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The indirect method used an impinger" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://nursing.academia.edu/fatmalestari" /> <meta name="description" content="A comparative assessment of three approaches for the use of human cells in vitro to investigate combustion toxicity was conducted. These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger" /> <title>(PDF) Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity | fatma lestari - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/8122809/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732830280000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732830280000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"A comparative assessment of three approaches for the use of human cells in vitro to investigate combustion toxicity was conducted. These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger system in which culture medium was used to trap the toxicants, whilst the direct exposure involved the use of a Horizontal Harvard Navicyte Chamber at the air/liquid interface. The cytotoxic effects of thermal decomposition products were assessed using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay (Promega) on a selection of human cells including: HepG2, A549 and skin fibroblasts. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a model polymer to study the cytotoxic effects of combustion products. NOAEC (no observable adverse effect concentration), IC10 (10% inhibitory concentration), IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) and TLC (total lethal concentration) values were determined from dose response curves. Assessment using the NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) assays on human lung derived cells (A549) was also undertaken. Comparison between in vitro cytotoxicity results against published toxicity data for PMMA combustion and predicted LC50 (50% lethal concentration) values calculated from identified compounds using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) was determined. The results suggested that the indirect exposure method did not appear to simulate closely exposure via inhalation, whilst exposure at the air/liquid interface by using the dynamic method proved to be a more representative method of human inhalation. This exposure method may be a potential system for in vitro cytotoxicity testing in combustion toxicity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley \u0026amp;amp; Sons, Ltd.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"fatma lestari"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2014-01-24","dateModified":"2015-12-16","datePublished":"2006-01-01","headline":"Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of Applied Toxicology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"nursing"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger system in which culture medium was used to trap the toxicants, whilst the direct exposure involved the use of a Horizontal Harvard Navicyte Chamber at the air/liquid interface. The cytotoxic effects of thermal decomposition products were assessed using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay (Promega) on a selection of human cells including: HepG2, A549 and skin fibroblasts. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a model polymer to study the cytotoxic effects of combustion products. NOAEC (no observable adverse effect concentration), IC10 (10% inhibitory concentration), IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) and TLC (total lethal concentration) values were determined from dose response curves. Assessment using the NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) assays on human lung derived cells (A549) was also undertaken. Comparison between in vitro cytotoxicity results against published toxicity data for PMMA combustion and predicted LC50 (50% lethal concentration) values calculated from identified compounds using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) was determined. The results suggested that the indirect exposure method did not appear to simulate closely exposure via inhalation, whilst exposure at the air/liquid interface by using the dynamic method proved to be a more representative method of human inhalation. This exposure method may be a potential system for in vitro cytotoxicity testing in combustion toxicity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley \u0026 Sons, Ltd.","publication_date":"2006,,","publication_name":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [8571495]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/49119372/mini_magick20190201-5751-1d44mtr.png?1549054757" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Comparative assessment of threein vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8571495" href="https://nursing.academia.edu/fatmalestari"><img alt="Profile image of fatma lestari" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />fatma lestari</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2006, Journal of Applied Toxicology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">16 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 5830426; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=5830426"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">A comparative assessment of three approaches for the use of human cells in vitro to investigate combustion toxicity was conducted. These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger system in which culture medium was used to trap the toxicants, whilst the direct exposure involved the use of a Horizontal Harvard Navicyte Chamber at the air/liquid interface. The cytotoxic effects of thermal decomposition products were assessed using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay (Promega) on a selection of human cells including: HepG2, A549 and skin fibroblasts. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a model polymer to study the cytotoxic effects of combustion products. NOAEC (no observable adverse effect concentration), IC10 (10% inhibitory concentration), IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) and TLC (total lethal concentration) values were determined from dose response curves. Assessment using the NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) assays on human lung derived cells (A549) was also undertaken. Comparison between in vitro cytotoxicity results against published toxicity data for PMMA combustion and predicted LC50 (50% lethal concentration) values calculated from identified compounds using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) was determined. The results suggested that the indirect exposure method did not appear to simulate closely exposure via inhalation, whilst exposure at the air/liquid interface by using the dynamic method proved to be a more representative method of human inhalation. This exposure method may be a potential system for in vitro cytotoxicity testing in combustion toxicity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="49119372" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/5830426/Comparative_assessment_of_threein_vitro_exposure_methods_for_combustion_toxicity" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="87251020" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87251020/In_vitro_cytotoxicity_and_morphological_assessment_of_smoke_from_polymer_combustion_in_human_lung_derived_cells_A549_">In vitro cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26962092" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MUhammadAHmad148">MUhammad AHmad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro cytotoxicity and morphological assessment of smoke from polymer combustion in human lung derived cells (A549)","attachmentId":91513492,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87251020/In_vitro_cytotoxicity_and_morphological_assessment_of_smoke_from_polymer_combustion_in_human_lung_derived_cells_A549_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87251020/In_vitro_cytotoxicity_and_morphological_assessment_of_smoke_from_polymer_combustion_in_human_lung_derived_cells_A549_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="76827073" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76827073/In_Vitro_Cytotoxicity_Test_On_Human_Cells_For_Assessment_Of_Fire_Combustion_Products_Using_A_Tube_Furnace">In Vitro Cytotoxicity Test On Human Cells For Assessment Of Fire Combustion Products Using A Tube Furnace</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66553356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KhalilChristian">Christian Khalil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Fire Safety Science, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is known that the exposure to toxic gases and smoke is the major cause of injury and death in fires. 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnastasiaPantazaki">Anastasia A Pantazaki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Pollution, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro cellular toxicity induced by extractable organic fractions of particles exhausted from urban combustion sources - Role of PAHs","attachmentId":88248478,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82590220/In_vitro_cellular_toxicity_induced_by_extractable_organic_fractions_of_particles_exhausted_from_urban_combustion_sources_Role_of_PAHs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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data-author-id="41098747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JostWendt">Jost Wendt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemosphere, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of the composition of combustion generated fine particles on epithelial cell toxicity: influences of metals on metabolism","attachmentId":41243697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20087244/Impact_of_the_composition_of_combustion_generated_fine_particles_on_epithelial_cell_toxicity_influences_of_metals_on_metabolism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20087244/Impact_of_the_composition_of_combustion_generated_fine_particles_on_epithelial_cell_toxicity_influences_of_metals_on_metabolism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="118324515" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/118324515/In_vitro_lung_toxicity_of_indoor_PM10_from_a_stove_fueled_with_different_biomasses">In vitro lung toxicity of indoor PM10 from a stove fueled with different biomasses</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="159769127" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnitaEmiliaColombo">Anita Emilia Colombo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science of The Total Environment, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In vitro lung toxicity of indoor PM10 from a stove fueled with different biomasses","attachmentId":113978580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/118324515/In_vitro_lung_toxicity_of_indoor_PM10_from_a_stove_fueled_with_different_biomasses","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/118324515/In_vitro_lung_toxicity_of_indoor_PM10_from_a_stove_fueled_with_different_biomasses"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="66581155" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66581155/Evaluation_of_DNA_damage_induction_on_human_pulmonary_cells_exposed_to_PAHs_from_organic_extract_of_PM10_collected_in_a_coke_oven_plant">Evaluation of DNA damage induction on human pulmonary cells exposed to PAHs from organic extract of PM10 collected in a coke-oven plant</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124537758" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CanzioRomano">Canzio Romano</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Acta Biomed, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of DNA damage induction on human pulmonary cells exposed to PAHs from organic extract of PM10 collected in a coke-oven plant","attachmentId":77716270,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66581155/Evaluation_of_DNA_damage_induction_on_human_pulmonary_cells_exposed_to_PAHs_from_organic_extract_of_PM10_collected_in_a_coke_oven_plant","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66581155/Evaluation_of_DNA_damage_induction_on_human_pulmonary_cells_exposed_to_PAHs_from_organic_extract_of_PM10_collected_in_a_coke_oven_plant"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="91310749" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91310749/A_Simple_Method_to_Determine_Cytotoxicity_of_Water_Soluble_Organic_Compounds_and_Solid_Particles_from_Biomass_Combustion_in_Lung_Cells_in_Vitro">A Simple Method to Determine Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds and Solid Particles from Biomass Combustion in Lung Cells in Vitro</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38243467" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcelEgli">Marcel Egli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Science &amp; Technology, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Simple Method to Determine Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds and Solid Particles from Biomass Combustion in Lung Cells in Vitro","attachmentId":94633536,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91310749/A_Simple_Method_to_Determine_Cytotoxicity_of_Water_Soluble_Organic_Compounds_and_Solid_Particles_from_Biomass_Combustion_in_Lung_Cells_in_Vitro","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91310749/A_Simple_Method_to_Determine_Cytotoxicity_of_Water_Soluble_Organic_Compounds_and_Solid_Particles_from_Biomass_Combustion_in_Lung_Cells_in_Vitro"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="53325106" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53325106/Toxicity_Assessment_of_Combustion_Gases_and_Development_of_a_Survival_Model">Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases and Development of a Survival Model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108628639" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LouiseSpeitel">Louise Speitel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This report presents an extensive review of the literature on the toxic and thermal hazards relating to human survival in aircraft cabin fires. Studies by various authors of exposures to single and mixed gases on humans, primates, rats and mice are presented for different activity levels and a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. Regression equations giving the best fit were derived from these studies. The regression equation which was judged to best model the human escaping from an aircraft cabin fire was selected for each gas and utilized in the survival model. The effect of carbon dioxide increasing the uptake of other gases was included in the model. This survival model uses incapacitation data to obtain a fractional effective dose for incapacitation (FEDI) and lethality data to obtain a fractional effective dose for lethality (FEDL). The time when either FED reaches 1 determines the exposure time available to escape from an aircraft cabin fire and to survive postexpos...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases and Development of a Survival Model","attachmentId":70220795,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53325106/Toxicity_Assessment_of_Combustion_Gases_and_Development_of_a_Survival_Model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53325106/Toxicity_Assessment_of_Combustion_Gases_and_Development_of_a_Survival_Model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":49119372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_49119372" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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