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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_trade_suppression" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_trade_suppression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Slave trade suppression</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1830" title="Firman of 1830">Firman of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_slave_trade_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf">Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1854" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1854">Firman of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1857">Firman of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1880" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname_of_1889" title="Kanunname of 1889">Kanunname of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act of 1890</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron (U.K.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">Africa Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Squadron" title="Brazil Squadron">Brazil Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Division" title="Eastern Naval Division">Eastern Naval Division (Brazil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Providentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Presidente</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>El Almirante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Marinerito</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_1919" title="Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919">Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case"><i>Creole</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>La Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_South_(clipper)#Capture_of_Emanuela" title="Sunny South (clipper)">Capture of the <i>Emanuela</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Expedition" title="Johanna Expedition">Bombardment of Johanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carver_Affair" title="Mary Carver Affair"><i>Mary Carver</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Barley_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Barley Incident (page does not exist)"><i>Edward Barley</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Battle of Little Bereby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamerton_Treaty" title="Hamerton Treaty">Hamerton Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frere_Treaty" title="Frere Treaty">Frere Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1927)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1927)">Treaty of Jeddah (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresby_Treaty" title="Moresby Treaty">Moresby Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp/220px-Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp/330px-Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp/440px-Sir-William-George-Maxwell.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Sir-William-George-Maxwell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boutre_indien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boutre_indien.jpg/220px-Boutre_indien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boutre_indien.jpg/330px-Boutre_indien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Boutre_indien.jpg/440px-Boutre_indien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhows</a> were used to transport goods and slaves.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/220px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/330px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg/440px-Arab_pearl_divers_in_the_Persian_Gulf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Pearl divers in the Persian Gulf. At the time, the pearl industry was dominated by slave labor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Gurgur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/220px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/330px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baba_Gurgur.jpg/440px-Baba_Gurgur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6716" data-file-height="6895" /></a><figcaption>Oil field 1932. The British Foreign Office unsuccessfully asked the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> not to use slave labor in the Gulf.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery (ACE)</b> was a permanent <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, inaugurated in 1933. It was the first permanent slavery committee of the League of Nations, which was founded after a decade of work addressing the issue of slavery by temporary committees within the League. </p><p>The ACE conducted a global investigation concerning slavery, slave trade and force labor, and recommended solutions to address the issue. Its work lay the ground for the <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a> of 1956. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The League of Nations had conducted an active work against <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> and slave trade from the early 1920s. The investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> (TSC) had resulted in the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (CES) was established to investigate the efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result convinced the League of the need to establish a permanent committee to address the issue. </p><p>The ACE were not to be authorized to conduct investigations directly, but only to accept documented information from governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to be purely advisory and its proceedings confidential, composed of seven independent experts, appointed indenfenitely, who were to study the documented evidence and submit reports to suggest methods to approve the work to end slavery and slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slavery addressed were to be chattel slavery, not forced labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933 the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (CES) established the first permanent slavery committee, the Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery (ACE).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACE held its first meeting the following year, and met annually five times between 1934 and 1938. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery Society</a> celebrated the establishment of the ACE, which was established on the centenary of the of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>, as the final end of slavery, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Coupland" title="Reginald Coupland">Reginald Coupland</a> expressed the hope that "the appropriate machinery" to ensure the execution of the 1926 Slavery Convention had been created, and that he had no doubt that "except perhaps in remote and unsettled regions of the world beyond the reach of civilized opinion, the final eradication....of slavery" had been assured.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity">Activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ACE conducted a major international investigation on chattel slavery and slave trade. The committee asked for reports from all member countries of the League of Nations, including the major colonial empires of the time. The governments were asked to report of all forms of slavery and slave trade taking place within the territories under their control, which the member countries of League as subject of the 1926 Slavery Convention were expected to actively oppose. </p><p>The issues discussed were the <a href="/wiki/Mui_tsai" title="Mui tsai">Mui tsai</a> issue, debt bondage and serfdom; the status of women and discriminatory marriage customs were debated, but a difficult issue, and postphoned in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Slavery in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Slavery in Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Slavery in Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Slavery in Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Slavery in Somalia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a></div> <p>The ACE requested the British <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to interview all former slaves in Africa why they had remained with their former owners and investigate what had happened to the slaves that did leave; the colonial officers obeyed by order from their governors, and the 1936 Report to the ACE were particularly detailed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italians reported to the ACE that all former slaves in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> - <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">slavery in Libya</a> was since long formally abolished - were free to leave their former Arab owners if they wished, but that they stayed because they were socially depressed; and that in the oases of Cyrenaica and the interiour of Sanusiya, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> had been erased in parallel with Italian conquest, during which 900 slaves had been freed in the Kufra slave market; that the slaves in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> were now given salary and thus no longer slaves, and that the slavery and <a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">slave trade in Somalia</a> had now been abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936 the report to the Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery from the French, British and Italian stated that they all surveyed the water sources along the caravan routes in the Sahara to combat the Trans-Saharan slave trade from Nigeria to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-sm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 the report to the Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery, both France and Spain assured that they actively fought the slave raids from the Trans-Saharan slave traders, and in 1938, the French claimed that they had secured control over the border areas alongside Morocco and Algeria and effectively prevented the Trans-Saharan slave trade in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-sm_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France reported that slavery had been abolished in all French territories in Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain reported that they had abolished the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">slave trade in Morocco</a>, but avoided mentioning slavery as such.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgium and Portugal replied ACE that they had nothing further to add after their 1932 report.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt answered the ACE that there were no longer any <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">slavery in Egypt</a>, and that no new slaves could be imported via the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> to Egypt since they policed the waters of the Red Sea outside Egypt, preventing any slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Slavery in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States" title="Slavery in the Trucial States">Slavery in the Trucial States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Slavery in Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Slavery in Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Slavery in Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Slavery in Oman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Slavery in Yemen</a></div> <p>A British report acknowledged that while <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">slavery in Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">slavery in Jordan</a> was banned by the British colonial authorities, slaves were still kept among the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">shaykhs</a> in Jordan and Palestine under the guise of clientage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Netherlands reported that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">slavery in the Dutch East Indies</a> was eradicated, except for remote areas in Borneo and New Guinea were Dutch control was nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China reported that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">slavery in China</a> did not exist except for the <a href="/wiki/Mui_tsai" title="Mui tsai">Mui tsai</a> system, which was a very marginal phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point in time, Saudi Arabia was the biggest slave nation in the world, but it was protected from investigation by its ally Britain, who avoided to give any clear information in order to avoid damaging their relationship to Saudi, and gave only vague deflecting answers that Islam encouraged manummission.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British considered their control over the Gulf region insufficient to do much about the slave trade and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States" title="Slavery in the Trucial States">slavery in the Trucial States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">slavery in Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">slavery in Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">slavery in Oman</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> advised the British authorities that any attempts to enforce an anti-slavery treaty in the region could cause economic and political unrest, since slavery was "deeply rooted in religious and political history".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British policy was therefore to assure the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> that the region followed the same anti slavery treaties signed by the British, but in parallel prevent any actual international observations of the area, which would disprove these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1935, the British authorities thus still assured the ACE that the Trucial States, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait had banned all slave trading in the region in treaties with the British, while at the same time, the British refused any international inspections in the region which would have revealed that a substantial slave trade was in fact going on, especially within the pearl fishing industry, where the slaves were particularly harshly treated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, the British finally acknowledged to the ACE that there was still ongoing slavery and a slave trade in the Trucial States, Oman and <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, but claimed that it was limited, and that all slaves who sought asylum at the British Agents Office in <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> were granted <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, the British reports were deliberately playing down the size of the actual substantial slave trade going on in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">slavery in Kuwait</a>, the official report of the British Foreign Office of 1936 claimed that although there was no anti slavery treaty with Kuwait, the shaykh of Kuwait had "completely stamped out the sale of new slaves", and that the existing slaves were free to complain to the sultan, who manumitted them if their complaints could not be resolved some other way, which was claimed to have diminished the number of slaves in Kuwait.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 the ACE achieved success concerning <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">slavery in Bahrain</a>, when Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(colonial_administrator)" title="George Maxwell (colonial administrator)">George Maxwell</a>, who produced a 'world review of slavery' for the ACE in 1936, successfully issued pressure on the ruler of Bahrain to abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Slavery in Yemen</a> were given attention in the ACO. In 1936, the British authorities in Aden filed a report about the slavery in Yemen. The British report told of 5,000 to 10,000 slaves in a population of three million.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the slaves were either trafficked from Africa, or born to enslaved Africans in Yemen, and a small minority of the slaves where Caucasian.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the male slaves were Africans, occupied in agricultural work or as soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt and Hejaz were also the recipients of Indian women trafficked via Aden and Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report to ACE about <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> described the existence of Chinese women trafficked from Singapore for enslavement as concubines, Indian women trafficked to Hadrhamaut to be sold by their husbands, and Indian children officially taken there for religious studies, only to be sold upon arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British tried to convince the coastal local rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> to sign an agreement to ban the slave trade, but by January 1939, few had done so.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policies">Policies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE was dominated by Britain via <a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(colonial_administrator)" title="George Maxwell (colonial administrator)">George Maxwell</a>, who became the dominating member of the ACE. Maxwell successfully advocated for the ACE to follow the predeceeding TSC's definition of slavery as exclusively referring to chattel slavery and ownership of humans, a definition of slavery inherited by the TSC, and which excluded all other forms of forced labor in order to avoid conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Maxwell focused his attention on slaves captured by slave traders; for people born slaves, he advocated manumission as revard for good behaviour justified by passages from the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran was relevant in the context since chattel slavery by this point in time existed mainly in Muslim lands. </p><p>In 1938 George Maxwell of the ACE concluded that slave raids were almost nonexistent; that slave trade were significantly reduced; that the chattel slavery in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">the Aden Protectorate</a> and the Persian Gulf were under control; and that in regard to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">slavery in Yemen</a>, nothing more could be expected.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1939, it was decided that the sixth meeting of the ACE was to be postponed until later that same year; however by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on 3 September 1939 the activity of the ACE was effectively ended.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work of the ACE collected information only from published sources, petitions, personal experience, government reports and vetted NGOs; and while it was inhibited by the colonial powers' (such as Britain's reluctance to interfere in the chattel slavery in the Arabian Peninsula), it did result in both the British and the French colonial powers refining their anti-slavery law policies.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global investigation of the occurrence of slavery and slave trade performed by the ACE between 1934 and 1939 was interrupted by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but it was the foundation for the work against slavery performed by the UN after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the League of Nations was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) after the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilton_Wood_Greenidge" title="Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge">Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a> worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> of the United Nations was inaugurated,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a>, 1889</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a>, 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a>, 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a>, 1950</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 100-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 197-215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miers,_S._2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miers,_S._2003_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sm_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sm_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. USA: AltaMira Press. p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGXXDwAAQBAJ&dq=slavery+in+jordan+1929&pg=PT112">[1]</a></i>Clarence-Smith, W. (2020). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. USA: Hurst.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 204-205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 164-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, s. 265-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 265-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>auto4</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 304-06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suzanne Miers: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZk9Y-HTQzcC&q=1926+Slavery+Convention">Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem</a></i>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6jRDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22selling+Indian+slaves+through+the+Red+Sea.+Women+in+particular+were+brought+from+the+Indian+port+of+Goa+to+Aden,+and+from+there+sold+on+to+the+Hejaz+and+Egypt.98+India+was+also+the+source+for+a+lesser+known+but+still+substantial+%22&pg=PT172"><i>Slavery and Islam</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786076366" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786076366"><bdi>978-1786076366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Islam&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1786076366&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6jRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522selling%2BIndian%2Bslaves%2Bthrough%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSea.%2BWomen%2Bin%2Bparticular%2Bwere%2Bbrought%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BIndian%2Bport%2Bof%2BGoa%2Bto%2BAden%2C%2Band%2Bfrom%2Bthere%2Bsold%2Bon%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHejaz%2Band%2BEgypt.98%2BIndia%2Bwas%2Balso%2Bthe%2Bsource%2Bfor%2Ba%2Blesser%2Bknown%2Bbut%2Bstill%2Bsubstantial%2B%2522%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvisory+Committee+of+Experts+on+Slavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.pub/slavery-and-islam-4543201504-9781786076359-9781786076366-a-1647425.html">"Slavery and Islam 4543201504, 9781786076359, 9781786076366"</a>. <i>dokumen.pub</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dokumen.pub&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+Islam+4543201504%2C+9781786076359%2C+9781786076366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fslavery-and-islam-4543201504-9781786076359-9781786076366-a-1647425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvisory+Committee+of+Experts+on+Slavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 323-324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 326</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.ungeneva.org/slavery-report-of-the-advisory-committee-of-experts-third-extraordinary-session-of-the-committee-held-in-geneva-april-15th-to-24-th-1936">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&oldid=1253428820">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery&oldid=1253428820</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:League_of_Nations" title="Category:League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1933" title="Category:Organizations established in 1933">Organizations established in 1933</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_disestablished_in_1939" title="Category:Organizations disestablished in 1939">Organizations disestablished in 1939</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolitionist_organizations" title="Category:Abolitionist organizations">Abolitionist organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Committees" title="Category:Committees">Committees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_slavery" title="Category:20th century in slavery">20th century in slavery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolitionism_in_Asia" title="Category:Abolitionism in Asia">Abolitionism in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Category:Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Category:Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Slavery in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with reference errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_reference_names" title="Category:Pages with broken reference names">Pages with broken reference names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 22:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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