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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First general abolition of slavery (1794)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_general_abolition_of_slavery_(1794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-establishment_of_slavery_in_the_colonies_(1802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-establishment_of_slavery_in_the_colonies_(1802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Re-establishment of slavery in the colonies (1802)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-establishment_of_slavery_in_the_colonies_(1802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_slavery_in_Haiti_(1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_slavery_in_Haiti_(1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Abolition of slavery in Haiti (1804)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_slavery_in_Haiti_(1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Second abolition (1848) and subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Great Britain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldavia_and_Wallachia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldavia_and_Wallachia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moldavia and Wallachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldavia_and_Wallachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In the Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_final_emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_final_emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Civil War and final emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_final_emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba_and_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba_and_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cuba and Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba_and_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_Abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_Abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Women and Abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_Abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_abolitionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_abolitionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable abolitionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_abolitionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionist_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionist_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Abolitionist publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abolitionist_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abolitionist publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abolitionist_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_abolition_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_abolition_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>National abolition dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_abolition_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>After abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_abolitionist_constitutionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_abolitionist_constitutionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>American abolitionist constitutionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_abolitionist_constitutionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Contemporary abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisations_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Organisations and commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abolitionism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afskaffing_van_slawerny" title="Afskaffing van slawerny – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afskaffing van slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إلغاء العبودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلغاء العبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismu" title="Abolicionismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abolicionismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisionizm" title="Abolisionizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abolisionizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="দাসপ্রথা বিলোপ আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাসপ্রথা বিলোপ আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Абаліцыянізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абаліцыянізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аболиционизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionisme" title="Abolicionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abolicionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismus" title="Abolicionismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abolicionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddymu_caethwasiaeth" title="Diddymu caethwasiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diddymu caethwasiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionist" title="Abolitionist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abolitionist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionismus" title="Abolitionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abolitionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitsionism" title="Abolitsionism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abolitsionism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κατάργηση της δουλείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάργηση της δουλείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismo_de_la_esclavitud" title="Abolicionismo de la esclavitud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abolicionismo de la esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboliciismo" title="Aboliciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aboliciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismu" title="Abolicionismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Abolicionismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolizionismo" title="Abolizionismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abolizionismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مخالفت با بردگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخالفت با بردگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionnisme" title="Abolitionnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abolitionnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisjonisme" title="Abolisjonisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abolisjonisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonfhuascailteachas" title="Daonfhuascailteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonfhuascailteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismo" title="Abolicionismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abolicionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C_%ED%8F%90%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="노예제 폐지운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제 폐지운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau_da_Bautan_Bayi" title="Kau da Bautan Bayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kau da Bautan Bayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Աբոլիցիոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբոլիցիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisionisme" title="Abolisionisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abolisionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolizionismo" title="Abolizionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abolizionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התנועה לביטול העבדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה לביטול העבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Аболиционизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აბოლიციონიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბოლიციონიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аболиционизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukomeshaji_wa_Biashara_ya_Watumwa" title="Ukomeshaji wa Biashara ya Watumwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukomeshaji wa Biashara ya Watumwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisyon_esklavaj" title="Abolisyon esklavaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abolisyon esklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisyon_di_lesklavaj" title="Abolisyon di lesklavaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Abolisyon di lesklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аболиционизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionismus" title="Abolitionismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abolitionismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionisms_(kust%C4%ABba_par_verdz%C4%ABbas_atcel%C5%A1anu)" title="Abolicionisms (kustība par verdzības atcelšanu) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abolicionisms (kustība par verdzības atcelšanu)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionizmas" title="Abolicionizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abolicionizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionizmus" title="Abolicionizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abolicionizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аболиционизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അടിമത്തനിരോധന പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിമത്തനിരോധന പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisionisme" title="Abolisionisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abolisionisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ကျွန်စနစ် ဖျက်သိမ်းရေး ဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်စနစ် ဖျက်သိမ်းရေး ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionisme_(slavernij)" title="Abolitionisme (slavernij) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abolitionisme (slavernij)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%BB%83%E6%AD%A2%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="奴隷制度廃止運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷制度廃止運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisjonisme" title="Abolisjonisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abolisjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisjonisme" title="Abolisjonisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abolisjonisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitsionizm" title="Abolitsionizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abolitsionizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8D_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="د غلامۍ پای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د غلامۍ پای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abalishanizam" title="Abalishanizam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Abalishanizam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicjonizm" title="Abolicjonizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abolicjonizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionismo" title="Abolicionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abolicionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboli%C8%9Bionism" title="Aboliționism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aboliționism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аболиционизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abolitionism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD" title="ايبولي شنسٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايبولي شنسٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionizmus" title="Abolicionizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abolicionizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionizem" title="Abolicionizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abolicionizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аболиционизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аболиционизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolicionizam" title="Abolicionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abolicionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionismi" title="Abolitionismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abolitionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abolitionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="அடிமை ஒழிப்புக் கோட்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிமை ஒழிப்புக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="การเลิกทาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลิกทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболитсионизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аболитсионизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lelik_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1tl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kölelik karşıtlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kölelik karşıtlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolisionizm" title="Abolisionizm – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abolisionizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Аболіціонізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аболіціонізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abo%C5%82isionismo" title="Abołisionismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Abołisionismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_b%C3%A3i_n%C3%B4" title="Phong trào bãi nô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào bãi nô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9F%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="废奴主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="废奴主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義 – Cantonese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abolitionism (disambiguation)">Abolitionism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anti-slavery" and "Emancipationist" redirect here. For the British NGO, see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>. For pardoned convicts in colonial Australia, see <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">Emancipist</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/250px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/375px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/500px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a slave boy in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span>. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful weapon in the abolitionist arsenal.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Suppression_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Suppression of the Slave Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_trade_suppression" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Slave trade suppression</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1830" title="Firman of 1830">Firman of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_slave_trade_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf">Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1854" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1854">Firman of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman of 1857">Firman of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ottoman_Convention_of_1880" title="Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880">Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname_of_1889" title="Kanunname of 1889">Kanunname of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act of 1890</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron (U.K.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Squadron" title="Africa Squadron">Africa Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Squadron" title="Brazil Squadron">Brazil Squadron (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Division" title="Eastern Naval Division">Eastern Naval Division (Brazil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Providentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Presidente</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>El Almirante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Black_Joke_(1827)#Black_Joke_–_slaver_catcher" title="HMS Black Joke (1827)">Capture of the <i>Marinerito</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_1919" title="Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919">Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case"><i>Creole</i> case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>La Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_South_(clipper)#Capture_of_Emanuela" title="Sunny South (clipper)">Capture of the <i>Emanuela</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Expedition" title="Johanna Expedition">Bombardment of Johanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carver_Affair" title="Mary Carver Affair"><i>Mary Carver</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Barley_Incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Barley Incident (page does not exist)"><i>Edward Barley</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Battle of Little Bereby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamerton_Treaty" title="Hamerton Treaty">Hamerton Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frere_Treaty" title="Frere Treaty">Frere Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1927)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1927)">Treaty of Jeddah (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresby_Treaty" title="Moresby Treaty">Moresby Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Abolitionism</b>, or the <b>abolitionist movement</b>, is the movement to end <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. </p><p>The first country to fully outlaw slavery was <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1315, but it was later used in its <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial Empire">colonies</a>. Under the actions of <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>, chattel slavery has been abolished across <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> since 1590, though other forms of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> were used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The first and only country to self-liberate from slavery was actually a former French colony, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Revolution of 1791–1804</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">British abolitionist</a> movement began in the late 18th century, and the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somersett case</a> established that slavery did not exist in English law. In 1807, the slave trade was made illegal throughout the British Empire, though existing slaves in British colonies were not liberated until the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act in 1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont</a> was the first state in America to abolish slavery in 1777. By 1804, the rest of <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">the northern states had abolished slavery</a> but it remained legal in southern states. By 1808, the United States outlawed the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">importation of slaves</a> but did not ban slavery —except as a punishment— until 1865. </p><p>In Eastern Europe, groups organized to abolish the enslavement of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> between 1843 and 1855, and <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">to emancipate the serfs in Russia in 1861</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> would pass the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> in December 1865 after having just fought a bloody <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, ending slavery "except as a punishment for crime". In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a> became the last country in the Americas to <a href="/wiki/Golden_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Law">outlaw slavery</a>, except for the United States where slavery as punishment is legal. As the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> annexed Asian countries, from the late 19th century onwards, archaic institutions including slavery were abolished in those countries. </p><p>During the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> founded a number of commissions, <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> (1924–1926), <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (1932) and the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (1934–1939), which conducted international investigations of the institution of slavery and created international treaties, such as the <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a>, to eradicate the institution worldwide. </p><p>After centuries of struggle, slavery was eventually declared illegal at the global level in 1948 under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. By this time, the Arab world was the only region in the world where chattel slavery was still legal. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Slavery in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">slavery in Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Dubai" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Dubai">slavery in Dubai</a> were abolished in 1962–1963, with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">slavery in Oman</a> following in 1970. <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> was the last country to officially abolish slavery, with a presidential decree in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery">Today, child and adult slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a> are illegal in almost all countries, as well as being against <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> for labour and for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual bondage</a> continues to affect tens of millions of adults and children. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_abolition_in_metropolitan_France">Early abolition in metropolitan France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early abolition in metropolitan France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Balthild_of_Chelles" title="Balthild of Chelles">Balthild of Chelles</a>, herself a former slave, <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> of Neustria and Burgundy by marriage to <a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in 657 since the king, her son <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a>, was only five years old. At some unknown date during her rule, she abolished the trade of slaves, although not slavery. Moreover, her (and contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Saint_Eligius" title="Saint Eligius">Saint Eligius</a>') favorite charity was to buy and free slaves, especially children. Slavery started to dwindle and would be superseded by <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1315, <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a>, king of France, published a decree proclaiming that "France signifies freedom" and that any slave setting foot on French soil should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial Empire">overseas colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cases of African slaves freed by setting foot on French soil were recorded such as the example of a <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> slave merchant who tried to sell slaves in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> in 1571. He was arrested and his slaves were freed according to a declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a> which stated that slavery was intolerable in France, although it is a misconception that there were 'no slaves in France'; thousands of African slaves were present in France during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a> became free when his father brought him to France in 1776. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_Noir_and_Age_of_Enlightenment"><i>Code Noir</i> and Age of Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Code Noir and Age of Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Chevalier_de_Saint-George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Chevalier de Saint-Georges</a>, known as the "Black Mozart", was, by his social position, and by his political involvement, a figurehead of free blacks.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in other <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> colonies, the French relied on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> for labour for their <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a> in their Caribbean colonies; the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>. In addition, French colonists in <i><a href="/wiki/Louisiane" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiane">Louisiane</a></i> in North America held slaves, particularly in the South around <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, where they established sugarcane plantations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i> regulated the slave trade and institution in the colonies. It gave unparalleled rights to slaves. It included the right to marry, gather publicly or take Sundays off. Although the <i>Code Noir</i> authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture them or to separate families. It also demanded enslaved Africans receive instruction in the Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul, a fact French law did not admit until then. It resulted in a far higher percentage of Black people being free in 1830 (13.2% in <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> compared to 0.8% in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi#Slavery" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were on average exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties, and even slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other free people of colour, such as <a href="/wiki/Julien_Raimond" title="Julien Raimond">Julien Raimond</a>, spoke out against slavery. </p><p>The <i>Code Noir</i> also forbade interracial marriages, but it was often ignored in French colonial society and the <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a> became an intermediate caste between whites and blacks, while in the British colonies mulattoes and blacks were considered equal and discriminated against equally.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, many philosophers wrote pamphlets against slavery and its moral and economical justifications, including <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a></i> (1748) and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzo_et_al_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzo_et_al-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1788, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_the_Blacks" title="Society of the Friends of the Blacks">Society of the Friends of the Blacks</a> (<i>Société des Amis des Noirs</i>) to work for the abolition of slavery. After the Revolution, on 4 April 1792, France granted <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Free people of colour">free people of colour</a> full citizenship. </p><p>The slave revolt, in the largest Caribbean French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in 1791, was the beginning of what became the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> led by formerly enslaved people like <a href="/wiki/Georges_Biassou" title="Georges Biassou">Georges Biassou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_L%27Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Toussaint L'Ouverture">Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>. The rebellion swept through the north of the colony, and with it came freedom to thousands of enslaved blacks, but also violence and death.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, French Civil Commissioners in St. Domingue and abolitionists, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Sonthonax" title="Léger-Félicité Sonthonax">Léger-Félicité Sonthonax</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Polverel" title="Étienne Polverel">Étienne Polverel</a>, issued the first emancipation proclamation of the modern world (Decree of 16 Pluviôse An II). The Convention sent them to safeguard the allegiance of the population to revolutionary France. The proclamation resulted in crucial military strategy as it gradually brought most of the black troops into the French fold and kept the colony under the French flag for most of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection with France lasted until blacks and free people of colour formed L'armée indigène in 1802 to resist <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Expédition de Saint-Domingue</a>. Victory over the French in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verti%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Vertières">Battle of Vertières</a> finally led to independence and the creation of present <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_general_abolition_of_slavery_(1794)"><span id="First_general_abolition_of_slavery_.281794.29"></span>First general abolition of slavery (1794)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First general abolition of slavery (1794)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abolitionism" title="Special:EditPage/Abolitionism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abolitionism%22">"Abolitionism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abolitionism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abolitionism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abolitionism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abolitionism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abolitionism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_(1754-1793).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg/170px-Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg/255px-Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg/340px-Jacques_Pierre_Brissot_%281754-1793%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a> (1754–1793), who organized the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_the_Blacks" title="Society of the Friends of the Blacks">Society of the Friends of the Blacks</a> in 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>The convention, the first elected Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a> (1792–1804), on 4 February 1794, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_4_February_1794" title="Law of 4 February 1794">abolished slavery in law</a> in France and its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a> and the Society of the Friends of the Blacks were part of the abolitionist movement, which had laid important groundwork in building anti-slavery sentiment in the <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>. The first article of the law stated that "Slavery was abolished" in the French colonies, while the second article stated that "slave-owners would be indemnified" with financial compensation for the value of their slaves. The French constitution passed in 1795 included in the declaration of the Rights of Man that slavery was abolished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-establishment_of_slavery_in_the_colonies_(1802)"><span id="Re-establishment_of_slavery_in_the_colonies_.281802.29"></span>Re-establishment of slavery in the colonies (1802)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Re-establishment of slavery in the colonies (1802)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, French slave-owners joined the <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolution</a> en masse and, through the <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Accord_(1794)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehall Accord (1794)">Whitehall Accord</a>, they threatened to move the French Caribbean colonies under British control, as Great Britain still allowed slavery. Fearing secession from these islands, successfully lobbied by planters and concerned about revenues from the West Indies, and influenced by the slaveholder family of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">his wife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> decided to re-establish slavery after becoming <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a>. He promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">law of 20 May 1802</a> and sent military governors and troops to the colonies to impose it. </p><p>On 10 May 1802, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Delgr%C3%A8s" title="Louis Delgrès">Colonel Delgrès</a> launched a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> against Napoleon's representative, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Richepanse" title="Antoine Richepanse">General Richepanse</a>. The rebellion was repressed, and slavery was re-established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_slavery_in_Haiti_(1804)"><span id="Abolition_of_slavery_in_Haiti_.281804.29"></span>Abolition of slavery in Haiti (1804)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abolition of slavery in Haiti (1804)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The news of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_4_February_1794" title="Law of 4 February 1794">Law of 4 February 1794</a> that abolished slavery in France and its colonies and the revolution led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Delgr%C3%A8s" title="Louis Delgrès">Colonel Delgrès</a> sparked another wave of rebellion in Saint-Domingue. From 1802 Napoleon sent more than 20,000 troops to the island, two-thirds died, mostly from yellow fever. </p><p>Seeing the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a>, in 1803 Napoleon decided to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sell</a> the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> to the United States. </p><p>The French governments initially refused to recognize Haïti. It forced the nation to pay a substantial amount of reparations (which it could ill afford) for losses during the revolution and did not recognize its government until 1825. </p><p>France was a signatory to the first <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">multilateral treaty</a> for the suppression of the slave trade, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_for_the_Suppression_of_the_African_Slave_Trade" title="Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade">Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade</a> (1841), but the king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a>, declined to ratify it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_abolition_(1848)_and_subsequent_events"><span id="Second_abolition_.281848.29_and_subsequent_events"></span>Second abolition (1848) and subsequent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second abolition (1848) and subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg/220px-Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg/330px-Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg/440px-Biard_Abolition_de_l%27esclavage_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Abolition_of_Slavery_in_the_French_Colonies,_27_April_1848" title="Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848">Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Biard" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste François Biard">Biard</a> (1849)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 April 1848, under the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> (1848–1852), the <a href="/wiki/Decree-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Decree-law">decree-law</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a> abolished slavery in the remaining colonies. The state bought the slaves from the <i>colons</i> (white colonists; <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">Békés</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>), and then freed them. </p><p>At about the same time, France started colonizing Africa and gained possession of much of West Africa by 1900. In 1905, the French abolished slavery in most of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>. The French also attempted to abolish Tuareg slavery following the <a href="/wiki/Kaocen_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaocen Revolt">Kaocen Revolt</a>. In the region of the Sahel, slavery has long persisted. </p><p>Passed on 10 May 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Taubira" class="mw-redirect" title="Taubira">Taubira</a> law officially acknowledges slavery and the Atlantic slave trade as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>. 10 May was chosen as the day dedicated to recognition of the crime of slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the British Isles">Slavery in the British Isles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg/170px-William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg/255px-William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/William_Murray_of_Mansfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Lord Mansfield</a> (1705–1793), whose opinion in <a href="/wiki/Somerset%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset's Case">Somerset's Case</a> (1772) was widely taken to have held that there was no basis in law for slavery in England</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> was among the first to articulate the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> case against slavery, banning it in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> on humanitarian grounds, and arguing against it in Parliament. Soon after Oglethorpe's death in 1785, Sharp and More united with <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and others in forming the <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Sect" title="Clapham Sect">Clapham Sect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somersett case</a> in 1772, in which a fugitive slave was freed with the judgement that slavery did not exist under <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, helped launch the British movement to abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, many colonies and emerging nations continued to use <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> territories in the West Indies, South America, and the Southern United States. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> established the United States, many Loyalists who fled the Northern United States immigrated to the British province of Quebec, bringing an English majority population as well as many slaves, leading the province to ban the institution in 1793 (see <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in canada">Slavery in Canada</a>). In the U.S., Northern states, <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Gradual_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery">beginning with Pennsylvania</a> in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades abolishing slavery, sometimes by <a href="/wiki/Gradual_emancipation_(United_States)" title="Gradual emancipation (United States)">gradual emancipation</a>. Vermont, which was excluded from the thirteen colonies, existed as an independent state from 1777 to 1791. Vermont abolished adult slavery in 1777. In other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans and African Americans. During the following decades, the abolitionist movement grew in northern states, and Congress heavily regulated the expansion of Slave or Free States in new territories admitted to the union (see <a href="/wiki/Missouri_compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri compromise">Missouri compromise</a>). </p><p>In 1787, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a> was formed in London. <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a> abolished slavery throughout its empire through the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_4_February_1794" title="Law of 4 February 1794">Law of 4 February 1794</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">restored it in 1802</a> as part of a program to ensure sovereignty over its colonies. On March 16, 1792, Denmark became the first country to issue a decree to abolish their <a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> from the start of 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Denmark would not abolish slavery in the Danish West Indies until 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti (then Saint-Domingue) formally <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">declared independence from France</a> in 1804 and became the first nation in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> to permanently eliminate slavery in the modern era, following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1804_Haitian_revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1804 Haitian revolution (page does not exist)">1804 Haitian revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern states in the U.S. all abolished slavery by 1804. The United Kingdom (then including Ireland) and the United States outlawed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">international slave trade</a> in 1807, after which Britain led efforts to <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">block slave ships</a>. Britain abolished slavery throughout its empire by the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a> (with the notable <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India#Under_early_European_colonial_powers" title="Slavery in India">exception of India</a>), the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies</a> re-abolished it in 1848 and the U.S. abolished slavery in 1865 with the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last known form of enforced servitude of adults (<a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeinage</a>) had disappeared in England by the beginning of the 17th century. In 1569 a court considered the case of Cartwright, who had bought a slave from Russia. The court ruled English law could not recognize slavery, as it was never established officially. This ruling was overshadowed by later developments; It was upheld in 1700 by the Lord Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(Lord_Chief_Justice)" title="John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)">John Holt</a> when he ruled that a slave became free as soon as he arrived in England.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="English Civil Wars">English Civil Wars</a> of the mid-seventeenth century, sectarian radicals challenged slavery and other threats to personal freedom. Their ideas influenced many antislavery thinkers in the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-lorenzo_et_al_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lorenzo_et_al-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to English colonists importing slaves to the North American colonies, by the 18th century, traders began to import slaves from Africa, India and East Asia (where they were trading) to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> to work as personal servants. Men who migrated to the North American colonies often took their East Indian slaves or servants with them, as <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">East Indians</a> have been documented in colonial records.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the first <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom suits">freedom suits</a>, court cases in the British Isles to challenge the legality of slavery, took place in Scotland in 1755 and 1769. The cases were <i>Montgomery v. Sheddan</i> (1755) and <i>Spens v. Dalrymple</i> (1769). Each of the slaves had been baptized in Scotland and challenged the legality of slavery. They set the precedent of legal procedure in British courts that would later lead to successful outcomes for the plaintiffs. In these cases, deaths of the plaintiff and defendant, respectively, brought an end before court decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Archives_of_Scotland_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Archives_of_Scotland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African slaves were not bought or sold in London but were brought by masters from other areas. Together with people from other nations, especially non-Christian, Africans were considered foreigners, not able to be English subjects. At the time, England had no <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> procedure. The African slaves' legal status was unclear until 1772 and <a href="/wiki/Somersett%27s_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Somersett's Case">Somersett's Case</a>, when the fugitive slave James Somersett forced a decision by the courts. Somersett had escaped, and his master, Charles Steuart, had him captured and imprisoned on board a ship, intending to ship him to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> to be resold into slavery. While in London, Somersett had been <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a>; three godparents issued a writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>. As a result, <a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Lord Mansfield</a>, Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of the King's Bench</a>, had to judge whether Somersett's abduction was lawful or not under English <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Common Law</a>. No legislation had ever been passed to establish slavery in England. The case received national attention, and five advocates supported the action on behalf of Somersett. </p><p>In his judgement of 22 June 1772, Mansfield declared: </p> <blockquote><p>The state of slavery is of such a nature that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political, but only by positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasions, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory. It is so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaudah_Equiano,_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/180px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/270px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png/360px-Olaudah_Equiano%2C_frontpiece_from_The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> was a member of an abolitionist group of prominent free Africans living in Britain, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">exact legal implications</a> of the judgement are unclear when analysed by lawyers, the judgement was generally taken at the time to have determined that slavery did not exist under English common law and was thus prohibited in England.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision did not apply to the British overseas territories; by then, for example, the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somersett's case became a significant part of the common law of slavery in the English-speaking world and it helped launch the movement to abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reading about Somersett's Case, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Knight_(slave)" title="Joseph Knight (slave)">Joseph Knight</a>, an enslaved African who had been purchased by his master John Wedderburn in Jamaica and brought to Scotland, left him. Married and with a child, he filed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suit</a>, on the grounds that he could not be held as a slave in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_v._Wedderburn" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight v. Wedderburn">Knight v. Wedderburn</a></i> (1778), Wedderburn said that Knight owed him "perpetual servitude". The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> of Scotland ruled against him, saying that <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> was not recognized under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Scotland">law of Scotland</a>, and slaves could seek court protection to leave a master or avoid being forcibly removed from Scotland to be returned to slavery in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Archives_of_Scotland_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Archives_of_Scotland-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention,_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/250px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/375px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/500px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2798" /></a><figcaption>The painting of the 1840 <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavery Convention">Anti-Slavery Convention</a> at Exeter Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>But at the same time, legally mandated, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> slavery of Scots persons in Scotland had existed from 1606<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued until 1799, when <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">colliers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drysalter" title="Drysalter">salters</a> were <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipated</a> by an act of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> (<a href="/wiki/39_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Geo. 3">39 Geo. 3</a>. c. 56). Skilled workers, they were restricted to a place and could be sold with the works. A prior law enacted in 1775 (<a href="/wiki/15_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Geo. 3">15 Geo. 3</a>. c. 28) was intended to end what the act referred to as "a state of slavery and bondage",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that was ineffective, necessitating the 1799 act. </p><p>In the 1776 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> argued for the abolition of slavery on economic grounds. Smith pointed out that slavery incurred security, housing, and food costs that the use of free labour would not, and opined that free workers would be more productive because they would have personal economic incentives to work harder. The death rate (and thus repurchase cost) of slaves was also high, and people are less productive when not allowed to choose the type of work they prefer, are illiterate, and are forced to live and work in miserable and unhealthy conditions. The free labour markets and international free trade that Smith preferred would also result in different prices and allocations that Smith believed would be more efficient and productive for consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg/220px-Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg/330px-Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg/440px-Abolition_of_Slavery_The_Glorious_1st_of_August_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A poster advertising a special chapel service to celebrate the Abolition of Slavery in 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, there were few significant initiatives in the American colonies that led to the abolitionist movement. Some Quakers were active. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kent" title="Benjamin Kent">Benjamin Kent</a> was the lawyer who took on most of the cases of slaves suing their masters for personal illegal enslavement. He was the first lawyer to successfully establish a slave's freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Birch_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Birch (military officer)">Samuel Birch</a> created the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i>, to establish which slaves were free after the war. </p><p>In 1783, an anti-slavery movement began among the British public to end slavery throughout the British Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/170px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/255px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/340px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> (1759–1833), politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade</figcaption></figure> <p>After the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a> in 1787, <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> led the cause of abolition through the parliamentary campaign. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a> became the group's most prominent researcher, gathering vast amounts of data on the trade. One aspect of abolitionism during this period was the effective use of images such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> "<a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood#Abolitionism" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Am I Not A Man and a Brother?</a>" anti-slavery medallion of 1787. Clarkson described the medallion as "promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a>, it lay for years, in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> considers the unfinished abolition of the slave trade to be Pitt's greatest failure.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain used its influence to coerce other countries to agree to <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline#1800–1829" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery timeline">treaties</a> to end their slave trade and allow the Royal Navy to <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">seize their slave ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain enforced the abolition of the trade because the act made trading slaves within British territories illegal. However, the act repealed the <a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a> which attempted to improve conditions for slaves. The end of the slave trade did not end slavery as a whole. Slavery was still a common practice. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/170px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/255px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/340px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a> was the key speaker at the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society's (today known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>) first conference in London, 1840.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1820s, the abolitionist movement revived to campaign against the institution of slavery itself. In 1823 the first Anti-Slavery Society, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Mitigation_and_Gradual_Abolition_of_Slavery_Throughout_the_British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions">Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions</a>, was founded. Many of its members had previously campaigned against the slave trade. On 28 August 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery Abolition Act">Slavery Abolition Act</a> was passed. It purchased the slaves from their masters and paved the way for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire by 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which the first Anti-Slavery Society was wound up. </p><p>In 1839, the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" title="Joseph Sturge">Joseph Sturge</a>, which attempted to outlaw slavery worldwide and also to pressure the government to help enforce the suppression of the slave trade by declaring <a href="/wiki/Slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave traders">slave traders</a> to be pirates. The world's oldest international human rights organization, it continues today as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Clarkson was the key speaker at the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> it held in London in 1840. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moldavia_and_Wallachia">Moldavia and Wallachia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moldavia and Wallachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Slavery in Romania</a></div> <p>In the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, the government held slavery of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> (often referred to as Gypsies) <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">as legal</a> at the beginning of the 19th century. The progressive pro-European and anti-Ottoman movement, which gradually gained power in the two principalities, also worked to abolish that slavery. Between 1843 and 1855, the principalities emancipated all of the 250,000 enslaved Roma people.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Americas">In the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_Elliot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hugh_Elliot.png/170px-Hugh_Elliot.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hugh_Elliot.png/255px-Hugh_Elliot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Hugh_Elliot.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Elliot" title="Hugh Elliot">Hugh Elliot</a> was a noted abolitionist. Whilst Governor in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, he was reported to be the driving force behind the arrest, trial and execution of a wealthy white planter <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Hodge" title="Arthur William Hodge">Arthur Hodge</a> for the murder of a slave.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> was a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priest, the first resident Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> (Central America, today Mexico). As a settler in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> he witnessed and opposed the poor treatment and virtual slavery of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> by the Spanish colonists, under the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system. He advocated before King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> on behalf of rights for the natives. </p><p>Las Casas for 20 years worked to get African slaves imported to replace natives; African slavery was everywhere and no one talked of ridding the New World of it, though France had abolished slavery in France itself and there was talk in other countries about doing the same. However, Las Casas had a late change of heart, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His book, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Account_of_the_Destruction_of_the_Indies" title="A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies">A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies</a></i>, contributed to Spanish passage of colonial legislation known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws_of_1542" class="mw-redirect" title="New Laws of 1542">New Laws of 1542</a>, which abolished native slavery for the first time in European colonial history. It ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">Valladolid debate</a>, the first European debate about the rights of colonized people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/210px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/315px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/420px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, c. 1822. Brazil in 1888 was the last nation in the Americas to abolish slavery.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 19th century, slavery expanded rapidly in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, while at the same time the new republics of mainland Spanish America became committed to the gradual abolition of slavery. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars for independence</a> (1810–1826), slavery was abolished in most of Latin America, though it continued until 1873 in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans#Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a>, 1886 in Cuba, and 1888 in Brazil (where it was abolished by the <i><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></i>, the "Golden Law"). Chile declared <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_wombs" title="Freedom of wombs">freedom of wombs</a> in 1811, followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_River_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of the River Plate">United Provinces of the River Plate</a> in 1813, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1821, but without abolishing slavery completely. While Chile abolished slavery in 1823, Argentina did so with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a>. Peru abolished slavery in 1854. Colombia abolished slavery in 1851. Slavery was abolished in Uruguay during the <i><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Guerra Grande</a></i>, by both the government of <a href="/wiki/Fructuoso_Rivera" title="Fructuoso Rivera">Fructuoso Rivera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Oribe" title="Manuel Oribe">Manuel Oribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png/170px-Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png/255px-Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png/340px-Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange_by_Benjamin_West.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange" title="Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange">Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange</a> – helped free <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nova Scotian">Black Nova Scotian</a> slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the growth of slavery in the American South, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> became a destination for black refugees leaving Southern Colonies and United States. While many blacks who arrived in Nova Scotia during the American Revolution were free, others were not.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black slaves also arrived in Nova Scotia as the property of <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> Loyalists. In 1772, prior to the American Revolution, Britain <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">determined that slavery could not exist in the British Isles</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Knight_(slave)" title="Joseph Knight (slave)">Knight v. Wedderburn</a> decision in Scotland in 1778. This decision, in turn, influenced the colony of Nova Scotia. In 1788, abolitionist <a href="/wiki/James_Drummond_MacGregor" title="James Drummond MacGregor">James Drummond MacGregor</a> from Pictou published the first anti-slavery literature in Canada and began purchasing slaves' freedom and chastising his colleagues in the Presbyterian church who owned slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790 <a href="/wiki/John_Burbidge" title="John Burbidge">John Burbidge</a> freed his slaves. Led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Uniacke" title="Richard John Uniacke">Richard John Uniacke</a>, in 1787, 1789 and again on 11 January 1808, the Nova Scotian legislature refused to legalize slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two chief justices, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Lumisden_Strange" title="Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange">Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange</a> (1790–1796) and <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Salter_Blowers" title="Sampson Salter Blowers">Sampson Salter Blowers</a> (1797–1832) were instrumental in freeing slaves from their owners in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were held in high regard in the colony. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and the arrival of the Black Refugees, there were few slaves left in Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act</a> outlawed the slave trade in the British Empire in 1807 and the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act of 1833</a> outlawed slavery altogether. </p><p>With slaves escaping to New York and New England, legislation for gradual emancipation was passed in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (1793) and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (1803). In Upper Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Slavery" title="Act Against Slavery">Act Against Slavery</a> of 1793 was passed by the Assembly under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a>. It was the first legislation against slavery in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Under its provisions no new slaves could be imported, slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death, and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at the age of 25. The last slaves in Canada gained their freedom when slavery was abolished in the entire British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary slavery in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/180px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/270px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/360px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> inflamed public opinion in the North and Britain against the evils of slavery.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his book <i>The Struggle For Equality</i>, historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> defines an abolitionist "as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional, and total abolition of slavery in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson1995_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln or the Republican Party, which called for the gradual ending of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson1995_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson1995-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a slaveholder for much of his life, became a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Society_for_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery">Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery</a>, the first recognized organization for abolitionists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Northern states abolished slavery, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vermont#1777" title="Constitution of Vermont">1777 Constitution of Vermont</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_gradual_emancipation_act_in_1780" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation act in 1780">Pennsylvania's gradual emancipation act in 1780</a>. Other states with more of an economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, also passed gradual emancipation laws, and by 1804, all the Northern states had abolished it, although this did not mean that already enslaved people were freed. Some had to work without wages as "<a href="/wiki/Indentured_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servants">indentured servants</a>" for two more decades, although they could no longer be sold.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1836–1837 campaign to end free speech in <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>, culminated in the 7 November 1837 mob murder of abolitionist newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a>, which was covered in newspapers nationwide, causing a rise in membership in abolitionist societies. By 1840 more than 15,000 people were members of abolitionist societies in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of Christian denominations that heralded abolitionism as a moral issue occurred, such as the organization of <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a> in 1843, and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Titus_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Titus Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a> in 1860 (which is reflected in the name of Church).<sup id="cite_ref-SatterfieldCope2018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SatterfieldCope2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbzugMaizlish1986_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbzugMaizlish1986-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/220px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/330px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg/440px-Abolition_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_SVG_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Abolition of slavery in the various states of the US over time:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#84c6c9; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the Revolutionary War</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7be3de; color:black;"> </span> The Northwest Ordinance, 1787</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64e5c5; color:black;"> </span> Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799) and New Jersey (starting 1804)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7ab377; color:black;"> </span> The Missouri Compromise, 1821</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5f9b4a; color:black;"> </span> Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#97cf2d; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c7dd47; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe86d; color:black;"> </span> Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, 1 Jan 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f1c84e; color:black;"> </span> Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d39c59; color:black;"> </span> Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7b360; color:black;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f6a89a; color:black;"> </span> Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d3595f; color:black;"> </span> Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, 18 Dec 1865</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bca4b1; color:black;"> </span> Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1850s in the fifteen states constituting the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, slavery was legally established. While it was fading away in the cities as well as in the border states, it remained strong in plantation areas that grew cotton for export, or sugar, tobacco, or hemp. According to the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Census">1860 United States Census</a>, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American abolitionism was based in the North, although there were anti-abolitionist riots in several cities. In the South abolitionism was illegal, and abolitionist publications, like <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a>, could not be sent to Southern post offices. <a href="/wiki/Amos_Dresser" title="Amos Dresser">Amos Dresser</a>, a white alumnus of <a href="/wiki/Lane_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Theological Seminary">Lane Theological Seminary</a>, was publicly whipped in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, for possessing abolitionist publications.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, laws were passed to further repress slaves. These laws included anti-literacy laws and anti-gathering laws. The anti-gathering laws were applied to religious gatherings of free blacks and slaves. These laws, passed around the 1820–1850 period, were blamed in the South on Northern abolitionists. As one slaveowner wrote, "I can tell you. It was the abolition agitation. If the slave is not allowed to read his bible, the sin rests upon the abolitionists; for they stand prepared to furnish him with a key to it, which would make it, not a book of hope, and love, and peace, but of despair, hatred and blood; which would convert the reader, not into a Christian, but a demon. [. . .] Allow our slaves to read your writings, stimulating them to cut our throats! Can you believe us to be such unspeakable fools?"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abolitionism in the United States became a popular expression of <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robins2004_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robins2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating in tandem with other social reform efforts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelman2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VenturelliFleckenstein2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenturelliFleckenstein2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much more problematically, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage movement</a>. </p><p>The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>) and writers <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHS_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHS-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black activists included former slaves such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and free blacks such as the brothers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Langston" title="Charles Henry Langston">Charles Henry Langston</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a>, who helped found the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some abolitionists said that slavery was criminal and a sin; they also criticized slave owners of using black women as <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> and taking sexual advantage of them.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> wanted to achieve the gradual extinction of slavery by market forces, because its members believed that free labour was superior to slave labour. White southern leaders said that the Republican policy of blocking the expansion of slavery into the West made them second-class citizens, and they also said it challenged their autonomy. With the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential victory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, seven Deep South states whose economy was based on cotton and the labour of enslaved people decided to secede and form a new nation. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> broke out in April 1861 with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">firing on Fort Sumter</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. When <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">Lincoln called for troops</a> to suppress the rebellion, four more slave states seceded. Meanwhile, four slave states, known as the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> (Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky), chose to remain in the Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War_and_final_emancipation">Civil War and final emancipation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Civil War and final emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustered_out,_harper%27s_weekly,_little_rock,_AR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg/220px-Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg/330px-Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg/440px-Mustered_out%2C_harper%27s_weekly%2C_little_rock%2C_AR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>United States <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> black volunteer soldiers muster out to their first freedom at <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Rock">Little Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 April 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a>, abolishing slavery in Washington D. C. Meanwhile, the Union suddenly found itself dealing with a steady stream of escaped slaves from the South rushing to Union lines. In response, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a>, which essentially declared escaped slaves from the South to be confiscated war property, called <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">contrabands</a>, so that they would not be returned to their masters in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. Although the initial act did not mention emancipation, the second Confiscation Act, passed on 17 July 1862, stated that escaped or liberated slaves belonging to anyone who participated in or supported the rebellion "shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves". On 1 January 1863, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which was an executive order of the U.S. government that changed the legal status of 3 million slaves in the Confederacy from "slave" to "henceforward ... free". Though slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, they became actually free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Even before the Emancipation Proclamation, many former slaves served the federal army as teamsters, cooks, laundresses, and laborers, as well as scouts, spies, and guides. Confederate General Robert Lee once said, "The chief source of information to the enemy is through our negroes."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emancipation Proclamation, however, provided that people it declared to be free who were "of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States", and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> were formed. </p><p>Plantation owners sometimes moved the Black people they claimed to own as far as possible out of reach of the Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By "<a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a>" (19 June 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all its slaves. The owners were never compensated; nor were freed slaves compensated by former owners.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The border states were exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, but they too (except Delaware) began their own emancipation programs.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Channel_on_the_emancipation_Proclamation_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Channel_on_the_emancipation_Proclamation-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war dragged on, both the federal government and Union states continued to take measures against slavery. In June 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>, which required free states to aid in returning escaped slaves to slave states, was repealed. The state of Maryland abolished slavery on 13 October 1864. Missouri abolished slavery on 11 January 1865. <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, which had been admitted to the Union in 1863 as a slave state, but on the condition of gradual emancipation, fully abolished slavery on 3 February 1865. The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> took effect in December 1865, seven months after the end of the war, and finally ended slavery for non-criminals throughout the United States. It also abolished slavery among the Indian tribes, including the Alaska tribes that became part of the U.S. in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba_and_Brazil">Cuba and Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuba and Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil and Cuba were the last countries in the Western world to abolish slavery, with Brazil being the last in 1888. While actors like <a href="/wiki/Gertrudis_G%C3%B3mez_de_Avellaneda" title="Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda">Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda</a> in Brazil and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelina_Charuteira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelina Charuteira (page does not exist)">Adelina Charuteira</a> in Cuba worked to end slavery, it was enslaved people themselves who worked daily to chip away at enslavers' local authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions have at times been dismissed because they were small actions, but historian Adriana Chira argues that while "These freedoms were patchwork, often incomplete when measured against liberal - abolitionist yardsticks, precarious and even reversible" the action " . . . were very concrete, and in the long term, they served to corrode the legal structures of plantation slavery locally."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions included marronage and maroon societies that undermined the authority of enslavers in Brazil and legal challenges relying on the legal history of Spain in Cuba. These practices are regionally specific based on the legal customs of the region that enslaved people knew well from centuries of interactions with Iberian slave laws. A key avenue for these legal arguments was the prominence of "lo extrajudicial", a field of legal interactions adjacent to a lawsuit explained by historian Bianca Premo as consisting of out-of-court settlements, public revelations, and face-to-face encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Chira, 29). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_and_Abolitionism">Women and Abolitionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women and Abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suffering of women in slavery was a common trope consistently used in abolitionists' rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. This was especially true as it relates to the image of suffering mothers and their children. Towards the end of the nineteenth century as slavery was coming to an end throughout the Atlantic world, images appearing in abolitionist publications routinely included images of families being torn apart and pregnant women being forced to do hard labor. As countries imposed "free womb laws" to soften the image of slavery and bring about gradual emancipation, for many it raised the question of the justice of women being used to carry out emancipation without benefiting from it themselves. Speeches given on the topic at the time focused on mothers and compared them to "all other mothers", using motherhood to level the subjects and objects of their speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women were also often on the forefront of the abolition movement. Authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe (United States) and <a href="/wiki/Gertrudis_G%C3%B3mez_de_Avellaneda" title="Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda">Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda</a> (Brazil) used their novels to call into question the humanity of slavery. Women such as the <a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Grimké Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and others used their connections to political movements to advocate for the abolition of slavery. Enslaved women such as <a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a> and Harriet Tubman took matters into their own hands by challenging the institution of slavery through their writing and their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries like Cuba and Brazil, where many enslaved women in urban areas were close to the governmental apparatuses needed to challenge slavery, they often used this proximity to pay for their and their families freedom and argued before colonial courts for their freedom with increasing success as the nineteenth century progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enslaved women like Adelina Charuteira used their mobility as street vendors and as much access as they had to literacy to spread information about abolition between freedom-seeking people and local abolitionist networks.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_abolitionists">Notable abolitionists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable abolitionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">List of abolitionists</a></div> <p>White and black opponents of slavery, who played a considerable role in the movement. This list includes some escaped slaves, who were traditionally called abolitionists. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Crandall" title="Prudence Crandall">Prudence Crandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrudis_G%C3%B3mez_de_Avellaneda" title="Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda">Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelina_Charuteira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelina Charuteira (page does not exist)">Adelina Charuteira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimke" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelina Grimke">Angelina Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimke">Sarah Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCune_Smith" title="James McCune Smith">James McCune Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_B._Cheney" class="mw-redirect" title="Oren B. Cheney">Oren Burbank Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Mapps_Douglass" title="Sarah Mapps Douglass">Sarah Mapps Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gregg_Fee" title="John Gregg Fee">John Gregg Fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins" title="Johns Hopkins">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Laurens" title="John Laurens">John Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Miner" title="Charles Miner">Charles Miner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Preston" title="William B. Preston">William B. Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rebou%C3%A7as" title="André Rebouças">André Rebouças</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolitionist_publications">Abolitionist publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Abolitionist publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon,_scourged_back,_NPG,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg/170px-Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg/255px-Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg/340px-Gordon%2C_scourged_back%2C_NPG%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Medical examination photo of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon (slave)">Gordon</a> showing his scourged back, widely distributed by Abolitionists to expose the brutality of slavery. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful tool in the abolitionist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Emancipator</i> (1819–20): founded in <a href="/wiki/Jonesboro,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonesboro, Tennessee">Jonesboro, Tennessee</a> in 1819 by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Embree" title="Elihu Embree">Elihu Embree</a> as the <i><a href="/wiki/Manumission_Intelligencier" title="Manumission Intelligencier">Manumission Intelligencier</a></i>, <i>The Emancipator</i> ceased publication in October 1820 due to Embree's illness. It was sold in 1821 and became <i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Universal_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Genius of Universal Emancipation">The Genius of Universal Emancipation</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Universal_Emancipation" title="Genius of Universal Emancipation">Genius of Universal Emancipation</a></i> (1821–39): an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> newspaper published and edited by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lundy" title="Benjamin Lundy">Benjamin Lundy</a>. In 1829 it employed <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, who would go on to create <i>The Liberator</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> (1831–65): a weekly newspaper founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emancipator_(newspaper)" title="The Emancipator (newspaper)">The Emancipator</a></i> (1833–50): different from <i>The Emancipator</i> above. Published in New York and later Boston.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave%27s_Friend" title="The Slave's Friend">The Slave's Friend</a></i> (1836–38): an anti-slavery magazine for children produced by the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> (AASS).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philanthropist_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="The Philanthropist (Cincinnati, Ohio)">The Philanthropist</a></i> (1836–37): newspaper published in Ohio for and owned by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Society_(1823%E2%80%931838)" title="Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838)">Anti-Slavery Society</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberty_Bell_(annual)" title="The Liberty Bell (annual)">The Liberty Bell, by Friends of Freedom</a></i> (1839–58): an annual <a href="/wiki/Gift_book" title="Gift book">gift book</a> edited and published by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Weston_Chapman" title="Maria Weston Chapman">Maria Weston Chapman</a>, to be sold or gifted to participants in the anti-slavery bazaars organized by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Slavery_Standard" title="National Anti-Slavery Standard">National Anti-Slavery Standard</a></i> (1840–70): the official weekly newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>, the paper published continuously until the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1870.</li> <li><i>True Wesleyan</i> (1843–present), founded by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a> and Jotham Horton, this became the periodical of the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(United_States)" title="Wesleyan Methodist Church (United States)">Wesleyan Methodist Church</a> and had a focus on abolitionism<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i> (1845): a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> advocating the view that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> prohibited slavery.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Slavery_Bugle" title="The Anti-Slavery Bugle">The Anti-Slavery Bugle</a></i> (1845–1861): a newspaper published in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Ohio" title="Lisbon, Ohio">New Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio" title="Columbiana County, Ohio">Columbiana County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and distributed locally and across the mid-west, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i> (1847–60): a weekly newspaper which featured the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a>, who served as associate editor, and first published, as a serial, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1851).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)"><i>North Star</i></a> (1847–51): an anti-slavery American newspaper published by the escaped slave, author, and abolitionist, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a>, books published in the U.S. and elsewhere by former slaves or about former slaves, relating their experiences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International#Publications" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International publications</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Fugitive" title="Voice of the Fugitive">Voice of the Fugitive</a></i> (1851–1853): one of the first black newspapers in Upper Canada aimed at fugitive and escaped slaves from the United States. Written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a>, an escaped slave who also published his own slave narrative. Published biweekly.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Provincial_Freeman_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Provincial Freeman (newspaper)"><i>Provincial Freeman</i></a> (March 1853–June 1857): a weekly newspaper published by free Black American ex-patriates in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd</a> and others.</li> <li><i>Voice of the Bondsman</i> (1856–1857): a small run two-issue newspaper published by John James Linton, a sympathizing white Canadian.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_abolition_dates">National abolition dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: National abolition dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg/230px-Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg/345px-Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg/460px-Abolicion_de_la_esclavitud_en_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Monagas" title="José Gregorio Monagas">José Gregorio Monagas</a> abolished slavery in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1854.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_abolitionism">International abolitionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: International abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first international attempt to address the abolition of slavery was the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> at Exeter Hall in London, on 12–23 June 1840. This was however an attempt made by NGOs, not by state and governments. In the late 19th century, the issue was addressed on an international level by states and governments. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a> addressed slavery on a semi-global level via the representatives of the colonial powers. It had concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Conference_Act_of_1890" title="Brussels Conference Act of 1890">Brussels Conference Act of 1890</a>. The 1890 Act was revised by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_1919" title="Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919">Convention of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919</a>. </p><p>During the 20th century the issue of slavery was addressed by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, which founded commissions to investigate and eradicate the institution of slavery and slave trade worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a> (TSC), which was founded in 1924, conducted a global investigation and filed a report, and a convention was drawn up to hasten the total abolition of slavery and the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a>, which was founded upon the investigation of the TSC of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, was a turning point in banning global slavery. </p><p>In 1932, the League formed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (CES) to review the result and enforcement of the 1926 Slavery Convention, which resulted in a new international investigation under the first permanent slavery committee, the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a> (ACE).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACE conducted a major international investigation on slavery and slave trade, inspecting all the colonial empires and the territories under their control between 1934 and 1939. </p><p>Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, adopted in 1948 by the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>, explicitly banned slavery. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> was formally abolished by law in almost the entire world, with the exception of the Arabian Peninsula and some parts of Africa. Chattel slavery was still legal <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">in Yemen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States" title="Slavery in the Trucial States">the Trucial States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">in Oman</a>, and slaves were supplied to the Arabian Peninsula via the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a>. </p><p>When the League of Nations was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilton_Wood_Greenidge" title="Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge">Charles Wilton Wood Greenidge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a> worked for the UN to continue the investigation of global slavery conducted by the ACE of the League, and in February 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a> of the United Nations was inaugurated,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ultimately resulted in the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_1956_Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a> was convened to outlaw and ban slavery worldwide, including <a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">child slavery</a>. In November 1962, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal of Saudi Arabia</a> finally prohibited the owning of slaves in Saudi Arabia, followed by the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">slavery in Yemen</a> in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Dubai" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Dubai">slavery in Dubai</a> 1963 and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">slavery in Oman</a> in 1970. </p><p>In December 1966, the UN General Assembly adopted the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, which was developed from the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. Article 4 of this international treaty bans slavery. The treaty came into force in March 1976 after it had been ratified by 35 nations. </p><p>As of November 2003, 104 nations had ratified the treaty. However, illegal forced labour involves millions of people in the 21st century, 43% for sexual exploitation and 32% for economic exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2004, the 22 members of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Charter_on_Human_Rights" title="Arab Charter on Human Rights">Arab Charter on Human Rights</a>, which incorporated the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Human beings are born free, and no one has the right to enslave, humiliate, oppress or exploit them, and there can be no subjugation but to God the Most-High.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 11, Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, 1990</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Currently, the Anti-trafficking Coordination Team Initiative (ACT Team Initiative), a coordinated effort between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Departments of Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">Labor</a>, addresses human trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally, including 5.5 million children, of which 55% are women and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_abolition">After abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: After abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In societies with large proportions of the population working in conditions of slavery or serfdom, stroke-of-the-pen laws declaring abolition can have thorough-going social, economic and political consequences. Issues of <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensation</a>/redemption, <a href="/wiki/Land-redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-redistribution">land-redistribution</a> and citizenship can prove intractable. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, which effectively achieved abolition due to <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave revolt and revolution</a> (1792–1804), struggled to overcome racial or anti-revolutionary prejudice in the international financial and diplomatic scene, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">exchanged unequal prosperity for relative poverty</a>. One major cause of Haiti's enduring poverty is the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_Independence_Debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti Independence Debt">Haiti Independence Debt</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France forced on Haiti as "<a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensated emancipation</a>" for emancipation in 1825 and which (including secondary debts and interests) was not paid off until 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_emancipation_of_its_serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia's emancipation of its serfs">Russia's emancipation of its serfs</a> in 1861 failed to allay rural and industrial unrest, which played a part in fomenting the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">revolutions of 1917</a>.</li> <li>The United States achieved freedom for its slaves in 1865 with the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Amendment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Amendment (United States)">13th Amendment</a> on 6 December of that year but faced ongoing slavery-associated racial issues (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow system">Jim Crow system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil-rights struggles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">penal labor in the United States</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> deported most of its <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirded</a> Pacific Islander labour-force in 1901–1906.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GambiaRoots019_(5418457850).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg/220px-GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg/330px-GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg/440px-GambiaRoots019_%285418457850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption>Statue on <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">Kunta Kinteh Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, commemorating the end of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>; the stick figure is a <a href="/wiki/Kanaga_mask" title="Kanaga mask">Kanaga mask</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg/220px-Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg/330px-Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg/440px-Est%C3%A1tua_comemorativa_dos_121_anos_da_aboli%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Brasil_em_Botucatu_em_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative statue of 121 years of abolition in <a href="/wiki/Botucatu" title="Botucatu">Botucatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>People in modern times have commemorated abolitionist movements and the abolition of slavery in different ways around the world. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_to_Commemorate_the_Struggle_against_Slavery_and_its_Abolition" class="mw-redirect" title="International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition">International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition</a>. This proclamation marked the bicentenary of the proclamation of the first modern slavery-free state, Haiti. Numerous exhibitions, events and research programmes became associated with the initiative. </p><p>2007 witnessed major exhibitions in British museums and galleries to mark the anniversary of the 1807 abolition act – 1807 Commemorated<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2008 marked the 201st anniversary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also marked the 175th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Faculty of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> held a major international conference entitled, "Routes to Freedom: Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade", from 14 to 16 March 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_abolitionist_constitutionalism">American abolitionist constitutionalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: American abolitionist constitutionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abolitionist constitutionalism is a line of thinking which invokes the historical view of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> as an abolitionist document. It calls for an appeal to constitutionalism and progressive constitutionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision is interdisciplinary and finds its roots in the anti-slavery movement in the United States of America and is largely based on the tenet that current state institutions, particularly the carceral system, is rooted in the transatlantic slave trade. Some constitutional abolitionists critique the claim that the Constitution was pro-slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radical abolitionist constitutionalism calls for the idea of dignity and the use of jurisprudence to address social inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas the original U.S. Constitution was pro-slavery, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> can be seen as a compromise for freedom, without allowing for the full abolition. Criminal punishment was a major way that Southern states maintained the exploitation of black labour and effectively nullified the Reconstruction Amendments. This was done namely through Black Codes, harsh vagrancy laws, apprenticeship laws and extreme punishment for black people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reconstruction Amendments in their aim to promote citizenship and emancipation are believed by these thinkers to still be guiding principles in the fight for freedom and abolition. </p><p>There are suggestions that a broad reading of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> can convey an abolitionist vision of the freedom advocated for by black people in the public sphere beyond emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section one of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> was used by many abolitionist lawyers and activists throughout the North to advance the case against slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of abolitionist constitutionalism believe the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments can be used today to extend the abolitionist logics to the various current barriers to injustices that are faced by marginalized peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just like abolitionism more generally, abolitionist constitutionalism seeks to provide a vision which will lead to the abolition of many different neoliberal state institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prison%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Prison–industrial complex">prison industrial complex</a>, the wage system, and policing. This is tied to a belief that white supremacy is woven into the fabric of legal state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radical abolitionists are often marginalized. There is a belief that constitutionalism as a main tenet of radical abolitionism can change and appeal to the popular opinion more.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, slavery abolitionists have had to use the public meaning of Constitutional terms in order in their fight against slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constitutional abolitionists are generally in favour of incremental changes that follow the principles of the Reconstructive Amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are debates among abolitionists, where some claim that the Constitution ought not to be treated as an abolitionist text, as it is rather used as a legal tool by the state to deny freedoms to marginalized communities; and that contemporary abolitionist work cannot be done by relying on the constitutional texts. Some argue that the narrative and scholarly literature around Reconstruction Amendments is not coherent regarding their original aims.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_abolitionism">Contemporary abolitionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Contemporary abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery">Contemporary slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></div> <p>On 10 December 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> of the United Nations adopted the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. Article 4 states: </p> <blockquote><p>No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.</p></blockquote> <p>Although outlawed in most countries, slavery is nonetheless practised secretly in many parts of the world. Enslavement still takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">United States</a>, Europe, and Latin America,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern slavery keeps around 50 million people from exercising their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mauritania alone, estimates are that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved. Many of them are used as <a href="/wiki/Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern-day abolitionists have emerged over the last several years, as awareness of slavery around the world has grown, with groups such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Group" title="American Anti-Slavery Group">American Anti-Slavery Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Justice_Mission" title="International Justice Mission">International Justice Mission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Slaves" title="Free the Slaves">Free the Slaves</a> working to rid the world of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, The Action Group to End Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery is a coalition of NGOs, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (nonprofit organization)">foundations</a> and corporations working to develop a policy agenda for abolishing slavery and human trafficking. Since 1997, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> has, through work with the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Immokalee_Workers" title="Coalition of Immokalee Workers">Coalition of Immokalee Workers</a>, prosecuted six individuals in Florida on charges of slavery in the agricultural industry. These prosecutions have led to freedom for over 1000 enslaved workers in the tomato and orange fields of South Florida. This is only one example of the contemporary fight against slavery worldwide. Slavery exists most widely in agricultural labour, apparel and sex industries, and service jobs in some regions.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) "to combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TVPA also "created new law enforcement tools to strengthen the prosecution and punishment of traffickers, making human trafficking a Federal crime with severe penalties."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, for the first time in history major Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Christian leaders, as well as Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist leaders, met to sign a shared commitment against modern-day slavery; the declaration they signed calls for the elimination of slavery and human trafficking by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/220px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/330px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png/440px-13th_amendment_slave_labor_states.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Map of states where slave <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labor</a> is permitted in the state constitution as of November 2022<sup id="cite_ref-Radde_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radde-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000;; color:black;"> </span> permitted</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1AA7EE;; color:black;"> </span> forbidden</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E8E8E8;; color:black;"> </span> no mention in constitution</div></figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> publishes the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, identifying countries as either Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 2 Watch List or Tier 3, depending upon three factors: "(1) The extent to which the country is a country of origin, transit, or destination for severe forms of trafficking; (2) The extent to which the government of the country does not comply with the TVPA's minimum standards including, in particular, the extent of the government's trafficking-related corruption; and (3) The resources and capabilities of the government to address and eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Colorado became the first state to remove similar language in its state constitution by a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">legislatively referred</a> <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">ballot referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radde_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radde-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states have followed suit, but implementation has relied on court rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abolitionism (disambiguation)">Abolitionism (disambiguation)</a>, other movements to address perceived social ills, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Society_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anti-Slavery Society (disambiguation)">Anti-Slavery Society (disambiguation)</a>, various organisations referred to by this name</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Society_of_West_India_Planters_and_Merchants" title="London Society of West India Planters and Merchants">London Society of West India Planters and Merchants</a>, a lobby group representing slave owners</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_abolici%C3%B3n_de_la_esclavitud" title="Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud">Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud</a></span></span>, in Puerto Rico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_slavery_in_European_art" title="Representation of slavery in European art">Representation of slavery in European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations_and_commemorations">Organisations and commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Organisations and commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="International Day for the Abolition of Slavery">International Day for the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Remembrance_of_the_Slave_Trade_and_its_Abolition" title="International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition">International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Dundas achieved the first victory in the House of Commons for the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade in 1792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilberforce was a leader of the abolitionism movement. He was an English politician who became a Member of Parliament. His involvement in the political realm lead to a change in ideology.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html">Slavery's last stronghold</a>", CNN. March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/eligius.asp">"The Life of St. Eligius"</a>. Medieval Sourcebook. Translated by Jo Ann McNamara. Fordham University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+St.+Eligius&rft.series=Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2Feligius.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgetfuloft_schu_1998_000_5601595">Schulenburg, Jane. <i>Forgetful of their Sex: Female Sanctity and Society, ca. 500–1100</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher L. Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=480BBURkreYC&pg=PA122"><i>The French Atlantic Triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade</i></a>, Duke University Press, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malick W. Ghachem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btNeAEelkNMC&pg=PA54"><i>The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chatman, Samuel L. (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'There Are No Slaves in France': A Re-Examination of Slave Laws in Eighteenth Century France". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 144–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2649071">10.2307/2649071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2649071">2649071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141017958">141017958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=%27There+Are+No+Slaves+in+France%27%3A+A+Re-Examination+of+Slave+Laws+in+Eighteenth+Century+France&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=144-153&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141017958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2649071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2649071&rft.aulast=Chatman&rft.aufirst=Samuel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Stark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgloryofgodhow0000star/page/322"><i>For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts, and the End of Slavery</i></a>, Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 322. There was typo in the original hardcover stating "31.2 percent"; this was corrected to 13.2% in the paperback edition and can be verified using 1830 census data.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamantha_Cook,_Sarah_Hull2011" class="citation book cs1">Samantha Cook, Sarah Hull (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4rYMEUqEToUC&pg=PT1117"><i>The Rough Guide to the USA</i></a>. Rough Guides UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8952-5"><bdi>978-1-4053-8952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+USA&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-8952-5&rft.au=Samantha+Cook%2C+Sarah+Hull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4rYMEUqEToUC%26pg%3DPT1117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.fr-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_L._Jones2007" class="citation book cs1">Terry L. Jones (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rn4p-eFL6oMC&pg=PA115"><i>The Louisiana Journey</i></a>. Gibbs Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2380-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-2380-9"><bdi>978-1-4236-2380-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Journey&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4236-2380-9&rft.au=Terry+L.+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drn4p-eFL6oMC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_H._SteinbergBernard_G._ForgetDouglas_R._HiggsRonald_L._Nagel2001" class="citation book cs1">Martin H. Steinberg; Bernard G. Forget; Douglas R. Higgs; Ronald L. Nagel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM0zzm7wbvsC&pg=PA725"><i>Disorders of Hemoglobin: Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 725–726. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63266-9"><bdi>978-0-521-63266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disorders+of+Hemoglobin%3A+Genetics%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+and+Clinical+Management&rft.pages=725-726&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63266-9&rft.au=Martin+H.+Steinberg&rft.au=Bernard+G.+Forget&rft.au=Douglas+R.+Higgs&rft.au=Ronald+L.+Nagel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM0zzm7wbvsC%26pg%3DPA725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lorenzo_et_al-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzo_et_al_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lorenzo_et_al_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_LorenzoDonoghue2016" class="citation cs2">Di Lorenzo, A; Donoghue, J; et al. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/lrf/1690">"Abolition and Republicanism over the Transatlantic Long Term, 1640–1800"</a>, <i>La Révolution Française</i> (11), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flrf.1690">10.4000/lrf.1690</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Abolition+and+Republicanism+over+the+Transatlantic+Long+Term%2C+1640%E2%80%931800&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flrf.1690&rft.aulast=Di+Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Flrf%2F1690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubois2004" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Laurent (2004). <i>Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 91–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03436-5"><bdi>978-0-674-03436-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663393691">663393691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avengers+of+the+New+World%3A+The+Story+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pages=91-114&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663393691&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03436-5&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2010" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Jeremy D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8IHym0hoQwC"><i>You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51722-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51722-5"><bdi>978-0-521-51722-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Are+All+Free%3A+The+Haitian+Revolution+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.pages=246-375&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51722-5&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8IHym0hoQwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggus2014" class="citation book cs1">Geggus, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K65aBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Haitian Revolution: A Documentary History</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-177-8"><bdi>978-1-62466-177-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-177-8&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK65aBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popkin, J. (2010) You are all Free. 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Gaffield, Julia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+was+the+first+nation+to+permanently+ban+slavery&rft.pub=Gaffield%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2020%2F07%2F12%2Fhaiti-was-first-nation-permanently-ban-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.C.D. Mtubani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/PULA/pula003002/pula003002007.pdf">"African Slaves and English Law"</a>, <i>PULA Botswana Journal of African Studies</i>, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 1983. 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Owen Williams, <i>Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=599&eDate=&lDate=The">Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robert_Haydon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Robert Haydon">Benjamin Robert Haydon</a>, 1841, London, Given by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> in 1880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, K.M.; et al., eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Thomas Clarkson wrote of the medallion; promoting the cause of justice, humanity and freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wedgwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FREwedgwood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McGrath_(art_historian)" title="Elizabeth McGrath (art historian)">Elizabeth McGrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Massing" title="Jean Michel Massing">Jean Michel Massing</a> (eds), <i>The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem</i>, London, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wcxAQAAMAAJ">"Parliamentary History"</a>. 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Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33480-1"><bdi>978-0-313-33480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+middle+passage&rft.pages=xxi%2C+xxxiii-xxxiv&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33480-1&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Warnock%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjRYKePKrB8C%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm">"William Loney RN – Background"</a>. <i>www.pdavis.nl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pdavis.nl&rft.atitle=William+Loney+RN+%E2%80%93+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdavis.nl%2FBackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Reckord, "The Colonial Office and the Abolition of Slavery." <i>Historical Journal</i> 14, no. 4 (1971): 723–734. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638103">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160513171717/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9462&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html">Anti-Slavery International</a> UNESCO. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viorel Achim (2010). "Romanian Abolitionists on the Future of the Emancipated Gypsies", <i>Transylvanian Review</i>, Vol. XIX, Supplement no. 4, 2010, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3184668.stm">"Columbus 'sparked a genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Columbus+%27sparked+a+genocide%27&rft.date=2003-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3184668.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackburn 1997: 136; Friede 1971: 165–166. Las Casas' change in his views on African slavery is expressed particularly in chapters 102 and 129, Book III of his <i>Historia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hinks and John McKivigan, eds. <i>Abolition and Antislavery: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic</i> (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The portrait is now at the National Gallery of Scotland. According to Thomas Akins, this portrait hung in the legislature of <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House (Nova Scotia)</a> in 1847 (see <i>History of Halifax</i>, p. 189).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2713627/2713627#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Slavery in the Maritime Provinces</i></a>. The Journal of Negro History. July 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Maritime+Provinces&rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.date=1920-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjstor-2713627%2F2713627%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macgregor_james_drummond_6E.html">"Biography – MacGregor James Drummond – Volume VI (1821–1835) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <i>biographi.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+MacGregor+James+Drummond+%E2%80%93+Volume+VI+%281821%E2%80%931835%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmacgregor_james_drummond_6E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridglal Pachai & Henry Bishop. <i>Historic Black Nova Scotia</i>, 2006, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Grant. <i>Black Refugees</i>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=3679">"Biography – Strange, Sir Thomas Andrew Lumisden – Volume VII (1836–1850) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <i>www.biographi.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Strange%2C+Sir+Thomas+Andrew+Lumisden+%E2%80%93+Volume+VII+%281836%E2%80%931850%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio.php%3Fid_nbr%3D3679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112162616/http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm">"Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>courts.ns.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.ns.ca/History_of_Courts/history_noframes/milestones.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courts.ns.ca&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+250th+Anniversary+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Nova+Scotia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourts.ns.ca%2FHistory_of_Courts%2Fhistory_noframes%2Fmilestones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Cahill, "Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia", <i>UNB Law Journal</i>, 43 (1994), pp. 73–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/archives/virtual/africanns/results.asp?Search=&SearchList1=3&Language=English">"Nova Scotia Archives – African Nova Scotians"</a>. <i>novascotia.ca</i>. 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=novascotia.ca&rft.atitle=Nova+Scotia+Archives+%E2%80%93+African+Nova+Scotians&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Farchives%2Fvirtual%2Fafricanns%2Fresults.asp%3FSearch%3D%26SearchList1%3D3%26Language%3DEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Winks, <i>Blacks in Canada: A History</i> (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson1995-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson1995_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McPherson1995_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._McPherson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph"><i>The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionistlega0000mcph/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10039-5"><bdi>978-0-691-10039-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitionist+Legacy%3A+From+Reconstruction+to+the+NAACP&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10039-5&rft.au=James+M.+McPherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabolitionistlega0000mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_Stanton_Black" class="citation book cs1">Seymour Stanton Black. <i>Benjamin Franklin: Genius of Kites, Flights, and Voting Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+Genius+of+Kites%2C+Flights%2C+and+Voting+Rights&rft.au=Seymour+Stanton+Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2024" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Robin (2024). <i>Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freeman%27s+Challenge%3A+The+Murder+That+Shook+America%27s+Original+Prison+for+Profit&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro,_William_E.1993" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, William E. (1993). <i>The Young people's encyclopedia of the United States</i>. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56294-514-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56294-514-9"><bdi>1-56294-514-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30932823">30932823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+people%27s+encyclopedia+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Brookfield%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Millbrook+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30932823&rft.isbn=1-56294-514-9&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SatterfieldCope2018-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SatterfieldCope2018_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfieldCope2018" class="citation book cs1">Satterfield, Ray; Cope, Daniel (2018). <i>A Heritage of Holiness: The Story of Allegheny Wesleyan Methodism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ohio" title="Salem, Ohio">Salem</a>: Allegheny Press. pp. 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heritage+of+Holiness%3A+The+Story+of+Allegheny+Wesleyan+Methodism&rft.place=Salem&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Allegheny+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Satterfield&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Cope%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbzugMaizlish1986-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbzugMaizlish1986_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbzugMaizlish1986" class="citation book cs1">Abzug, Robert H.; Maizlish, Stephen E. (1 January 1986). <i>New Perspectives on Race and Slavery in America: Essays in Honor of Kenneth M. Stampp</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1571-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-1571-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Race+and+Slavery+in+America%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Kenneth+M.+Stampp&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1571-9&rft.aulast=Abzug&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Maizlish%2C+Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">Introduction – Social Aspects of the Civil War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">Archived</a> 14 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Park Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser1835" class="citation news cs1">Dresser, Amos (26 September 1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/36563788/amos_dresser_on_his_conviction_and/">"Amos Dresser's Own Narrative"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i>. p. 4 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Amos+Dresser%27s+Own+Narrative&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1835-09-26&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F36563788%2Famos_dresser_on_his_conviction_and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34358436/amos_dresser_case_part_1/">"Amos Dresser's Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">Evening Post</a></i>. 17 September 1835. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Amos+Dresser%27s+Case&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1835-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F34358436%2Famos_dresser_case_part_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2023" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Jerry (2023). <i>The Alphabet as Resistance: Laws Against Reading, Writing and Religion in the Slave South</i>. Portland, Oregon: Independently Published. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798390042335" title="Special:BookSources/9798390042335"><bdi>9798390042335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet+as+Resistance%3A+Laws+Against+Reading%2C+Writing+and+Religion+in+the+Slave+South&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9798390042335&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robins2004-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robins2004_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2004" class="citation book cs1">Robins, R.G. (2004). <i>A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988317-2"><bdi>978-0-19-988317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+J.+Tomlinson%3A+Plainfolk+Modernist&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988317-2&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelman2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman2006_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895</i>. Oxford University Press, US. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516777-1"><bdi>978-0-19-516777-1</bdi></a>. <q>These and other African American temperance activists – including <a href="/wiki/James_W._C._Pennington" title="James W. C. Pennington">James W. C. Pennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Watkins_Sr." title="William J. Watkins Sr.">William Watkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Whipper" title="William Whipper">William Whipper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ringgold_Ward" title="Samuel Ringgold Ward">Samuel Ringgold Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parker_Remond" title="Sarah Parker Remond">Sarah Parker Remond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Ellen_Watkins_Harper" title="Frances Ellen Watkins Harper">Frances E. Watkins Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> – increasingly linked temperance to a larger battle against slavery, discrimination, and racism. In churches, conventions, and newspapers, these reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of both alcohol and slavery. The connection between temperance and antislavery views remained strong throughout the 1840s and 1850s. The white abolitionists <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur Tappan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a> helped lead the American Temperance Union, formed in 1833. Frederick Douglass, who took the teetotaler pledge while in Scotland in 1845, claimed, "I am a temperance man because I am an anti-slavery man." Activists argued that alcohol aided slavery by keeping enslaved men and women addled and by sapping the strength of free black communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1619%E2%80%931895&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516777-1&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VenturelliFleckenstein2017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VenturelliFleckenstein2017_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenturelliFleckenstein2017" class="citation book cs1">Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E. (2017). <i>Drugs and Society</i>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-11087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-11087-6"><bdi>978-1-284-11087-6</bdi></a>. <q>Because the temperance movement was closely tied to the abolitionist movement as well as to the African American church, African Americans were preeminent promoters of temperance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Society&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-284-11087-6&rft.aulast=Venturelli&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Fleckenstein%2C+Annette+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHS-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GHS_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith, George H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n1.xml">"Abolitionism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n1">10.4135/9781412965811.n1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abolitionism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n1&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leon_F._Litwack" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon F. Litwack">Leon F. Litwack</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Meier" title="August Meier">August Meier</a>, eds., "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in <i>Black Leaders of the 19th Century</i>, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Morone2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Morone" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Morone">James A. Morone</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnP-vMOiRREC&pg=PA154"><i>Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10517-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10517-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10517-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellfire+Nation%3A+The+Politics+of+Sin+in+American+History&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10517-9&rft.au=James+A.+Morone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnP-vMOiRREC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/african-americans-in-the-civil-war">"African Americans in The Civil War"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=African+Americans+in+The+Civil+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fafrican-americans-in-the-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon F. Litwack, <i>Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery</i> (1979), pp. 30–36, 105–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Vorenberg, ed., <i>The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents</i> (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Kolchin, "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective," <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, 81#1 (February 2015), 7–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Channel_on_the_emancipation_Proclamation-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_Channel_on_the_emancipation_Proclamation_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonerGarraty" class="citation web cs1">Foner, Eric; Garraty, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation">"Emancipation Proclamation"</a>. History Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emancipation+Proclamation&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Garraty%2C+John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Famerican-civil-war%2Femancipation-proclamation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vorenberg, <i>Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChira2022" class="citation book cs1">Chira, Adriana (2022). <i>Patchwork Freedoms: Law, Slavery, and Race beyond Cuba's Plantations</i>. Cambridge: Cambrisge University Press. pp. 4, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108499545" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108499545"><bdi>978-1108499545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patchwork+Freedoms%3A+Law%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Race+beyond+Cuba%27s+Plantations&rft.pages=4%2C+29&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambrisge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1108499545&rft.aulast=Chira&rft.aufirst=Adriana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremo2019" class="citation book cs1">Premo, Bianca (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+Abolition+Act+1833+UK&rft.pub=anti-slaverysociety.addr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com%2Fhuk-1833act.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100645/http://www.abolition1807-2007.uottawa.ca/">"Les Chemins de la Liberté : Réflexions à l'occasion du bicentenaire de l'abolition de l'esclavage / Routes to Freedom : Reflections on the Bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abolition1807-2007.uottawa.ca">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Chemins+de+la+Libert%C3%A9+%3A+R%C3%A9flexions+%C3%A0+l%27occasion+du+bicentenaire+de+l%27abolition+de+l%27esclavage+%2F+Routes+to+Freedom+%3A+Reflections+on+the+Bicentenary+of+the+Abolition+of+the+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa%2C+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abolition1807-2007.uottawa.ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Dorothy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/11/abolition-constitutionalism/">"Abolition Constitutionalism"</a>. <i>Harvard Law Review</i>. <b>133</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Abolition+Constitutionalism&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2F2019%2F11%2Fabolition-constitutionalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett, Randy E.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjla%2F3.1.165">"Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. <i>Journal of Legal Analysis</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 165–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjla%2F3.1.165">10.1093/jla/3.1.165</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-5319">1946-5319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Analysis&rft.atitle=Whence+Comes+Section+One%3F+The+Abolitionist+Origins+of+the+Fourteenth+Amendment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-263&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjla%2F3.1.165&rft.issn=1946-5319&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Randy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjla%252F3.1.165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkani2018" class="citation book cs1">Malkani, Bharat (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317054436"><i>Slavery and the Death Penalty: A Study in Abolition</i></a> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315609300">10.4324/9781315609300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-60930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-60930-0"><bdi>978-1-315-60930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Death+Penalty%3A+A+Study+in+Abolition&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315609300&rft.isbn=978-1-315-60930-0&rft.aulast=Malkani&rft.aufirst=Bharat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781317054436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, James (2021). 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University of California Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25470-1">978-0-520-25470-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery.htm">"Does Slavery Still Exist?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406041116/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/slavery.htm">Archived</a> 6 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Anti-Slavery Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319132359/https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/how-we-work/">"<i>How we work to end slavery</i>"</a>. 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href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782783">27782783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4251094">4251094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agromedicine&rft.atitle=%27When+This+Breaks+Down%2C+It%27s+Black+Gold%27%3A+Race+and+Gender+in+Agricultural+Health+and+Safety&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-65&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10782830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4251094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1059924X.2016.1251368&rft.issn=1059-924X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27782783&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Kathrine+Lynn&rft.au=Bendixsen%2C+Casper+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10782830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910001330/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/TVPA_2000.pdf">Archived</a> 10 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TVPA Fact Sheet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelardelli2014" class="citation news cs1">Belardelli, Giulia (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/6256640">"Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+And+Other+Religious+Leaders+Sign+Declaration+Against+Modern+Slavery&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Belardelli&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.huffpost.com%2Fus%2Fentry%2F6256640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radde-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radde_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radde_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadde2022" class="citation web cs1">Radde, Kaitlyn (17 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/11/17/1137398039/louisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate">"Louisiana voters rejected an antislavery ballot measure. The reasons are complicated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Louisiana+voters+rejected+an+antislavery+ballot+measure.+The+reasons+are+complicated&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Radde&rft.aufirst=Kaitlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F11%2F17%2F1137398039%2Flouisiana-voters-rejected-an-antislavery-ballot-measure-the-reason-is-complicate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105376.htm">"US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, Introduction"</a>. state.gov. 10 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Department+of+State+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+2008%2C+Introduction&rft.pub=state.gov&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2008%2F105376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-13/">"U.S. Constitution - Thirteenth Amendment | Resources | Constitution Annotated | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Constitution+-+Thirteenth+Amendment+%26%23124%3B+Resources+%26%23124%3B+Constitution+Annotated+%26%23124%3B+Congress.gov+%26%23124%3B+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.congress.gov%2Fconstitution%2Famendment-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/five-states-to-decide-on-closing-slavery-loopholes-in-voter-referendums">"5 states to decide on closing slavery loopholes in voter referendums"</a>. <i>PBS NewsHour</i>. 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=5+states+to+decide+on+closing+slavery+loopholes+in+voter+referendums&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Ffive-states-to-decide-on-closing-slavery-loopholes-in-voter-referendums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2018" class="citation web cs1">Chappell, Bill (7 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/11/07/665295736/colorado-votes-to-abolish-slavery-2-years-after-similar-amendment-failed">"Colorado Votes To Abolish Slavery, 2 Years After Similar Amendment Failed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Colorado+Votes+To+Abolish+Slavery%2C+2+Years+After+Similar+Amendment+Failed&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2F665295736%2Fcolorado-votes-to-abolish-slavery-2-years-after-similar-amendment-failed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRios2022" class="citation news cs1">Rios, Edwin (24 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/24/us-prison-labor-workers-slavery-13th-amendment-constitution">"Movement grows to abolish US prison labor system that treats workers as 'less than human'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Movement+grows+to+abolish+US+prison+labor+system+that+treats+workers+as+%27less+than+human%27&rft.date=2022-12-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Fdec%2F24%2Fus-prison-labor-workers-slavery-13th-amendment-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague, William</a> (2005). <i>William Pitt the Younger</i>. HarperPerennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714720-5"><bdi>978-0-00-714720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Pitt+the+Younger&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714720-5&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbolitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bader-Zaar, Birgitta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011120524">"Abolitionism in the Atlantic World: The Organization and Interaction of Anti-Slavery Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries"</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2010; retrieved 14 June 2012.</li> <li>Blackwell, Marilyn S. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Women Were Among Our Primeval Abolitionists': Women and Organized Antislavery in Vermont, 1834–1848", <i>Vermont History</i>, 82 (Winter-Spring 2014), 13–44.</li> <li>Carey, Brycchan, and Geoffrey Plank, eds. <i>Quakers and Abolition</i> (University of Illinois Press, 2014), 264 pp.</li> <li>Coupland, Sir Reginald. "The British Anti-Slavery Movement". London: F. Cass, 1964.</li> <li>Davis, David Brion, <i>The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823</i> (1999); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a></i> (1988)</li> <li>Drescher, Seymour. <i>Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery</i> (2009)</li> <li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Slavery</i> (1999)</li> <li>Kemner, Jochen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/a_Abolitionism.html">"Abolitionism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806120434/http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/cias/wiki/a_Abolitionism.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2015). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies.</li> <li>Gordon, M. <i>Slavery in the Arab World</i> (1989)</li> <li>Gould, Philip. <i>Barbaric Traffic: Commerce and Antislavery in the 18th-century Atlantic World</i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hellie" title="Richard Hellie">Hellie, Richard</a>. <i>Slavery in Russia: 1450–1725</i> (1982)</li> <li>Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition</i> (2 vol. 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33142-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33142-1">0-313-33142-1</a>; 846 pp; 300 articles by experts</li> <li>Jeffrey, Julie Roy. "Stranger, Buy... Lest Our Mission Fail: the Complex Culture of Women's Abolitionist Fairs". <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i> 4, no. 1 (2003): 185–205.</li> <li>Kolchin, Peter. <i>Unfree Labor; American Slavery and Russian Serfdom</i> (1987)</li> <li>Kolchin, Peter. "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective", <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, (Feb. 2015) 81#1 pp. 7–40.</li> <li>Oakes, James. <i>The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution</i> (W.W. Norton, 2021).</li> <li>Oakes, James. <i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865</i> (W. W. Norton, 2012)</li> <li>Palen, Marc-William. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12743901/Free-Trade_Ideology_and_Transatlantic_Abolitionism_A_Historiography_Journal_of_the_History_of_Economic_Thought_">Free-Trade Ideology and Transatlantic Abolitionism: A Historiography</a>". <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i> 37 (June 2015): 291–304.</li> <li>Reckord, Mary. "The Colonial Office and the Abolition of Slavery." <i>Historical Journal</i> 14, no. 4 (1971): 723–734. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638103">online</a></li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World</i> (2007)</li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. <i>The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery</i> (1997)</li> <li>Sinha, Manisha. <i>The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition</i> (Yale UP, 2016) 784 pp; Highly detailed coverage of the American movement</li> <li>Thomas, Hugh. <i>The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870</i> (2006)</li> <li>Unangst, Matthew. "Manufacturing Crisis: Anti-slavery 'Humanitarianism' and Imperialism in East Africa, 1888–1890." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 48.5 (2020): 805–825.</li> <li>Wyman-McCarthy, Matthew. "British abolitionism and global empire in the late 18th century: A historiographic overview." <i>History Compass</i> 16.10 (2018): e12480. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12480">10.1111/hic3.12480</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abolitionism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abolitionists" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abolitionseminar.org/lesson-plans/">The Abolitionist Seminar</a>, summaries, lesson plans, documents and illustrations for schools; focus on United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227154013/http://americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu/index.htm">American Abolitionism</a>, summaries and documents; focus on United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf">Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990202043039/http://www.altonweb.com/history/lovejoy/">Elijah Parish Lovejoy: A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/">Brycchan Carey's pages listing British abolitionists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhistory4schools.com/slavetrade/">Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition</a> on blackhistory4schools.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/rights/abolition.htm">"The Abolition of the Slave Trade"</a>, The National Archives (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030051521/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/slavery-and-abolition.html">Towards Liberty: Slavery, the Slave Trade, Abolition and Emancipation</a>. Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703222035/http://www.realnews-online.com/rn0112.htm">The slavery debate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618001421/http://www.kshs.org/places/johnbrown/index.htm">John Brown Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029170656/http://americanabolitionist.liberalarts.iupui.edu/">American Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.AmericanAbolitionists.com">American Abolitionists</a>, comprehensive list of abolitionists and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-history.htm">History of the British abolitionist movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406041043/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-history.htm">Archived</a> 6 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Right Honourable Lord Archer of Sandwell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185612/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=476">"Slavery – The emancipation movement in Britain"</a>, lecture by James Walvin at <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>, 5 March 2007 (available for video and audio download)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sn2.scholastic.com/issues/2019-20/030220.html">Escape to Freedom</a> at Scholastic.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423222002/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/blackhistory/">"Black Canada and the Journey to Freedom"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226235736/http://www.history.ac.uk/1807commemorated/">1807 Commemorated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221052/http://www.theactiongroup.org/index.htm">The Action Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/">Trafficking in Persons Report 2008</a>, US Department of State</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomcenter.org/">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512211654/http://theliberatorfiles.com/">The Liberator Files</a>, Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i> original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/baa/">University of Detroit Mercy Black Abolitionist Archive</a>, a collection of more than 800 speeches by antebellum blacks and approximately 1,000 editorials from the period.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/Act/work/slave/ast/abol.html">Abolitionist movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407104924/http://histclo.com/act/work/slave/ast/abol.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Raymond James Krohn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscivilliberties.org/themes/2959-abolitionist-movement.html">"Abolitionist Movement"</a>, Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in the United States</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/slavetrade">Largest Surviving Anti Slave Trade Petition</a> from Manchester, UK 1806</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103172434/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/">"Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade"</a> – schools resource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf">Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Abolitionist_publications">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_world_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Roman legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">European Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" title="Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post–Cold War era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" title="Western pattern diet">Diet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">Classical tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dance_(Europe_and_North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western dance (Europe and North America)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_education" title="Western education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Astrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" title="Immigration to the Western world">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_media" title="Western media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="European mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" title="20th-century Western painting">contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Sport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world">Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Ancient Roman philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_values" title="Western values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_values" title="European values">European</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_law" title="Western law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABCANZ_Armies" title="ABCANZ Armies">ABCANZ Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">AER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUK" title="ANZUK">ANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">CBSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">CEFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">EU Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK TCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Treaties" title="Lancaster House Treaties">Lancaster House Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">PROSUR/PROSUL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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