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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Charles Edward Coughlin (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒɡlɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOG-lin</a>; October 25, 1891 – October 27, 1979), commonly known as Father Coughlin, was a Canadian–American <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priest and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemite</a> based near <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. He was the founding priest of the <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shrine of the Little Flower">National Shrine of the Little Flower</a>. Dubbed "The Radio Priest " and considered a leading <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> he was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience. During the 1930s, when the U.S. population was about 120 million, an estimated 30 million listeners tuned in to his weekly broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #BDBDBD;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a> <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Charles Coughlin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Coughlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Charles_Coughlin.jpg/220px-Charles_Coughlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Charles_Coughlin.jpg/330px-Charles_Coughlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Charles_Coughlin.jpg/440px-Charles_Coughlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="960"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Father Coughlin <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">1916</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Edward Coughlin</div> (1891-10-25)October 25, 1891 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, Ontario, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 27, 1979(1979-10-27) (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a>, Michigan, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery_(Southfield,_Michigan)" title="Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Southfield, Michigan)">Holy Sepulchre Cemetery</a>, Southfield, Michigan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Coughlin was born in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> to working-class Irish Catholic parents. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1916, and in 1923 he was assigned to the National Shrine of the Little Flower in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a>, Michigan. Coughlin began broadcasting his sermons during a time of increasing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> sentiment across the globe. As his broadcasts became more political, he became increasingly popular.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Initially, Coughlin was a vocal supporter of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>; he later fell out with Roosevelt, accusing him of being too friendly to bankers. In 1934, he established a political organization called the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union for Social Justice">National Union for Social Justice</a>. Its platform called for monetary reforms, nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of labour rights. The membership ran into the millions but was not well organized locally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999232-4">[4]</a> After making attacks on Jewish bankers, Coughlin began to use his radio program Golden Hour to broadcast <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> commentary. In the late 1930s, he supported some of the policies of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>. The broadcasts have been described as "a variation of the Fascist agenda applied to American culture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiStasi2001163-5">[5]</a> His chief topics were political and economic rather than religious, using the slogan "Social Justice". After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in Europe">World War II in Europe</a> in 1939, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> forced the cancellation of Golden Hour. In 1942, the Archdiocese of Detroit forced Coughlin to close his newspaper <a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(periodical)" title="Social Justice (periodical)">Social Justice</a> and forbade its distribution by mail. Coughlin vanished from the public arena, working as a parish pastor until retiring in 1966. He died in 1979 at age 88.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_work">1 Early life and work</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#1926_to_1942">2 1926 to 1942</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1931_to_1934">2.1 1931 to 1934</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1934_to_1936">2.2 1934 to 1936</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1936_to_1938">2.3 1936 to 1938</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1938">2.4 1938</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1939">2.5 1939</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1940_to_1942">2.6 1940 to 1942</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Later_life">3 Later life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Viewpoints">4 Viewpoints</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Antisemitism">4.1 Antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Communism_and_socialism">4.2 Communism and socialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Capitalism">4.3 Capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Money_supply">4.4 Money supply</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Federal_Reserve">4.5 Federal Reserve</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Fascism">4.6 Fascism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Prohibition">4.7 Prohibition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References_in_popular_culture">5 References in popular culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Citations_and_references">8.1 Citations and references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Works_cited">8.2 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_work">Early life and work</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Charles Coughlin was born on October 25, 1891, in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, Ontario, the only child of Irish Catholic Amelia (née Mahoney) and Thomas Coughlin. Born in a working-class neighbourhood, he lived in a modest home situated between a Catholic cathedral and convent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198384-9">[9]</a> His mother, who had regretted not becoming a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a>, was the dominant figure in the household and instilled a deep sense of religion in Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198384%E2%80%9385-10">[10]</a> After his secondary education, Coughlin attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, enrolling in <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_College_(Toronto)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's College (Toronto)">St. Michael's College</a>, run by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Congregation of St. Basil</a>, and graduating in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> Coughlin then entered the Basilian Fathers. The Basilians were a traditional order that denounced <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. Coughlin prepared for the priesthood at St. Basil's Seminary and was ordained in Toronto in 1916. The Basilians then assigned him to teach at <a href="/wiki/Assumption_University_(Windsor,_Ontario)" title="Assumption University (Windsor, Ontario)">Assumption College</a>, their institution in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1923, a reorganization of Coughlin's religious order resulted in his departure. The Vatican ordered the Basilians to change from a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">society of common life</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Monastic_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic life">monastic life</a>. The members of the order were required to take the traditional three religious vows of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">chastity, poverty, and obedience</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unwilling to accept the monastic life, Coughlin applied for <a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">incardination</a>, or transfer, out of the Basilians to the Archdiocese of Detroit. He was accepted in 1923 and moved to Detroit. The archdiocese assigned Coughlin to pastoral positions in several parishes. In 1925, when Coughlin was exiting a building in Detroit, he saw a man stealing a trunk from the back of his car. When Coughlin confronted the thief, he dropped the trunk and swung at him. The fight continued until Coughlin knocked him unconscious. The incident received coverage in the Detroit newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-Tribun19360830p4-14">[14]</a> In 1926, he was assigned to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower_Basilica" title="National Shrine of the Little Flower Basilica">Shrine of the Little Flower</a>, a congregation of 25 families in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a>, Michigan. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="1926_to_1942">1926 to 1942</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1926 to 1942" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower,_Royal_Oak,_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg/220px-National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg/220px-National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg/330px-National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg/440px-National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower%2C_Royal_Oak%2C_Michigan_-_20201213_-_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Charity Crucifixion Tower in front of <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_the_Little_Flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shrine of the Little Flower">National Shrine of the Little Flower</a>, Royal Oak, Michigan</figcaption></figure> In 1926, Coughlin began broadcasting his Sunday sermons from local radio station <a href="/wiki/WJR" title="WJR">WJR</a>. He later said that he started his radio show in response to the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> burning a cross at the shrine and wanted to provide support to local Catholics. However, the broadcast also provided him with extra income to pay back the diocesan loan owed by the shrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198382-15">[15]</a> Coughlin started on WJR with a weekly, hour-long radio program. A gifted speaker, he had a rich speaking voice and used a careful cadence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannon1989298-16">[16]</a> When the Goodwill Stations radio network acquired WJR in 1929, owner <a href="/wiki/George_A._Richards" title="George A. Richards">George A. Richards</a> recognized Coughlin's talent as a broadcaster. Richards encouraged Coughlin to focus his program more on politics than religion.<a href="#cite_note-RWCoughlin-17">[17]</a> Coughlin then started attacking <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>, blaming the American banking system and the Jews for the poverty of American workers. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Broadcasting System">Columbia Broadcasting System</a> (CBS) radio network signed a contract for Coughlin's program in 1930 for national broadcast. It was called the Radio League of the Little Flower.<a href="#cite_note-RWCoughlin-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1931_to_1934">1931 to 1934</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1931 to 1934" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 302px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_A_Richards.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/George_A_Richards.png/220px-George_A_Richards.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1644"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/George_A_Richards.png/220px-George_A_Richards.png" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/George_A_Richards.png/330px-George_A_Richards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/George_A_Richards.png/440px-George_A_Richards.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_A._Richards" title="George A. Richards">George Richards</a></figcaption></figure> By 1931, Coughlin had raised enough money from Radio League to construct the huge Charity Crucifixion Tower at the Shrine of the Little Flower.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> In 1931, CBS received complaints from several affiliate stations about Coughlin's political views. CBS management was also concerned about his attacks on the administration of US President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> CBS then demanded a review of Coughlin's scripts prior to broadcast, which he refused. When Coughlin's contract ended with CBS, the network decided not to renew it.<a href="#cite_note-Cincin19310106p5-19">[19]</a> Coughlin and Richards then established an independently financed radio network. His show became the Golden Hour of the Shrine of the Little Flower, with WJR and <a href="/wiki/WHKW" title="WHKW">WGAR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> serving as core stations.<a href="#cite_note-RWCoughlin-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-WGARlaunch-20">[20]</a> With Coughlin paying for the airtime on a contractual basis, the number of affiliates carrying Golden Hour increased to 25 stations by August 1932.<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19320830p_28-21">[21]</a> Regional radio networks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a>, the Quaker State Network, the Mohawk Network and the Colonial Network, also started carrying Golden Hour.<a href="#cite_note-50Affilates-22">[22]</a> Coughlin's radio network became the largest one of its type in the United States. Leo Fitzpatrick, who had given Coughlin his initial airtime over WJR in 1926 and was retained as a part-owner when Richards purchased the station,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> continued to serve as a confidant and advisor to Coughlin.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> With the United States suffering through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Coughlin strongly endorsed New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> for president in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 Presidential election</a>. He was invited to attend the June 1932 <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a> in Chicago. An early supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal reforms, Coughlin coined the popular phrase "Roosevelt or Ruin". Another phrase Coughlin created was "The New Deal is Christ's Deal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollinsO'Connor2005160-25">[25]</a>After Roosevelt was elected in November 1932, he politely received Coughlin's policy proposals, but showed no interest in enacting them.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> By 1933, <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a>, a strong New Deal and Roosevelt supporter who reportedly was a friend of Coughlin, warned that he was "becoming a very dangerous proposition" as an opponent of Roosevelt and "an out and out <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a>".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2007136-27">[27]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Digest" title="The Literary Digest">The Literary Digest</a> wrote, "Perhaps no man has stirred the country and cut as deep between the old order and the new as Father Charles E. Coughlin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198383%E2%80%9384-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1934_to_1936">1934 to 1936</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1934 to 1936" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg/220px-Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 290px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg/220px-Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg/330px-Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Elmer_Thomas_and_Charles_Coughlin_on_Time_magazine_1934.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Father Coughlin and Senator <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Elmer Thomas</a> on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1930s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)">cover of Time Magazine</a> (1934)</figcaption></figure> In 1934, Coughlin founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_Social_Justice_(organization)" title="National Union for Social Justice (organization)">National Union for Social Justice</a> (NUSJ), a nationalistic workers' rights organization. Its leaders were impatient with what they considered the Roosevelt's unconstitutional and pseudo-capitalistic <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policies</a>. The NUSJ soon gained a strong following among <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativists</a> and opponents of the Federal Reserve, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">American Midwest</a>. By 1934, Coughlin was perhaps the most prominent Catholic speaker on political and financial issues. His radio audience included tens of millions of Americans every week. Historian <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brinkley" title="Alan Brinkley">Alan Brinkley</a> wrote that "by 1934, he [Coughlin] was receiving more than 10,000 letters every day" and that "his clerical staff at times numbered more than a hundred."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1983119-29">[29]</a> He foreshadowed modern <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayer198717%E2%80%9330-30">[30]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy" title="University of Detroit Mercy">University of Detroit Mercy</a> states that Golden Hour's peak audience was in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> It is estimated that at peak, one-third of the nation listened to his broadcasts.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Golden Hour office was receiving up to 80,000 letters per week from listeners. Author Sheldon Marcus said that the size of Coughlin's radio audience "is impossible to determine, but estimates range up to 30 million each week".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus19724-32">[32]</a> In 1934, Roosevelt sent Kennedy and Detroit Mayor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> to visit Coughlin and try to temper his attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1983127-33">[33]</a> Coughlin visited Roosevelt several times at his estate in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_New_York" title="Hyde Park, New York">Hyde Park</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In a bid to control the excesses of the radio industry, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC). FCC Chairman <a href="/wiki/Frank_R._McNinch" title="Frank R. McNinch">Frank R. McNinch</a> warned that it would not allow broadcasters to use their networks or stations as “...an instrument of racial or religious persecution.”<a href="#cite_note-:6-35">[35]</a> Coughlin's attacks on Roosevelt continued to increase. He began denouncing him as a tool of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. Coughlin opposed the New Deal with growing vehemence, attacking Roosevelt, capitalists and alleged Jewish conspirators. He encouraged the third-party candidacy of Louisiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> for president in the 1936 election, but that was cut short by Long's assassination in 1935. Under Coughlin's direction, the NUSJ founded the <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)"> Union Party</a> in preparation for the 1936 elections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1936_to_1938">1936 to 1938</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1936 to 1938" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg/220px-Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="969"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg/220px-Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg/330px-Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg/440px-Radio_Stars_magazine_May_1934_Father_Coughlin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Father Coughlin delivering his Golden Hour program (1934)</figcaption></figure> In early 1936, at Kennedy's urging, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Eugenio Pacelli</a> tried to mute Coughlin's vitriol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2009103%E2%80%93107-36">[36]</a> While the American Catholic hierarchy did not approve of Coughlin, only Coughlin's superior—Bishop <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Michael Gallagher (bishop)">Michael Gallagher</a> of Detroit—had the canonical authority to curb him. Gallagher was a strong supporter of Coughlin and refused to stop him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyea1995-37">[37]</a> The church hierarchy also feared the backlash from Coughlin's Catholic supporters if they reprimanded him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyea1995-37">[37]</a> Coughlin opened a new church building at the Shrine of the Little Flower in 1936, an <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a> structure shaped like a tent. One of its unique features was an altar positioned at the center of worship. This design did not become common in Catholic churches until the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> With the start of the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 US Presidential Election</a>, Coughlin was ready to support a third party candidate running against Roosevelt. At a NUSJ rally at <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Stadium" title="Cleveland Stadium">Cleveland Municipal Stadium</a> on May 11, 1936, Coughlin predicted that NUSF would "take half of Ohio" in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Primary_election" title="Primary election">primary election</a>, citing multiple congressional candidates with NUSJ backing.<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19360511p_23-38">[38]</a> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in July, Coughlin accused Roosevelt of "leaning toward <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">international socialism</a>" by his failure to support the Nationalists under General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>. Coughlin presided over the <a href="/wiki/Townsend_Plan" title="Townsend Plan">Townsend Convention</a> held in July at <a href="/wiki/Public_Auditorium" title="Public Auditorium">Cleveland Public Hall</a> on July 23. In his speech on July 16, Coughlin called Roosevelt a liar and a communist, referring to him as "Franklin Doublecross Roosevelt."<a href="#cite_note-LakeEl19360723p32-39">[39]</a> At the Union party convention at Municipal Stadium in Cleveland on August 16, Coughlin endorsed the party's presidential candidate, House Representative <a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19360622p_23-40">[40]</a> Coughlin fainted near the end of his speech.<a href="#cite_note-Tribun19360830p4-14">[14]</a> In an August 16th <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Post" title="The Boston Post">Boston Post</a> article, Coughlin referred to Kennedy as the "shining star among the dim 'knights' in the [Roosevelt] Administration".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2009498-41">[41]</a> Coughlin promised his radio audience that he would retire from broadcasting if he failed to deliver nine million votes for Lemke; he only received 850,000 votes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> Roosevelt won the election on November 5 by a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> According to a 2021 study in the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>, Coughlin's criticisms did reduce Roosevelt's share of votes versus the 1932 election.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After the election, both the Union Party and its parent organization, the NUSJ, disbanded; Coughlin took a two-month retirement from the Golden Hour.<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19370122p_15-44">[44]</a> After Bishop Gallagher died in January 1937, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> replaced him with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Edward_Aloysius_Mooney" title="Edward Aloysius Mooney">Edward Mooney</a>. Coughlin then left retirement to return to the Golden Hour, in honor of Gallagher's memory. In October 1937, Mooney rebuked Coughlin for casting aspersions on Roosevelt's sanity over his nomination of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1938">1938</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1938" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg/220px-Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg/220px-Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg/330px-Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg/440px-Couple-with-radio-and-Social-Justice-Michigan-1939.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Couple listening to Golden Hour and reading Social Justice magazine</figcaption></figure> By 1938, the Golden Hour was being broadcast to a peak of 58 affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-50Affilates-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">[46]</a> In May 1938, Coughlin called for a "crusade against the anti-Christian forces of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Red Revolution</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(periodical)" title="Social Justice (periodical)">Social Justice</a>. That led him to found a new organization, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Front_(United_States)" title="Christian Front (United States)">Christian Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Its membership numbered several thousand. Unlike the NUSJ, the Christian Front membership was mainly of Irish-American men in New York City and other eastern cities. On November 9 and 10, 1938, Nazi organizations and sympathizers attacked Jewish businesses and synagogues throughout Germany in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>. When the owner of <a href="/wiki/WMCA_(AM)" title="WMCA (AM)">WMCA</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Jason_Flamm" title="Donald Jason Flamm">Donald Flamm</a>, saw the preliminary script for the November 20 broadcast of Golden Hour, he immediately demanded that Coughin change inflammatory references to Jews. However, Flamm did not get to view the final script. On the November 20 broadcast, Coughlin deflected blame from the Nazis for Kristallnacht. He referred to 'millions' of Christians who had allegedly been murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by its government. Speaking of Germany, Coughlin said, "Jewish persecution only followed after Christians first were persecuted."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger200066-48">[48]</a> After the broadcast finished, the WMCA booth announcer said, "Unfortunately, Father Coughlin has uttered many misstatements of fact".<a href="#cite_note-3StationsRefuse-49">[49]</a> After the broadcast, WMCA, WIND and WJJD all demanded advance copies of the script for the November 27 program. When Coughlin failed to deliver them, all three stations canceled it. Flamm remarked that the show "was calculated to stir up religious and racial hatred and dissension in this country".<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[a]</a> Coughlin then pulled all the future broadcasts from the three stations, accusing them of being under "Jewish ownership".<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-3StationsRefuse-49">[49]</a> In the December 5th issue of Social Justice, Coughlin wrote a column that plagiarized portions of a 1935 speech by the German Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, a rabid antisemite.<a href="#cite_note-:6-35">[35]</a> On December 14, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/George_Mundelein" title="George Mundelein">George Mundelein</a>, archbishop of Chicago, issued the first formal condemnation of Coughlin by the Catholic hierarchy. Mundelein said that Coughlin was: "...not authorized to speak for the Catholic Church, nor does he represent the doctrine or sentiments of the Church."<a href="#cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">[46]</a> Four days later, thousands of Coughlin's followers, many associated with the Christian Front, picketed WMCA's studios in protest. Some of them yelled antisemitic statements, such as "Send Jews back where they came from in leaky boats!" and "Wait until Hitler comes over here!" The protests at WMCA continued for 38 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1996165%E2%80%93169-53">[51]</a> Coughlin attended some of the protests.<a href="#cite_note-:0-42">[42]</a> Coughlin increasingly attacked Roosevelt's policies. The administration decided that, although the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> protected <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>, it did not necessarily apply to broadcasting because the radio spectrum was a "limited national resource" and as a result was regulated as a publicly owned <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The authorities imposed new regulations and restrictions on radio stations for the specific purpose of forcing Coughlin off the air. For the first time, the authorities required regular radio broadcasters to seek operating permits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Coughlin's operating permit was denied, he was temporarily silenced. Coughlin worked around the new restrictions by purchasing air time and playing his speeches via transcription. However, having to buy the weekly air time on individual stations severely reduced his reach and also strained his financial resources.<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939">1939</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1939" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg/220px-Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4132" data-file-height="4371"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 233px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg/220px-Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="233" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg/330px-Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg/440px-Coughlin-Social-Justice-NYC-Lange.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(periodical)" title="Social Justice (periodical)">Social Justice</a> magazine on sale in New York City (1939)</figcaption></figure> In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Propaganda_Analysis" title="Institute for Propaganda Analysis">Institute for Propaganda Analysis</a> used Coughlin's radio talks to illustrate propaganda methods in their book The Fine Art of Propaganda, which was intended to show propaganda's effects against democracy.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Coughlin was praised in January 1939 by Regime Fascista, an Italian newspaper aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">fascist government of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">the outbreak of World War II in Europe</a> in September 1939, Coughlin appealed to Golden Hour listeners to travel to Washington D.C. as "an army of peace". His aim was to stop the repeal by Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_the_1930s" title="Neutrality Acts of the 1930s">Neutrality Acts</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargoes</a> passed during the 1930s to ensure American neutrality in a European conflict. This call led Coughlin's opponents to accuse him of stoking <a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">incitement</a> bordering on <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">[46]</a> Coughlin's call for a march on Washington finally motivated the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> (NAB) to take action against the Golden Hour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972175%E2%80%93176-57">[54]</a> Fearing FCC intervention, NAB formed a <a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">self-regulating</a> Code Committee that limited the sale of air time to controversial individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176-58">[55]</a> The Committee created a code, which was ratified in October 1939, that required all radio broadcasters to submit their scripts to the radio stations for review before broadcast. Stations that did not comply with the code faced the threat of license revocation.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> This code was drafted specifically as a response to Coughlin and Golden Hour.<a href="#cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">[46]</a> WJR, WGAR and the Yankee Network, all of which carried Golden Hour, threatened to quit the NAB over the new code, but eventually adopted it.<a href="#cite_note-62">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-AkronB19391101p_17-61">[58]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Evenin19391006p_3-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940_to_1942">1940 to 1942</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1940 to 1942" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Francis_Biddle_cph.3b27524_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US Attorney General Biddle</figcaption></figure> In January 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) raided the Brooklyn headquarters for the Christian Front, arresting 17 men on charges of plotting to overthrow the U.S. government. Coughlin then issued a statement, saying that while he was not a member of the Christian Front and disavowed violence, he did not disassociate himself from the group.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> He called the Front "pro-American, pro-Christian, anti-Communist and anti-Nazi".<a href="#cite_note-nytjan22-66">[62]</a> The trials for the 17 men ended in acquittals and <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung juries</a>, albeit one of the defendants committed suicide. In the September 23, 1940, issue of Social Justice, Coughlin announced that he was cancelling Golden Hour, forced "...by those who control circumstances beyond my reach".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176%E2%80%93177-67">[63]</a> Coughlin now had to rely on Social Justice to reach his followers. In 1940, reversing his previous position, Kennedy attacked Coughlin's <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002122,_171,_379,_502-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazin1995109,_123-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1983127-33">[33]</a> After the December 1941 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the U.S. declaration of war against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis Powers</a>, anti-interventionist movements rapidly lost public support. Isolationists such as Coughlin were tagged as enemy sympathizers. On April 14, 1942, U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> wrote a letter to Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Walker_(Jersey_politician)" title="Frank Walker (Jersey politician)">Frank Walker</a>, suggesting that he revoke the second-class mailing privilege of Social Justice.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-70">[66]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> as its legal justification, Walker temporarily suspended the mailing permit for Social Justice on April 14.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-timecom1942-73">[69]</a> Walker scheduled a hearing on its permanent suspension for April 29, later postponed until May 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972209%E2%80%93214,_217-74">[70]</a> Unable to mail Social Justice to its subscribers, Coughlin was confined to distributing it by private delivery trucks only in the Boston area.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Biddle also convened a <a href="/wiki/Federal_grand_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal grand jury">federal grand jury</a> to consider <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> charges against Social Justice and Coughlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETull1965235-76">[72]</a> Biddle asked banker <a href="/wiki/Leo_Crowley" title="Leo Crowley">Leo Crowley</a>, a Roosevelt appointee, to offer a deal to Archbishop Mooney; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Justice Department</a> would not prosecute Coughlin if he closed Social Justice and stopped all his political activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972216-77">[73]</a> On May 1, Mooney ordered Coughlin to confine himself only to the pastoral duties of the Shrine of the Little Flower. The alternative was his suspension from active ministry and federal indictment. Coughlin complied with Mooney's order and Social Justice ceased publication. The May 4 hearing before the Postmaster General was canceled.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_(1891%E2%80%931979)_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery,_Southfield,_Michigan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="2733"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg/330px-Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg/440px-Grave_of_Charles_Edward_Coughlin_%281891%E2%80%931979%29_at_Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery%2C_Southfield%2C_Michigan_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Father Coughlin's grave at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery, Southfield, Michigan</figcaption></figure> Coughlin served as pastor of the Shrine of the Little Flower until his retirement in 1966. During this period, the Archdiocese of Detroit reviewed all of Coughlin's public speeches in advance.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> In 1951, he attended Richards's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Richards died following a long legal fight to keep his broadcast licenses amid accusations of antisemitism and of using the stations to further his political interests.<a href="#cite_note-RichardsEulogy-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrosbyWGAR-80">[76]</a> Coughlin died in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a>, Michigan, in 1979 at age 88.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> Church officials stated that he had been bedridden for several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre_Cemetery_(Southfield,_Michigan)" title="Holy Sepulchre Cemetery (Southfield, Michigan)">Holy Sepulchre Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a>, Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> designated the Shrine of the Little Flower as a <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church#Minor_basilicas" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">minor basilica</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-basilica-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Viewpoints">Viewpoints</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Viewpoints" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antisemitism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The television producer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a> recounts in his autobiography how Coughlin's radio broadcasts disturbed him deeply at age nine. As a Jew, they made him aware of the widespread <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in American society.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Coughlin believed <a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Jewish bankers</a> were behind the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia that brought the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> into power, backing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETull1965197-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972256-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrag2010-87">[83]</a> During the last half of 1938, Social Justice printed weekly installments from the 1903 <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>, a fraudulent antisemitic text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972188-88">[84]</a> Coughlin denied being antisemitic on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETull1965195,_211%E2%80%9312,_224%E2%80%9325-89">[85]</a> However, he received indirect funding from the German Government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1996235%E2%80%93244-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_and_socialism">Communism and socialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communism and socialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In January 1930, Coughlin began attacking <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Communism</a>, both ideologies strongly opposed by the Catholic Church. In 1933, Coughlin criticized Roosevelt's decision to extend <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> by the United States of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">[46]</a> Coughlin criticized American capitalists, stating that their greed was making <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> ideologies attractive to workers. He warned, "Let not the workingman be able to say that he is driven into the ranks of socialism by the inordinate and grasping greed of the manufacturer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198395-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalism">Capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a> wrote that Coughlin's followers saw capitalism and communism as equally evil. They believed that they were defending those people who were joined more by piety, economic frustration, and a common dread of powerful, modernizing enemies than through any class identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazin1995112-92">[88]</a> In a 1930 broadcast, Coughlin stated, <blockquote> “We have lived to see the day that modern Shylocks have grown fat and wealthy, praised and deified, because they have perpetuated the ancient crime of usury under the modern racket of statesmanship.”<a href="#cite_note-:5-93">[89]</a> </blockquote> Coughlin proclaimed in 1935: <blockquote>"I have dedicated my life to fight against the heinous rottenness of modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> because it robs the laborer of this world's goods. But blow for blow I shall strike against Communism, because it robs us of the next world's happiness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazin1995109-94">[90]</a></blockquote>The NUSJ's articles of faith included work and income guarantees, the nationalization of key industries, <a href="/wiki/Wealth_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth redistribution">wealth redistribution</a> through increased taxation of the wealthy, federal protection of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor unions</a>, and limiting property rights in favor of government control of the country's assets for public good.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Coughlin said, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We maintain the principle that there can be no lasting prosperity if free competition exists in industry. Therefore, it is the business of government not only to legislate for a minimum annual wage and maximum working schedule to be observed by industry, but also so to curtail individualism that, if necessary, factories shall be licensed and their output shall be limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeardSmith193654-97">[93]</a></blockquote>One of Coughlin's slogans was "Less care for internationalism and more concern for national prosperity",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley1983-98">[94]</a> which appealed to <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationists</a> and many Irish Catholics.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_99-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Money_supply">Money supply</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Money supply" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coughlin spoke about the negative influence of what he termed as "<a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">money changers</a>". He also condemned what he called the government "...permitting a group of private citizens to create money..." at the nation's expense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1998173-100">[96]</a> He said that the Great Depression was a "cash famine" and proposed the nationalization of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a> as the solution. In January 1934, Coughlin testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a>, saying, <blockquote>"If Congress fails to back up the President in his monetary program, I predict a revolution in this country which will make the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> look silly!" He also said to the Congressional hearing, "God is directing President Roosevelt."<a href="#cite_note-:3-101">[97]</a></blockquote>Coughlin urged Roosevelt to use the unlimited coinage of <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">silver</a> to inflate the money supply and reorganize the financial system.<a href="#cite_note-coughlinbroadcast-18">[18]</a> The US Government increased investment in silver for a limited period following the <a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Purchase_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Silver Purchase Act">American Silver Purchase Act</a> of 1934, which resulted in U.S. silver mines being nationalized between 1934 and 1943 through stamp taxes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Reserve">Federal Reserve</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Federal Reserve" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1930s, Coughlin called on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to take back control of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Banks">Federal Reserve Banks</a>. He said that Congress had the authority under <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> of the US Constitution to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">coin money</a> and regulate its value.<a href="#cite_note-:5-93">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascism">Fascism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fascism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As the 1930s progressed, Coughlin's views changed. Eventually he became "openly antidemocratic", according to the political scientists <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Steven Levitsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ziblatt" title="Daniel Ziblatt">Daniel Ziblatt</a>, "calling for the abolition of political parties and questioning the value of elections".<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> His views mirrored those of Richards, who held <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-RWCoughlin-17">[17]</a> In 1936, Coughlin expressed sympathy for the fascist governments of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in Italy, terming them as an antidote to Communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972189%E2%80%9390-104">[100]</a> A <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> report from Berlin in 1938 identified Coughlin as "the German hero in America for the moment" with his sympathetic statements towards Nazism as "a defensive front against Bolshevism".<a href="#cite_note-3StationsRefuse-49">[49]</a> However, in February 1939, when the American Nazi organization the <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a> held a large rally in New York City,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredemus2011-105">[101]</a> Coughlin immediately distanced himself from them. On the Golden Hour, he said: <blockquote>"Nothing can be gained by linking ourselves with any organization which is engaged in agitating racial animosities or propagating racial hatreds. Organizations which stand upon such platforms are immoral and their policies are only negative."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoughlin1939-106">[102]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prohibition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Coughlin was critical of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibitionism</a>, which he said was the work of "fanatics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley198396-107">[103]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References_in_popular_culture">References in popular culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References in popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sax_Rohmer" title="Sax Rohmer">Sax Rohmer's</a> 1946 novel <a href="/wiki/Fu_Manchu#Books" title="Fu Manchu">President Fu Manchu</a> features the character Dom Patrick Donegal, a Catholic priest and radio host, who is based on Coughlin. Donegal is the only person who knows that a criminal mastermind is manipulating a U.S. presidential race.</li> <li>In his 1944 song Lindbergh, singer <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> includes the line "yonder comes Father Coughlin wearing the silver chain, cash in his stomach and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> on the brain."<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></li> <li>Coughlin inspired the character of Bishop Prang in <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>'s 1935 novel <a href="/wiki/It_Can%27t_Happen_Here" title="It Can't Happen Here">It Can't Happen Here</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itcan'thappenhere-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-conspiracy-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Prang endorses Buzz Windrip, a character based on Huey Long, who defeats Roosevelt in the 1936 U.S. presidential election and sets up a fascist government.<a href="#cite_note-itcan'thappenhere-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-conspiracy-111">[107]</a></li> <li>Coughlin inspired the character of Father Crighton, the antisemitic radio priest in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>'s 1945 novel <a href="/wiki/Focus_(novel)" title="Focus (novel)">Focus</a>. It was adapted into <a href="/wiki/Focus_(2001_film)" title="Focus (2001 film)">a movie</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></li> <li>The 2015 novel <a href="/wiki/Joe_Steele_(novel)" title="Joe Steele (novel)">Joe Steele</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> briefly features Coughlin as an outspoken critic of President Steele, an American president based on the Soviet dictator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. In the novel, Steele silences Coughlin by accusing him of being a Nazi spy and has him sentenced to death. Ironically, Coughlin's defense attorney in the trial is Jewish.</li> <li>The children's author <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Seuss_Geisel" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Seuss Geisel">Theodor Seuss Geisel</a> attacked Coughlin in 1942 in a series of political cartoons.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></li> <li>The producers of the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le" title="Carnivàle">Carnivàle</a> (2003–2005) said that they used Coughlin as a reference for the character of <a href="/wiki/Brother_Justin_Crowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Justin Crowe">Brother Justin Crowe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s 2004 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America" title="The Plot Against America">The Plot Against America</a> portrays Coughlin as helping the aviator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> form a pro-fascist US government.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a></li> <li>In the 1975 <a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a> television episode "The Bus" (S4E6), the character <a href="/wiki/Frank_Burns_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Burns (character)">Frank Burns</a> discusses meeting his first love during a high school debate on whether Coughlin should become president.</li> <li>In her <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> Ultra, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> describes Coughlin's radio show and publications at length, mainly in the context of his support of the Christian Front during the failed attempt to convict them for their plans to overthrow the federal government.</li> <li>In the video game <a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Iron_IV" title="Hearts of Iron IV">Hearts of Iron IV</a>, Coughlin can be selected as "Fascist demagogue" if the player chooses to play as the US.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_propaganda" title="Radio propaganda">Radio propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Hogan" title="Frank J. Hogan">Frank J. Hogan</a>, ABA president who rebutted Coughlin on the air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> – American politician (1893–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Cronin" title="John Francis Cronin">John Francis Cronin</a> – American priestPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> – President of the Slovak Republic from 1939 to 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Shuler" title="Robert P. Shuler">Robert P. Shuler</a> – American evangelist (1880–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_John_Shaw" title="Archibald John Shaw">Archibald John Shaw</a> – Australian Catholic priest and radio pioneer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Murga%C5%A1" title="Jozef Murgaš">Jozef Murgaš</a> – Slovak inventor, architect, botanist, painter and Catholic priest (Slovak "Radio priest")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Elias Simojoki</a> - Pastor and fascist leader</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/WEPN_(AM)" title="WEPN (AM)">WHN</a>, also in New York City, had dropped the program several weeks earlier; as a result, Coughlin's programs were only broadcast on part-time <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> station WHBI. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/WEPN_(AM)" title="WEPN (AM)">WHN</a>, also in New York City, had dropped the program several weeks earlier; as a result, Coughlin's programs were only broadcast on part-time <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> station WHBI. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> During this period, The Golden Hour typically ran in intervals of 13 to 17 weeks per contract with occasional hiatuses in between.<a href="#cite_note-50Affilates-22">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Only four stations rescinded their memberships to the NAB, all of them owned by <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliot Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AkronB19391101p_17-61">[58]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations_and_references">Citations and references</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations and references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLapin2022" class="citation podcast cs1">Lapin, Andrew (March 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/exploring-hate/series/radioactive/">"Episode 5: His Cross to Bear"</a>. Radioactive: The Father Coughlin Story (Podcast). PBS. Event occurs at 3:15. Retrieved February 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+5%3A+His+Cross+to+Bear&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Lapin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fexploring-hate%2Fseries%2Fradioactive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2022" class="citation journal cs1">Clements, Austin J. (2022). "'The Franco Way': The American Right and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9". 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Retrieved August 7, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akron+Beacon+Journal&rft.atitle=%27Pinks%2C%27+Brains%2C+Politicians+Make+Strange+Mixture&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1936-06-22&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F107144510%2Fpinks-brains-politicians-make%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2009498-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2009498_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier2009">Maier 2009</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-5">f</a> Maddox, Rachel (2023). Prequel (1st ed.). Crown. pp. 153-158. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44451-1">978-0-593-44451-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Tianyi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20200513">"Media, Pulpit, and Populist Persuasion: Evidence from Father Coughlin"</a>. American Economic Review. 111 (9): 3064–3092. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20200513">10.1257/aer.20200513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Media%2C+Pulpit%2C+and+Populist+Persuasion%3A+Evidence+from+Father+Coughlin&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3064-%3C%2Fspan%3E3092&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.20200513&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Tianyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Faer.20200513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AkronB19370122p_15-44"><a href="#cite_ref-AkronB19370122p_15_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1937" class="citation news cs1">Doran, Dorothy (January 22, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83692033/john-held-jr-to-debut-in-network/">"John Held, Jr., To Debut In Network Radio Series At Michigan University"</a>. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807222013/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83692033/john-held-jr-to-debut-in-network/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akron+Beacon+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Held%2C+Jr.%2C+To+Debut+In+Network+Radio+Series+At+Michigan+University&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1937-01-22&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F83692033%2Fjohn-held-jr-to-debut-in-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023744/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,758287,00.html">"Coughlin Silenced"</a>. October 18, 1937. </li> <li id="cite_note-SlateCoughlin-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SlateCoughlin_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlateCoughlin_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlateCoughlin_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlateCoughlin_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlateCoughlin_46-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2021" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Thomas (January 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2021/01/father-coughlin-deplatforming-radio-social-media.html">"The Deplatforming of Father Coughlin"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420064348/https://slate.com/technology/2021/01/father-coughlin-deplatforming-radio-social-media.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Deplatforming+of+Father+Coughlin&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2021%2F01%2Ffather-coughlin-deplatforming-radio-social-media.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Leonard Dinnerstein</a>, Antisemitism in America (Oxford University Press, 1994), 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger200066-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDollinger200066_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDollinger2000">Dollinger 2000</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-3StationsRefuse-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3StationsRefuse_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3StationsRefuse_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3StationsRefuse_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-12-01-BC.pdf">"Three Stations Refuse Coughlin Talks For Allegedly Inciting Race Prejudice"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 15, no. 11. December 1, 1938. pp. 17, 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195012/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-12-01-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Three+Stations+Refuse+Coughlin+Talks+For+Allegedly+Inciting+Race+Prejudice&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=17%2C+79&rft.date=1938-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1938%2F1938-12-01-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-12-01-BC.pdf">"Flamm Explains Refusal to Broadcast Coughlin"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 15, no. 11. December 1, 1938. p. 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195012/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1938/1938-12-01-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Flamm+Explains+Refusal+to+Broadcast+Coughlin&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1938-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1938%2F1938-12-01-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1996165–169-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren1996165%E2%80%93169_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1996">Warren 1996</a>, pp. 165–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLee1939" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Alfred McClung; Lee, Elizabeth Briant (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6R6vxgEACAAJ">The Fine Art of Propaganda: A Study of Father Coughlin's Speeches</a>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9885192">9885192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195108/https://books.google.com/books?id=6R6vxgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fine+Art+of+Propaganda%3A+A+Study+of+Father+Coughlin%27s+Speeches&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9885192&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alfred+McClung&rft.au=Lee%2C+Elizabeth+Briant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6R6vxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/01/17/91545718.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">"Father Coughlin Praised By a Fascist Newspaper"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved November 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Father+Coughlin+Praised+By+a+Fascist+Newspaper&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1939%2F01%2F17%2F91545718.html%3Fpdf_redirect%3Dtrue%26site%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972175–176-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972175%E2%80%93176_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1972">Marcus 1972</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1972">Marcus 1972</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-10-15-BC.pdf">"Text of First Ruling of Code Compliance Committee"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting. Vol. 17, no. 8. October 15, 1939. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221936/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1939/1939-10-15-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Text+of+First+Ruling+of+Code+Compliance+Committee&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1939-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1939%2F1939-10-15-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-Publications/NAB-Reports/NAB-Reports-1939-Q4.pdf">"Code Compliance Under Way"</a> (PDF). NAB Reports. Vol. 7, no. 40. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Broadcasters. October 6, 1939. pp. 3753–3754 (1–2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221936/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-NAB-Publications/NAB-Reports/NAB-Reports-1939-Q4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NAB+Reports&rft.atitle=Code+Compliance+Under+Way&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=3753-3754+%281-2%29&rft.date=1939-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-NAB-Publications%2FNAB-Reports%2FNAB-Reports-1939-Q4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AkronB19391101p_17-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AkronB19391101p_17_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AkronB19391101p_17_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85388462/cio-asks-unions-support-in-voice/">"C.I.O. Asks Union's Support in 'Voice' Issue"</a>. Akron Beacon Journal. Akron, Ohio. November 1, 1939. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807221938/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85388462/cio-asks-unions-support-in-voice/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akron+Beacon+Journal&rft.atitle=C.I.O.+Asks+Union%27s+Support+in+%27Voice%27+Issue&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1939-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F85388462%2Fcio-asks-unions-support-in-voice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evenin19391006p_3-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Evenin19391006p_3_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83693085/air-ruling-seen-as-censorship/">"Air Ruling Seen As 'Censorship'"</a>. The Evening Review. East Liverpool, Ohio. Associated Press. October 6, 1939. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812211921/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83693085/air-ruling-seen-as-censorship/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Review&rft.atitle=Air+Ruling+Seen+As+%27Censorship%27&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1939-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F83693085%2Fair-ruling-seen-as-censorship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/22/archives/coughlin-supports-christian-front-while-not-a-member-i-do-not.html">"Coughlin Supports Christian Front"</a>. The New York Times. January 22, 1940. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195059/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/01/22/archives/coughlin-supports-christian-front-while-not-a-member-i-do-not.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coughlin+Supports+Christian+Front&rft.date=1940-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F01%2F22%2Farchives%2Fcoughlin-supports-christian-front-while-not-a-member-i-do-not.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2021" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Charles (2021). Nazis of Copley Square: Forgotten stories of the Christian Front.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazis+of+Copley+Square%3A+Forgotten+stories+of+the+Christian+Front&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytjan22-66"><a href="#cite_ref-nytjan22_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/01/22/94780913.pdf">"Coughlin Supports Christian Front"</a> (PDF). New York Times. January 22, 1940. Retrieved January 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Coughlin+Supports+Christian+Front&rft.date=1940-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1940%2F01%2F22%2F94780913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176–177-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus1972176%E2%80%93177_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1972">Marcus 1972</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002122,_171,_379,_502-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2002122,_171,_379,_502_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, pp. 122, 171, 379, 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazin1995109,_123-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazin1995109,_123_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazin1995">Kazin 1995</a>, pp. 109, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-70"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinnerstein1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dinnerstein" title="Leonard Dinnerstein">Dinnerstein, Leonard</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C&pg=PA132">Antisemitism in America</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531354-3"><bdi>978-0-19-531354-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229123043/https://books.google.com/books?id=mJLHrb-o5E0C&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2019. 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New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71628-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71628-0"><bdi>0-394-71628-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Protest%3A+Huey+Long%2C+Father+Coughlin%2C+and+the+Great+Depression&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-394-71628-0&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1998" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Ronald H. (1998). Father Charles E. Coughlin. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+Charles+E.+Coughlin&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlin1939" class="citation news cs1">Coughlin, Charles (February 27, 1939). "Column". The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Column&rft.date=1939-02-27&rft.aulast=Coughlin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Dollinger" title="Marc Dollinger">Dollinger, Marc</a> (2000). Quest for Inclusion. 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Heyday Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unastoriasegreta00lawr/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890771-40-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890771-40-9"><bdi>978-1-890771-40-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Una+storia+segreta%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Italian+American+Evacuation+and+Internment+During+World+II&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Heyday+Books&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-890771-40-9&rft.aulast=DiStasi&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funastoriasegreta00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kazin, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populistpersuasi00kazirich">The Populist Persuasion: An American History</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-03793-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-03793-3"><bdi>0-465-03793-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Populist+Persuasion%3A+An+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-465-03793-3&rft.aulast=Kazin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulistpersuasi00kazirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn">Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503834-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503834-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503834-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomfromfeara00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceJewett2002" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, John Shelton; Jewett, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofamericansu00lawr_0">The Myth of the American Superhero</a>. Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofamericansu00lawr_0/page/132">132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+American+Superhero&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Wm+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=John+Shelton&rft.au=Jewett%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofamericansu00lawr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1972" class="citation book cs1">Marcus, Sheldon (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fathercoughlintu0000marc">Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life Of The Priest Of The Little Flower</a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54596-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-54596-1"><bdi>0-316-54596-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+Coughlin%3A+The+Tumultuous+Life+Of+The+Priest+Of+The+Little+Flower&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-316-54596-1&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffathercoughlintu0000marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2009" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Thomas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17F5wKC_rtgC&pg=PT498">The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings: A Five-Generation History of the Ultimate Irish-Catholic Family</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-4016-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-4016-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102195103/https://books.google.com/books?id=17F5wKC_rtgC&pg=PT498">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25978-2"><bdi>978-0-520-25978-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Fit+for+Our+Society%3A+Nativism+and+Immigration&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25978-2&rft.aulast=Schrag&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520259782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverinTankard2001" class="citation book cs1">Severin, Werner Joseph; <a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Tankard, Jr.">Tankard, James W.</a> (2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicationthe00wern">Communication Theories</a> (5th revised ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8013-3335-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8013-3335-0"><bdi>0-8013-3335-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Theories&rft.edition=5th+revised&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8013-3335-0&rft.aulast=Severin&rft.aufirst=Werner+Joseph&rft.au=Tankard%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunicationthe00wern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_V._Shannon" title="William V. Shannon">Shannon, William V.</a> (1989) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanirishpo00shan">The American Irish: a political and social portrait</a>. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanirishpo00shan/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-689-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-689-1"><bdi>978-0-87023-689-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19670135">19670135</a>. <q>Ku Klux Klan shrine of the little flower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Irish%3A+a+political+and+social+portrait&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19670135&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-689-1&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=William+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanirishpo00shan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Amanda (2002). 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(March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/2002/2002-mar.pdf">"Catholic Social Reform and the New Deal"</a> (PDF). Annotation. 30 (1). National Historical publications and Records Commission: 7, 8, 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921164238/http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/2002/2002-mar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annotation&rft.atitle=Catholic+Social+Reform+and+the+New+Deal&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%2C+8%2C+19&rft.date=2002-03&rft.aulast=Turrini&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fnhprc%2Fannotation%2F2002%2F2002-mar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1996" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Donald (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiopriestcharl0000warr">Radio Priest: Charles Coughlin The Father of Hate Radio</a>. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82403-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82403-5"><bdi>0-684-82403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Priest%3A+Charles+Coughlin+The+Father+of+Hate+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-684-82403-5&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradiopriestcharl0000warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolnerKurial2003" class="citation book cs1">Woolner, David B.; Kurial, Richard G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrvaticanromanc00wool">FDR, the Vatican, and the Roman Catholic Church in America, 1933–1945</a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrvaticanromanc00wool/page/n293">275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6168-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-6168-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%2C+the+Vatican%2C+and+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+in+America%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6168-6&rft.aulast=Woolner&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Kurial%2C+Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrvaticanromanc00wool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Abzug, Robert E. American Views of the Holocaust, 1933–1945. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999).</li> <li>Athans, Mary Christine. "A New Perspective on Father Charles E. Coughlin". Church History 56:2 (June 1987), pp. 224–235.</li> <li>Athans, Mary Christine. The Coughlin-Fahey Connection: Father Charles E. Coughlin, Father Denis Fahey, C.S. Sp., and Religious Anti-Semitism in the United States, 1938–1954. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-1534-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-1534-0">0-8204-1534-0</a></li> <li>Carpenter, Ronald H. "Father Charles E. Coughlin: Delivery, Style in Discourse, and Opinion Leadership", in American Rhetoric in the New Deal Era, 1932–1945. (Michigan State University Press, 2006), pp. 315–368. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87013-767-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87013-767-0">0-87013-767-0</a></li> <li>Gallagher, Charles. "“Correct and Christian”: American Jesuit Support of Father Charles E. Coughlin's Anti-Semitism, 1935–38." in The Tragic Couple (Brill, 2014) pp. 295-315.</li> <li>General Jewish Council. Father Coughlin: His "Facts" and Arguments. New York: General Jewish Council, 1939.</li> <li>Goodman, David. "Before hate speech: Charles Coughlin, free speech and listeners’ rights." Patterns of Prejudice 49.3 (2015): 199-224. doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1048972</li> <li>Hangen, Tona J. Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion and Popular Culture in America. (U of North Carolina Press. 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2752-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2752-5">0-8078-2752-5</a></li> <li>Kay, Jack, George W. Ziegelmueller, and Kevin M. Minch. "From Coughlin to contemporary talk radio: Fallacies & propaganda in American populist radio." Journal of Radio Studies 5.1 (1998): 9-21. doi.org/10.1080/19376529809384526</li> <li>Ketchaver, Karen G. "Father Charles E. Coughlin-the" Radio Priest" of the 1930s." Theological librarianship 2.2 (2009): 81-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serials.atla.com/theolib/article/download/2686/3408">online</a></li> <li>Mazzenga, Maria. "Condemning the Nazis' Kristallnacht: Father Maurice Sheehy, the National Catholic Welfare Conference, and the Dissent of Father Charles Coughlin." U.S. Catholic Historian 26.4 (2008): 71-87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/16/article/490632/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Age of Roosevelt: The Politics of Upheaval, 1935–1936. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. (Originally published in 1960.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-34087-4">0-618-34087-4</a></li> <li>Smith, Geoffrey S. To Save A Nation: American Counter-Subversives, the New Deal, and the Coming of World War II. New York: Basic Books, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08625-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08625-X">0-465-08625-X</a></li> <li>Wang, Tianyi. "Media, pulpit, and populist persuasion: Evidence from Father Coughlin." American Economic Review 111.9 (2021): 3064–3092. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econ.ku.dk/cebi/publikationer/journals/Father_Coughlin_July11_2021.pdf">online</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Coughlin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Coughlin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Coughlin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Coughlin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Coughlin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Coughlin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Coughlin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Coughlin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Coughlin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221891-1979%22%20AND%20Coughlin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Coughlin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/history/cough.html">"Father Charles E. Coughlin; Social Security History"</a>. ssa.gov. <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a>. Retrieved August 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssa.gov&rft.atitle=Father+Charles+E.+Coughlin%3B+Social+Security+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcough.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Coughlin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssa.gov/history/fcspeech.html">Father Coughlin & The Search For "Social Justice"</a> Text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223070750/http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/hist409/coughlin/coughlin.html">Brief information on Coughlin, including an audio excerpt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?ModuleId=10005516&MediaId=2517">Video of Coughlin attacking Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224203858/http://www.history.com/video.do?name=culture">History Channel Audio File- Father Coughlin denouncing the New Deal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=6060">American Jewish Committees extensive archive on Coughlin; includes contemporary pamphlets and correspondence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/node/6557">Father Charles Coughlin FBI Files</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_P._Reuther_Library" title="Walter P. Reuther Library">Walter P. Reuther Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmIAnAnti-semite">Am I An Anti-Semite? by Charles Coughlin at archive.org</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/Father_Coughlin" class="extiw" title="iarchive:Father Coughlin">Coughlin radio broadcasts at archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003510">Newspaper clippings about Charles Coughlin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/exploring-hate/series/radioactive/">The 8-part podcast series Radioactive: The Father Coughlin Story by Exploring Hate on PBS</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsCGySeSkSY">Official podcast trailer</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&oldid=1275336834">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&oldid=1275336834</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coughlin&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 February 2025, at 12:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز كافلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز كافلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%94%EA%B8%80%EB%A6%B0" title="찰스 코글린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 코글린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ'ארלס קוגלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס קוגלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Coughlin" title="Carolus Coughlin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز كافلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز كافلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edward_Coughlin" title="Charles Edward Coughlin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Edward Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・カフリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・カフリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Кофлин, Чарльз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кофлин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Coughlin" title="Charles E. Coughlin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles E. Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Coughlin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Едвард Коглін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарльз Едвард Коглін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="查尔斯·库格林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·库格林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 12:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66f87db5df-zgrkp","wgBackendResponseTime":284,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.340","walltime":"1.595","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15511,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":341590,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12512,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":364899,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1370.754 1 -total"," 28.54% 391.166 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.28% 168.373 8 Template:Navbox"," 11.33% 155.337 46 Template:Sfn"," 9.61% 131.662 6 Template:Annotated_link"," 8.93% 122.354 32 Template:Cite_news"," 7.95% 109.011 1 Template:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit"," 7.25% 99.438 1 Template:Infobox_Christian_leader"," 6.93% 94.949 24 Template:Cite_book"," 6.84% 93.748 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