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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Charles Maurras</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Charles_Maurras" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈræs/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃaʁl moʁas]</a>; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a>, a political movement that is <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-parliamentarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-parliamentarist">anti-parliamentarist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a>. Maurras also held <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-Masonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Protestant">anti-Protestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">antisemitic</a> views, while being highly critical of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, referring to it as "stupidity". His ideas greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> led by his tenet that "a true nationalist places his country above everything". <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Maurras</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg/220px-Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg/330px-Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg/440px-Maurras_Harcourt_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1056"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Maurras in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras</div> (1868-04-20)20 April 1868 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Martigues" title="Martigues">Martigues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1952(1952-11-16) (aged 84) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth French Republic">Fourth French Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th_century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century philosophy">20th century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Raised Catholic, Maurras went deaf and became an agnostic in his youth, but remained anti-secularist and politically supportive of the Church. An <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a>, he began his career by writing literary criticism and became politically active as a leading <a href="/wiki/Anti-Dreyfusard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Dreyfusard">anti-Dreyfusard</a>. In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> issued a controversial <a href="/wiki/Papal_condemnation_of_Action_Francaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal condemnation of Action Francaise">papal condemnation of Action Française</a>, which was repealed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1939. In 1936, after voicing death threats against the socialist politician <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, Maurras was sentenced to eight months in <a href="/wiki/La_Sant%C3%A9_Prison" title="La Santé Prison">La Santé</a>. While imprisoned, he received the support of <a href="/wiki/Marie-Pauline_Martin" title="Marie-Pauline Martin">Marie-Pauline Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bordeaux" title="Henry Bordeaux">Henry Bordeaux</a>, Pius XI, and up to 60,000 sympathetic citizens.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Maurras supported the Nazi-collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a>, believing that <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> was being manipulated by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He wrote many anti-Semitic articles during this time, although he opposed Vichy's deportation of Jews to Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He explained his support for Vichy, writing: "As a royalist I never lost sight of the necessity of monarchy. But to enthrone the royal heir, the heritage had to be saved."<a href="#cite_note-William-5">[5]</a> After the regime's collapse, he was arrested and accused of complicity with the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-William-5">[5]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/Political_trial" title="Political trial">political trial</a>, he was convicted of incitement to murder, receiving <a href="/wiki/Indignit%C3%A9_nationale" title="Indignité nationale">Indignité nationale</a> and a life sentence. In 1951, after falling ill, he was transferred to a hospital and later received a medical pardon. In his final days, he reverted to Catholicism and received the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> shortly before his death. As a political theorist and major right-wing intellectual of 20th-century Europe, Maurras significantly influenced right-wing and far-right ideologies, anticipating some of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He has been described as the most important <a href="/wiki/French_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="French conservative">French conservative</a> intellectual,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and has directly influenced a large number of politicians, theorists, and writers on both the left and right, including <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">Hulme</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evola" class="mw-redirect" title="Evola">Evola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernanos">Bernanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">Mauriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Thibon" title="Gustave Thibon">Thibon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Déon">Déon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laurent" title="Jacques Laurent">Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri of Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuehnelt-Leddihn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritain">Maritain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">de Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pereyra_(writer)" title="Carlos Pereyra (writer)">Pereyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Althusser" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser">Althusser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Osma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laureano_Vallenilla_Lanz" title="Laureano Vallenilla Lanz">Lanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Gaulle" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gaulle">de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrelle">Degrelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pétain">Pétain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Perón">Perón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ferrara" title="Christopher Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a>. To this day, Maurras remains controversial. Critics have attacked his anti-Semitic views and support of Vichy, calling him a "fascist icon". Conversely, supporters like <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> have praised him as a prophet. Others, including Macron, have taken a nuanced approach, with Macron stating: "I fight all the antisemitic ideas of Maurras, but I find it absurd to say that Maurras must no longer exist."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Before_World_War_I">1.1 Before World War I</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_involvement">1.1.1 Political involvement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#From_World_War_I_to_the_end_of_the_1930s">1.2 From World War I to the end of the 1930s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vichy_regime,_arrest_and_death">1.3 Vichy regime, arrest and death</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Maurras'_work">2 Maurras' work</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Maurras_and_F%C3%A9librige">2.1 Maurras and Félibrige</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Maurras'_political_thought">2.2 Maurras' political thought</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Legacy">2.3 Legacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Works">3 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">5 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_I">Before World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg/125px-Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="2365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 191px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg/125px-Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg" data-width="125" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg/188px-Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg/250px-Charles_Maurras_1877.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A young Maurras in 1877.</figcaption></figure> Maurras was born into a <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> family, brought up by his mother and grandmother in a Catholic and monarchist environment. In his early teens, he became deaf.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> Like many other French politicians, he was affected greatly by France's defeat in the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> After the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Commune_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune of Paris">Commune of Paris</a> and the 1879 defeat of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal MacMahon">Marshal MacMahon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ordre_Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre Moral">Moral Order government</a>, French society slowly found a consensus for the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Republic</a>, symbolized by the rallying of the monarchist <a href="/wiki/Orleanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanist">Orleanists</a> to the Republic. Maurras published his first article, at the age of 17 years, in the review <a href="/wiki/Annales_de_philosophie_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Annales de philosophie chrétienne">Annales de philosophie chrétienne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> He then collaborated on various reviews, including <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89v%C3%A9nement_(1872)" title="L'Événement (1872)">L'Événement</a>, La Revue bleue, <a href="/wiki/La_Gazette_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gazette de France">La Gazette de France</a> and La Revue encyclopédique, in which he praised <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> and attacked <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> At some point during his youth, Maurras lost his Catholic faith and became an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>. In 1887, at the age of seventeen, he came to Paris and began writing <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> in the Catholic and Orleanist Observateur.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> At this time, Maurras was influenced by Orleanism, as well as <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> reviewed by Catholic thinker <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Oll%C3%A9-Laprune" title="Léon Ollé-Laprune">Léon Ollé-Laprune</a>, an influence of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, and by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a>, one of the inspirations of Christian "modernists", who would later become his greatest opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> He became acquainted with the Provençal poet <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> in 1888 and shared the <a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a> thesis of Mistral's <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9librige" title="Félibrige">Félibrige</a> movement (see <a href="#Maurras_and_F%C3%A9librige">Maurras and Félibrige</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> The same year he met the nationalist writer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> In 1890, Maurras approved <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Lavigerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Lavigerie">Cardinal Lavigerie</a>'s call for the rallying of Catholics to the Republic, thus making his opposition not to the Republic in itself, but to "sectarian Republicanism".<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> Beside this Orleanist affiliation, Maurras shared some traits with <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a>. In December 1887, he demonstrated to the cry of "Down with the robbers!" during the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandale_des_d%C3%A9corations_de_1887" class="extiw" title="fr:Scandale des décorations de 1887">military decorations trafficking scandal</a>, which had involved <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Wilson_(homme_politique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel Wilson (homme politique)">Daniel Wilson</a>, the son-in-law of President <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> Despite this, he initially opposed the nationalist-populist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger#The_Boulangist_movement" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulangist</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> But in 1889, after a visit to Maurice Barrès, Barrès voted for the Boulangist candidate; despite his "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> of the heart" ("anti-sémitisme de coeur"), he decided to vote for a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> During 1894–1895, Maurras briefly worked for Barrès' newspaper La Cocarde (The <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">Cockade</a>), although he sometimes opposed Barrès' opinions concerning the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> La Cocarde supported <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">General Boulanger</a>, who had become a threat to the parliamentary Republic in the late 1880s. During a trip to Athens for the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">first modern Olympic Games</a> in 1896, Maurras came to criticize the <a href="/wiki/Greek_democracy" title="Greek democracy">Greek democratic system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, which he considered doomed because of its internal divisions and its openness towards <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="Métèques">métèques</a> (foreigners).<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political involvement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maurras became involved in politics at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, becoming an Anti-Dreyfusard. He endorsed <a href="/wiki/Hubert-Joseph_Henry" title="Hubert-Joseph Henry">Colonel Henry</a>'s forgery blaming <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Dreyfus</a>, as he considered that defending Dreyfus weakened the Army and the justice system. According to Maurras, Dreyfus was to be sacrificed on the altar of <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> But while the Republican nationalist thinker Barrès accused Dreyfus of being guilty because of his Jewishness, Maurras went a step further, vilifying the "Jewish Republic".<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> While Barrès' anti-Semitism originated both in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">pseudo-scientific racist</a> contemporary theories and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">Biblical exegesis</a>, Maurras decried "scientific racism" in favor of a more radical "<a href="/wiki/State_anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="State anti-Semitism">state anti-Semitism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> Maurras assisted with the foundation of the nationalist and anti-Dreyfusard <a href="/wiki/Ligue_de_la_patrie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Ligue de la patrie française">Ligue de la patrie française</a> at the end of 1898, along with Maurice Barrès, the geographer <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dubois" title="Marcel Dubois">Marcel Dubois</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Copp%C3%A9e" title="François Coppée">François Coppée</a> and the critic and literature professor <a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Jules Lemaître</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1899, Maurras founded the review <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> (AF), an offshoot of the newspaper created by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Henri Vaugeois</a> the year preceding.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> Maurras quickly became influential in the movement, and converted Pujo and Vaugeois to monarchism, which became the movement's principal cause. With <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a>, he edited the movement's review, La <a href="/wiki/Revue_de_l%27Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Revue de l'Action Française">Revue de l'Action Française</a>, which during 1908 became a daily newspaper with the shorter title <a href="/wiki/L%27Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Action Française">L'Action Française</a>. The AF mixed <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a> with reactionary themes, shifting the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">nationalist ideology</a>, previously supported by left-wing Republicans, to the political right.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It had a wide readership during the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/1905_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 law on the separation of Church and State">1905 law on the separation of Church and State</a>. In 1899 he wrote a short notice in favour of monarchy, "Dictateur et roi" ("Dictator and King"), and then in 1900 his <a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Enquête sur la monarchie</a> (Investigations on Monarchy), published in the <a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimist</a> mouthpiece La Gazette de France, which made him famous. Maurras also published thirteen articles in the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> during 1901 and 1902, as well as six articles between November 1902 and January 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Drumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Drumont">Edouard Drumont</a>'s anti-Semitic newspaper, <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> Between 1905 and 1908, when the <a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a> monarchist league was initiated, Maurras introduced the concept of political activism through <a href="/wiki/French_far-right_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="French far-right leagues">extra-parliamentary leagues</a>, theorizing the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> Maurras also founded the Ligue d'Action Française in 1905, whose mission was to recruit members for the Action Française. Members pledged to fight the republican regime and to support restoration of the monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)">Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1869–1926)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Many early members of the Action Française were practicing Catholics, including <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_V%C3%A9sins" title="Bernard de Vésins">Bernard de Vésins</a>, the art historian <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dimier" title="Louis Dimier">Louis Dimier</a> and the essayist <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Montesquiou" title="Léon de Montesquiou">Léon de Montesquiou</a>. They helped Maurras develop the royalist league's pro-Catholic policies.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_World_War_I_to_the_end_of_the_1930s">From World War I to the end of the 1930s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From World War I to the end of the 1930s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Maurras then endorsed France's entry into World War I (even to the extent of supporting the thoroughly republican <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. During the war, the Jewish businessman Emile Ullman was forced to resign from the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Comptoir_d%27Escompte" title="Comptoir d'Escompte">Comptoir d'Escompte</a> bank after Maurras accused him of being a German agent. He then criticized the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> for not being harsh enough on the Germans and condemned <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>'s policy of cooperation with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Berton" title="Germaine Berton">Germaine Berton</a> carried out the assassination of fellow Action Française member <a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Marius Plateau</a>. Berton had planned to also assassinate <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a> and Maurras but was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg/200px-Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 303px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg/200px-Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg/300px-Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg/400px-Charles_Maurras_-_photo_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Boissonnas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maurras in 1925</figcaption></figure> In 1925, he called for the murder of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Schrameck" title="Abraham Schrameck">Abraham Schrameck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister (France)">Interior Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_Gauches" title="Cartel des Gauches">Cartel des Gauches</a>'s (left-wing coalition) government, who had ordered the disarming of the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">far-right leagues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> For this death threat, he was sentenced to a fine and a year in jail (suspended).<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> In 1929 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> condemned the Action Française, which until then was supported by a large number of Catholics, clergy and laity alike. Several of the works of the movement's founder Charles Maurras were placed into the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>, alongside the movement's official newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This was a devastating blow to the movement. On 8 March 1927, AF members were prohibited from receiving the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>. Many of its members left (two Catholics who were forced to look for a different path in politics and life were writers <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a>); and it entered a period of decline.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> Maurras again voiced death threats against the President of the Council (prime minister) <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, organizer of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a>, in the Action Française of 15 May 1936, emphasizing his Jewish origins (he once called him an "old semitic camel").<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> This other death threat earned him eight months in prison, from 29 October 1936 to 6 July 1937.<a href="#cite_note-AF-12">[12]</a> Fearing communism, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a> and praised the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> of 1938, which the President of the Council <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> had signed without any illusions. He also wrote in Action Française: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are certain conservatives in France who fill us with disgust. Why? Because of their stupidity. What kind of stupidity? <a href="/wiki/Hitlerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlerism">Hitlerism</a>. These French "conservatives" crawl on their bellies before <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>. These former nationalists cringe before him. A few zealots wallow in dirt, in their own dirt, with endless <a href="/wiki/Sieg_Heil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieg Heil">Heils</a>. The wealthier they are, the more they own, the more important it is to make them understand that if Hitler invaded us he would skin them much more thoroughly than Blum, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Thorez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> combined. This "conservative" error is suicidal. We must appeal to our friends not to let themselves be befogged. We must tell them: Be on your guard! What is now at stake is not anti-democracy or anti-Semitism. France above all!<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></blockquote> During the 1930s – especially after the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>—many of Action Française members turned to fascism, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a>, Paul Chack, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jeantet" title="Claude Jeantet">Claude Jeantet</a>. Most of them belonged to the staff of the fascist newspaper <a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a> (I am everywhere). Influencing <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime in Portugal, Maurras also supported <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and, until spring 1939, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist regime</a>. Opposing <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> because he was anti-German, Maurras himself criticized the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racist policies of Nazism</a> in 1936, and requested a complete translation of <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> – some passages had been censored in the French edition. After his failure against <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jonnart" title="Charles Jonnart">Charles Jonnart</a> in 1924 to be elected to the Académie française, he succeeded in entering the ranks of the "Immortals" on 9 June 1938, replacing <a href="/wiki/Henri-Robert" title="Henri-Robert">Henri-Robert</a>, winning by 20 votes against 12 to <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Gregh" title="Fernand Gregh">Fernand Gregh</a>. He was received in the Academy on 8 June 1939 by Catholic writer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bordeaux" title="Henry Bordeaux">Henry Bordeaux</a>. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> repealed his predecessor's condemnation of the Action Française.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vichy_regime,_arrest_and_death">Vichy regime, arrest and death</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vichy regime, arrest and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg/250px-Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1503"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg/250px-Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg/375px-Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg/500px-Charles_Maurras_trial_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maurras on trial in 1945.</figcaption></figure> In June 1940 articles in Action Française signed by Maurras, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a> praised General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> While Maurras described Marshal <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> as a "divine surprise",<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> the statement is usually quoted without context; Maurras was referring specifically to Pétain having political talent as well as being a symbol of France, and there is no evidence of the remark until February 1941.<a href="#cite_note-paxton1972-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>'s reactionary program of a <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution Nationale</a> (National Revolution) was fully approved of by Maurras, who inspired large parts of it.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> The monarchist newspaper was forbidden in the Occupied Zone and under Vichy censorship in the Southern Zone from November 1942.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In <a href="/wiki/La_Seule_France" title="La Seule France">La Seule France</a> (1941) Maurras argued for a policy of France d'abord ("France First"), whereby France would restore itself politically and morally under Pétain, resolving what Maurras saw as the causes of France's defeat in 1940, before dealing with the issue of the foreign occupation. This position was contrasted to the attitude of the Gaullists, who fled France and continued the military struggle. Maurras savaged the pre-war French governments for taking an increasingly bellicose position vis-à-vis Germany at precisely the same time that these governments were weakening France, militarily, socially and politically, thereby making France's defeat during 1940 all but inevitable. Maurras also criticized the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_status_of_Jews" title="Law on the status of Jews">Law on the status of Jews</a> for being too moderate.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> At the same time, he continued to express elements of his longstanding antipathy towards Germany by arguing in <a href="/wiki/La_Seule_France" title="La Seule France">La Seule France</a> that Frenchmen must not be drawn to that country's model and by hosting anti-German conferences,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and he opposed both the "<a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">dissidents</a>" in London and the collaborators in Paris and Vichy (such as <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1943, the Germans planned to arrest Maurras.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> A pre-war admirer of de Gaulle, who himself had been influenced by Maurras' <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">integralism</a>, Maurras then harshly criticized the General in exile. He later claimed he believed that Pétain was playing a "double game", working for an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory in secret.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the liberation of France, Maurras was arrested in September 1944 together with his right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a>, and indicted before the High Court of Lyon for "complicity with the enemy" on the basis of the articles he had published since the beginning of the war. At the end of the trial, during which there were many irregularities such as false dating or truncated quotations,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment and deprivation of civil liberties. He was automatically dismissed from the Académie française (a measure included in the ordinance of 26 December 1944<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a>). His response to his conviction was to exclaim C'est la revanche de Dreyfus! ("It's Dreyfus's revenge!")<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Eugen Weber</a>, the trial against Maurras was political and was rigged against him. Weber writes that the jurors who were chosen for Maurras' case were taken from a list drawn up by his political enemies.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Meanwhile, the Académie française declared his seat vacant, as it had for Pétain's, instead of expelling him as it did for <a href="/wiki/Abel_Hermant" title="Abel Hermant">Abel Hermant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> (The academy waited until his death to elect his successor, and chose <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_L%C3%A9vis-Mirepoix" title="Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix">Antoine de Lévis-Mirepoix</a>, who was himself influenced by Action Française and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Pierre Boutang</a>'s monarchist review <a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation Française</a>.) After being imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Riom" title="Riom">Riom</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Clairvaux_Prison" title="Clairvaux Prison">Clairvaux</a>, Maurras was released in March 1952 to be hospitalized. He was supported by Henry Bordeaux, who repeatedly asked the President of the Republic, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a>, to pardon Maurras. Although weakened, Maurras collaborated with Aspects de la France, which had replaced the outlawed review Action Française in 1947. He was transferred to a clinic in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, where he died soon afterwards. In his last days he readopted the Catholic faith of his childhood and received the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Maurras'_work">Maurras' work</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maurras' work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maurassisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurassisme">Maurassisme</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maurras_and_Félibrige">Maurras and Félibrige</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maurras and Félibrige" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9librige" title="Félibrige">Félibrige</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>-born author, Maurras joined <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9librige" title="Félibrige">Félibrige</a>, a literary and cultural association founded by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> and other Provençal writers to defend and promote Occitan languages and literature. The name of the association was derived from félibre, a <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal word</a> meaning pupil or follower. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maurras'_political_thought">Maurras' political thought</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maurras' political thought" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/250px-19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6214" data-file-height="4785"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 193px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/250px-19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/375px-19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg/500px-19270508_D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_Jeanne_d%27Arc_Action_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maurras with <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> in 1927.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg/150px-19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 209px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg/150px-19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg/225px-19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg/300px-19340905_Le_Comte_de_Paris_et_Charles_Maurras_%C3%A0_bord_du_Campana_%C3%A0_G%C3%AAnes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maurras with <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri of Orléans</a> in 1934.</figcaption></figure> Maurras' political ideas were based on intense nationalism (what he described as "<a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">integral nationalism</a>") and a belief in an ordered society based on strong government. These were the bases of his endorsement for both a French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He formulated an aggressive political strategy, which contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimists</a>' apathy for political action.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> He managed to combine the paradox of a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> thought which would actively change history, a form of Counter-revolution opposed to simple conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> His "integral nationalism" rejected all <a href="/wiki/Democratic_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic principles">democratic principles</a> which he judged contrary to "natural inequality", criticizing all evolution since the 1789 <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and advocated the return to a hereditary monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Academie-10">[10]</a> Like many people in Europe at the time, he was haunted by the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>", partly inspired by his reading of the publications of <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, and admired <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a>. He felt that France had lost its grandeur during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution of 1789</a>, a grandeur inherited from its origins as a province of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and forged by, as he put it, "forty kings who in a thousand years made France." The French Revolution, he wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Observateur_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Observateur Français">Observateur Français</a>, was negative and destructive. He traced this decline further back, to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>; he described the source of the evil as "Swiss ideas", a reference to the adopted nation of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and the birth nation of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>. Maurras further blamed France's decline on "Anti-France", which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a> and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the xenophobic term <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="Métèques">métèques</a>). Indeed, to him the first three were all "internal foreigners."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">anti-Protestantism</a> were common themes in his writings. He believed that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, and the eventual outcome of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> had all contributed to individuals valuing themselves more than the nation, with consequent negative effects on the latter, and that democracy and liberalism were only making matters worse. Although Maurras advocated the revival of monarchy, in many ways Maurras did not typify the French monarchist tradition. His endorsement of the monarchy and for Catholicism was explicitly pragmatic, as he alleged that a state religion was the only way of maintaining public order. By contrast with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, a theorist of a kind of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> based on the Ego, Maurras claimed to base his opinions on reason rather than on sentiment, loyalty and faith. Paradoxically, he admired the <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, like many of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> politicians he detested, with which he opposed <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>. Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a> monarchists refused to engage in political action, retreating into an intransigently conservative Catholicism and a relative indifference to a modern world they believed was irredeemably wicked and apostate, Maurras was prepared to engage in political action, both orthodox and unorthodox (the Action Française's <a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a> league frequently engaged in street violence with left-wing opponents, as well as <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sangnier" title="Marc Sangnier">Marc Sangnier</a>'s socialist Catholic <a href="/wiki/Le_Sillon" title="Le Sillon">Le Sillon</a>). Maurras was twice convicted of inciting violence against Jewish politicians, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, the first Jewish French prime minister, nearly died from the injuries inflicted by associates of Maurras.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> His slogan was the phrase "La politique d'abord!" ("Politics first!"). Other influences included <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Le_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric Le Play">Frédéric Le Play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empiricism#British_empiricism" title="Empiricism">British empiricism</a>, which allowed him to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Ren%C3%A9_Descartes_(1596%E2%80%931650)" title="Rationalism">Cartesian rationalism</a> with empiricism,<a href="#cite_note-Slama-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">René de La Tour du Pin</a>. Maurras' religious views were likewise less than orthodox. He supported the political Catholic Church both because it was intimately involved with French history and because its hierarchical structure and clerical elite mirrored his image of an ideal society. He considered the Church to be the mortar which held France together, and the association linking all Frenchmen together. However, he distrusted the Gospels, written, as he put it, "by four obscure Jews",<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but admired the Catholic Church for having allegedly concealed much of the Bible's "dangerous teachings". Maurras' interpretation of the Gospels and his integralist teachings were fiercely criticised by many Catholic clergy. However, towards the end of his life Maurras eventually converted from agnosticism to Catholicism. Notwithstanding his religious unorthodoxy, Maurras gained a large following among French monarchists and Catholics, including the <a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orleanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanist">Orleanist</a> pretender to the French throne, the <a href="/wiki/Philippe,_comte_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe, comte de Paris">comte de Paris, Philippe</a>. Nonetheless, his agnosticism worried parts of the Catholic hierarchy, and in 1926 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> placed some of Maurras's writings on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index of Forbidden Books</a> and condemned the Action Française philosophy as a whole. Seven of Maurras' books had already been placed on this list in 1914 and a dossier on Maurras had been submitted to Pius X. It was not just his agnosticism which worried the Catholic hierarchy but that by insisting upon politiques d'abord he questioned the primacy of the spiritual and thus the teaching authority of the Church and the authority of the Pope himself. That this was the basis of the matter is shown by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>'s book Primauté du Spirituel. Maritain was associated with L'Action Française and knew Maurras. While his unease with the movement pre-dates the 1926 crisis, it was this which occasioned his alienation from Maurras and L'Action Française. This papal condemnation was a great surprise to many of his devotees, who included a considerable number of French clergy, and caused great damage to the movement. The papal ban was later ended by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1939, a year after Maurras was elected to the Académie française.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg/150px-T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg/150px-T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg/225px-T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg/300px-T%C3%AAte_de_Charles_Maurras_dans_son_jardin_de_Martigues.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bust of Maurras' head in <a href="/wiki/Martigues" title="Martigues">Martigues</a></figcaption></figure> Maurras was a major intellectual influence of <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">national Catholicism</a>, far-right movements, Latin <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> He and the Action Française influenced many people and movements including General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">António Sardinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Degrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Degrelle">Leon Degrelle</a>, historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Alcal%C3%A1-Galiano_y_Osma" title="Álvaro Alcalá-Galiano y Osma">Álvaro Alcalá-Galiano y Osma</a>, and autonomist movements in Europe. The Christian Democrat <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> was also close to Maurras before the papal condemnation of the AF in 1927,<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> and criticized democracy in one of his early writings, Une opinion sur Charles Maurras ou le devoir des catholiques.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> Furthermore, Maurrassism also influenced many writings from members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> who theorized "<a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolutionary warfare">counter-revolutionary warfare</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a> adopted not only its far right monarchism but also its name from Maurras's movement.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The influence extended to Latin America, as in Mexico where Jesús Guiza y Acevedo<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> was nicknamed "the little Maurras", as well as the historian <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pereyra_(writer)" title="Carlos Pereyra (writer)">Carlos Pereyra</a> or the Venezuelan author <a href="/wiki/Laureano_Vallenilla_Lanz" title="Laureano Vallenilla Lanz">Laureano Vallenilla Lanz</a>, who wrote a book titled Cesarismo democrático (Democratic <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> Other figures influenced include the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira</a>. Maurras' thought also influenced Catholic fundamentalist supporters of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1964–1985)">Brazilian dictatorship</a><a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> (1964–85) as well as the Cursillos de la Cristiandad (Christendom Courses), similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Catholique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cité Catholique">Cité Catholique</a> group, which were initiated during 1950 by the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>, Mgr. Hervé.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> The Argentine militarist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ongan%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Onganía">Juan Carlos Onganía</a>, who overthrew <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Illia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arturo Illia">Arturo Illia</a> in a military putsch in 1966, as well as <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Agust%C3%ADn_Lanusse" title="Alejandro Agustín Lanusse">Alejandro Agustín Lanusse</a>, who succeeded Onganía after another coup, had participated in the Cursillos de la Cristiandad,<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> as did also the Dominican militarists <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Imbert_Barrera" title="Antonio Imbert Barrera">Antonio Imbert Barrera</a> and <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Wessin_y_Wessin" title="Elías Wessin y Wessin">Elías Wessin y Wessin</a>, chief of staff of the military and an opponent of the restoration of the 1963 Constitution after <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-1">[1]</a> In Argentina he also influenced the nationalist writers of the 1920s and 1930s such as <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Irazusta" title="Rodolfo Irazusta">Rodolfo Irazusta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carulla" title="Juan Carulla">Juan Carulla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2017, Michael Crowley wrote that <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, then chief strategist to President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, "has also expressed admiration for the reactionary French philosopher Charles Maurras, according to French media reports confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Crowley-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="50%"> <ul><li>1889 : Théodore Aubanel</li> <li>1891 : Jean Moréas</li> <li>1894 : Le Chemin du Paradis, mythes et fabliaux</li> <li>1896–1899 : Le voyage d'Athènes</li> <li>1898 : <a href="/wiki/L%27Id%C3%A9e_de_la_d%C3%A9centralisation" title="L'Idée de la décentralisation">L'Idée de la décentralisation</a></li> <li>1899 : Trois idées politiques : Chateaubriand, Michelet, Sainte-Beuve</li> <li>1900 : <a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Enquête sur la monarchie</a></li> <li>1901 : Anthinéa : d'Athènes à Florence (with <a href="/wiki/Lettres_des_Jeux_olympiques" title="Lettres des Jeux olympiques">Lettres des Jeux olympiques</a>)</li> <li>1902 : Les Amants de Venise, George Sand et Musset</li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">L'Avenir de l'intelligence</a></li> <li>1906 : Le Dilemme de Marc Sangnier</li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Si_le_coup_de_force_est_possible" title="Si le coup de force est possible">Si le coup de force est possible</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Kiel_et_Tanger" title="Kiel et Tanger">Kiel et Tanger</a></li> <li>1912 : La Politique religieuse</li> <li>1914 : L'Action Française et la Religion Catholique</li> <li>1915 : L'Étang de Berre</li> <li>1916 : Quand les Français ne s'aimaient pas</li> <li>1916–1918 : Les Conditions de la victoire, 4 volumes</li> <li>1921 : Tombeaux</li> <li>1922 : Inscriptions</li> <li>1923 : Poètes</li> <li>1924 : L'Allée des philosophes</li> <li>1925 : La Musique intérieure</li> <li>1925 : Barbarie et poésie</li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/L%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise_et_le_Vatican" title="L'Action française et le Vatican">L'Action française et le Vatican</a></li> <li>1927 : Lorsque Hugo eut les cent ans</li> <li>1928 : Le prince des nuées</li> <li>1928 : Un débat sur le romantisme</li> <li>1928 : Vers un art intellectuel</li> <li>1928 : L'Anglais qui a connu la France</li> <li>1929 : Corps glorieux ou Vertu de la perfection</li> <li>1929 : Promenade italienne</li> <li>1929 : Napoléon pour ou contre la France</li> <li>1930 : De Démos à César</li> <li>1930 : Corse et Provence</li> <li>1930 : Quatre nuits de Provence</li> <li>1931 : Triptyque de Paul Bourget</li> <li>1931 : Le Quadrilatère</li> <li>1931 : Au signe de Flore</li> <li>1932 : Heures immortelles</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="50%"> <ul><li>1932–1933 : Dictionnaire politique et critique, 5 volumes</li> <li>1935 : Prologue d'un essai sur la critique</li> <li>1937 : Quatre poèmes d'Eurydice</li> <li>1937 : L'amitié de Platon</li> <li>1937 : Jacques Bainville et Paul Bourget</li> <li>1937 : Les vergers sur la mer</li> <li>1937 : Jeanne d'Arc, Louis XIV, Napoléon</li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Devant_l%27Allemagne_%C3%A9ternelle" title="Devant l'Allemagne éternelle">Devant l'Allemagne éternelle</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></li> <li>1937 : La Dentelle du Rempart</li> <li>1940 : Pages africaines</li> <li>1941 : Sous la muraille des cyprès</li> <li>1941 : Mistral</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/La_Seule_France" title="La Seule France">La Seule France</a></li> <li>1942 : De la colère à la justice</li> <li>1943 : Pour un réveil français</li> <li>1944 : Poésie et vérité</li> <li>1944 : Paysages mistraliens</li> <li>1944 : Le Pain et le Vin</li> <li>1945 : Au-devant de la nuit</li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/L%27Allemagne_et_nous" title="L'Allemagne et nous">L'Allemagne et nous</a></li> <li>1947 : Les Deux Justices ou Notre J'accuse</li> <li>1948 : L'Ordre et le Désordre</li> <li>1948 : Maurice Barrès</li> <li>1948 : Une promotion de Judas</li> <li>1948 : Réponse à André Gide</li> <li>1949 : Au Grand Juge de France</li> <li>1949 : Le Cintre de Riom</li> <li>1950 : Mon jardin qui s'est souvenu</li> <li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Le_Mont_de_Saturne" title="Le Mont de Saturne">Le Mont de Saturne</a></li> <li>1951 : Tragi-comédie de ma surdité</li> <li>1951 : Vérité, justice, patrie (with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a>)</li> <li>1952 : À mes vieux oliviers</li> <li>1952 : La Balance intérieure</li> <li>1952 : Le Beau Jeu des reviviscences</li> <li>1952 : Le Bienheureux <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pie X</a>, sauveur de la France</li> <li>1953 : Pascal puni (published posthumously)</li> <li>1958: Lettres de prison (1944–1952) (published posthumously)</li> <li>1966: Lettres passe-murailles, correspondance échangée avec <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a> (1950–1952) (published posthumously)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>English translations</dt></dl> <ul><li>2016: The Future of the Intelligentsia & For a French Awakening, <a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910524985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910524985">978-1910524985</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rojas-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_1-10">k</a> Miguel Rojas-Mix, "Maurras en Amérique latine", <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a>, November 1980 (republished in Manières de voir n°95, "Les droites au pouvoir", October–November 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_Giocanti2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stéphane Giocanti (2006). Charles Maurras : le chaos et l'ordre (in French). pp. 392–393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Maurras+%3A+le+chaos+et+l%27ordre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2006&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+Giocanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Giocanti, p. 444-447 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Octave Martin (alias Charles Maurras), "In the service of Hitler", Aspects of the France, 3 February 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-William-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1955" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, William R. (November 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126615">The Legacy of Charles Maurras</a>. Vol. 17. University of Chicago Press, Southern Political Science Association. pp. 570–589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2126615">10.2307/2126615</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126615">2126615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154447641">154447641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Charles+Maurras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E589&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+Southern+Political+Science+Association&rft.date=1955-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154447641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2126615%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2126615&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2126615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Maurras">"Charles Maurras | French writer and political theorist"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Charles+Maurras+%7C+French+writer+and+political+theorist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-Maurras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_de_Benoist2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> (20 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kirkcenter.org/reviews/a-celebration-of-conservative-politics-in-france/">"A Celebration of Conservative Politics in France"</a>. Kirkcenter.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkcenter.org&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+Conservative+Politics+in+France&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.au=Alain+de+Benoist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirkcenter.org%2Freviews%2Fa-celebration-of-conservative-politics-in-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkoski2019" class="citation web cs1">Pinkoski, Nathan (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2019/11/the-revenge-of-maurras">"The Revenge of Maurras"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+Revenge+of+Maurras&rft.date=2019-11&rft.aulast=Pinkoski&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F11%2Fthe-revenge-of-maurras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/macron-criticized-over-comments-on-antisemitic-figure-philippe-p%C3%A9tain-653570">"Macron criticized over comments on antisemitic figure Philippe Pétain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 30 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Macron+criticized+over+comments+on+antisemitic+figure+Philippe+P%C3%A9tain&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fmacron-criticized-over-comments-on-antisemitic-figure-philippe-p%25C3%25A9tain-653570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academie-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academie_10-8">i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/charles-maurras">Biographical notice</a> on Maurras on the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>'s website (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Slama-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slama_11-18">s</a> Alain-Gérard Slama, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coursenligne.sciences-po.fr/2004_2005/slama/seance_11b.pdf">"Maurras (1858 (sic)-1952): ou le mythe d'une droite révolutionnaire"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002014/http://coursenligne.sciences-po.fr/2004_2005/slama/seance_11b.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, article first published in <a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L'Histoire">L'Histoire</a> in 2002 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-AF-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AF_12-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actionfrancaise.net/histoire-biographies-charles_maurras.htm">Biographical notice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009034320/http://www.actionfrancaise.net/histoire-biographies-charles_maurras.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Maurras on the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a>'s website (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierrard1998" class="citation cs2">Pierrard, Pierre (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnPtSvuf2O0C&pg=PA180">Les Chrétiens et l'affaire Dreyfus</a>, Editions de l'Atelier, p. 180, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7082-3390-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7082-3390-4"><bdi>978-2-7082-3390-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 7 March 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class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhis.063.0695">10.3917/rhis.063.0695</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40957800">40957800</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9buts+de+l%27Action+fran%C3%A7aise+%281899-1914%29+ou+l%27%C3%A9laboration+d%27un+nationalisme+antis%C3%A9mite&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=3+%28639%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E718&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frhis.063.0695&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40957800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joly&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnal1985" class="citation cs2">Arnal, Oscar L. (15 April 1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGdLhKl6EcIC&pg=PA19">Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899–1939</a>, University of Pittsburgh Pre, p. 17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7705-6"><bdi>978-0-8229-7705-6</bdi></a>, retrieved 27 July 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambivalent+Alliance%3A+The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Action+Fran%C3%A7aise%2C+1899%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=1985-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7705-6&rft.aulast=Arnal&rft.aufirst=Oscar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGdLhKl6EcIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/la-fabrique-de-l-histoire/ce-n-est-pas-rien-de-tuer-un-homme-ou-le-crime-politique-de-germaine-berton-4157670">""Ce n'est pas rien de tuer un homme" ou le crime politique de Germaine Berton"</a>. Radio France (in French). 29 August 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+France&rft.atitle=%22Ce+n%27est+pas+rien+de+tuer+un+homme%22+ou+le+crime+politique+de+Germaine+Berton&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofrance.fr%2Ffranceculture%2Fpodcasts%2Fla-fabrique-de-l-histoire%2Fce-n-est-pas-rien-de-tuer-un-homme-ou-le-crime-politique-de-germaine-berton-4157670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Holy See Bans French Paper". <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake Tribune">Salt Lake Tribune</a>. 10 January 1927. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Holy+See+Bans+French+Paper&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1927-01-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> Arnal, Oscar L., Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899-1939, pp.174-75 (Pittsburgh: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>, 1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Action Française, 25 March 1938. Quoted in Leopold Schwarzschild, World in Trance (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1943), p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Bruno Goyet, Charles Maurras, <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89tudes_Politiques_de_Paris#Publishing_house_/_Presses_de_Sciences_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris">Presses de Sciences Po</a>, 1999, p.73 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> François-Marin Fleutot, Des Royalistes dans la Résistance (Flammarion, 2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Marseillais" title="Le Petit Marseillais">Le Petit Marseillais</a>, 9 February 1941. Quoted by Bruno Goyet, op.cit., p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-paxton1972-24"><a href="#cite_ref-paxton1972_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1972" class="citation book cs1">Paxton, Robert O. (1972). Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-5410-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-5410-9"><bdi>978-0-8041-5410-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+France%3A+Old+Guard+and+New+Order%2C+1940-1944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8041-5410-9&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> See footnote 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_S%C3%A9villia" title="Jean Sévillia">Jean Sévillia</a>, Historiquement correct, Tempus, 2006, p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Jean Madiran, Maurras toujours là, Consep, 2004, p.71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> In 1942, Rebatet published "Les Décombres" ("The Ruins"), a pamphlet in which he strongly opposed the "en-jewed" Action Française. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> See for example <a href="/wiki/Henri_Amouroux" title="Henri Amouroux">Henri Amouroux</a>, La Vie des Français sous l'Occupation. T2: Les Années noires, Livre de Poche, 1961, p. 342; Bruno Goyet, op.cit., p. 82; Jean Sévillia, op.cit., p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a>, La France de Vichy, Seuil, 1973, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aron" title="Robert Aron">Robert Aron</a>, Histoire de l'épuration (second volume), Fayard, 1969, p. 365, 366, 367. Listing these irregularities, Robert Aron describes Maurras' trial as "one of the most pathetic and most characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">épuration</a>" (p. 362). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Giocanti, p. 466 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Lettre de l'abbé Giraud à Charles Forot, 4 July 1958, archives départementales de Privas, dossier 24J25 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://counterenlightenment.blogspot.com/2011/04/charles-maurras-on-four-confederate.html">this extract</a> from his Dictionnaire politique et critique. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuley" class="citation news cs1">McAuley, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/two-parisian-bookstores-side-by-side-are-waging-a-culture-war/2019/06/13/d234c051-a5f2-48f1-bd11-48f6bbe71677_story.html">"Two Parisian bookstores, side by side, are waging a culture war"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Two+Parisian+bookstores%2C+side+by+side%2C+are+waging+a+culture+war&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ftwo-parisian-bookstores-side-by-side-are-waging-a-culture-war%2F2019%2F06%2F13%2Fd234c051-a5f2-48f1-bd11-48f6bbe71677_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Le Chemin du Paradis, 1894 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936, 1993, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Sandra McGee Deutsch, Las Derechas, 1999, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowley-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2017" class="citation news cs1">Michael, Crowley (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/trump-steve-bannon-destroy-eu-european-union-214889">"The Man Who Wants to Unmake the West"</a>. Politico. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Wants+to+Unmake+the+West&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Crowley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F03%2Ftrump-steve-bannon-destroy-eu-european-union-214889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Maurras" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>Curtis, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8YXpC7UKLEC">Three Against the Third Republic: Sorel, Barrès and Maurras</a>, Transaction Publishers.</li> <li>Kojecky, Roger (1972). "Charles Maurras and the Action Française," in T.S. Eliot's Social Criticism. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, pp. 58–69.</li> <li>Molnar, Thomas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maurras.net/pdf/molnar/molnar-maurras-english.pdf">"Charles Maurras, Shaper of an Age,"</a> Modern Age 41 (4), pp. 337–342.</li> <li>Serina, Elena (2020). Nuovi elementi sul rapporto fra Action Française e Santa Sede: il ruolo di Louis Dimier nella difesa di Maurras, "Rivista di Storia del Cristianesimo" (2), pp. 497–518.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maurras.net/textes/">Maurras.net online library : works of Charles Maurras</a> (in French).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreyfus.culture.fr/en/bio/bio-html-charles-maurras.htm">Dreyfus Rehabilitated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429165430/http://www.dreyfus.culture.fr/en/bio/bio-html-charles-maurras.htm">Archived</a> 29 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019539">Newspaper clippings about Charles Maurras</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maurras&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 January 2025, at 22:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شارل موراس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارل موراس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моррас Шарль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Моррас Шарль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CF%89%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Σαρλ Μωρράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρλ Μωρράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شارل موراس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شارل موراس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%BC_%EB%AA%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="샤를 모라스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤를 모라스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1" title="שארל מוראס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שארל מוראס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="შარლ მორასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარლ მორასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Maurras" title="Carolus Maurras – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Maurras" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شارل موراس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارل موراس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شارل مورا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شارل مورا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="シャルル・モーラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャルル・モーラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carles_Maurr%C3%A0s" title="Carles Maurràs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carles Maurràs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شارل موراس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شارل موراس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Моррас, Шарль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моррас, Шарль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="شارلو مۆراس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارلو مۆراس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Maurras" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Шарль Моррас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шарль Моррас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%AA%E6%8B%89" title="查尔斯·马努拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·马努拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="夏尔·莫拉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏尔·莫拉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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