></td> <td>Halifax</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>various</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_raising" title="Canadian raising">Canadian raising</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a></b></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Inland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland North">Inland Northern U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Chicago</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>general</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cities Vowel Shift">Northern Cities Vowel Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Indianapolis</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></b></td> <td>New Orleans</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Non-rhoticity / <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a> / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Horse-hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-hoarse merger">horse-hoarse distinction</a> / Canadian Raising / L-vocalization</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York City</a></b></td> <td>New York City</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization / <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">Th-stopping</a> / Variable Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central (Upper Midwestern) U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Minneapolis</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal & pre-velar</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English#Northeastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span class="nowrap">Northeastern New England</span></a></b></td> <td>Boston</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"> Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a></b></td> <td>Philadelphia</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>split</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / L-vocalization / Northeastern /-ɒr-/ / Merry–Murray merger</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English#Rhode_Island_English" title="Eastern New England English"><span class="nowrap">Rhode Island</span></a></b></td> <td>Providence</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Northeastern /-ɒr-/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern U.S.</a></b></td> <td>San Antonio</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_drawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern drawl">Southern drawl</a> / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable <a href="/wiki/Wine-whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-whine merger">wine-whine distinction</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></b></td> <td>Toronto</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal & pre-velar</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Canadian raising / <a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western U.S.</a></b></td> <td>Los Angeles</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Low_Back_Merger_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Back Merger Shift">Low Back Merger Shift</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></b></td> <td>Pittsburgh</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Mixed</td> <td>pre-nasal</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> glide weakening / L-vocalization</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th>Most populous city</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> fronting</th> <th>Strong<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑr/</span> fronting</th> <th><i>Cot–caught</i> merger</th> <th><i>Pin–pen</i> merger</th> <th>/æ/ raising system</th> <th>Other defining criteria<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_English#Phonology" title="American English">American English § Phonology</a></div> <p>A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a> (full pronunciation of all <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> sounds), conditioned <a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a> (with <i>satin</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsæʔn̩]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsætn̩]</span>), <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">T- and D-flapping</a> (with <i>metal</i> and <i>medal</i> pronounced the same, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɛɾɫ̩]</span>), <a href="/wiki/Dark_L" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark L">L-velarization</a> (with <i>filling</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfɪɫɪŋ]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfɪlɪŋ]</span>), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> (so that, <i>Mary</i>, <i>marry</i>, and <i>merry</i> are all commonly <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">pronounced the same</a>), raising of pre-voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> (with <i>price</i> and <i>bright</i> using a higher vowel sound than <i>prize</i> and <i>bride</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> (with <i>affected</i> and <i>effected</i> often pronounced the same), at least one of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span> vowel mergers (the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> merger</a> is completed among virtually all Americans and the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">LOT</span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">THOUGHT</span> merger</a> among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> (with <i>tuesday</i> pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtuzdeɪ/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtjuzdeɪ/</span>). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_words_not_widely_used_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom">List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_words_having_different_meanings_in_British_and_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of words having different meanings in British and American English">List of words having different meanings in British and American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_French" class="mw-redirect" title="North American French">North American French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North American Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-braille-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-braille_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123220211/http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">"Unified English Braille (UEB)"</a>. <i>Braille Authority of North America (BANA)</i>. 2 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brailleauthority.org/ueb.html">the original</a> on 23 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Braille+Authority+of+North+America+%28BANA%29&rft.atitle=Unified+English+Braille+%28UEB%29&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brailleauthority.org%2Fueb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1998" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making". <i>The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). p. xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canadian+English%3A+250+Years+in+the+Making&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pages=xi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labov_et_al._2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labov_et_al._2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. (2002). <i>International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English</i>, 4th. London: Arnold. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9">0-340-80834-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patti Tasko. (2004). <i>The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors,</i> 13th. Toronto: The Canadian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920009-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-920009-32-8">0-920009-32-8</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.H. Scargill. (1957). "Sources of Canadian English", <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology,</i> 56.4, pp. 610–614.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Woitkowitz2012" class="citation web cs1">John Woitkowitz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702122534/http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/arctic-sovereignty/asymmetry.cfm">"Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War: Asymmetry, Interdependence, and Ambiguity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/arctic-sovereignty/asymmetry.cfm">the original</a> on 2011-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Sovereignty+and+the+Cold+War%3A+Asymmetry%2C+Interdependence%2C+and+Ambiguity&rft.date=2012&rft.au=John+Woitkowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehistory.osu.edu%2Fosu%2Fmmh%2Farctic-sovereignty%2Fasymmetry.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT. 37 (4): 513–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:148)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabov197219-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabov197219_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabov1972">Labov (1972)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006</a>:101, 103)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in <i>The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed., p. xi.</li> <li>Clark, Joe (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en-CA.org/">Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English</a></i> (e-book). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9809525-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9809525-0-6">978-0-9809525-0-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabov1972" class="citation cs2">Labov, William (1972), <i>Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular</i>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Inner+City%3A+Studies+in+Black+English+Vernacular&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">Labov, William</a>; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), <i>The Atlas of North American English</i>, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8"><bdi>3-11-016746-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton-de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-11-016746-8&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+American+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&oldid=1259219492">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_English&oldid=1259219492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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