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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slavery in Bhutan</b> was a common<sup id="cite_ref-Risley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legal, economic, and social institution until its abolition in 1958. In historical records, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">unfree labourers</a> in Bhutan were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a>. These labourers originated mostly in and around <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, and were the backbone of Bhutan's pre-money feudal economy.<sup id="cite_ref-White_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhutan <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">abolished slavery</a> as part of modernization reforms at the behest of the Third <a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a>, who ascended to the throne in 1952 at the age of 25. In breaking with slavery and feudalism, King Jigme Dorji enacted legal reforms, awarding citizenship and outright ownership of land to former slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCtl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCtl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> economy in the 19th century and modernization programs in the mid-20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">economy of Bhutan</a> was based entirely on payment <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">in kind</a> and in labour, including <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">unfree labour</a>. In the feudal <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> system, in which all land was held by the sovereign and populated by tenants, serfdom and service to <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">mesne lords</a> was commonplace. Ordinary citizens, for their part, were bound by the <a href="/wiki/Driglam_namzha" title="Driglam namzha">driglam namzha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">do work</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzong">dzong</a> construction as part of their tax obligation to the state. The gradual transition to a feudal money economy was prompted by Bhutanese military and territorial losses to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, which resulted in annual cash subsidies to the Bhutanese government. These money revenues eventually replaced <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">unfree labour</a> as the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Bhutanese economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Risley_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSss_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> and their descendants, who were generally treated as serfs or even as slaves. This class of slave was the most common, however many others were aboriginal or indigenous tribal peoples originally living in scattered villages throughout Bhutan. <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">Criminal</a> freemen facing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">capital punishment</a> were sometimes spared and made slaves for life. Slave status was inherited, and the value of slaves varied according to age, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, and sex; an adult high-caste male cost about 20 <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupees</a> at market, while a low-caste female could sell for 3 Rupees. During the 18th century, hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> were imported as slaves into Bhutan every year.<sup id="cite_ref-CSss_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSeg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 19th century, Bhutan had developed a <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. During this time, the kidnapping of British subjects as slaves, as well as the repatriation of escaped Bhutanese slaves, became major points of contention amid rising hostilities between Bhutan and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The position adopted by Britain was to allow enslaved British subjects to return of their own free will, but refrain from repatriating escaped Bhutanese slaves back to Bhutan. (Cf. <a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">non-refoulement</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Risley_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, the British government also grappled with slavery in neighboring Sikkim and <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a>. By 1877, slaves from Bhutan were regarded by the British government as <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a>. Meanwhile, the slave trade remained a lucrative source of profit to local Bhutanese officials near the Indian border.<sup id="cite_ref-Risley_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Labh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, Bhutan limited the slave trade as it developed laws reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel</a> nature of slaves. King <a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Wangchuck">Ugyen Wangchuck</a>'s 1916 reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Tsa_Yig" title="Tsa Yig">Tsa Yig</a> legal code prohibited the sale and purchase of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, and limited the use of <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a> by state officers to occasions where the health of the officer required such. Otherwise, the institution of slavery was left intact despite reform: slaves attempting to escape were to be detained, and anyone who harbored an escaped slave was to "<a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">make good</a> the slave." However, if one returned an escaped slave, the owner faced a legal obligation to compensate him for his time and effort.<sup id="cite_ref-White_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_demography">Slave demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slave demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slaves originated from multiple sources, both inside and outside Bhutan. Tribal areas of central, southern, and eastern Bhutan (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lhop_people" title="Lhop people">Lhop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a>) as well as prisons in <a href="/wiki/Ngalop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngalop">Ngalop</a> areas of western Bhutan were domestic sources of slaves. Outside Bhutan proper, various ethnic groups of the <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> <a href="/wiki/Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Duars">Duars</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Mech_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mech tribe">Mechi</a> were subject to taxation and slaving such that entire villages were abandoned when the British government surveyed the region in 1865. Slaves acquired from Indian Assam, where slaves constituted 5–9% of the total population, were often born slaves or already enslaved as condemned criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-Labh_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karlsson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlsson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Culturally and linguistically part of the populations of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, these slaves were mostly <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> and practiced wet-rice and dry-rice agriculture. Indian slaves were generally brought to <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> from tribal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-CSeg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many slaves who arrived since the 1800s were the forefathers of modern <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a>, a heterogeneous community of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> origin in southern Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As slaves of the state, many slave communities were concentrated in traditional population centres such as <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punakha" title="Punakha">Punakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSeg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_slaves">Treatment of slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment of slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of slaves in Bhutan were bound to government service. Others cleared the humid <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> jungles of south Bhutan to develop the nation's agricultural lands. Foremost, slaves were the primary source of government <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">labour</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzong">dzongs</a>, which served as administrative centres.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although slaves had no personal or professional liberty, they filled military and administrative ranks within the government, including high posts, a silver lining of <a href="/wiki/Upward_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Upward mobility">upward mobility</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">Royal Government</a> placed male youths in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong" title="Tashichho Dzong">palace</a> and in provincial administrative centers. This provided generations of technically competent, politically dependable cadres serving lifelong roles. Female slaves, however, were used mainly as <a href="/wiki/Sex_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slave">sex slaves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSeg_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was no substantial difference between the state and treatment of feudal <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a> and chattel <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> in pre-modern Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-CSss_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSmjd_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSmjd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves and servile classes attached to land grants were regularly traded as a showing of goodwill among rulers of neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-Assam_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_and_legacy">Abolition and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of King <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a>'s modernization efforts, land reform was accompanied by the abolition of slavery and serfdom.<sup id="cite_ref-CSmjd_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSmjd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After abolition, many ex-slave communities were near traditional population centres because it was there that they had been pressed into service to the state. Many of these former slaves and their descendants have remained in urban centres, supporting and joining an emerging <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">rentier</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-CSeg_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rural slaves including many <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a>, who had developed <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malarial</a> jungles into productive agricultural lands, feared eviction and deportation. With the enactment of land reform and the <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1958" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958">Nationality Act of 1958</a>, they were granted citizenship and began to prosper. In part because the manumission of slaves and serfs was accompanied by land redistribution awarding them outright ownership, slavery left no legacy in Bhutan comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nationality Act of 1958 was repealed by the Citizenship Act of 1985. After this the first nationwide census was implemented from 1988. The largest group within the country affected by the enforcement of the Citizenship Act were the Lhotshampa people; this group, a generalized term for those of Nepalese descent, comprised 43% of the total population of Bhutan in 1988. Bhutanese security forces moved through the southern regions of the country, home to most of the Lhotshampa, forcing them from their homes and across the southern borders into Nepal. Because most of the people exiled did not speak Dzongkha, they were classified as illegal aliens, thus able to be removed from the country. In total, between 100,000 and 150,000, 1/6 of Bhutan's population in 1988, ended up in Nepalese refugee camps. By 2015 over 100,000 Bhutanese refugees in Nepal were settled in third nations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">History of Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Bhutan">Immigration in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">Rentier state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">Slavery in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom in Tibet controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">Slavery in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Citizenship_Act_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985">Citizenship Act of 1985</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Risley-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risley_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risley_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risley_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risley_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRisley1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley" title="Herbert Hope Risley">Risley, Sir Herbert Hope</a> (1894). "History of Sikkim and Its Rulers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eesaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Gazetteer of Sikhim</i></a>. pp. 14, 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Sikkim+and+Its+Rulers&rft.btitle=The+Gazetteer+of+Sikhim&rft.pages=14%2C+20&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Risley&rft.aufirst=Sir+Herbert+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeesaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1909" class="citation book cs1">White, J. Claude (1909). "Appendix I – The Laws of Bhutan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887–1908</i></a>. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 11, 272–3, 301–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-73927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-73927-8"><bdi>978-0-598-73927-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+I+%E2%80%93+The+Laws+of+Bhutan&rft.btitle=Sikhim+%26+Bhutan%3A+Twenty-One+Years+on+the+North-East+Frontier%2C+1887%E2%80%931908&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11%2C+272-3%2C+301-10&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=978-0-598-73927-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSss_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSss_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSss_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSss_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden,_Robert_L.1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L. 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Social System.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Social+System&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Worden%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCtl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCtl_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm">"Timeline: Bhutan"</a>. BBC News online. 2010-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline%3A+Bhutan&rft.pub=BBC+News+online&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F1171693.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSeg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSeg_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSeg_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSeg_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSeg_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSeg_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden,_Robert_L.1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L. (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt"><i>Bhutan: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. Ethnic Groups.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Worden%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assam_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assam_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogoi2002" class="citation book cs1">Gogoi, Jahnabi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTvmPLv5_V0C"><i>Agrarian system of medieval Assam</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-967-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-967-7"><bdi>81-7022-967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+system+of+medieval+Assam&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-7022-967-7&rft.aulast=Gogoi&rft.aufirst=Jahnabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTvmPLv5_V0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1974" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Shantiswarup (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7cBAAAAMAAJ"><i>British relations with Bhutan</i></a>. Panchsheel Prakashan. pp. 79, 205–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+relations+with+Bhutan&rft.pages=79%2C+205-6&rft.pub=Panchsheel+Prakashan&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shantiswarup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7cBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labh-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labh_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labh_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabh1974" class="citation book cs1">Labh, Kapileshwar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sA4hAAAAMAAJ"><i>India and Bhutan</i></a>. Studies in Asian history and politics. Vol. 1. Sindhu Publications. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Bhutan&rft.series=Studies+in+Asian+history+and+politics&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Sindhu+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Labh&rft.aufirst=Kapileshwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsA4hAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1988" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amar Kaur Jasbir (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dq1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Himalayan triangle: a historical survey of British India's relations with Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan, 1765-1950</i></a>. British Library. pp. 183, 279, 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712306300" title="Special:BookSources/9780712306300"><bdi>9780712306300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+triangle%3A+a+historical+survey+of+British+India%27s+relations+with+Tibet%2C+Sikkim%2C+and+Bhutan%2C+1765-1950&rft.pages=183%2C+279%2C+317&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780712306300&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amar+Kaur+Jasbir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dq1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karlsson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karlsson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2000" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, B. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yib9wsfFMdQC"><i>Contested belonging: an indigenous people's struggle for forest and identity in sub-Himalayan Bengal</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1179-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1179-1"><bdi>0-7007-1179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+belonging%3A+an+indigenous+people%27s+struggle+for+forest+and+identity+in+sub-Himalayan+Bengal&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1179-1&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYib9wsfFMdQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarRaychaudhuri1987" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Dharma; Raychaudhuri, Tapan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ"><i>c.1200 - c.1750</i></a>. The Cambridge economic history of India. Vol. 1. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22692-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22692-9"><bdi>0-521-22692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=c.1200+-+c.1750&rft.series=The+Cambridge+economic+history+of+India&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-22692-9&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Dharma&rft.au=Raychaudhuri%2C+Tapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-s8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2001" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Awadhesh Coomar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C"><i>Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation</i></a>. Indus Publishing. pp. 25, 183, 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7387-119-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7387-119-1"><bdi>81-7387-119-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+kingdom+Bhutan%3A+tradition%2C+transition%2C+and+transformation&rft.pages=25%2C+183%2C+215&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-7387-119-1&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Awadhesh+Coomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDxx_ibIwZ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Kautsky, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDwJEZGTpVkC"><i>The politics of aristocratic empires</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-913-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-913-6"><bdi>1-56000-913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+aristocratic+empires&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56000-913-6&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDwJEZGTpVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span> citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1977" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Leo E (1977). <i>The Politics of Bhutan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Bhutan&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSmjd-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSmjd_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSmjd_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden,_Robert_L.1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worden, Robert L. (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.bt"><i>Bhutan: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. Modernization under Jigme Dorji, 1952–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=Modernization+under+Jigme+Dorji%2C+1952-72&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Worden%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTashi2009" class="citation web cs1">Tashi, Tshering (2009-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/a-king%E2%80%99s-tea-cup/">"A King's Tea Cup"</a>. Bhutan Observer online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+King%27s+Tea+Cup&rft.pub=Bhutan+Observer+online&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft.aulast=Tashi&rft.aufirst=Tshering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutanobserver.bt%2Fa-king%25E2%2580%2599s-tea-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/564dded46.html">"Resettlement of Bhutanese refugees surpasses 100,000 mark"</a>. <i>UNHCR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR&rft.atitle=Resettlement+of+Bhutanese+refugees+surpasses+100%2C000+mark&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F564dded46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery+in+Bhutan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Turkey" title="Slavery in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&oldid=1244531379">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&oldid=1244531379</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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