CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Litter - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a1f5f7a1-64b8-4418-ba2c-f9c827768e90","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Litter","wgTitle":"Litter","wgCurRevisionId":1239254557,"wgRevisionId":1239254557,"wgArticleId":907007,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Articles needing additional references from February 2021","All articles needing additional references", "Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Litter","Sanitation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Litter","wgRelevantArticleId":907007,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1780867","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/1200px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/800px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/640px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Litter - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Litter rootpage-Litter skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Litter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Litter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Litter" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Litter" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-stage_process_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-stage_process_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Two-stage process model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-stage_process_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Effects on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effects on wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Branded_litter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branded_litter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Branded litter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branded_litter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Solutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Solutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litter_bins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litter_bins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Litter bins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litter_bins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleanup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleanup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cleanup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleanup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litter_traps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litter_traps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Litter traps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litter_traps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_dumping_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_dumping_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Monitoring dumping sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_dumping_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Container_deposit_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Container_deposit_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Container deposit legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Container_deposit_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Fines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-litter_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-litter_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anti-litter campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-litter_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Litter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="مخلفات مختلطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخلفات مختلطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D3%B3%D0%BF-%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Çӳп-çап – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çӳп-çап" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaldshenkastning" title="Affaldshenkastning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Affaldshenkastning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verm%C3%BCllung" title="Vermüllung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vermüllung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandono_de_basura" title="Abandono de basura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abandono de basura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaborra_espazio_publikoetan" title="Zaborra espazio publikoetan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaborra espazio publikoetan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آشغال‌ریزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشغال‌ریزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandon_de_d%C3%A9tritus" title="Abandon de détritus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abandon de détritus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Отпад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отпад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хог хаягдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хог хаягдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwerfafval" title="Zwerfafval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwerfafval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A4%E6%8D%A8%E3%81%A6" title="ポイ捨て – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポイ捨て" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Нехаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нехаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мусор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мусор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbeturinat" title="Mbeturinat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbeturinat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Отпад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отпад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otpad" title="Otpad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otpad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roska" title="Roska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedskr%C3%A4pning" title="Nedskräpning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nedskräpning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalat" title="Kalat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1c" title="Rác – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rác" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1780867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Litter" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Litter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Litter"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Litter" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Litter" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&oldid=1239254557" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Litter&id=1239254557&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLitter"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLitter"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Litter&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Litter" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1780867" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Waste products disposed of incorrectly at an inappropriate location</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Litter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Litter (disambiguation)">Litter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/220px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/330px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg/440px-Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="3625" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Litter in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg/220px-Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg/330px-Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg/440px-Paronamic_-_Littering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Littering in <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey, Mexico</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Litter</b> consists of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste products</a> that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location. The word <i>litter</i> can also be used as a verb: to <b>litter</b> means to drop and leave objects, often man-made, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">aluminum cans</a>, paper cups, food wrappers, <a href="/wiki/Cardboard_box" title="Cardboard box">cardboard boxes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottles</a> on the ground, and leave them there indefinitely or for other people to dispose of as opposed to disposing of them correctly. </p><p>Large and hazardous items of rubbish such as <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">electrical appliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> and large industrial containers are sometimes dumped in isolated locations, such as national forests and other public lands. </p><p>Litter is a type of <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impact on the environment</a> and remains a serious <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental problem</a> in many countries. Litter can exist in the environment for long periods of time before <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> and be transported over large distances into the world's oceans. Litter can affect the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">Cigarette butts</a> are the most littered item in the world, with an estimated 4.5 trillion discarded each year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the required time for cigarette butts to break down vary, ranging from 5 to 400 years for complete degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-Littering_Information_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littering_Information-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:269px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strathfield_Platform_condition(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg/161px-Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg/242px-Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg/322px-Strathfield_Platform_condition%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Platform of <a href="/wiki/Strathfield_railway_station" title="Strathfield railway station">Strathfield station</a> in Sydney, Australia. Rubbish accumulated over months, perhaps years due to unsustained periods of frequent cleaning.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:269px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown,_Maryland_(23_April_2022),_02.31.07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg/263px-Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg/395px-Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg/526px-Trash_left_by_panhandlers_in_Germantown%2C_Maryland_%2823_April_2022%29%2C_02.31.07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3095" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rubbish on a street corner in Germantown, Maryland, left behind by <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">panhandlers</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarapith.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tarapith.JPG/200px-Tarapith.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tarapith.JPG/300px-Tarapith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tarapith.JPG/400px-Tarapith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A small river's valley in India shows extensive littering of plastic and paper. Human waste, illustrated by the urinating man, increase fecal coliform and other bacteria levels in the water.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg/224px-2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg/336px-2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg/448px-2018_02_Templin_DSCF1313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4559" data-file-height="3039" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Littering in nature</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In addition to intentional littering, almost half of litter on U.S. roadways is now accidental or unintentional litter, usually debris that falls off improperly secured trash, recycling collection vehicles and pickup trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population levels, traffic density and proximity to waste disposal sites are factors known to correlate with higher litter rates.<sup id="cite_ref-erplanning.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erplanning.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NE_2010_survey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_2010_survey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illegally dumped <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> may be a response to the costs of dropping materials at designated sites: some of these charge a fee for depositing hazardous material.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of access to nearby facilities that accept hazardous waste may deter use. Additionally, ignorance of the laws that regulate the proper disposal of hazardous waste may cause improper disposal. </p><p>According to a study by the Dutch organization VROM, 80% of people claim that "everybody leaves a piece of paper, tin or something, on the street behind".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young people from 12 to 24 years cause more litter than the average (Dutch or Belgian) person; only 18% of people who regularly cause litter were 50 years of age or older. However, a 2010 survey of littering in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States, placed litterers aged 55 and over at less than 5%. The same observational study estimated that 78% of litterers are male.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2010_survey_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE_2010_survey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Litter organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a> affiliates, <a href="/wiki/Keep_Northern_Ireland_Beautiful" title="Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful">Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful</a>, and the Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association, have focused educational efforts on youth littering.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negligent or lenient law enforcement contributes to littering behavior. Other causes are inconvenience, entitlement and economic conditions. A survey of dumping in Pennsylvania found that the largest number of illegal dumps were in townships without municipal trash hauling.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same report also cites unavailability of curbside trash and recycling service, shortage of enforcement, and habit as possible causes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of litter invites more littering.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-stage_process_model">Two-stage process model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Two-stage process model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two-stage process model of littering behavior describes the different ways in which people litter. The model was proposed by Chris Sibley and James Liu and differentiates between two types of littering: active and passive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory has implications for understanding the different types of litter reduction interventions that will most effectively reduce littering in a given environment. The theory states that, all things being equal, passive littering will be more resistant to change because of two psychological processes: 1. <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_responsibility" title="Diffusion of responsibility">diffusion of responsibility</a> that increases as the latency between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory, and 2. forgetting, which is also more likely to occur at longer delays between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Litter can remain visible for extended periods of time before it eventually <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegrades</a>, with some items made of condensed glass, <a href="/wiki/Expanded_polystyrene_foam" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded polystyrene foam">styrofoam</a> or plastic possibly remaining in the environment for over a million years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 18 percent of litter, usually traveling through <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> systems, ends up in local streams, rivers, and waterways. Uncollected litter can accrete and flow into <a href="/wiki/Streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Streams">streams</a>, local <a href="/wiki/Bays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bays">bays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>. Litter in the ocean either washes up on beaches or collects in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">ocean gyres</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a>. About 80 percent of <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> comes from land-based sources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some litter that is collected can be <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycled</a>; however, degraded litter cannot be recycled and eventually degrades to <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a>, often toxic. The majority of litter that is collected goes to <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Litter can have a detrimental impact on humans and the environment in different ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_humans">Effects on humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg/170px-DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg/255px-DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg/340px-DISCARDED_TIRES_LITTER_THE_SHORELINE_OF_THE_MIDDLE_BRANCH_OF_BALTIMORE_HARBOR_NEAR_WATERVIEW_AVENUE_-_NARA_-_547683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>These car tires were discarded on the Middle Branch of Baltimore Harbor in this photo from 1973. Tire dumping is still a concern today and could be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hazardous materials encapsulated within <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a> and other items of illegally dumped rubbish can <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leach</a> into water sources, <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminate</a> the soil and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollute</a> the air. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires</a> are the most often dumped hazardous waste.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2007 the United States generated 262 million scrap tires.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-eight states have laws that ban whole tires being deposited in landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these discarded tires end up illegally dumped on public lands. Tires can become a breeding ground for insect vectors which can transmit disease to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-tires_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tires-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">Mosquitoes</a>, which breed in stagnant water, can transmit <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Rodents nest in accumulated tires and can transmit diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">Hantavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tires_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tires-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When tires are burned, they can smolder for long periods of time, emitting hundreds of chemical compounds that pollute the air causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally the residue left behind can harm the soil and leach into groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-tires_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tires-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island,_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg/220px-Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg/330px-Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg/440px-Toothbrush_regurgitated_by_albatross_on_Tern_Island%2C_Hawaii_-_20060614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a> from a Hawaiian albatross (either a <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_albatross" title="Black-footed albatross">black-footed albatross</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Laysan_albatross" title="Laysan albatross">Laysan albatross</a>) has several ingested <a href="/wiki/Flotsam,_jetsam,_lagan_and_derelict" title="Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict">flotsam</a> items, including monofilament from fishing nets and a discarded <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">toothbrush</a>. Ingestion of plastic flotsam can be an increasing health risk to <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tern_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Tern Island (Hawaii)">Tern Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual pollution</a> is a major effect of litter. </p><p>Open containers such as paper cups, cardboard food packets, plastic drink bottles and aluminum drinks cans get filled up with rainwater, providing breeding locations for <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>. In addition, a spark or a lightning flash can start a fire if it strikes litter such as a paper bag or cardboard box. </p><p>Litter can be hazardous to health. Debris falling from vehicles is an increasing cause of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">automobile accidents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discarded <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, tires, <a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">sharps waste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> resulting from litter can cause accidental harm to humans. </p><p>Litter also carries substantial cost to the economy. Cleaning up litter in the US costs hundreds of dollars per ton, about ten times more than the cost of trash disposal, with a cost totaling about $11 billion per year.<sup id="cite_ref-erplanning.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erplanning.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_wildlife">Effects on wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Litter" title="Special:EditPage/Litter">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Animals may get trapped or poisoned with litter in their habitats. Cigarette butts and filters are a threat to <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> and have been found in the stomachs of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, who have mistaken them for food. Also, animals can get trapped in the rubbish and be in serious discomfort. For example, the plastic used to hold beverage cans together can get wrapped around animals' necks and cause them to suffocate as they grow. Other instances where animals could be harmed by litter include broken glass lacerating the paws of <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and other small mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organic litter in large amounts can cause <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and lead to <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cigarettes could also start fires if they are not put out and then discarded in the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Litter is an environmental concern in many countries around the world. While countries in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> lack the resources to deal with the issue, consumer-based economies in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a> are capable of generating larger quantities of litter per capita due to a higher consumption of <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">disposable products</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branded_litter">Branded litter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Branded litter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of credible studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> packaging is one of the most common forms of litter, while <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> is the most common brand of litter, despite having messages to dispose of it properly, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_McDonald" title="Ronald McDonald">Ronald McDonald</a> "tidy man" marking.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Keep_Britain_Tidy" title="Keep Britain Tidy">Keep Britain Tidy</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> chocolate wrappers, <a href="/wiki/Walkers_(snack_foods)" title="Walkers (snack foods)">Walkers</a> crisp packets and <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> cans were the three top brands that were the most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solutions">Solutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_littering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/No_littering.svg/170px-No_littering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/No_littering.svg/255px-No_littering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/No_littering.svg/340px-No_littering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>"No littering" sign as used in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg/220px-Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg/330px-Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg/440px-Avfallsp%C3%A5sar_-_Ystad-2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Holder for waste bags at a playground in central <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a> 2020, an initiative of the municipality to stop littering in public places.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litter_bins">Litter bins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Litter bins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">Waste container</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/170px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/255px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/340px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Recycling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_container" title="Waste container">rubbish bin</a> at a German <a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">railway station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Public waste containers or street bins are provided by local authorities to be used as a convenient place for the disposal and collection of litter. Increasingly both general waste and recycling options are provided. Local councils collect the waste and take it for reuse or recycling. However, there are some problems with this approach; if the bins are not emptied regularly, then the bins will overflow and can increase litter indirectly. Some local authorities will only take responsibility for rubbish that is placed in the bins, which means that litter remains a problem. People may blame a lack of well-placed bins for their littering. Hazardous materials may often be incorrectly disposed of in the bins and they can encourage <a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">dumpster diving</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleanup">Cleanup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cleanup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090917-N-1783P-001_Naval_Nuclear_Power_Training_Command_student_volunteers_dispose_of_used_tires_littering_the_waterways_of_Naval_Weapons_Station_Charleston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/US_Navy_090917-N-1783P-001_Naval_Nuclear_Power_Training_Command_student_volunteers_dispose_of_used_tires_littering_the_waterways_of_Naval_Weapons_Station_Charleston.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/US_Navy_090917-N-1783P-001_Naval_Nuclear_Power_Training_Command_student_volunteers_dispose_of_used_tires_littering_the_waterways_of_Naval_Weapons_Station_Charleston.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/US_Navy_090917-N-1783P-001_Naval_Nuclear_Power_Training_Command_student_volunteers_dispose_of_used_tires_littering_the_waterways_of_Naval_Weapons_Station_Charleston.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Navy sailors remove and dispose of used tires littering the waterways of a naval base in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Volunteers, sometimes alone or coordinated through organizations, pick up litter and dispose of it. <a href="/wiki/Clean_up_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean up events">Clean up events</a> may be organized in which participants will sometimes comb an area in a line to ensure that no litter is missed. Organizations may promote litter cleanup events and may also have separate media campaigns to prevent littering. </p><p>In North America, <a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Adopt a Highway">Adopt a Highway</a> programs are popular, in which companies and organizations commit to cleaning stretches of road. <a href="/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a> has held litter cleanups called the Great America Cleanup since 1998 in over 20,000 communities nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earth Day cleanups have been held globally since 1970. In 2019, Earth Day Network partnered with <a href="/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Cleanup_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cleanup Day">National Cleanup Day</a> for the inaugural nationwide Earth Day CleanUp. Cleanups were held in all 50 States, 5 US Territories, 5,300 sites and had more than 500,000 volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial properties such as retail, office and industrial have litter picking maintenance programs. This service may be provided by property owners or contracted to various service providers by property management companies acting on owner's behalf. Litter picking is performed on foot using simple hand tools. A worker will walk the sidewalks, parking lot and landscape and sweep up litter material into a litter collection tool. Contents are emptied into a waste bin on job site. </p><p>In Kiwayu, a Kenyan island, some of the collected litter (flip-flops) is used to make art, which is then sold.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litter_traps">Litter traps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Litter traps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litter_trap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/220px-Litter_trap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/330px-Litter_trap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/440px-Litter_trap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Parks_Victoria" title="Parks Victoria">Parks Victoria</a> litter trap on the river to catch floating rubbish on the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Birrarung_Marr" class="mw-redirect" title="Birrarung Marr">Birrarung Marr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Litter traps can be used to capture litter as it exits stormwater drains into waterways. However, litter traps are only effective for large or floating items of litter and must be maintained. A recent watershed litter survey showed a difference in the composition of street litter and stormwater litter.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_dumping_sites">Monitoring dumping sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Monitoring dumping sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasingly, there have been efforts to use technology to monitor areas prone to dumping. In Japan, a study used <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information System">Geographic Information Systems</a> (GIS) to map areas of dumping based on site characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study used satellite images to detect possible illegal dumping sites.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Container_deposit_legislation">Container deposit legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Container deposit legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container deposit legislation</a> can be aimed at both reducing littering and also encouraging picking up through local recycling programs that offer incentives, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">aluminium cans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">glass bottles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic bottles</a>. In New York, an expanded bottle bill that included plastic water bottles increased recycling rates and generated 120 million dollars in revenue to the state General Fund from unclaimed deposits in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">container-deposit legislation</a> has been introduced on cans and plastic bottles. Parts of Belgium are also considering adopting such legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People can thus collect <a href="/wiki/Container_deposit_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Container deposit legislation">refund value money</a> from this type of waste. The result of this is that in Germany, hardly any cans or plastic bottles can still be found along the road. In the Netherlands, the amount of litter has dropped considerably since the new law was implemented, and 95% of the plastic bottles are now recycled. According to Chris Snick, the revenue that can be obtained from waste picking can be financially profitable in countries where container deposit legislation has been introduced: in 1 hour he managed to pick up 108 cans and 31 plastic bottles, earning him 13.90 euro (€0.10 per can/plastic bottle).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, in countries where only the value of the aluminum for example would be refunded, 139 cans would yield only 1.72 euro (0.0124 euro per can; assuming there is 15 grams of aluminum in a can, and with scrap aluminum valued at 0.8267 euro/kg<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fines">Fines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg/170px-No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg/255px-No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg/340px-No_littering_sign_in_Cape_Cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>No littering sign at a highway in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, Massachusetts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some countries and local authorities have introduced legislation to address the problem. </p><p>Actions resulting in fines can include on-the-spot fines for individuals administered by authorised officers in public or on public transport or littering from a vehicle, in which the vehicle owner is fined - reported by either responsible officer or third party, sometimes online.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific legislation exists in the following countries: </p> <ul><li>United States - punishable by a minimum fine of $200 and a maximum fine of $1,000 or even more in some states for a first offence, community service, or both, as set out by state statutes and city ordinances. All 50 states have anti-litter laws, with various fines, community service, and/or imprisonment as possible punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Kingdom - Leaving litter is an offence under the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Act_1990" title="Environmental Protection Act 1990">Environmental Protection Act 1990</a>. This was extended by the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Neighbourhoods_and_Environment_Act_2005" title="Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005">Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005</a> under section 18. It carries a maximum penalty of £2500 upon conviction. However, many local authorities issue fixed penalty notices under section 88 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Often incorrectly known as "on the spot fines", they do not have to be issued on the spot. Nor are they a fine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If an alleged offender does not want to pay a fixed penalty notice, they can have the case heard in the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates Court</a>.</li> <li>Australia - no national legislation, although state based environmental protection authorities have laws and fines to discourage littering.</li> <li>The Netherlands - Dutch police and local supervisors (known as <i>buitengewoon opsporingsambtenaar</i>, or BOA) fine citizens for throwing away cans, bottles or wrappers on the street.</li> <li>Switzerland - dumping refuse and household waste inappropriately or illegally incurs a heavy fine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-litter_campaigns">Anti-litter campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-litter campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_tidyman.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/International_tidyman.svg/170px-International_tidyman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/International_tidyman.svg/255px-International_tidyman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/International_tidyman.svg/340px-International_tidyman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>The International Tidy Man<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many groups exist with the aim of raising awareness and run campaigns including clean up events. </p><p>In the United States there are a number of organizations running anti-litter campaigns. <a href="/wiki/Keep_America_Beautiful" title="Keep America Beautiful">Keep America Beautiful</a> was founded in 1953, and promulgated the word <i>litterbug</i>, coined by its partner the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Council" title="Ad Council">Ad Council</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 38 states have high profile, government-recognized slogan campaigns, including <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Mess_with_Texas" title="Don't Mess with Texas">Don't Mess with Texas</a>; Let's Pick It Up New York; Don't Trash California; Take Pride in Florida; Keep Iowa Beautiful. </p><p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Clean_Up_Australia" title="Clean Up Australia">Clean Up Australia</a> Day is supported by many major Australian companies, firms and volunteers alike. Anti-litter organizations include "<a href="/wiki/Keep_Australia_Beautiful" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep Australia Beautiful">Keep Australia Beautiful</a>", founded in 1963. It created the popular "Do the Right Thing" campaign and its Tidy Towns competition became well known being a very competitive expression of civic pride. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keep_Britain_Tidy" title="Keep Britain Tidy">Keep Britain Tidy</a> is a British campaign run by the Keep Britain Tidy environmental charity, which is part funded by the UK government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout human history, people have disposed of unwanted materials onto streets, roadsides, in small local dumps or often in remote locations. Prior to reforms within cities in the mid-to-late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> was not a government priority. The growing piles of waste led to the spread of disease. </p><p>Anti-littering legislation seems to have existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, as is evidenced by a road marker discovered on the island of <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, bearing the inscription <i>"whoever drops their litter on the street owes 51 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmae</a> to whoever wishes to claim them"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address the growing amount of waste generated in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> of 1965 was enacted. In 1976 the Federal government amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, creating the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (RCRA), which requires a "cradle to grave"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approach to the proper handling of potentially hazardous materials. RCRA gives authority to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) to regulate and enforce proper hazardous waste disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries now have laws that require that <a href="/wiki/Household_hazardous_waste" title="Household hazardous waste">household hazardous waste</a> be deposited in a special location rather than sent to landfills with regular refuse. Household hazardous waste includes <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulbs">light bulbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lights">fluorescent lights</a>, spray cans, <a href="/wiki/Disposable_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable batteries">disposable batteries</a>, and yard products such as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insecticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticides">insecticides</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Medical_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical waste">medical waste</a> generated at home is considered a hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science#Plastics_and_pollution" title="Citizen science">Citizen Science</a>, citizen cleanup projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning" title="Cleaning">Cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_in_Australia" title="Litter in Australia">Litter in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_in_the_Netherlands" title="Litter in the Netherlands">Litter in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_in_New_Zealand" title="Litter in New Zealand">Litter in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Litter in the United Kingdom">Litter in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_in_the_United_States" title="Litter in the United States">Litter in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting" title="Spitting">Spitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpoGomi" title="SpoGomi">SpoGomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwaway_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Throwaway society">Throwaway society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Cleanup_Day" title="World Cleanup Day">World Cleanup Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Novotny, T.E. & Zhao, F. (1999). Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 8, 75-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Littering_Information-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Littering_Information_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006152103/http://www.blacktown.nsw.gov.au/environment/issues/littering/littering-information.cfm">"Littering Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacktown.nsw.gov.au/environment/issues/littering/littering-information.cfm">the original</a> on October 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Littering+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacktown.nsw.gov.au%2Fenvironment%2Fissues%2Flittering%2Flittering-information.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512023845/https://naturschutzbund.at/umweltthemen/articles/zigaretten.html">"Umweltthemen Zigaretten"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naturschutzbund.at/umweltthemen/articles/zigaretten.html">the original</a> on 2016-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umweltthemen+Zigaretten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaturschutzbund.at%2Fumweltthemen%2Farticles%2Fzigaretten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreve" class="citation web cs1">Greve, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805042727/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/244/story/25267.html">"Mcclathydc.com"</a>. Mcclatchydc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/244/story/25267.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mcclathydc.com&rft.pub=Mcclatchydc.com&rft.aulast=Greve&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F244%2Fstory%2F25267.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erplanning.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erplanning.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erplanning.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erplanning.com/uploads/National_Geographic_Article.pdf">"Erplanning.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924165814/http://erplanning.com/uploads/National_Geographic_Article.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erplanning.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferplanning.com%2Fuploads%2FNational_Geographic_Article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131456/http://www.njclean.org/New-Jersey-Litter-Report.pdf">"NJClean.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njclean.org/New-Jersey-Litter-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NJClean.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njclean.org%2FNew-Jersey-Litter-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3175688">"Debris Wreaks Havoc on the Road - ABC News"</a>. Abcnews.go.com. 2007-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192701/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3175688">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debris+Wreaks+Havoc+on+the+Road+-+ABC+News&rft.pub=Abcnews.go.com&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3175688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh2007" class="citation web cs1">Leigh, Patricia (2007-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E2D81431F932A25756C0A9619C8B63">"Highway Debris, Long an Eyesore, Grows as Hazard - NYTimes.com"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111082229/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E2D81431F932A25756C0A9619C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Highway+Debris%2C+Long+an+Eyesore%2C+Grows+as+Hazard+-+NYTimes.com&rft.date=2007-05-11&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D01E2D81431F932A25756C0A9619C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE_2010_survey-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2010_survey_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2010_survey_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216131748/http://njclean.org/DOCUMENTS/2010-Northeast-Litter-Survey-Final-Report.pdf">"Northeast 2010 Litter Survey, Retrieved 2012.05.16"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>njclean.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://njclean.org/DOCUMENTS/2010-Northeast-Litter-Survey-Final-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=njclean.org&rft.atitle=Northeast+2010+Litter+Survey%2C+Retrieved+2012.05.16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnjclean.org%2FDOCUMENTS%2F2010-Northeast-Litter-Survey-Final-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/region5/waste/illegal_dumping/downloads/il-dmpng.pdf">"Illegal Dumping Prevention Guidebook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 29 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427141748/http://www.epa.gov/region5/waste/illegal_dumping/downloads/il-dmpng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illegal+Dumping+Prevention+Guidebook&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fregion5%2Fwaste%2Fillegal_dumping%2Fdownloads%2Fil-dmpng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2010/december/20/costarica10122006.htm">"Volunteers Pick Up Litter in Sabana Park"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113232115/http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2010/december/20/costarica10122006.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volunteers+Pick+Up+Litter+in+Sabana+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidecostarica.com%2Fdailynews%2F2010%2Fdecember%2F20%2Fcostarica10122006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marincounty.org/-/media/files/departments/pw/mcstoppp/annual-report/2010_2011-annual-report/basmaa_litter_3-15-11.pdf">"BASMAA Five-Year Regional Strategic Outreach Plan: Litter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association. March 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309065757/https://www.marincounty.org/-/media/files/departments/pw/mcstoppp/annual-report/2010_2011-annual-report/basmaa_litter_3-15-11.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BASMAA+Five-Year+Regional+Strategic+Outreach+Plan%3A+Litter&rft.pub=Bay+Area+Stormwater+Management+Agencies+Association&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marincounty.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fdepartments%2Fpw%2Fmcstoppp%2Fannual-report%2F2010_2011-annual-report%2Fbasmaa_litter_3-15-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/clean-up-your-act-and-bin-the-litter-say-stars-28346252.html">"Clean up your act and bin the litter, say stars"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. July 5, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221216164928/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/clean-up-your-act-and-bin-the-litter-say-stars-28346252.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clean+up+your+act+and+bin+the+litter%2C+say+stars&rft.pub=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fimported%2Fclean-up-your-act-and-bin-the-litter-say-stars-28346252.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/preliminary-investigations/pi-0248-a11y.pdf">"Measuring the Effectiveness of a Stormwater Public Education Campaign: Survey of Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California Department of Transportation. December 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320081427/https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/preliminary-investigations/pi-0248-a11y.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Effectiveness+of+a+Stormwater+Public+Education+Campaign%3A+Survey+of+Practice&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdot.ca.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fdot-media%2Fprograms%2Fresearch-innovation-system-information%2Fdocuments%2Fpreliminary-investigations%2Fpi-0248-a11y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223349/http://www.ydr.com/ci_15429915">"The York Daily Record"</a>. <i>The York Daily Record</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydr.com/ci_15429915">the original</a> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+York+Daily+Record&rft.atitle=The+York+Daily+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ydr.com%2Fci_15429915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427005301/http://www.keeppabeautiful.org/Portals/0/PDFs/IDS/MASTER_yorkIDS.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'PA CleanWays - Keep Pennsylvania Beautiful: Illegal Dump Survey Final Report York County 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>keeppabeautiful.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keeppabeautiful.org/Portals/0/PDFs/IDS/MASTER_yorkIDS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keeppabeautiful.org&rft.atitle=%27PA+CleanWays+-+Keep+Pennsylvania+Beautiful%3A+Illegal+Dump+Survey+Final+Report+York+County+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keeppabeautiful.org%2FPortals%2F0%2FPDFs%2FIDS%2FMASTER_yorkIDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurVollaard" class="citation web cs1">Dur, Robert; Vollaard, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729211917/http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/12061.pdf">"The Power of a Bad Example – A Field Experiment in Household Garbage Disposal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinbergen.nl/discussionpapers/12061.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jul 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+a+Bad+Example+%E2%80%93+A+Field+Experiment+in+Household+Garbage+Disposal&rft.aulast=Dur&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Vollaard%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tinbergen.nl%2Fdiscussionpapers%2F12061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sibley, C.G., & Liu, J.H. (2003). Differentiating active and passive littering: A two-stage process model of littering behavior in public spaces. <i>Environment and Behavior</i>, 35, 415–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428050343/http://www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/solwaste/rethinkrecyc/K-3/RRK-308.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/solwaste/rethinkrecyc/K-3/RRK-308.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deq.state.or.us%2Fwmc%2Fsolwaste%2Frethinkrecyc%2FK-3%2FRRK-308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1998" class="citation web cs1">Brody, Jeremy (10 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814105440/http://www.blm.gov/education/lnt/background/packing.htm">"Teaching Leave No Trace. (Editorial)"</a>. <i>blm.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/education/lnt/background/packing.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blm.gov&rft.atitle=Teaching+Leave+No+Trace.+%28Editorial%29&rft.date=1998-01-10&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blm.gov%2Feducation%2Flnt%2Fbackground%2Fpacking.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Macfarlane,_for_CNN" class="citation news cs1">Christina Macfarlane, for CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/11/04/littering.golf.balls/">"CNN.com"</a>. CNN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026212333/http://www.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/11/04/littering.golf.balls/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN.com&rft.au=Christina+Macfarlane%2C+for+CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSPORT%2F11%2F04%2Flittering.golf.balls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faris, J. and Hart, K., Seas of Debris: A Summary of the Third International Conference on Marine Debris, N.C. Sea Grant College Program and NOAA, 1994, title page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708232522/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/tires/">"Waste Tires - Waste 2 Resources Program - Washington State Department of Ecology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/tires/">the original</a> on July 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Tires+-+Waste+2+Resources+Program+-+Washington+State+Department+of+Ecology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fswfa%2Ftires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/basic.htm">"Basic information/scrap tires retrieved 05/15/2012"</a>. <i>epa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143723/http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/basic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=Basic+information%2Fscrap+tires+retrieved+05%2F15%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwastes%2Fconserve%2Fmaterials%2Ftires%2Fbasic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tires-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tires_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tires_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tires_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/health.htm">"Health and Environmental Concerns /Tires retrieved 05/15/2012"</a>. <i>epa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143724/http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/health.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=Health+and+Environmental+Concerns+%2FTires+retrieved+05%2F15%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwastes%2Fconserve%2Fmaterials%2Ftires%2Fhealth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3175688">"ABCnews.go.com"</a>. ABCnews.go.com. 2007-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192701/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3175688">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABCnews.go.com&rft.pub=ABCnews.go.com&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3175688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsobserver.com/100/v-print/story/900146.html">Newsobserver.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805190449/http://www.newsobserver.com/100/v-print/story/900146.html">Archived</a> August 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/resident/environment/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Littering.pdf">Litter management - Townsville City Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110328031044/http://www.townsville.qld.gov.au/resident/environment/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Littering.pdf">Archived</a> March 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcowen" class="citation web cs1">cowen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesatellite.com.au/news/study-reveals-mcdonalds-to-be-pick-of-the-litter/1768498/">"Study reveals McDonalds to be pick of the litter"</a>. thesatellite.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303184453/http://www.thesatellite.com.au/news/study-reveals-mcdonalds-to-be-pick-of-the-litter/1768498/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+reveals+McDonalds+to+be+pick+of+the+litter&rft.pub=thesatellite.com.au&rft.au=cowen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesatellite.com.au%2Fnews%2Fstudy-reveals-mcdonalds-to-be-pick-of-the-litter%2F1768498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409213047/http://kab.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/KAB-National-Branded-Litter-Study-11-12.pdf">"McGregorTan Research, Keep Australia Beautiful National Branded Litter Study Annual Results 2011/12, Retrieved 16 January 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kab.org.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kab.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/KAB-National-Branded-Litter-Study-11-12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kab.org.au&rft.atitle=McGregorTan+Research%2C+Keep+Australia+Beautiful+National+Branded+Litter+Study+Annual+Results+2011%2F12%2C+Retrieved+16+January+2016.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkab.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FKAB-National-Branded-Litter-Study-11-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/coke-cadbury-and-walkers-most-dumped-brands-1-2852571">"Coke, Cadbury and Walkers 'most dumped' brands"</a>. <i>Scotsman</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123841/https://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/coke-cadbury-and-walkers-most-dumped-brands-1-2852571">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scotsman&rft.atitle=Coke%2C+Cadbury+and+Walkers+%27most+dumped%27+brands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fcoke-cadbury-and-walkers-most-dumped-brands-1-2852571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050745/https://www.kab.org/great-american-cleanup/about-great-american-cleanup">"About the Great American Cleanup"</a>. <i>www.kab.org</i>. 2016-01-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kab.org/great-american-cleanup/about-great-american-cleanup">the original</a> on 2019-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kab.org&rft.atitle=About+the+Great+American+Cleanup&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kab.org%2Fgreat-american-cleanup%2Fabout-great-american-cleanup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthday.org/2019/04/26/500000-volunteers-take-part-in-earth-day-2019-cleanup/">"Earth Day 2019 CleanUp"</a>. 26 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828221804/https://www.earthday.org/2019/04/26/500000-volunteers-take-part-in-earth-day-2019-cleanup/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+Day+2019+CleanUp&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthday.org%2F2019%2F04%2F26%2F500000-volunteers-take-part-in-earth-day-2019-cleanup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snewsnet.com/press-release/earth-day-network-launches-great-global-clean-up-2019">"Earth Day Network Launches Great Global Clean Up"</a>. 4 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223154822/https://www.snewsnet.com/press-release/earth-day-network-launches-great-global-clean-up-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth+Day+Network+Launches+Great+Global+Clean+Up&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snewsnet.com%2Fpress-release%2Fearth-day-network-launches-great-global-clean-up-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theffrc.com/">"theffrc.com"</a>. <i>www.theffrc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323160054/http://theffrc.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theffrc.com&rft.atitle=theffrc.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theffrc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929005610/http://www.swahili-imports.com/home/si3/page_5146/uniqueco__the_flip_flop_project.html">"UniquEco: The Flip Flop Project | Artisans"</a>. Swahili-imports.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swahili-imports.com/home/si3/page_5146/uniqueco__the_flip_flop_project.html">the original</a> on 2012-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UniquEco%3A+The+Flip+Flop+Project+%26%23124%3B+Artisans&rft.pub=Swahili-imports.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swahili-imports.com%2Fhome%2Fsi3%2Fpage_5146%2Funiqueco__the_flip_flop_project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108143240/http://www.erplanning.com/uploads/2015_Anacostia_Watershed_Litter_Survey_-_Final_Report.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erplanning.com/uploads/2015_Anacostia_Watershed_Litter_Survey_-_Final_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erplanning.com%2Fuploads%2F2015_Anacostia_Watershed_Litter_Survey_-_Final_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasakiKawahataOsakoMatsui2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tasaki, T; Kawahata, T; Osako, M; Matsui, Y; Takagishi, S; Morita, A; Akishima, S (2007). "A GIS-based zoning of illegal dumping potential for efficient surveillance". <i>Waste Management</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 256–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007WaMan..27..256T">2007WaMan..27..256T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2006.01.018">10.1016/j.wasman.2006.01.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16531036">16531036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management&rft.atitle=A+GIS-based+zoning+of+illegal+dumping+potential+for+efficient+surveillance&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-67&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16531036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2006.01.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007WaMan..27..256T&rft.aulast=Tasaki&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kawahata%2C+T&rft.au=Osako%2C+M&rft.au=Matsui%2C+Y&rft.au=Takagishi%2C+S&rft.au=Morita%2C+A&rft.au=Akishima%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosakoMiyazakiInoueTasaki2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kosako, A; Miyazaki, S; Inoue, U; Tasaki, T; Osako, M; Tamura, M (2009). "Detection of Illegal Dumping Sites by Using Vegetation Index and Land Surface Feature from High Resolution Satellite Images". <i>Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 497–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11440%2Frssj.29.497">10.11440/rssj.29.497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Remote+Sensing+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Illegal+Dumping+Sites+by+Using+Vegetation+Index+and+Land+Surface+Feature+from+High+Resolution+Satellite+Images&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=497-514&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11440%2Frssj.29.497&rft.aulast=Kosako&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Miyazaki%2C+S&rft.au=Inoue%2C+U&rft.au=Tasaki%2C+T&rft.au=Osako%2C+M&rft.au=Tamura%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bottlebill.org/news/articles/2010/NY-11-3-NYsBBBringsIn.htm">"Bottle Bills in the News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111223344/http://www.bottlebill.org/news/articles/2010/NY-11-3-NYsBBBringsIn.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bottle+Bills+in+the+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bottlebill.org%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2010%2FNY-11-3-NYsBBBringsIn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20140819_01222742">"Wallonië wil statiegeld op blik invoeren"</a>. <i>De Standaard</i>. 19 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133734/http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20140819_01222742">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=Walloni%C3%AB+wil+statiegeld+op+blik+invoeren&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2Fcnt%2Fdmf20140819_01222742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Het Nieuwsblad, 23 august 2014; "13.90 euro voor wat gedeulte blikjes, geen slecht uurloon"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recraigslist.com/2013/10/how-to-make-money-selling-scrap-metal/">"How To Make Money Selling Scrap Metal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404204959/http://recraigslist.com/2013/10/how-to-make-money-selling-scrap-metal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Make+Money+Selling+Scrap+Metal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecraigslist.com%2F2013%2F10%2Fhow-to-make-money-selling-scrap-metal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/waste/littering.html">"Littering"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922045142/http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/waste/littering.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Littering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehp.qld.gov.au%2Fwaste%2Flittering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317114509/http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/litter/if_you_have_been_reported.asp">"If you've been reported - EPA Victoria"</a>. Epa.vic.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/litter/if_you_have_been_reported.asp">the original</a> on 2012-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+you%27ve+been+reported+-+EPA+Victoria&rft.pub=Epa.vic.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.vic.gov.au%2Flitter%2Fif_you_have_been_reported.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegislatures" class="citation web cs1">Legislatures, National Conference of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517110059/http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/env-res/states-with-littering-penalties.aspx">"States with Littering Penalties"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/env-res/states-with-littering-penalties.aspx">the original</a> on 2013-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=States+with+Littering+Penalties&rft.aulast=Legislatures&rft.aufirst=National+Conference+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fissues-research%2Fenv-res%2Fstates-with-littering-penalties.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1964to1979/filmpage_tidy.htm">"Public Information Films : 1964 to 1979 : Film index : Keep Britain Tidy"</a>. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116073513/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1964to1979/filmpage_tidy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Information+Films+%3A+1964+to+1979+%3A+Film+index+%3A+Keep+Britain+Tidy&rft.pub=Nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Ffilms%2F1964to1979%2Ffilmpage_tidy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084003/http://www.adcouncil.org/default.aspx?id=132">"Ad Council : Pollution: Keep America Beautiful - Iron Eyes Cody (1961-1983)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adcouncil.org/default.aspx?id=132">the original</a> on 2008-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ad+Council+%3A+Pollution%3A+Keep+America+Beautiful+-+Iron+Eyes+Cody+%281961-1983%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adcouncil.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/anthology/inscriptions/page_086.html">"73. Στήλη λευκού Παριακού μαρμάρου ελλιπής κάτω"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091607/http://www.greek-language.gr/digitalResources/ancient_greek/anthology/inscriptions/page_086.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=73.+%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B7+%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-language.gr%2FdigitalResources%2Fancient_greek%2Fanthology%2Finscriptions%2Fpage_086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/inforesources/pubs/orientat/rom2.pdf">"RCRA Orientation Manual: Managing Nonhazardous Solid Waste Retrieved 2012-05-15"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>epa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617215239/http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/inforesources/pubs/orientat/rom2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=RCRA+Orientation+Manual%3A+Managing+Nonhazardous+Solid+Waste+Retrieved+2012-05-15.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fepawaste%2Finforesources%2Fpubs%2Forientat%2From2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/rcra.html">"Resource Conservation and Recovery Act"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129121042/http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/rcra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resource+Conservation+and+Recovery+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flawsregs%2Flaws%2Frcra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALitter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Litter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Litter">Litter</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077671">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531558005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10664121">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litter&oldid=1239254557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litter&oldid=1239254557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Litter" title="Category:Litter">Litter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanitation" title="Category:Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2021">Articles needing additional references from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 August 2024, at 06:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litter&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-v4897","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.731","walltime":"0.989","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3568,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":157580,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2363,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":195265,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 769.722 1 -total"," 40.67% 313.019 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.20% 232.462 41 Template:Cite_web"," 17.16% 132.091 1 Template:Pollution_sidebar"," 16.92% 130.228 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.78% 82.949 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.00% 46.185 1 Template:Waste"," 5.71% 43.922 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.42% 41.690 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.15% 39.602 2 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.420","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7234455,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6fgbm","timestamp":"20241122140855","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Litter","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Litter","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1780867","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1780867","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-17T14:36:59Z","dateModified":"2024-08-08T06:41:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Littering_in_Stockholm.jpg","headline":"waste products that have been disposed improperly, without consent, at an inappropriate location"}</script> </body> </html>