CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="LNoyyknRdqd5Syv72Nor70VVRO9Wy4t1GQcyHicViBb7x0tbhGCB4ctKM6CTBCwU/tyaon5eaDTRO7OmwJ4ezw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/01/16" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Chemical research in toxicology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Faye Liu" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/39638814/10898713/12162768/s200_faye.liu.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/FayeLiu1" /> <meta name="description" content="A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes" /> <title>(PDF) Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system | Faye Liu - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732822195000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732822195000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as individual compounds and as mixtures of four or six components. The cellular chemical concentrations causing 50% reduction of cell viability (EC50) were calculated using a mass balance model and came to 17, 12, 11, 9, 4, and 4 mmol/kg cell dry weight for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene, respectively, after 1 h of exposure. The EC50 decreased by a factor of 4 after 24 h of exposure. All mixture effects were best described by the mixture toxicity model of concentration addition, which is valid for chemicals with the same mode of action. Good agreement with the model predictions was found for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene at four different representative fixed concentration ratios after 1...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Faye Liu"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-12-02","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2014-01-16","headline":"Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Inorganic Chemistry","Organic Chemistry","Humans","Air","Particle Size","Surface Properties","Benzene","Toluene","Structure activity Relationship","Food and Chemical Toxicology","Biological Availability","Cell Survival"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Chemical research in toxicology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "b9d9827ff749335c52554ec71f306ebd99acd431db0137cf7ae61a1f9006369e", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="ylItBi0oe9Bs5ZSM52DMEqkga1O22Zfd2plDgmmiFQ4dT1SX4JmMlt7kjNesvsvpEqm1Hp5MdJwSpcI6jimD1w==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="ZHSq/fezTBkXPQE0aZ7Qxy0IyXISmgFxSDqx7MP+dYGzadNsOgK7X6U8GW8iQNc8loEXPzoP4jCABjBUJHXjWA==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-5a6217ebba1e3e193cb1032ca4e3bea5eb426dd3928dd536d7bf14b642b1cd3a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 39638814; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19372674%2FMixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19372674%2FMixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":40584244,"identifier":"Attachment_40584244","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":19372674,"created_at":"2015-12-02T12:20:31.648-08:00","from_world_paper_id":145500513,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T13:33:56.825-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as individual compounds and as mixtures of four or six components. The cellular chemical concentrations causing 50% reduction of cell viability (EC50) were calculated using a mass balance model and came to 17, 12, 11, 9, 4, and 4 mmol/kg cell dry weight for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene, respectively, after 1 h of exposure. The EC50 decreased by a factor of 4 after 24 h of exposure. All mixture effects were best described by the mixture toxicity model of concentration addition, which is valid for chemicals with the same mode of action. Good agreement with the model predictions was found for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene at four different representative fixed concentration ratios after 1...","publication_date":"2014,1,16","publication_name":"Chemical research in toxicology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39638814]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":40584244,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40584244/mini_magick20220703-23338-1h6ff0j.png?1656900322" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39638814" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FayeLiu1"><img alt="Profile image of Faye Liu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/39638814/10898713/12162768/s65_faye.liu.jpg" />Faye Liu</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, Chemical research in toxicology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 19372674; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=19372674"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">A recently developed hanging drop air exposure system for toxicity studies of volatile chemicals was applied to evaluate the cell viability of lung carcinoma A549 cells after 1 and 24 h of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) as individual compounds and as mixtures of four or six components. The cellular chemical concentrations causing 50% reduction of cell viability (EC50) were calculated using a mass balance model and came to 17, 12, 11, 9, 4, and 4 mmol/kg cell dry weight for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene, respectively, after 1 h of exposure. The EC50 decreased by a factor of 4 after 24 h of exposure. All mixture effects were best described by the mixture toxicity model of concentration addition, which is valid for chemicals with the same mode of action. Good agreement with the model predictions was found for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene at four different representative fixed concentration ratios after 1...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":40584244,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":40584244,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="40584244" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/19372674/Mixture_effects_of_benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylenes_BTEX_on_lung_carcinoma_cells_via_a_hanging_drop_air_exposure_system" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="114452839" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114452839/Toxicity_of_volatile_organic_compounds_VOCs_mixtures_using_human_derived_cells">Toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mixtures using human derived cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38316126" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jawadnasir1">jawad nasir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mixtures using human derived cells","attachmentId":111147142,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114452839/Toxicity_of_volatile_organic_compounds_VOCs_mixtures_using_human_derived_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114452839/Toxicity_of_volatile_organic_compounds_VOCs_mixtures_using_human_derived_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54518572" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54518572/A_novel_in_vitro_exposure_technique_for_toxicity_testing_of_selected_volatile_organic_compounds">A novel in vitro exposure technique for toxicity testing of selected volatile organic compounds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66553356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KhalilChristian">Christian Khalil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A novel in vitro exposure technique for toxicity testing of selected volatile organic compounds","attachmentId":70844378,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54518572/A_novel_in_vitro_exposure_technique_for_toxicity_testing_of_selected_volatile_organic_compounds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54518572/A_novel_in_vitro_exposure_technique_for_toxicity_testing_of_selected_volatile_organic_compounds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="107884130" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107884130/Sensory_irritation_pulmonary_irritation_and_respiratory_stimulation_by_airborne_benzene_and_alkylbenzenes_Prediction_of_safe_industrial_exposure_levels_and_correlation_with_their_thermodynamic_properties">Sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, and respiratory stimulation by airborne benzene and alkylbenzenes: Prediction of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation with their thermodynamic properties</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58186921" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlarieYves">Yves Alarie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1982</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, and respiratory stimulation by airborne benzene and alkylbenzenes: Prediction of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation with their thermodynamic properties","attachmentId":106421922,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107884130/Sensory_irritation_pulmonary_irritation_and_respiratory_stimulation_by_airborne_benzene_and_alkylbenzenes_Prediction_of_safe_industrial_exposure_levels_and_correlation_with_their_thermodynamic_properties","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107884130/Sensory_irritation_pulmonary_irritation_and_respiratory_stimulation_by_airborne_benzene_and_alkylbenzenes_Prediction_of_safe_industrial_exposure_levels_and_correlation_with_their_thermodynamic_properties"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="104883956" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104883956/Benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylene_Current_analytical_techniques_and_approaches_for_biological_monitoring">Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene: Current analytical techniques and approaches for biological monitoring</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140565670" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EsmaeelSoleimani">Esmaeel Soleimani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are a group of volatile organic compounds that human exposure to them may result in the development of some diseases, including cancer. Biological monitoring plays an important role in exposure assessment of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals. Several metabolites have been proposed for biological monitoring of individuals who are exposed to BTEX. There are a variety of extraction methods and analytical techniques for the determination of unmetabolized BTEX in exhaled air and their urinary metabolites. The present study aimed to summarize and review the toxicokinetics of BTEX and sample preparation and analytical methods for their measurement. Metabolites of BTEX are discussed to find out reliable ones for biological monitoring of workers exposed to these chemicals. In addition, analytical methods for unmetabolized BTEX in exhaled air and their metabolites were reviewed in order to obtain a comparison between them in term of ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene: Current analytical techniques and approaches for biological monitoring","attachmentId":104492759,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104883956/Benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylene_Current_analytical_techniques_and_approaches_for_biological_monitoring","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104883956/Benzene_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_xylene_Current_analytical_techniques_and_approaches_for_biological_monitoring"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17309259" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17309259/Effects_of_low_concentrations_of_benzene_on_human_lung_cells_in_vitro">Effects of low concentrations of benzene on human lung cells in vitro</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37198082" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NMiraglia">N. Miraglia</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37119599" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntoniettaStellavato">Antonietta Stellavato</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36993140" href="https://unina2.academia.edu/NicolaSannolo">Nicola Sannolo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicology Letters, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of low concentrations of benzene on human lung cells in vitro","attachmentId":39437942,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17309259/Effects_of_low_concentrations_of_benzene_on_human_lung_cells_in_vitro","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17309259/Effects_of_low_concentrations_of_benzene_on_human_lung_cells_in_vitro"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="62111954" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62111954/Human_inhalation_exposures_to_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_m_xylene_and_physiologically_based_pharmacokinetic_modeling_of_exposure_biomarkers_in_exhaled_air_blood_and_urine">Human inhalation exposures to toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of exposure biomarkers in exhaled air, blood, and urine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36773671" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertTardif">Robert Tardif</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Urinary biomarkers of exposure are used widely in biomonitoring studies. The commonly used urinary biomarkers for the aromatic solvents toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), and m-xylene (X) are o-cresol, mandelic acid, and m-methylhippuric acid. The toxicokinetics of these biomarkers following inhalation exposure have yet to be described by physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Five male volunteers were exposed for 6 h in an inhalation chamber to 1/8 or 1/4 of the time-weighted average exposure value (TWAEV) for each solvent: toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene were quantified in blood and exhaled air and their corresponding urine biomarkers were measured in urine. Published PBPK model for parent compounds was used and simulations were compared with experimental blood and exhaled air concentration data. If discrepancies existed, Vmax and Km were optimized. Urinary excretion was modeled using parameters found in literature assuming simply stoichiometric yields from parent ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Human inhalation exposures to toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of exposure biomarkers in exhaled air, blood, and urine","attachmentId":74961961,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62111954/Human_inhalation_exposures_to_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_m_xylene_and_physiologically_based_pharmacokinetic_modeling_of_exposure_biomarkers_in_exhaled_air_blood_and_urine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62111954/Human_inhalation_exposures_to_toluene_ethylbenzene_and_m_xylene_and_physiologically_based_pharmacokinetic_modeling_of_exposure_biomarkers_in_exhaled_air_blood_and_urine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98343681" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98343681/Cancer_Risk_Analysis_of_Benzene_and_Ethyl_Benzene_in_Painters">Cancer Risk Analysis of Benzene and Ethyl Benzene in Painters</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="232788583" href="https://independent.academia.edu/kamalazam6">kamal azam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Basic & Clinical Cancer Research, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Several effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been recognized such as toxic and carcinogenic human health effects. To evaluate cancer risk of benzenes air samples were taken, at an automobile manufacturing painters in Tehran following inhalation exposure. Methods: To perform this study, cross-sectional was done in 2016. Sampling was carried out by active pump sampler using the NIOSH method 1501. A total of 40 samples of BTEX were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). In final, estimated terms of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) was for cancer risk and Exposure Concentration (EC) for non-cancer. Results: The 4-weeks average benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene exposure levels in exposed subjects were 0.775±0.12, 1.2±2.08, 45.8±8.5 and 42.5±23.9 ppm, respectively. The result of the study indicated that, among all of the BTEX compounds, toluene had the lower concentration. The mean cancer risk for exposed workers to benzene and eth...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cancer Risk Analysis of Benzene and Ethyl Benzene in Painters","attachmentId":99720925,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98343681/Cancer_Risk_Analysis_of_Benzene_and_Ethyl_Benzene_in_Painters","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98343681/Cancer_Risk_Analysis_of_Benzene_and_Ethyl_Benzene_in_Painters"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="62111895" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62111895/Comparison_of_the_influence_of_binary_mixtures_versus_a_ternary_mixture_of_inhaled_aromatic_hydrocarbons_on_their_blood_kinetics_in_the_rat">Comparison of the influence of binary mixtures versus a ternary mixture of inhaled aromatic hydrocarbons on their blood kinetics in the rat</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36773671" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertTardif">Robert Tardif</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Archives of Toxicology, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparison of the influence of binary mixtures versus a ternary mixture of inhaled aromatic hydrocarbons on their blood kinetics in the rat","attachmentId":74961946,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62111895/Comparison_of_the_influence_of_binary_mixtures_versus_a_ternary_mixture_of_inhaled_aromatic_hydrocarbons_on_their_blood_kinetics_in_the_rat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62111895/Comparison_of_the_influence_of_binary_mixtures_versus_a_ternary_mixture_of_inhaled_aromatic_hydrocarbons_on_their_blood_kinetics_in_the_rat"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="76376738" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76376738/Benzene_histotoxic_and_teratogenic_Effects_in_exposed_Mice">Benzene histotoxic and teratogenic Effects in exposed Mice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176465083" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaedaMohammad">Maeda Mohammad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Throughout the last two decades, benzene was a prominent source of an occupational and environmental pollution in Iraq. Especially from direct contact with private electric generators which were installed closer to homes or even inside every home in Iraq. As a result of handling without taking enough precautions, environmental threat has increased due to serious toxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of benzene. Toxicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of this chemical carcinogen were experimented in Swiss albino mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Six-week-old male mice were used as a model for toxicity and carcinogenicity together with female mice were treated with benzene, and newborns were sacrificed to study the teratogenic impact. During a period of three months, twice per week, male mice were injected with two doses (0.1% and 0.2%) of benzene diluted with corn oil. Female mice were also treated with (0.1% and 0.2%) of benzene on day 7 prior to gestation at 72 h...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Benzene histotoxic and teratogenic Effects in exposed Mice","attachmentId":84104100,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76376738/Benzene_histotoxic_and_teratogenic_Effects_in_exposed_Mice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76376738/Benzene_histotoxic_and_teratogenic_Effects_in_exposed_Mice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="5830426" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity">Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8571495" href="https://nursing.academia.edu/fatmalestari">fatma lestari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A comparative assessment of three approaches for the use of human cells in vitro to investigate combustion toxicity was conducted. These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger system in which culture medium was used to trap the toxicants, whilst the direct exposure involved the use of a Horizontal Harvard Navicyte Chamber at the air/liquid interface. The cytotoxic effects of thermal decomposition products were assessed using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay (Promega) on a selection of human cells including: HepG2, A549 and skin fibroblasts. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a model polymer to study the cytotoxic effects of combustion products. NOAEC (no observable adverse effect concentration), IC10 (10% inhibitory concentration), IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) and TLC (total lethal concentration) values were determined from dose response curves. Assessment using the NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) assays on human lung derived cells (A549) was also undertaken. Comparison between in vitro cytotoxicity results against published toxicity data for PMMA combustion and predicted LC50 (50% lethal concentration) values calculated from identified compounds using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) was determined. The results suggested that the indirect exposure method did not appear to simulate closely exposure via inhalation, whilst exposure at the air/liquid interface by using the dynamic method proved to be a more representative method of human inhalation. This exposure method may be a potential system for in vitro cytotoxicity testing in combustion toxicity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40584244,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40584244,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_40584244" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="94388670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94388670/Alternative_air_liquid_interface_method_for_inhalation_toxicity_testing_of_a_petroleum_derived_substance">Alternative air–liquid interface method for inhalation toxicity testing of a petroleum-derived substance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252101584" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SandraVerstraelen">Sandra Verstraelen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">MethodsX, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alternative air–liquid interface method for inhalation toxicity testing of a petroleum-derived substance","attachmentId":96858940,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94388670/Alternative_air_liquid_interface_method_for_inhalation_toxicity_testing_of_a_petroleum_derived_substance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94388670/Alternative_air_liquid_interface_method_for_inhalation_toxicity_testing_of_a_petroleum_derived_substance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54590195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54590195/Analysis_of_Gaseous_Substance_Toxicity_Assessment">Analysis of Gaseous Substance Toxicity Assessment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="135963077" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ra%C5%A1i%C4%87M">Marija Rašić</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Safety Engineering</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of Gaseous Substance Toxicity Assessment","attachmentId":70882459,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54590195/Analysis_of_Gaseous_Substance_Toxicity_Assessment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54590195/Analysis_of_Gaseous_Substance_Toxicity_Assessment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12478255" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12478255/Low_air_levels_of_benzene_Correlation_between_biomarkers_of_exposure_and_genotoxic_effects">Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31324191" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PieroLovreglio">Piero Lovreglio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicology Letters, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects","attachmentId":46153583,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12478255/Low_air_levels_of_benzene_Correlation_between_biomarkers_of_exposure_and_genotoxic_effects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12478255/Low_air_levels_of_benzene_Correlation_between_biomarkers_of_exposure_and_genotoxic_effects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="60686116" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60686116/Cytotoxicity_and_genotoxicity_in_human_lung_epithelial_A549_cells_caused_by_airborne_volatile_organic_compounds_emitted_from_pine_wood_and_oriented_strand_boards">Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial A549 cells caused by airborne volatile organic compounds emitted from pine wood and oriented strand boards</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38016397" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardGminski">Richard Gminski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicology Letters, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial A549 cells caused by airborne volatile organic compounds emitted from pine wood and oriented strand boards","attachmentId":74018237,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60686116/Cytotoxicity_and_genotoxicity_in_human_lung_epithelial_A549_cells_caused_by_airborne_volatile_organic_compounds_emitted_from_pine_wood_and_oriented_strand_boards","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60686116/Cytotoxicity_and_genotoxicity_in_human_lung_epithelial_A549_cells_caused_by_airborne_volatile_organic_compounds_emitted_from_pine_wood_and_oriented_strand_boards"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="58282919" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58282919/Feasibility_the_Biological_Monitoring_of_Workers_Exposed_to_Benzene_and_Toluene_via_Measuring_the_Parent_Compounds_in_the_Exhaled_Breath">Feasibility the Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Benzene and Toluene via Measuring the Parent Compounds in the Exhaled Breath</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="137996935" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mansourazari">mansour azari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Health Scope, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feasibility the Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Benzene and Toluene via Measuring the Parent Compounds in the Exhaled Breath","attachmentId":72770910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58282919/Feasibility_the_Biological_Monitoring_of_Workers_Exposed_to_Benzene_and_Toluene_via_Measuring_the_Parent_Compounds_in_the_Exhaled_Breath","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58282919/Feasibility_the_Biological_Monitoring_of_Workers_Exposed_to_Benzene_and_Toluene_via_Measuring_the_Parent_Compounds_in_the_Exhaled_Breath"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="22238897" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22238897/Genotoxicity_of_intermittent_co_exposure_to_benzene_and_toluene_in_male_CD_1_mice">Genotoxicity of intermittent co-exposure to benzene and toluene in male CD-1 mice</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2307557" href="https://jamescook.academia.edu/michaelbird">michael bird</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genotoxicity of intermittent co-exposure to benzene and toluene in male CD-1 mice","attachmentId":42889867,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22238897/Genotoxicity_of_intermittent_co_exposure_to_benzene_and_toluene_in_male_CD_1_mice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22238897/Genotoxicity_of_intermittent_co_exposure_to_benzene_and_toluene_in_male_CD_1_mice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="19267350" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19267350/Hanging_drop_An_in_vitro_air_toxic_exposure_model_using_human_lung_cells_in_2D_and_3D_structures">Hanging drop: An in vitro air toxic exposure model using human lung cells in 2D and 3D structures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39520108" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmmanuelleFantino">Emmanuelle Fantino</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39638814" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FayeLiu1">Faye Liu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hanging drop: An in vitro air toxic exposure model using human lung cells in 2D and 3D structures","attachmentId":40525984,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19267350/Hanging_drop_An_in_vitro_air_toxic_exposure_model_using_human_lung_cells_in_2D_and_3D_structures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19267350/Hanging_drop_An_in_vitro_air_toxic_exposure_model_using_human_lung_cells_in_2D_and_3D_structures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="71736616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71736616/Penetration_of_benzene_toluene_and_xylenes_contained_in_gasolines_through_human_abdominal_skin_in_vitro">Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32274106" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancescaFilon">Francesca Larese Filon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicology in Vitro, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Penetration of benzene, toluene and xylenes contained in gasolines through human abdominal skin in vitro","attachmentId":80956950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71736616/Penetration_of_benzene_toluene_and_xylenes_contained_in_gasolines_through_human_abdominal_skin_in_vitro","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71736616/Penetration_of_benzene_toluene_and_xylenes_contained_in_gasolines_through_human_abdominal_skin_in_vitro"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="8468231" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8468231/Effects_of_Volatile_Organic_Solvents_Inhalation_on_Haematological_and_Histological_Indices_of_Mus_Musculus">Effects of Volatile Organic Solvents’ Inhalation on Haematological and Histological Indices of Mus Musculus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13146737" href="https://universityoflagos.academia.edu/TemitopeSogbanmu">Temitope Sogbanmu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of Volatile Organic Solvents’ Inhalation on Haematological and Histological Indices of Mus Musculus","attachmentId":34853097,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8468231/Effects_of_Volatile_Organic_Solvents_Inhalation_on_Haematological_and_Histological_Indices_of_Mus_Musculus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8468231/Effects_of_Volatile_Organic_Solvents_Inhalation_on_Haematological_and_Histological_Indices_of_Mus_Musculus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="113896950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113896950/Occupational_exposure_limits_for_cumene_2_4_dichlorophenoxy_acetic_acid_silicon_carbide_whisker_benzyl_alcohol_and_methylamine_and_carcinogenicity_occupational_sensitizer_and_reproductive_toxicant_classifications">Occupational exposure limits for cumene, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, silicon carbide whisker, benzyl alcohol, and methylamine, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="240423632" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YukinoriKusaka">Yukinori Kusaka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Occupational Health, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Occupational exposure limits for cumene, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, silicon carbide whisker, benzyl alcohol, and methylamine, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications","attachmentId":110738761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113896950/Occupational_exposure_limits_for_cumene_2_4_dichlorophenoxy_acetic_acid_silicon_carbide_whisker_benzyl_alcohol_and_methylamine_and_carcinogenicity_occupational_sensitizer_and_reproductive_toxicant_classifications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113896950/Occupational_exposure_limits_for_cumene_2_4_dichlorophenoxy_acetic_acid_silicon_carbide_whisker_benzyl_alcohol_and_methylamine_and_carcinogenicity_occupational_sensitizer_and_reproductive_toxicant_classifications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="930135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/930135/The_cytotoxic_effect_of_volatile_organic_compounds_of_the_gas_phase_of_cigarette_smoke_on_lung_epithelial_cells">The cytotoxic effect of volatile organic compounds of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="273947" href="https://uoa.academia.edu/DimitrisHatzinikolaou">Dimitris Hatzinikolaou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Free Radical Biology …, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The cytotoxic effect of volatile organic compounds of the gas phase of cigarette smoke on lung epithelial cells","attachmentId":51159441,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/930135/The_cytotoxic_effect_of_volatile_organic_compounds_of_the_gas_phase_of_cigarette_smoke_on_lung_epithelial_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/930135/The_cytotoxic_effect_of_volatile_organic_compounds_of_the_gas_phase_of_cigarette_smoke_on_lung_epithelial_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="90923795" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90923795/Association_of_Lung_Function_With_Benzene_Toluene_and_Xylenes_Btx_in_End_exhaled_Air_in_Gas_Station_Attendants">Association of Lung Function With Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (Btx) in End-exhaled Air in Gas Station Attendants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245715230" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Medagoda">Kushan Medagoda</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Association of Lung Function With Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (Btx) in End-exhaled Air in Gas Station Attendants","attachmentId":94352930,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90923795/Association_of_Lung_Function_With_Benzene_Toluene_and_Xylenes_Btx_in_End_exhaled_Air_in_Gas_Station_Attendants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90923795/Association_of_Lung_Function_With_Benzene_Toluene_and_Xylenes_Btx_in_End_exhaled_Air_in_Gas_Station_Attendants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="58801371" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58801371/A_biologically_based_risk_assessment_for_vinyl_acetate_induced_cancer_and_noncancer_inhalation_toxicity">A biologically based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxicity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38851139" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MatthewBogdanffy">Matthew Bogdanffy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Toxicological Sciences, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A biologically based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxicity","attachmentId":73037273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58801371/A_biologically_based_risk_assessment_for_vinyl_acetate_induced_cancer_and_noncancer_inhalation_toxicity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58801371/A_biologically_based_risk_assessment_for_vinyl_acetate_induced_cancer_and_noncancer_inhalation_toxicity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="98635736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98635736/Benzene_toxicity_and_risk_assessment_1972_1992_implications_for_future_regulation">Benzene toxicity and risk assessment, 1972-1992: implications for future regulation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53277148" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulPrice13">Paul Price</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Health Perspectives, 1993</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Benzene toxicity and risk assessment, 1972-1992: implications for future regulation","attachmentId":99932069,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98635736/Benzene_toxicity_and_risk_assessment_1972_1992_implications_for_future_regulation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98635736/Benzene_toxicity_and_risk_assessment_1972_1992_implications_for_future_regulation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="77241957" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77241957/Evaluation_of_the_Toxicity_on_Lung_Cells_of_By_Products_Present_in_Naphthalene_Secondary_Organic_Aerosols">Evaluation of the Toxicity on Lung Cells of By-Products Present in Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47256358" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmmanuelleBerger">Emmanuelle Berger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Life, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of the Toxicity on Lung Cells of By-Products Present in Naphthalene Secondary Organic Aerosols","attachmentId":84661706,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77241957/Evaluation_of_the_Toxicity_on_Lung_Cells_of_By_Products_Present_in_Naphthalene_Secondary_Organic_Aerosols","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77241957/Evaluation_of_the_Toxicity_on_Lung_Cells_of_By_Products_Present_in_Naphthalene_Secondary_Organic_Aerosols"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="85756494" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85756494/An_efficient_approach_to_study_the_toxicological_effects_of_complex_mixtures">An efficient approach to study the toxicological effects of complex mixtures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55691506" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelaAufderheide">Michaela Aufderheide</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An efficient approach to study the toxicological effects of complex mixtures","attachmentId":90360612,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85756494/An_efficient_approach_to_study_the_toxicological_effects_of_complex_mixtures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85756494/An_efficient_approach_to_study_the_toxicological_effects_of_complex_mixtures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="105325432" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105325432/A_new_cell_culture_exposure_system_for_studying_the_toxicity_of_volatile_chemicals_at_the_air_liquid_interface">A new cell culture exposure system for studying the toxicity of volatile chemicals at the air-liquid interface</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="271242838" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZAVALAJOSEMARTIN">JOSE MARTIN ZAVALA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Inhalation toxicology, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A new cell culture exposure system for studying the toxicity of volatile chemicals at the air-liquid interface","attachmentId":104808932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105325432/A_new_cell_culture_exposure_system_for_studying_the_toxicity_of_volatile_chemicals_at_the_air_liquid_interface","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105325432/A_new_cell_culture_exposure_system_for_studying_the_toxicity_of_volatile_chemicals_at_the_air_liquid_interface"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="120851684" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120851684/Cellular_reactions_to_long_term_volatile_organic_compound_VOC_exposures">Cellular reactions to long-term volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="291637770" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Florian%C3%9CberallUniProfDrMag">Florian Überall, Uni. Prof. Dr. Mag.</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific Reports, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cellular reactions to long-term volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures","attachmentId":115872424,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120851684/Cellular_reactions_to_long_term_volatile_organic_compound_VOC_exposures","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120851684/Cellular_reactions_to_long_term_volatile_organic_compound_VOC_exposures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="530" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inorganic_Chemistry">Inorganic Chemistry</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="76238" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air">Air</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="390245" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Particle_Size">Particle Size</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="440924" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Properties">Surface Properties</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="606320" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benzene">Benzene</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="963891" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toluene">Toluene</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="967839" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_activity_Relationship">Structure activity Relationship</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1118199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Chemical_Toxicology">Food and Chemical Toxicology</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1136192" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Availability">Biological Availability</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1157148" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Survival">Cell Survival</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>