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id="toc-Physical_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physical discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Discharge tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_discharge_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_discharge_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early discharge lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_discharge_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neon_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neon_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Neon lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neon_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization_of_fluorescent_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization_of_fluorescent_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Commercialization of fluorescent lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization_of_fluorescent_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principles of operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles_of_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles of operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ballasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Effect of temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Losses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Starting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Preheating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instant_start" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instant_start"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Instant start</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instant_start-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_start" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_start"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Rapid start</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_start-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quick-start" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quick-start"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Quick-start</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quick-start-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-resonant_start" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-resonant_start"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>Semi-resonant start</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-resonant_start-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_ballasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_ballasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Electronic ballasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_ballasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>End of life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphors_and_the_spectrum_of_emitted_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphors_and_the_spectrum_of_emitted_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phosphors_and_the_spectrum_of_emitted_light-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phosphors_and_the_spectrum_of_emitted_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Color temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_rendering_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_rendering_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Color rendering index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_rendering_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphor_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphor_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phosphor composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphor_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_incandescent_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_incandescent_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison to incandescent lamps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_to_incandescent_lamps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison to incandescent lamps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_incandescent_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Luminous_efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luminous_efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Luminous efficacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luminous_efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_luminance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_luminance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lower luminance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_luminance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lower heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frequent_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequent_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Frequent switching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequent_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mercury content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_emission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_emission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ultraviolet emission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_emission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ballast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_quality_and_radio_interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_quality_and_radio_interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Power quality and radio interference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_quality_and_radio_interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Operating temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamp_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamp_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Lamp shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamp_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flicker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flicker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Flicker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flicker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Dimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lamp_sizes_and_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamp_sizes_and_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lamp sizes and designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamp_sizes_and_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdriving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdriving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Overdriving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdriving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fluorescent_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fluorescent_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other fluorescent lamps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_fluorescent_lamps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other fluorescent lamps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_fluorescent_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Black light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanning_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanning_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Tanning lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanning_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UVB_medical_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UVB_medical_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>UVB medical lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UVB_medical_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grow_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grow_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Grow lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grow_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Infrared lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilirubin_lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilirubin_lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Bilirubin lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilirubin_lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germicidal_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germicidal_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Germicidal lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germicidal_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrodeless_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrodeless_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Electrodeless lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrodeless_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Science demonstrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluorescent lamp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مصباح فلوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح فلوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluminaria_fluorescente" title="Lluminaria fluorescente – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluminaria fluorescente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ফ্লুরোসেন্ট বাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্লুরোসেন্ট বাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-kong-teng" title="Ji̍t-kong-teng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-kong-teng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Люмінесцэнтная лямпа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люмінесцэнтная лямпа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Люмінэсцэнтная лямпа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люмінэсцэнтная лямпа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Луминесцентна лампа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луминесцентна лампа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentna_lampa" title="Fluorescentna lampa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fluorescentna lampa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llum_fluorescent" title="Llum fluorescent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llum fluorescent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1%C5%99ivka" title="Zářivka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zářivka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysstofr%C3%B8r" title="Lysstofrør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysstofrør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بولا فلورية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بولا فلورية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchtstofflampe" title="Leuchtstofflampe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leuchtstofflampe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminofoorlamp" title="Luminofoorlamp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luminofoorlamp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Λαμπτήρας φθορισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαμπτήρας φθορισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminaria_fluorescente" title="Luminaria fluorescente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luminaria fluorescente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoreska_lampo" title="Fluoreska lampo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fluoreska lampo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanpara_fluoreszente" title="Lanpara fluoreszente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lanpara fluoreszente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="لامپ فلورسنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لامپ فلورسنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_fluorescent" title="Tube fluorescent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tube fluorescent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_fluaraiseach" title="Lampa fluaraiseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lampa fluaraiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mpada_fluorescente" title="Lámpada fluorescente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lámpada fluorescente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%95%EA%B4%91%EB%93%B1" title="형광등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="형광등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA" title="Լյումինեսցենտային լամպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյումինեսցենտային լամպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="प्रदीप्त बत्ती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रदीप्त बत्ती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentna_cijev" title="Fluorescentna cijev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fluorescentna cijev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoresko-lampo" title="Fluoresko-lampo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fluoresko-lampo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pendar" title="Lampu pendar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lampu pendar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BArlj%C3%B3s" title="Flúrljós – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flúrljós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampada_fluorescente" title="Lampada fluorescente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampada fluorescente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נורה פלואורסצנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורה פלואורסצנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA" title="ಪ್ರತಿದೀಪಕ ದೀಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರತಿದೀಪಕ ದೀಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Люминесцентті шам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Люминесцентті шам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limy%C3%A8_flyoresan" title="Limyè flyoresan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Limyè flyoresan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Люминесценция лампасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Люминесценция лампасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_fluorescens" title="Lumen fluorescens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lumen fluorescens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiscences_spuldze" title="Luminiscences spuldze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luminiscences spuldze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescencin%C4%97_lemput%C4%97" title="Fluorescencinė lemputė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fluorescencinė lemputė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nycs%C5%91" title="Fénycső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénycső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്ലൂറസന്റ് വിളക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്ലൂറസന്റ് വിളക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_pendarfluor" title="Lampu pendarfluor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lampu pendarfluor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-gu%C5%8Fng-d%C4%95ng" title="Nĭk-guŏng-dĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-guŏng-dĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentielamp" title="Fluorescentielamp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fluorescentielamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl-buize" title="Tl-buize – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tl-buize" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8D%E5%85%89%E7%81%AF" title="蛍光灯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蛍光灯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysr%C3%B8r" title="Lysrør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysrør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysr%C3%B8yr" title="Lysrøyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lysrøyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuminessent_lampa" title="Lyuminessent lampa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyuminessent lampa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA" title="ਫਲੋਰੀਸੈਂਟ ਲੈਂਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਲੋਰੀਸੈਂਟ ਲੈਂਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awietl%C3%B3wka" title="Świetlówka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świetlówka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_fluorescente" title="Lâmpada fluorescente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lâmpada fluorescente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp%C4%83_fluorescent%C4%83" title="Lampă fluorescentă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lampă fluorescentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Люминесцентная лампа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люминесцентная лампа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamba_fluoreshente" title="Llamba fluoreshente – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Llamba fluoreshente" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1" title="පියරැසි පහන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පියරැසි පහන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fluorescent lamp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiarivka" title="Žiarivka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žiarivka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentna_sijalka" title="Fluorescentna sijalka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fluorescentna sijalka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گڵۆپی شیری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گڵۆپی شیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Флуоресцентна сијалица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Флуоресцентна сијалица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescentna_svjetiljka" title="Fluorescentna svjetiljka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fluorescentna svjetiljka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_n%C3%A9on" title="Lampu néon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lampu néon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loistelamppu" title="Loistelamppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Loistelamppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysr%C3%B6r" title="Lysrör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lysrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fluorescent lamp" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="உடனொளிர்வு விளக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உடனொளிர்வு விளக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="ట్యూబ్‌లైట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ట్యూబ్‌లైట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="หลอดฟลูออเรสเซนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดฟลูออเรสเซนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟ್ಯೂಬುಲೈಟ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟ್ಯೂಬುಲೈಟ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floresan_lamba" title="Floresan lamba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Floresan lamba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Люмінесцентна лампа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люмінесцентна лампа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9" title="ٹیوب لائٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیوب لائٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_hu%E1%BB%B3nh_quang" title="Đèn huỳnh quang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn huỳnh quang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_nga_suga" title="Fluorescent nga suga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fluorescent nga suga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E7%81%AF" title="荧光灯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="荧光灯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="פלוארעסצירנדיק לעמפל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלוארעסצירנדיק לעמפל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%AE%A1" title="光管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89%E7%87%88" title="螢光燈 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lights&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lights">Fluorescent lights</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lamp using fluorescence to produce light</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tubelight" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tubelight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tubelight (disambiguation)">Tubelight (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Lamp sizes and designations, see <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent-lamp_formats" title="Fluorescent-lamp formats">Fluorescent-lamp formats</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg/220px-Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg/330px-Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg/440px-Fluorescent_lamps_artistic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Linear fluorescent lamps illuminating a pedestrian tunnel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/220px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/330px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg/440px-Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Top: two non-integrated <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamps</a>. Bottom: two fluorescent tube lamps. Both types require a ballast in the <a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">light fixture</a>. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg/220px-Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg/330px-Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg/440px-Compact_fluorescent_straight_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg/220px-Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg/330px-Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg/440px-Osram_Dulux_Circolux_24W-7494.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3636" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Integrated <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamps</a> of different shapes with <a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">E27 socket</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic ballast">electronic ballast</a> in the base</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanninglamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanninglamp.jpg/220px-Tanninglamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanninglamp.jpg/330px-Tanninglamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tanninglamp.jpg/440px-Tanninglamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Typical <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent-lamp_formats#Tube_designations" title="Fluorescent-lamp formats">F71T12 100 W</a> G13 bi-pin lamp used in tanning beds. The (Hg) symbol indicates that this lamp contains <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. In the US, this symbol is now required on all mercury-containing fluorescent lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg/170px-Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg/255px-Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg/340px-Fluorescent_lamp_hold_for_T8_and_T12_lamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>A "tombstone" style lamp-holder for <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent-lamp_formats#Tube_designations" title="Fluorescent-lamp formats">T12 and T8</a> G13 bi-pin fluorescent lamps</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanninglampend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tanninglampend.jpg/220px-Tanninglampend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tanninglampend.jpg/330px-Tanninglampend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Tanninglampend.jpg/440px-Tanninglampend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Inside the lamp end of a preheat G13 lamp. In this lamp, the filament is surrounded by an oblong metal <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> shield, which helps reduce lamp end darkening.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fluorescent lamp</b>, or <b>fluorescent tube</b>, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamp</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, to produce <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> and make a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> coating in the lamp glow. Fluorescent lamps convert electrical energy into useful light much more efficiently than <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent lamps</a>, but are less efficient than most <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamps</a>. The typical <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">luminous efficacy</a> of fluorescent lamps is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output (e.g. the luminous efficacy of an incandescent lamp may only be 16 lm/w). </p><p>Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps because, among other things, they require a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> to regulate <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> through the lamp, but the initial cost is offset by a much lower running cost. <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamps</a> made in the same sizes as incandescent lamp bulbs are used as an <a href="/wiki/Energy-saving" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy-saving">energy-saving</a> alternative to incandescent lamps in homes. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, fluorescent lamps are classified as <a href="/wiki/Universal_waste" title="Universal waste">universal waste</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_discoveries">Physical discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fluorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> of certain rocks and other substances had been observed for hundreds of years before its nature was understood. One of the first to explain it was Irish scientist <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1852, who named the phenomenon "fluorescence" after <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, a mineral many of whose samples glow strongly because of impurities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discharge_tubes">Discharge tubes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discharge tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By mid-19th century, experimenters had observed a radiant glow emanating from partially evacuated glass vessels through which an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> passed. The explanation relied on the nature of electricity and light phenomena as developed by the British scientists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> in the 1840s and <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little more was done with this phenomenon until 1856 when German glassblower <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Geissler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Geissler">Heinrich Geissler</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_vacuum_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury vacuum pump">mercury vacuum pump</a> that evacuated a glass tube to an extent not previously possible. Geissler invented the first gas-discharge lamp, the <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a>, consisting of a partially evacuated glass tube with a metal <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> at either end. When a high voltage was applied between the electrodes, the inside of the tube illuminated with a <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a>. By putting different chemicals inside, the tubes could be made to produce a variety of colors, and elaborate Geissler tubes were sold for entertainment. More important was its contribution to scientific research. One of the first scientists to experiment with a Geissler tube was <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a>, who systematically described in 1858 the luminescent effects that occurred in a Geissler tube. He also made the important observation that the glow in the tube shifted position when in proximity to an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Edmond_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Edmond Becquerel">Alexandre Edmond Becquerel</a> observed in 1859 that certain substances gave off light when they were placed in a Geissler tube. He went on to apply thin coatings of luminescent materials to the surfaces of these tubes. Fluorescence occurred, but the tubes were inefficient and had a short operating life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949381–385_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949381–385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inquiries that began with the Geissler tube continued as better vacuums were produced. The most famous was the evacuated tube used for scientific research by <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>. That tube was evacuated by the highly effective mercury <a href="/wiki/Sprengel_pump" title="Sprengel pump">vacuum pump</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sprengel" title="Hermann Sprengel">Hermann Sprengel</a>. Research conducted by Crookes and others ultimately led to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> in 1897 by <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> in 1895 by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tube</a>, as it came to be known, produced little light because the vacuum in it was too great and thus lacked the trace amounts of gas that are needed for electrically stimulated <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_discharge_lamps">Early discharge lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early discharge lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg/170px-Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg/255px-Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg/340px-Early_Cooper_Hewitt_mercury_vapor_lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>One of the first <a href="/wiki/Mercury_vapor_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury vapor lamp">mercury vapor lamps</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a>, 1903. It was similar to a fluorescent lamp without the fluorescent coating on the tube and produced greenish light. The round device under the lamp is the <a href="/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballast (electrical)">ballast</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> briefly pursued fluorescent lighting for its commercial potential. He invented a fluorescent lamp in 1896 that used a coating of <a href="/wiki/Scheelite" title="Scheelite">calcium tungstate</a> as the fluorescing substance, excited by <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>. Although it received a patent in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not put into production. As with a few other attempts to use Geissler tubes for illumination, it had a short operating life, and given the success of the incandescent light, Edison had little reason to pursue an alternative means of electrical illumination. <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> made similar experiments in the 1890s, devising high-frequency powered fluorescent bulbs that gave a bright greenish light, but as with Edison's devices, no commercial success was achieved. </p><p>One of Edison's former employees created a gas-discharge lamp that achieved a measure of commercial success. In 1895 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFarlan_Moore" title="Daniel McFarlan Moore">Daniel McFarlan Moore</a> demonstrated lamps 2 to 3 meters (6.6 to 9.8 ft) in length that used <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> to emit white or pink light, respectively. They were considerably more complicated than an incandescent bulb, requiring both a high-voltage power supply and a pressure-regulating system for the fill gas.<sup id="cite_ref-etheric_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etheric-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg/170px-Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg/255px-Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg/340px-Peter_Cooper_Hewitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Moore invented an electromagnetically controlled valve that maintained a constant gas pressure within the tube, to extend the working life.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Moore's lamp was complicated, expensive, and required very high voltages, it was considerably more efficient than incandescent lamps, and it produced a closer approximation to natural daylight than contemporary incandescent lamps. From 1904 onwards Moore's lighting system was installed in a number of stores and offices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949221–223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949221–223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success contributed to <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s motivation to improve the incandescent lamp, especially its filament. GE's efforts came to fruition with the invention of a <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>-based filament. The extended lifespan and improved efficacy of incandescent bulbs negated one of the key advantages of Moore's lamp, but GE purchased the relevant patents in 1912. These patents and the inventive efforts that supported them were of considerable value when the firm took up fluorescent lighting more than two decades later. </p><p>At about the same time that Moore was developing his lighting system, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury-vapor lamp</a>, patented in 1901 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US682692">US 682692</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=682692&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>). Hewitt's lamp glowed when an electric current was passed through mercury vapor at a low pressure. Unlike Moore's lamps, Hewitt's were manufactured in standardized sizes and operated at low voltages. The mercury-vapor lamp was superior to the incandescent lamps of the time in terms of <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, but the blue-green light it produced limited its applications. It was, however, used for photography and some industrial processes. </p><p>Mercury vapor lamps continued to be developed at a slow pace, especially in Europe. By the early 1930s they received limited use for large-scale illumination. Some of them employed fluorescent coatings, but these were used primarily for color correction and not for enhanced light output. Mercury vapor lamps also anticipated the fluorescent lamp in their incorporation of a ballast to maintain a constant current. </p><p>Cooper-Hewitt had not been the first to use mercury vapor for illumination, as earlier efforts had been mounted by Way, Rapieff, Arons, and Bastian and Salisbury. Of particular importance was the mercury-vapor lamp invented by Küch and Retschinsky in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The lamp used a smaller bore bulb and higher current operating at higher pressures. As a consequence of the current, the bulb operated at a higher temperature which necessitated the use of a quartz bulb. Although its light output relative to electrical consumption was better than that of other sources of light, the light it produced was similar to that of the Cooper-Hewitt lamp in that it lacked the red portion of the spectrum, making it unsuitable for ordinary lighting. Due to difficulties in sealing the electrodes to the quartz, the lamp had a short life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neon_lamps">Neon lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neon lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></div> <p>The next step in gas-based lighting took advantage of the luminescent qualities of <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, an inert gas that had been discovered in 1898 by isolation from the atmosphere. Neon glowed a brilliant red when used in Geissler tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a>, a Frenchman who had developed a technology and a successful business for air liquefaction, was obtaining enough neon as a byproduct to support a neon lighting industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Claude1913_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claude1913-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanDulken_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDulken-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While neon lighting was used around 1930 in France for general illumination, it was no more energy-efficient than conventional incandescent lighting. Neon tube lighting, which also includes the use of argon and mercury vapor as alternative gases, came to be used primarily for eye-catching signs and advertisements. Neon lighting was relevant to the development of fluorescent lighting, however, as Claude's improved electrode (patented in 1915) overcame "sputtering", a major source of electrode degradation. Sputtering occurred when ionized particles struck an electrode and tore off bits of metal. Although Claude's invention required <a href="/wiki/Electrodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodes">electrodes</a> with a lot of surface area, it showed that a major impediment to gas-based lighting could be overcome. </p><p>The development of the neon light also was significant for the last key element of the fluorescent lamp, its fluorescent coating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949369–374_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949369–374-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926 Jacques Risler received a French patent for the application of fluorescent coatings to neon light tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949385_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main use of these lamps, which can be considered the first commercially successful fluorescents, was for advertising, not general illumination. This, however, was not the first use of fluorescent coatings; Becquerel had earlier used the idea and Edison used calcium tungstate for his unsuccessful lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other efforts had been mounted, but all were plagued by low efficiency and various technical problems. Of particular importance was the invention in 1927 of a low-voltage “metal vapor lamp” by Friedrich Meyer, Hans-Joachim Spanner, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Germer" title="Edmund Germer">Edmund Germer</a>, who were employees of a German firm in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. A German patent was granted but the lamp never went into commercial production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercialization_of_fluorescent_lamps">Commercialization of fluorescent lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercialization of fluorescent lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the major features of fluorescent lighting were in place at the end of the 1920s. Decades of invention and development had provided the key components of fluorescent lamps: economically manufactured glass tubing, inert gases for filling the tubes, electrical ballasts, long-lasting electrodes, mercury vapor as a source of luminescence, effective means of producing a reliable electrical discharge, and fluorescent coatings that could be energized by ultraviolet light. At this point, intensive development was more important than basic research. </p><p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, a renowned physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Company plc">General Electric Co., Ltd.</a> in Great Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nela_Park" title="Nela Park">Nela Park</a> (Ohio) engineering laboratory. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949388–391_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949388–391-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to having engineers and technicians along with facilities for R&D work on fluorescent lamps, General Electric controlled what it regarded as the key patents covering fluorescent lighting, including the patents originally issued to Hewitt, Moore, and Küch. More important than these was a patent covering an <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> that did not disintegrate at the gas pressures that ultimately were employed in fluorescent lamps. Albert W. Hull of GE's Schenectady Research Laboratory filed for a patent on this invention in 1927, which was issued in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Electric used its control of the patents to prevent competition with its incandescent lights and probably delayed the introduction of fluorescent lighting by 20 years. Eventually, war production required 24-hour factories with economical lighting, and fluorescent lights became available. </p><p>While the Hull patent gave GE a basis for claiming <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a> rights over the fluorescent lamp, a few months after the lamp went into production the firm learned of a U.S. patent application that had been filed in 1927 for the aforementioned "metal vapor lamp" invented in Germany by Meyer, Spanner, and Germer. The patent application indicated that the lamp had been created as a superior means of producing ultraviolet light, but the application also contained a few statements referring to fluorescent illumination. Efforts to obtain a U.S. patent had met with numerous delays, but were it to be granted, the patent might have caused serious difficulties for GE. At first, GE sought to block the issuance of a patent by claiming that priority should go to one of their employees, Leroy J. Buttolph, who according to their claim had invented a fluorescent lamp in 1919 and whose patent application was still pending. GE also had filed a patent application in 1936 in Inman's name to cover the “improvements” wrought by his group. In 1939 GE decided that the claim of Meyer, Spanner, and Germer had some merit, and that in any event a long interference procedure was not in their best interest. They therefore dropped the Buttolph claim and paid $180,000 to acquire the Meyer, et al. application, which at that point was owned by a firm known as Electrons, Inc. The patent was duly awarded in December 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This patent, along with the Hull patent, put GE on what seemed to be firm legal ground, although it faced years of legal challenges from <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Electric_Products" title="Sylvania Electric Products">Sylvania Electric Products</a>, Inc., which claimed <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">infringement</a> on patents that it held. </p><p>Even though the patent issue was not completely resolved for many years, General Electric's strength in manufacturing and marketing gave it a pre-eminent position in the emerging fluorescent light market. Sales of "fluorescent lumiline lamps" commenced in 1938 when four different sizes of tubes were put on the market. They were used in fixtures manufactured by three leading corporations: <a href="/wiki/Lightolier" title="Lightolier">Lightolier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artcraft_Fluorescent_Lighting_Corporation" title="Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation">Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation</a>, and Globe Lighting. The Slimline fluorescent ballast's public introduction in 1946 was by Westinghouse and General Electric and Showcase/Display Case fixtures were introduced by Artcraft Fluorescent Lighting Corporation in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following year, GE and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)">Westinghouse</a> publicized the new lights through exhibitions at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York World's Fair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_International_Exposition" title="Golden Gate International Exposition">Golden Gate International Exposition</a> in San Francisco. Fluorescent lighting systems spread rapidly during World War II as wartime manufacturing intensified lighting demand. By 1951 more light was produced in the United States by fluorescent lamps than by incandescent lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first years <a href="/wiki/Zinc_orthosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc orthosilicate">zinc orthosilicate</a> with varying content of <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> was used as greenish phosphor. Small additions of magnesium tungstate improved the blue portion of the spectrum, yielding acceptable white. After the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">beryllium was toxic</a>, halophosphate-based phosphors dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidklE5qGAltjACpgPA97_97–98]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidklE5qGAltjACpgPA97_97–98]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_of_operation">Principles of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principles of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental mechanism for the conversion of electrical energy to light is the emission of a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> when an electron in a mercury atom falls from an excited state into a lower <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy level</a>. Electrons flowing in the arc collide with the mercury atoms. If the incident electron has enough <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>, it transfers energy to the atom's outer electron, causing that electron to temporarily jump up to a higher energy level that is not stable. The atom will emit an ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> as the atom's electron reverts to a lower, more stable, energy level. Most of the photons that are released from the mercury atoms have <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) region of the spectrum, predominantly at wavelengths of 253.7 and 185 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> (nm). These are not visible to the human eye, so ultraviolet energy is converted to visible light by the <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> of the inner phosphor coating. The difference in energy between the absorbed ultra-violet photon and the emitted visible light photon heats the phosphor coating. </p><p>Electric current flows through the tube in a low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc discharge</a>. Electrons collide with and ionize <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> atoms inside the bulb surrounding the filament to form a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> by the process of <a href="/wiki/Impact_ionization" title="Impact ionization">impact ionization</a>. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Electron_avalanche" title="Electron avalanche">avalanche ionization</a>, the conductivity of the ionized gas rapidly rises, allowing higher currents to flow through the lamp. </p><p>The fill gas helps determine the electrical characteristics of the lamp but does not give off light itself. The fill gas effectively increases the distance that electrons travel through the tube, which allows an electron a greater chance of interacting with a mercury atom. Additionally, argon atoms, excited to a metastable state by the impact of an electron, can impart energy to a mercury atom and ionize it, described as the <a href="/wiki/Penning_ionization" title="Penning ionization">Penning effect</a>. This lowers the breakdown and operating voltage of the lamp, compared to other possible fill gases such as krypton.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg/170px-Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg/255px-Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg/340px-Germicidal_Lamp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of the cathodes of a <a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">germicidal lamp</a> (an essentially similar design that uses no fluorescent phosphor, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> to be seen)</figcaption></figure> <p>A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a mix of <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, and mercury vapor. The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partial pressure of the mercury vapor alone is about 0.8 Pa (8 millionths of atmospheric pressure), in a T12 40-watt lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001185_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> coating made of varying blends of metallic and <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth">rare-earth</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> salts. The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and are coated with a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides to improve <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg/170px-Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg/255px-Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg/340px-Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">germicidal lamp</a> uses a low-pressure mercury-vapor glow discharge identical to that in a fluorescent lamp, but the uncoated <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> envelope allows ultraviolet radiation to transmit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent lamp tubes are often straight and range in length from about 100 millimeters (3.9 in) for miniature lamps, to 2.43 meters (8.0 ft) for high-output lamps. Some lamps have a circular tube, used for table lamps or other places where a more compact light source is desired. Larger U-shaped lamps are used to provide the same amount of light in a more compact area, and are used for special architectural purposes. <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamps</a> have several small-diameter tubes joined in a bundle of two, four, or six, or a small diameter tube coiled in a helix, to provide a high amount of light output in minimal volume. </p><p>Light-emitting phosphors are applied as a paint-like coating to the inside of the tube. The organic solvents are allowed to evaporate, then the tube is heated to nearly the melting point of glass to drive off remaining organic compounds and fuse the coating to the lamp tube. Careful control of the grain size of the suspended phosphors is necessary; large grains lead to weak coatings, and small particles lead to poor light maintenance and efficiency. Most phosphors perform best with a particle size around 10 micrometers. The coating must be thick enough to capture all the ultraviolet light produced by the mercury arc, but not so thick that the phosphor coating absorbs too much visible light. The first phosphors were synthetic versions of naturally occurring fluorescent minerals, with small amounts of metals added as activators. Later other compounds were discovered, allowing differing colors of lamps to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven200193_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven200193-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorescent tubes can have an outer silicone coating applied by dipping the tube into a solution of water and silicone, and then drying the tube. This coating gives the tube a silky surface finish, and protects against moisture, guaranteeing a predictable surface resistance on the tube when starting it.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballasts">Ballasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ballasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">Electrical ballast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAjaHID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LAjaHID.jpg/220px-LAjaHID.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LAjaHID.jpg/330px-LAjaHID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LAjaHID.jpg/440px-LAjaHID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Different ballasts for fluorescent and discharge lamps</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent lamps are <a href="/wiki/Negative_differential_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative differential resistance">negative differential resistance</a> devices, so as more current flows through them, the electrical resistance of the fluorescent lamp drops, allowing for even more current to flow. Connected directly to a <a href="/wiki/Constant-voltage_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-voltage power supply">constant-voltage power supply</a>, a fluorescent lamp would rapidly self-destruct because of the uncontrolled current flow. To prevent this, fluorescent lamps must use a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> to regulate the current flow through the lamp. </p><p>The terminal voltage across an operating lamp varies depending on the <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> current, tube diameter, temperature, and fill gas. A general lighting service 48-inch (1,219 mm) T12<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lamp operates at 430 mA, with 100 volts drop. High-output lamps operate at 800 mA, and some types operate up to 1.5 A. The power level varies from 33 to 82 watts per meter of tube length (10 to 25 W/ft) for T12 lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-GE1978_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simplest ballast for <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) use is an <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductor</a> placed in series, consisting of a winding on a laminated magnetic core. The <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a> of this winding limits the flow of AC current. This type of ballast is common in 220–240V countries (And in North America, up to 30W lamps). Ballasts are rated for the size of lamp and power frequency. In North America, the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent lamps, so the ballast is often a step-up <a href="/wiki/Autotransformer" title="Autotransformer">autotransformer</a> with substantial <a href="/wiki/Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">leakage inductance</a> (to limit current flow). Either form of inductive ballast may also include a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a> correction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_GE_Ballast.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_GE_Ballast.JPG/220px-New_GE_Ballast.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_GE_Ballast.JPG/330px-New_GE_Ballast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_GE_Ballast.JPG/440px-New_GE_Ballast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>230 V <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> for 18–20 W</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent lamps can run directly from a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) supply of sufficient voltage to strike an arc. The ballast must be resistive, and would consume about as much power as the lamp. When operated from DC, the starting switch is often arranged to reverse the polarity of the supply to the lamp each time it is started; otherwise, the mercury accumulates at one end of the tube. Fluorescent lamps are (almost) never operated directly from DC for those reasons. Instead, an <a href="/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverter (electrical)">inverter</a> converts the DC into AC and provides the current-limiting function as described below for electronic ballasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_temperature">Effect of temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effect of temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helical_fluorescent_lamp_thermal_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Helical_fluorescent_lamp_thermal_image.jpg/220px-Helical_fluorescent_lamp_thermal_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Helical_fluorescent_lamp_thermal_image.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Thermal image of a helical fluorescent lamp</figcaption></figure> <p>The performance of fluorescent lamps is critically affected by the temperature of the bulb wall and its effect on the partial pressure of the mercury vapor within.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001c.f._182_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001c.f._182-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mercury condenses at the coolest spot in the lamp, careful design is required to maintain that spot at the optimum temperature, around 40 °C (104 °F). </p><p>Using an <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> with some other metal reduces the vapor pressure and increases the optimum temperature range. The bulb wall "cold spot" temperature must still be controlled to prevent condensing. High-output fluorescent lamps have features such as a deformed tube or internal heat-sinks to control cold spot temperature and mercury distribution. Heavily loaded small lamps, such as compact fluorescent lamps, also include heat-sink areas in the tube to maintain mercury vapor pressure at the optimum value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001188_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001188-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Losses">Losses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Losses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_Energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fluorescent_Energy.svg/220px-Fluorescent_Energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fluorescent_Energy.svg/330px-Fluorescent_Energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fluorescent_Energy.svg/440px-Fluorescent_Energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a> of energy losses in a fluorescent lamp. In modern designs, the biggest loss is the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_efficiency" title="Quantum efficiency">quantum efficiency</a> of converting high-energy UV photons to lower-energy visible light photons.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only a fraction of the electrical energy input into a lamp is converted to useful light. The ballast dissipates some heat; electronic ballasts may be around 90% efficient. A fixed voltage drop occurs at the electrodes, which also produces heat. Some of the energy in the mercury vapor column is also dissipated, but about 85% is turned into visible and ultraviolet light. </p><p>Not all the UV radiation striking the phosphor coating is converted to visible light; some energy is lost. The largest single loss in modern lamps is due to the lower energy of each photon of visible light, compared to the energy of the UV photons that generated them (a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Stokes_shift" title="Stokes shift">Stokes shift</a>). Incident photons have an energy of 5.5 electron volts but produce visible light photons with energy around 2.5 electron volts, so only 45% of the UV energy is used; the rest is dissipated as heat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001196–197_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001196–197-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamps">Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CCFL" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CCFL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CCFL (disambiguation)">CCFL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG/220px-Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG/330px-Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG/440px-Cold_Cathode_Fluorescent_Lamp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>A cold-cathode fluorescent lamp from an emergency-exit sign. Operating at a much higher voltage than other fluorescents, the lamp produces a low-amperage <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> rather than an arc, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon light</a>. Without direct connection to line voltage, current is limited by the transformer alone, negating the need for a ballast.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most fluorescent lamps use electrodes that emit electrons into the tube by heat, known as hot cathodes. However, <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> tubes have cathodes that emit electrons only due to the large <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> between the electrodes. The cathodes will be warmed by current flowing through them, but are not hot enough for significant <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>. Because cold cathode lamps have no thermionic emission coating to wear out, they can have much longer lives than <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a> tubes. This makes them desirable for long-life applications (such as backlights in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a>). Sputtering of the electrode may still occur, but electrodes can be shaped (e.g. into an internal cylinder) to capture most of the sputtered material so it is not lost from the electrode. </p><p>Cold cathode lamps are generally less efficient than thermionic emission lamps because the cathode fall voltage is much higher. Power dissipated due to cathode fall voltage does not contribute to light output. However, this is less significant with longer tubes. The increased power dissipation at tube ends also usually means cold cathode tubes have to be run at a lower loading than their thermionic emission equivalents. Given the higher tube voltage required anyway, these tubes can easily be made long, and even run as series strings. They are better suited for bending into special shapes for lettering and signage, and can also be instantly switched on or off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Starting">Starting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Starting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glow_switch_starter" title="Glow switch starter">Glow switch starter</a></div> <p>The gas used in the fluorescent tube must be ionized before the arc can "strike" . For small lamps, it does not take much voltage to strike the arc and starting the lamp presents no problem, but larger tubes require a substantial voltage (in the range of a thousand volts). Many different starting circuits have been used. The choice of circuit is based on cost, AC voltage, tube length, instant versus non-instant starting, temperature ranges and parts availability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preheating">Preheating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Preheating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_Light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fluorescent_Light.svg/220px-Fluorescent_Light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fluorescent_Light.svg/330px-Fluorescent_Light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fluorescent_Light.svg/440px-Fluorescent_Light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A <i>preheat</i> fluorescent lamp circuit using an automatic starting switch. A: Fluorescent tube, B: Power (+220 volts), C: Starter, D: Switch (bi-metallic thermostat), E: Capacitor, F: Filaments, G: Ballast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/220px--Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr°0001.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, flac"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv/Fluorescent_lamp-electronic_ballast_starter-movie_VNr%C2%B00001.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption> Starting a preheat lamp. The automatic starter switch flashes orange each time it attempts to start the lamp.</figcaption></figure> <p>Preheating, also called switchstart, uses a combination <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a>–<a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> at each end of the lamp in conjunction with a mechanical or automatic (<a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bi-metallic</a>) switch (see circuit diagram to the right) that initially connect the filaments in series with the ballast to preheat them; after a short preheating time the starting switch opens. If timed correctly relative to the phase of the supply AC, this causes the ballast to induce a voltage over the tube high enough to initiate the starting arc.<sup id="cite_ref-philipsapp_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philipsapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems are standard equipment in 200–240 V countries (and in the United States lamps up to about 30 watts). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starterp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Starterp.jpg/220px-Starterp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Starterp.jpg/330px-Starterp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Starterp.jpg/440px-Starterp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>A <i>preheat</i> fluorescent lamp "starter" (automatic starting switch)</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 1960s, four-pin thermal starters and manual switches were used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A <a href="/wiki/Glow_switch_starter" title="Glow switch starter">glow switch starter</a> automatically preheats the lamp cathodes. It consists of a normally open <a href="/wiki/Bi-metallic_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-metallic strip">bi-metallic</a> switch in a small sealed <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamp</a> containing inert gas (neon or argon). The glow switch will cyclically warm the filaments and initiate a pulse voltage to strike the arc; the process repeats until the lamp is lit. Once the tube strikes, the impinging main discharge keeps the cathodes hot, permitting continued electron emission. The starter switch does not close again because the voltage across the lit tube is insufficient to start a glow discharge in the starter.<sup id="cite_ref-philipsapp_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philipsapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulsestarter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pulsestarter.JPG/220px-Pulsestarter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pulsestarter.JPG/330px-Pulsestarter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pulsestarter.JPG/440px-Pulsestarter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Electronic fluorescent lamp starters</figcaption></figure> <p>With glow switch starters a failing tube will cycle repeatedly. Some starter systems used a thermal over-current trip to detect repeated starting attempts and disable the circuit until manually reset. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a> correction (PFC) <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> draws leading current from the mains to compensate for the lagging current drawn by the lamp circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-philipsapp_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philipsapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Electronic starters</b> use a different method to preheat the cathodes.<sup id="cite_ref-electrostart_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrostart-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be plug-in interchangeable with glow starters. They use a semiconductor switch and "soft start" the lamp by preheating the cathodes before applying a starting pulse which strikes the lamp first time without flickering; this dislodges a minimal amount of material from the cathodes during starting, giving longer lamp life.<sup id="cite_ref-philipsapp_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philipsapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is claimed to prolong lamp life by a factor of typically 3 to 4 times for a lamp frequently switched on as in domestic use,<sup id="cite_ref-faststart_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faststart-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to reduce the blackening of the ends of the lamp typical of fluorescent tubes. While the circuit is complex, the complexity is built into an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chip. Electronic starters may be optimized for fast starting (typical start time of 0.3 seconds),<sup id="cite_ref-faststart_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faststart-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-type300c_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type300c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for most reliable starting even at low temperatures and with low supply voltages, with a startup time of 2–4 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-um2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-um2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faster-start units may produce audible noise during start-up.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic starters only attempt to start a lamp for a short time when power is initially applied, and do not repeatedly attempt to restrike a lamp that is dead and unable to sustain an arc; some automatically stop trying to start a failed lamp.<sup id="cite_ref-electrostart_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrostart-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eliminates the re-striking of a lamp and the continuous flashing of a failing lamp with a glow starter. Electronic starters are not subject to wear and do not need replacing periodically, although they may fail like any other electronic circuit. Manufacturers typically quote lives of 20 years, or as long as the light fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-type300c_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type300c-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-um2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-um2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instant_start">Instant start</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Instant start"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg/220px-T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg/330px-T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg/440px-T12_Fluorescent_lamp_electrodes_-_rapid_start_and_instant_strt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>T12 fluorescent tubes. The first two are rapid start, (for "tombstone" and socket holders respectively) while the third is an instant-start lamp. The instant-start has a characteristic, rounded, single pin, for plugging into the spring-loaded socket holders.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Instant start</i> fluorescent tubes were invented in 1944. Instant start simply uses a high enough voltage to break down the gas column and thereby start arc conduction. Once the high-voltage spark "strikes" the arc, the current is boosted until a <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> forms. As the lamp warms and pressure increases, the current continues to rise and both resistance and voltage falls, until mains or line-voltage takes over and the discharge becomes an arc. These tubes have no filaments and can be identified by a single pin at each end of the tube (for common lamps; compact cold-cathode lamps may also have a single pin, but operate from a transformer rather than a ballast). The lamp holders have a "disconnect" socket at the low-voltage end which disconnects the ballast when the tube is removed, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shock</a>. Instant-start lamps are slightly more energy efficient than rapid start, because they do not constantly send a heating current to the cathodes during operation, but the cold cathodes starting increases sputter, and they take much longer to transition from a glow discharge to an arc during warm up, thus the lifespan is typically about half of those seen in comparable rapid-start lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rapid_start">Rapid start</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rapid start"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg/220px-Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg/330px-Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg/440px-Magnetek_Watt_Reducer_HPF_Rapid_Start_Ballast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A rapid-start "iron" (magnetic) <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> continually heats the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathodes</a> at the ends of the lamps. This ballast runs two F40T12 lamps in series.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the formation of an arc requires the <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of large quantities of electrons from the cathode, <i>rapid start</i> ballast designs provide windings within the ballast that continuously warm the cathode filaments. Usually operating at a lower arc voltage than the instant start design; no inductive <a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">voltage spike</a> is produced for starting, so the lamps must be mounted near a grounded (earthed) reflector to allow the glow discharge to propagate through the tube and initiate the arc discharge via <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_coupling" title="Capacitive coupling">capacitive coupling</a>. In some lamps a grounded "starting aid" strip is attached to the outside of the lamp glass. This ballast type is incompatible with the European energy saver T8 fluorescent lamps because these lamps require a higher starting voltage than that of the open circuit voltage of rapid start ballasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quick-start">Quick-start</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quick-start"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quick-start ballasts use a small auto-transformer to heat the filaments when power is first applied. When an arc strikes, the filament heating power is reduced and the tube will start within half a second. The auto-transformer is either combined with the ballast or may be a separate unit. Tubes need to be mounted near an earthed metal reflector in order for them to strike. Quick-start ballasts are more common in commercial installations because of lower maintenance costs. A quick-start ballast eliminates the need for a starter switch, a common source of lamp failures. Nonetheless, Quick-start ballasts are also used in domestic (residential) installations because of the desirable feature that a Quick-start ballast light turns on nearly immediately after power is applied (when a switch is turned on). Quick-start ballasts are used only on 240 V circuits and are designed for use with the older, less efficient T12 tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semi-resonant_start">Semi-resonant start</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Semi-resonant start"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv/220px--65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv/65W_SRS_fluorescent_lamp_starting.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A 65-watt fluorescent lamp starting on a semi-resonant start circuit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png/220px-Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png/330px-Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png/440px-Semi_resonant_start_circuit.png 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A semi-resonant start circuit diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The semi-resonant start circuit was invented by Thorn Lighting for use with <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent-lamp_formats" title="Fluorescent-lamp formats">T12</a> fluorescent tubes. This method uses a double wound transformer and a capacitor. With no arc current, the transformer and capacitor <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resonance" title="Electrical resonance">resonate</a> at line frequency and generate about twice the supply voltage across the tube, and a small electrode heating current.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tube voltage is too low to strike the arc with cold electrodes, but as the electrodes heat up to thermionic emission temperature, the tube striking voltage falls below that of the ringing voltage, and the arc strikes. As the electrodes heat, the lamp slowly, over three to five seconds, reaches full brightness. As the arc current increases and tube voltage drops, the circuit provides current limiting. </p><p>Semi-resonant start circuits are mainly restricted to use in commercial installations because of the higher initial cost of circuit components. However, there are no starter switches to be replaced and cathode damage is reduced during starting making lamps last longer, reducing maintenance costs. Because of the high open circuit tube voltage, this starting method is particularly good for starting tubes in cold locations. Additionally, the circuit power factor is almost 1.0, and no additional power factor correction is needed in the lighting installation. As the design requires that twice the supply voltage must be lower than the cold-cathode striking voltage (or the tubes would erroneously instant-start), this design cannot be used with <span class="nowrap">240 volt</span> AC power unless the tubes are at least 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) length. Semi-resonant start fixtures are generally incompatible with energy saving T8 retrofit tubes, because such tubes have a higher starting voltage than T12 lamps and may not start reliably, especially in low temperatures. Recent proposals in some countries to phase out T12 tubes will reduce the application of this starting method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_ballasts">Electronic ballasts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electronic ballasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/220px--Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm/Fluorescent-lamp-electronic-ballast.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Fluorescent lamp with an electronic ballast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EL_2x58ngn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EL_2x58ngn.jpg/220px-EL_2x58ngn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EL_2x58ngn.jpg/330px-EL_2x58ngn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/EL_2x58ngn.jpg/440px-EL_2x58ngn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Electronic ballast for fluorescent lamp, 2×58 W</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png/220px-Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png/330px-Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png/440px-Fluorescent_Lamp_Inverter.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic ballast">Electronic ballast</a> basic schematic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCS_lamps2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TCS_lamps2.jpg/220px-TCS_lamps2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TCS_lamps2.jpg/330px-TCS_lamps2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TCS_lamps2.jpg/440px-TCS_lamps2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic ballast">Electronic ballasts</a> and different compact fluorescent lamps</figcaption></figure><p>Electronic ballasts employ <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> to change the supply frequency into high-<a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> while regulating the current flow in the lamp. These ballasts take advantage of the higher efficacy of lamps, which rises by almost 10% at <span class="nowrap">10 kHz</span>, compared to efficacy at normal power frequency. When the AC period is shorter than the relaxation time to de-ionize mercury atoms in the discharge column, the discharge stays closer to optimum operating condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001182_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001182-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic ballasts convert supply frequency AC power to variable frequency AC. The conversion can reduce lamp brightness modulation at twice the power supply frequency. </p><p>Low cost ballasts contain only a simple oscillator and series resonant <a href="/wiki/LC_circuit" title="LC circuit">LC circuit</a>. This principle is called the <a href="/wiki/Resonant_inverter" title="Resonant inverter">current resonant inverter</a> circuit. After a short time the voltage across the lamp reaches about 1 kV and the lamp instant-starts in cold cathode mode. The cathode filaments are still used for protection of the ballast from overheating if the lamp does not ignite. A few manufacturers use positive temperature coefficient (PTC) <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a> to disable instant starting and give some time to preheat the filaments. </p><p>More complex electronic ballasts use programmed start. The output frequency is started above the resonance frequency of the output circuit of the ballast; and after the filaments are heated, the frequency is rapidly decreased. If the frequency approaches the <a href="/wiki/Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a> of the ballast, the output voltage will increase so much that the lamp will ignite. If the lamp does not ignite, an electronic circuit stops the operation of the ballast. </p><p>Many electronic ballasts are controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>, and these are sometimes called digital ballasts. Digital ballasts can apply quite complex logic to lamp starting and operation. This enables functions such as testing for broken electrodes and missing tubes before attempting to start, detection of tube replacement, and detection of tube type, such that a single ballast can be used with several different tubes. Features such as dimming can be included in the embedded microcontroller software, and can be found in various manufacturers' products. </p><p>Since introduction in the 1990s, high-frequency ballasts have been used in general lighting fixtures with either rapid start or pre-heat lamps. These ballasts convert the incoming power to an output frequency in excess of <span class="nowrap">20 kHz</span>. This increases lamp efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ballasts operate with voltages that can be almost 600 volts, requiring some consideration in housing design, and can cause a minor limitation in the length of the wire leads from the ballast to the lamp ends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_life">End of life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: End of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life expectancy of a fluorescent lamp is primarily limited by the life of the cathode electrodes. To sustain an adequate current level, the electrodes are coated with an emission mixture of metal oxides. Every time the lamp is started, and during operation, a small amount of the cathode coating is <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtered</a> off the electrodes by the impact of electrons and heavy ions within the tube. The sputtered material collects on the walls of the tube, darkening it. The starting method and frequency affect cathode sputtering. A filament may also break, disabling the lamp. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png/220px-Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png/330px-Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png/440px-Fluorescent_wear_-_sputter.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>This tube failed after it had been turned on many times. Too much of the thermionic emission mix had sputtered off the cathodes, sticking to and blackening the glass.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermionic_filament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thermionic_filament.jpg/220px-Thermionic_filament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thermionic_filament.jpg/330px-Thermionic_filament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Thermionic_filament.jpg/440px-Thermionic_filament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The filament of a low-pressure mercury gas-discharge lamp, with white <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> coating acting as <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">hot cathode</a>. A little of the coating is <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtered away</a> at every start; the lamp ultimately fails.</figcaption></figure> <p>Low-mercury designs of lamps may fail when mercury is absorbed by the glass tube, phosphor, and internal components, and is no longer available to vaporize in the fill gas. Loss of mercury initially causes an extended warm-up time to full light output, and finally causes the lamp to glow a dim pink when the argon gas takes over as the primary discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subjecting the tube to asymmetric current flow, effectively operates it under a DC bias, and causes asymmetric distribution of mercury ions along the tube. The localized depletion of mercury vapor pressure manifests itself as pink luminescence of the base gas in the vicinity of one of the electrodes, and the operating lifetime of the lamp may be dramatically shortened. This can be an issue with some poorly designed <a href="/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverter (electrical)">inverters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phosphors lining the lamp degrade with time as well, until a lamp no longer produces an acceptable fraction of its initial light output. </p><p>Failure of the integral electronic ballast of a compact fluorescent bulb will also end its usable life. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg/220px-Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg/330px-Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg/440px-Mercury_Adsorbed_CFL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>Compact fluorescent lamp that has reached end of life because of mercury <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a>. Light is produced only by the base argon fill.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phosphors_and_the_spectrum_of_emitted_light">Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Phosphors and the spectrum of emitted light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg/220px-Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg/330px-Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg/440px-Fluorescent_lamp_spectrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Light from a fluorescent tube lamp reflected by a <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> shows the individual bands of color.</figcaption></figure> <p>The spectrum of light emitted from a fluorescent lamp is the combination of light directly emitted by the mercury vapor, and light emitted by the phosphorescent coating. The <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> from the mercury emission and the phosphorescence effect give a combined spectral distribution of light that is different from those produced by incandescent sources. The relative intensity of light emitted in each narrow band of wavelengths over the visible spectrum is in different proportions compared to that of an incandescent source. Colored objects are perceived differently under light sources with differing spectral distributions. For example, some people find the color rendition produced by some fluorescent lamps to be harsh and displeasing. A healthy person can sometimes appear to have an unhealthy skin tone under fluorescent lighting. The extent to which this phenomenon occurs is related to the light's spectral composition, and may be gauged by its <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> (CRI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_temperature">Color temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Color temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg/220px-Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg/330px-Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg/440px-Kelvin_Temperature_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a> of different electric lamps</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Correlated_color_temperature" title="Correlated color temperature">Correlated color temperature</a> (CCT) is a measure of the "shade" of whiteness of a light source compared with a blackbody. Typical incandescent lighting is 2700 K, which is yellowish-white.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halogen lighting is 3000 K.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorescent lamps are manufactured to a chosen CCT by altering the mixture of phosphors inside the tube. Warm-white fluorescents have CCT of 2700 K and are popular for residential lighting. Neutral-white fluorescents have a CCT of 3000 K or 3500 K. Cool-white fluorescents have a CCT of 4100 K and are popular for office lighting. Daylight fluorescents have a CCT of 6500 K, which is bluish-white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_rendering_index">Color rendering index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Color rendering index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG/220px-Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG/330px-Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG/440px-Helical_fluorescent_lamp_spectrum_by_diffraction_grating.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A helical cool-white fluorescent lamp reflected in a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a> reveals the various <a href="/wiki/Spectral_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral lines">spectral lines</a> which make up the light.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg/220px-Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg/330px-Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg/440px-Various_lighting_spectrums_-_Flurescent_incandescent_diode_and_candle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent spectra in comparison with other forms of lighting. Clockwise from upper left: Fluorescent lamp, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent bulb">incandescent bulb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candle</a> flame and <a href="/wiki/LED_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="LED lighting">LED lighting</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></div> <p>Color rendering index (CRI) is an attempt to measure the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison to a black body radiator. Colors can be perceived using light from a source, relative to light from a reference source such as daylight or a blackbody of the same <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a>. By definition, an incandescent lamp has a CRI of 100. Real-life fluorescent tubes achieve CRIs of anywhere from 50 to 98. Fluorescent lamps with low CRI have phosphors that emit too little red light. Skin appears less pink, and hence "unhealthy" compared with incandescent lighting. Colored objects appear muted. For example, a low CRI 6800 K halophosphate tube (an extreme example) will make reds appear dull red or even brown. Since the eye is relatively less efficient at detecting red light, an improvement in color rendering index, with increased energy in the red part of the spectrum, may reduce the overall luminous efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-GE1978_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>Lighting arrangements use fluorescent tubes in an assortment of tints of white. Mixing tube types within fittings can improve the color reproduction of lower quality tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphor_composition">Phosphor composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Phosphor composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Special:EditPage/Fluorescent lamp">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of the least pleasant light comes from tubes containing the older, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcium_halophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcium halophosphate (page does not exist)">calcium halophosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> (chemical formula <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a><sub>5</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>):<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a><sup>3+</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><sup>2+</sup>). This phosphor mainly emits yellow and blue light, and relatively little green and red. In the absence of a reference, this mixture appears white to the eye, but the light has an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> (CRI) of such lamps is around 60. </p><p>Since the 1990s, higher-quality fluorescent lamps use <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earths</a> tri-phosphors mixture, based on <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> ions, which have emission bands more evenly distributed over the spectrum of visible light, but with peaks in the red, green and blue. Triphosphor tubes give a more natural color reproduction to the human eye. The CRI of such lamps is typically 85. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Fluorescent-lamp spectra </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Typical fluorescent lamp with <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth">rare-earth</a> phosphor</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png/220px-Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png/330px-Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png/440px-Fluorescent_lighting_spectrum_peaks_labeled_with_colored_peaks_added.png 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></td> <td>A typical "cool white" fluorescent lamp utilizing two rare-earth-doped phosphors, <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><sup>3+</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a><sup>3+</sup>:<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>PO<sub>4</sub> for green and blue emission and <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>:<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a><sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for red. For an explanation of the origin of the individual peaks click on the image. Several of the spectral peaks are directly generated from the mercury arc. This is likely the most common type of fluorescent lamp in use today. </td></tr> <tr> <td>An older-style halophosphate-phosphor fluorescent lamp</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_(f30t12_ww_rs).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png/220px-Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png/330px-Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png/440px-Spectrum_of_halophosphate_type_fluorescent_bulb_%28f30t12_ww_rs%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2628" /></a></span></td> <td>Halophosphate phosphors in these lamps usually consist of trivalent <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>- and divalent <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>-doped <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> halophosphate (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>):Sb<sup>3+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>). The color of the light output can be adjusted by altering the ratio of the blue-emitting antimony dopant and orange-emitting manganese dopant. The color rendering ability of these older-style lamps is quite poor. Halophosphate phosphors were invented by A. H. McKeag <i>et al.</i> in 1942. </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Natural sunshine" fluorescent light</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg/220px-Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg/330px-Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg/440px-Spectra-Philips_32T8_natural_sunshine_fluorescent_light.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="954" /></a></span></td> <td>Peaks with stars are <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> lines. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yellow fluorescent lights</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png/220px-Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png/330px-Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png/440px-Yellow_fluorescent_light_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></td> <td>The spectrum is nearly identical to a normal fluorescent lamp except for a near total lack of light shorter than 500 nanometers. This effect can be achieved through either specialized phosphor use or more commonly by the use of a simple yellow light filter. These lamps are commonly used as lighting for <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">photolithography</a> work in <a href="/wiki/Cleanrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleanrooms">cleanrooms</a> and as "bug repellent" outdoor lighting (the efficacy of which is questionable). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spectrum of a "<a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">blacklight</a>" lamp</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif/220px-Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif/330px-Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif/440px-Fluorescent_Black-Light_spectrum_with_peaks_labelled.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></td> <td>There is typically only one phosphor present in a blacklight lamp, usually consisting of <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>-doped <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">fluoroborate</a>, which is contained in an envelope of <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps come in many shapes and sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many compact fluorescent lamps integrate the auxiliary electronics into the base of the lamp, allowing them to fit into a regular light bulb socket. </p><p>In US residences, fluorescent lamps are mostly found in <a href="/wiki/Kitchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchens">kitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basements" class="mw-redirect" title="Basements">basements</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Garage_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garage (house)">garages</a>. Schools and businesses find the cost savings of fluorescent lamps to be significant and rarely use incandescent lights. Electricity costs, tax incentives and building codes result in greater use in locales such as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Fluorescent use is declining, supplanted by LED lighting, which is more energy efficient and does not contain mercury.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In other countries, residential use of fluorescent lighting varies depending on the price of energy, financial and environmental concerns of the local population, and acceptability of the light output. In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> incandescent bulbs are rare in buildings. </p><p>Many countries are encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs" title="Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs">phase-out of incandescent light bulbs</a> and substitution with other types of energy-efficient lamps. </p><p>In addition to general lighting, special fluorescent lights are often used in <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a> for film and video production. They are cooler than traditional halogen light sources, and use high-frequency ballasts to prevent video flickering and high color-rendition index lamps to approximate daylight color temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_to_incandescent_lamps">Comparison to incandescent lamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Comparison to incandescent lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luminous_efficacy">Luminous efficacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Luminous efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps convert more of the input power to visible light than incandescent lamps. A typical 100 watt tungsten filament incandescent lamp may convert only 5% of its power input to visible white light (400–700 nm wavelength), whereas typical fluorescent lamps convert about 22% of the power input to visible white light.<sup id="cite_ref-GE1978_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The efficacy of fluorescent tubes ranges from about 16 lumens per watt for a 4 watt tube with an ordinary ballast to over 100 <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(unit)" title="Lumen (unit)">lumens</a> per watt<sup id="cite_ref-spiraltubes_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiraltubes-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a modern electronic ballast, commonly averaging 50 to 67 lm/W overall.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ballast loss can be about 25% of the lamp power with magnetic ballasts, and around 10% with electronic ballasts. </p><p>Fluorescent lamp efficacy is dependent on lamp temperature at the coldest part of the lamp. In T8 lamps this is in the center of the tube. In <a href="/wiki/T5_fluorescent_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="T5 fluorescent lamp">T5 lamps</a> this is at the end of the tube with the text stamped on it. The ideal temperature for a T8 lamp is 25 °C (77 °F) while the T5 lamp is ideally at 35 °C (95 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life">Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically a fluorescent lamp will last 10 to 20 times as long as an equivalent incandescent lamp when operated several hours at a time. Under standard test conditions fluorescent lamps last 6,000 to 90,000 hours (2 to 31 years at 8 hours per day).<sup id="cite_ref-Philips_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philips-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The higher initial cost of a fluorescent lamp compared with an incandescent lamp is usually compensated for by lower energy consumption over its life.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_luminance">Lower luminance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lower luminance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent tube is a more diffuse and physically larger light source. In suitably designed lamps, light can be more evenly distributed without point source of glare such as seen from an undiffused incandescent filament; the lamp is large compared to the typical distance between lamp and illuminated surfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_heat">Lower heat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lower heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps give off about one-fifth the heat of equivalent incandescent lamps. This greatly reduces the size, cost and energy consumption by air conditioning for office buildings that typically have many lights and few windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequent_switching">Frequent switching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Frequent switching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frequent switching (more than every 3 hours) will shorten the life of lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each start cycle slightly erodes the electron-emitting surface of the cathodes; when all the emission material is gone, the lamp cannot start with the available ballast voltage. Fixtures for flashing lights (such as for advertising) use a ballast that maintains cathode temperature when the arc is off, preserving the life of the lamp. </p><p>The extra energy used to start a fluorescent lamp is equivalent to a few seconds of normal operation; it is more energy-efficient to switch off lamps when not required for several minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_content">Mercury content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mercury content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamps_and_health" title="Fluorescent lamps and health">Fluorescent lamps and health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_crusher" title="Fluorescent lamp crusher">Fluorescent lamp crusher</a></div> <p>If a fluorescent lamp is broken, a very small amount of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> can contaminate the surrounding environment. About 99% of the mercury is typically contained in the phosphor, especially on lamps that are near the end of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-chem.unep.ch_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chem.unep.ch-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broken lamps may release mercury if not cleaned with correct methods.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to the mercury content, discarded fluorescent lamps must be treated as hazardous waste. For large users of fluorescent lamps, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">recycling services</a> are available in some areas, and may be required by regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, recycling is also available to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet_emission">Ultraviolet emission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet emission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps emit a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) light. A 1993 study in the US found that ultraviolet exposure from sitting under fluorescent lights for eight hours is equivalent to one minute of sun exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultraviolet radiation from compact fluorescent lamps may exacerbate symptoms in photosensitive individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Museum artifacts may need protection from UV light to prevent degradation of pigments or textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballast">Ballast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ballast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG/220px-Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG/330px-Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG/440px-Old_USSR_Ballast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballasts</a> have a low <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a>, when used without a capacitor, which increases current drawn by the lighting fixture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent lamps require a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballast</a> to stabilize the current through the lamp, and to provide the initial striking voltage required to start the arc discharge. Often one ballast is shared between two or more lamps. Electromagnetic ballasts can produce an audible humming or buzzing noise. In North America, magnetic ballasts are usually filled with a <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>-like potting compound to reduce emitted noise. Hum is eliminated in lamps with a high-frequency electronic ballast. Energy lost in magnetic ballasts is around 10% of lamp input power according to GE literature from 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-GE1978_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic ballasts reduce this loss. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_quality_and_radio_interference">Power quality and radio interference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Power quality and radio interference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple inductive fluorescent lamp ballasts have a <a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a> of less than unity. Inductive ballasts include power factor correction capacitors. Simple electronic ballasts may also have low power factor due to their rectifier input stage. </p><p>Fluorescent lamps are a non-linear load and generate harmonic currents in the electrical power supply. The arc within the lamp may generate radio frequency noise, which can be conducted through power wiring. Suppression of radio interference is possible. Very good suppression is possible, but adds to the cost of the fluorescent fixtures. </p><p>Fluorescent lamps near end of life can present a serious radio frequency interference hazard. Oscillations are generated from the negative differential resistance of the arc, and the current flow through the tube can form a tuned circuit whose frequency depends on path length.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_temperature">Operating temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Operating temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps operate best around room temperature. At lower or higher temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">efficacy</a> decreases. At below-freezing temperatures standard lamps may not start. Special lamps may be used for reliable service outdoors in cold weather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lamp_shape">Lamp shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Lamp shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent tubes are long, low-luminance sources compared with <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high intensity discharge lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">halogen</a> lamps and high power LEDs. However, low luminous intensity of the emitting surface is useful because it reduces <a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">glare</a>. Lamp fixture design must control light from a long tube instead of a compact globe. The <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamp</a> (CFL) replaces regular incandescent bulbs in many light fixtures where space permits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flicker">Flicker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Flicker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent lamps with magnetic <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">ballasts</a> flicker at a normally unnoticeable frequency of 100 or 120 Hz and this flickering can cause problems for some individuals with <a href="/wiki/Light_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Light sensitivity">light sensitivity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are listed as problematic for some individuals with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG/220px-Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG/330px-Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG/440px-Fluorescentfixturebelow20806.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The "beat effect" problem created when shooting photos under standard fluorescent lighting</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Stroboscopic_effect" title="Stroboscopic effect">stroboscopic effect</a> can be noticed, where something spinning at just the right speed may appear stationary if illuminated solely by a single fluorescent lamp. This effect is eliminated by paired lamps operating on a lead-lag ballast. Unlike a true strobe lamp, the light level drops in appreciable time and so substantial "blurring" of the moving part would be evident. </p><p>Fluorescent lamps may produce flicker at the power supply frequency (50 or 60 Hz), which is noticeable by more people. This happens if a damaged or failed cathode results in slight <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectification</a> and uneven light output in positive and negative going AC cycles. Power frequency flicker can be emitted from the ends of the tubes, if each tube electrode produces a slightly different light output pattern on each half-cycle. Flicker at power frequency is more noticeable in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a> than it is when viewed directly. </p><p>Near the end of life, fluorescent lamps can start flickering at a frequency lower than the power frequency. This is due to instability in the negative resistance of arc discharge,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be from a bad lamp or ballast or poor connection. </p><p>New fluorescent lamps may show a twisting spiral pattern of light in a part of the lamp. This effect is due to loose cathode material and usually disappears after a few hours of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-GE1978_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/220px--Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv/Fluorescent_beat_effect.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The "beat effect" problem created when shooting films under standard fluorescent lighting</figcaption></figure> <p>Electromagnetic ballasts may also cause problems for video recording as there can be a so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beat</a> effect</i> between the video frame rate and the fluctuations in intensity of the fluorescent lamp. </p><p>Fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts do not flicker, since above about 5 kHz, the excited electron state half-life is longer than a half cycle,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and light production becomes continuous. Operating frequencies of electronic ballasts are selected to avoid interference with infrared remote controls. Poor quality or faulty electronic ballasts may have considerable 100/120 Hz modulation of the light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimming">Dimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Dimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorescent light fixtures cannot be connected to <a href="/wiki/Dimmer" title="Dimmer">dimmer</a> switches intended for incandescent lamps. Two effects are responsible for this: the waveform of the voltage emitted by a standard phase-control dimmer interacts badly with many ballasts, and it becomes difficult to sustain an arc in the fluorescent tube at low power levels. Dimming installations require a compatible <a href="/wiki/Dimming_ballast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimming ballast">dimming ballast</a>. Some models of <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact fluorescent lamps</a> can be dimmed; in the United States, such lamps are identified as complying with UL standard 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lamp_sizes_and_designations">Lamp sizes and designations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Lamp sizes and designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lamp formats">Fluorescent lamp formats</a></div> <p>Systematic nomenclature identifies mass-market lamps as to general shape, power rating, length, color, and other electrical and illuminating characteristics. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, lamps are typically identified by a code such as FxxTy, where F is for fluorescent, the first number (xx) indicates either the power in watts or length in inches, the T indicates that the shape of the bulb is tubular, and the last number (y) is the diameter in eighths of an inch (sometimes in millimeters, rounded-up to the nearest millimeter). Typical diameters are T12 or T38 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches or 38 mm) for residential lamps, T8 or T26 (1 inch or 25 mm) for commercial energy-saving lamps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdriving">Overdriving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Overdriving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overdriving a fluorescent lamp is a method of getting more light from each tube than is obtained under rated conditions. ODNO (Overdriven Normal Output) fluorescent tubes are generally used when there is not enough room to put in more bulbs to increase the light. The method is effective, but generates some additional issues. This technique has become popular among aquatic gardeners as a cost-effective way to add more light to their aquariums. Overdriving is done by rewiring lamp fixtures to increase lamp current; however, lamp life is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_fluorescent_lamps">Other fluorescent lamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other fluorescent lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_light">Black light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Black light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Blacklights are a subset of fluorescent lamps that are used to provide <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UVA</a> light (at about 360 nm wavelength). They are built in the same fashion as conventional fluorescent lamps but the glass tube is coated with a phosphor that converts the short-wave UV within the tube to long-wave UV rather than to visible light. They are used to provoke fluorescence (to provide dramatic effects using <a href="/wiki/Blacklight_paint" title="Blacklight paint">blacklight paint</a> and to detect materials such as urine and certain dyes that would be invisible in visible light) as well as to attract insects to <a href="/wiki/Bug_zapper" title="Bug zapper">bug zappers</a>.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p> So-called <i>blacklite blue</i> lamps are also made from more expensive deep purple glass known as <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_glass" title="Wood's glass">Wood's glass</a> rather than clear glass. The deep purple glass filters out most of the visible colors of light directly emitted by the mercury-vapor discharge, producing proportionally less visible light compared with UV light. This allows UV-induced fluorescence to be seen more easily (thereby allowing <a href="/wiki/Blacklight_poster" title="Blacklight poster">blacklight posters</a> to seem much more dramatic). The blacklight lamps used in bug zappers do not require this refinement so it is usually omitted in the interest of cost; they are called simply <i><a href="/wiki/Blacklite" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklite">blacklite</a></i> (and not blacklite blue). </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanning_lamp">Tanning lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tanning lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lamps used in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning beds">tanning beds</a> contain a different phosphor blend (typically 3 to 5 or more phosphors) that emits both UVA and UVB, provoking a <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">tanning</a> response in most human skin. Typically, the output is rated as 3–10% UVB (5% most typical) with the remaining UV as UVA. These are mainly high output 100W lamps, although 160W very high output are somewhat common. One common phosphor used in these lamps is lead-activated barium disilicate, but a europium-activated strontium fluoroborate is also used. Early lamps used <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> as an activator, but emissions of thallium during manufacture were toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001120_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001120-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UVB_medical_lamps">UVB medical lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: UVB medical lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lamps used in <a href="/wiki/Phototherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototherapy">phototherapy</a> contain a phosphor that emits only UVB ultraviolet light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are two types: broadband UVB that gives 290–320 nanometer with peak wavelength of 306 nm, and narrowband UVB that gives 311–313 nanometer. Because of the longer wavelength, the narrowband UVB bulbs do not cause erythema in the skin like the broadband.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fluorescent_lamp#Dubious" title="Talk:Fluorescent lamp">discuss</a></i>]</sup> They requires a 10–20 times higher dose to the skin and they require more bulbs and longer exposure time. The narrowband is good for psoriasis, eczema (atopic dermatitis), vitiligo, lichen planus, and some other skin diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The broadband is better for increasing Vitamin D3 in the body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grow_lamp">Grow lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Grow lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grow_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Grow lamp">Grow lamps</a> contain phosphor blends that encourage <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, growth, or flowering in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and other light-dependent organisms. These often emit light primarily in the red and blue color range, which is absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and used for photosynthesis in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_lamps">Infrared lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Infrared lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamps can be made with a lithium metaluminate phosphor activated with iron. This phosphor has peak emissions between 675 and 875 nanometers, with lesser emissions in the deep red part of the visible spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilirubin_lamps">Bilirubin lamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bilirubin lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deep blue light generated from a <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>-activated phosphor is used in the <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">light therapy</a> treatment of <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>; light of this color penetrates skin and helps in the breakup of excess <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germicidal_lamp">Germicidal lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Germicidal lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal lamps</a> contain no phosphor at all, making them mercury vapor gas discharge lamps rather than fluorescent. Their tubes are made of <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> transparent to the UVC light emitted by the mercury discharge. The 254 nm UVC emitted by these tubes will kill germs and the 184.45 nm far UV will ionize <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>. Lamps labeled OF block the 184.45 nm far UV and do not produce significant ozone. In addition the UVC can cause eye and skin damage. They are sometimes used by <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a> to identify certain species of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> by the color of their fluorescence when fitted with filters that pass the short-wave UV and block visible light produced by the mercury discharge. They are also used in some <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a> erasers. Germicidal lamps have designations beginning with G, for example G30T8 for a 30-watt, 1-inch (2.5 cm) diameter, 36-inch (91 cm) long germicidal lamp (as opposed to an F30T8, which would be the fluorescent lamp of the same size and rating). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrodeless_lamp">Electrodeless lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Electrodeless lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrodeless_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodeless lamp">Electrodeless lamp</a></div> <p>Electrodeless induction lamps are fluorescent lamps without internal electrodes. They have been commercially available since 1990. A current is induced into the gas column using <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a>. Because the electrodes are usually the life-limiting element of fluorescent lamps, such electrodeless lamps can have a very long service life, although they also have a higher purchase price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold-cathode_fluorescent_lamp">Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps were used as <a href="/wiki/Backlighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Backlighting">backlighting</a> for <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCDs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a> and televisions before the use of <a href="/wiki/LED-backlit_LCD" title="LED-backlit LCD">LED-backlit LCDs</a>. They were also popular with computer <a href="/wiki/Case_modder" class="mw-redirect" title="Case modder">case modders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_demonstrations">Science demonstrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Science demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Capacitive coupling with high-voltage power lines can light a lamp continuously at low intensity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg/170px-Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg/255px-Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg/340px-Fluorescent_tube_under_electric_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capacitive_coupling" title="Capacitive coupling">Capacitive coupling</a> with <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_power_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-voltage power line">high-voltage power lines</a> can light a lamp continuously at low intensity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorescent lamps can be illuminated by means other than a proper electrical connection. These other methods, however, result in very dim or very short-lived illumination, and so are seen mostly in science demonstrations. <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a> will cause a lamp to flash momentarily as it discharges a high-voltage capacitance. A <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a> will pass high-frequency current through the tube, and since it has a high voltage as well, the gases within the tube will ionize and emit light. This also works with <a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">plasma globes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_coupling" title="Capacitive coupling">Capacitive coupling</a> with <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">high-voltage power lines</a> can light a lamp continuously at low intensity, depending on the intensity of the electric field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LED_tube" title="LED tube">LED tubes</a> – made as drop-in replacement for fluorescents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide lamp</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/dangermat/universal_waste_lamps.html">"Mercury-containing Lights and Lamps as Universal Waste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Ecology" title="Washington State Department of Ecology">Washington State Department of Ecology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604141653/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/dangermat/universal_waste_lamps.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury-containing+Lights+and+Lamps+as+Universal+Waste&rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Ecology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fhwtr%2Fdangermat%2Funiversal_waste_lamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Laughton. <i>Electrical Engineer's Reference Book Sixteenth Edition</i>, Newnes, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-4637-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-4637-3">0-7506-4637-3</a>, pp. 21–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/index.htm">Mercury-Containing Light Bulb (Lamp) Recycling | Universal Waste | US EPA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629230450/http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/index.htm">Archived</a> 2015-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gribben, John; "The Scientists; A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors"; <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>; 2004; pp 424–432; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6788-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6788-3">978-0-8129-6788-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949381–385-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949381–385_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1949">Bright 1949</a>, pp. 381–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US865367">US 865367</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=865367&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <i>Fluorescent Electric Lamp</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etheric-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etheric_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1896/10/02/archives/mr-moores-etheric-light-the-young-newark-electricians-new-and.html">"Mr. Moore's Etheric Light. The Young Newark Electrician's New And Successful Device"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. October 2, 1896. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215030/https://www.nytimes.com/1896/10/02/archives/mr-moores-etheric-light-the-young-newark-electricians-new-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mr.+Moore%27s+Etheric+Light.+The+Young+Newark+Electrician%27s+New+And+Successful+Device.&rft.date=1896-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1896%2F10%2F02%2Farchives%2Fmr-moores-etheric-light-the-young-newark-electricians-new-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span> Paid access.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasterDow1915" class="citation book cs1">Gaster, Leon; Dow, John Stewart (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernilluminan01dowgoog"><i>Modern illuminants and illuminating engineering</i></a>. Whittaker & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernilluminan01dowgoog/page/n127">107</a>–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+illuminants+and+illuminating+engineering&rft.pages=107-111&rft.pub=Whittaker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft.au=Dow%2C+John+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernilluminan01dowgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949221–223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949221–223_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1949">Bright 1949</a>, pp. 221–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamptech.co.uk/Documents/M7%20Kuch%20%26%20Retschinsky.htm">"Article about Küch and Retschinsky lamp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611162322/http://lamptech.co.uk/Documents/M7%20Kuch%20%26%20Retschinsky.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+about+K%C3%BCch+and+Retschinsky+lamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamptech.co.uk%2FDocuments%2FM7%2520Kuch%2520%2526%2520Retschinsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287"><i>Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-7661-3872-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements%3A+Third+Edition+%28reprint%29&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJIk9BPdNWcC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claude1913-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claude1913_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude1913" class="citation journal cs1">Claude, Georges (November 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erpMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271">"The Development of Neon Tubes"</a>. <i>The Engineering Magazine</i>: 271–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064854/https://books.google.com/books?id=erpMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Engineering+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Neon+Tubes&rft.pages=271-274&rft.date=1913-11&rft.aulast=Claude&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerpMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDulken-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanDulken_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dulken2002" class="citation book cs1">van Dulken, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVHRRoQvW60C&pg=PA42"><i>Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8812-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-8812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+20th+century%3A+100+inventions+that+shaped+the+world+%3A+from+the+airplane+to+the+zipper&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-8812-7&rft.aulast=van+Dulken&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVHRRoQvW60C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949369–374-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949369–374_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1949">Bright 1949</a>, pp. 369–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949385-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949385_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1949">Bright 1949</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinggeli2010" class="citation book cs1">Binggeli, Corky (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcRPQcc0vU0C&q=Becquerel+%22Fluorescent+Lamp%22+Coating&pg=PA283"><i>Building Systems for Interior Designers – Corky Binggeli – Google Books</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470228470" title="Special:BookSources/9780470228470"><bdi>9780470228470</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064855/https://books.google.com/books?id=XcRPQcc0vU0C&q=Becquerel+%22Fluorescent+Lamp%22+Coating&pg=PA283">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Systems+for+Interior+Designers+%E2%80%93+Corky+Binggeli+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470228470&rft.aulast=Binggeli&rft.aufirst=Corky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcRPQcc0vU0C%26q%3DBecquerel%2B%2522Fluorescent%2BLamp%2522%2BCoating%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2011" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Oliver (June 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0i-SmPtmJDIC&q=Becquerel+%22Fluorescent+Coating%22&pg=PT163"><i>Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood – Oliver Sacks – Google Books</i></a>. Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330537216" title="Special:BookSources/9780330537216"><bdi>9780330537216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064854/https://books.google.com/books?id=0i-SmPtmJDIC&q=Becquerel+%22Fluorescent+Coating%22&pg=PT163">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Tungsten%3A+Memories+of+a+Chemical+Boyhood+%E2%80%93+Oliver+Sacks+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.isbn=9780330537216&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0i-SmPtmJDIC%26q%3DBecquerel%2B%2522Fluorescent%2BCoating%2522%26pg%3DPT163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604153528/http://www.ies.org/lighting/history/timeline-of-lighting.cfm">"Discover Lighting! History > Milestones in Lighting"</a>. Ies.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ies.org/lighting/history/timeline-of-lighting.cfm">the original</a> on 2016-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+Lighting%21+History+%3E+Milestones+in+Lighting&rft.pub=Ies.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ies.org%2Flighting%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline-of-lighting.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBright1949388–391-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBright1949388–391_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBright1949">Bright 1949</a>, pp. 388–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFAlbert_W._Hull1931"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1790153">US patent 1790153</a>, Albert W. Hull, "Electrical Discharge Device and Method of Operation", issued 1931-01-27,  assigned to General Electric Company</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1790153&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Electrical+Discharge+Device+and+Method+of+Operation&rft.inventor=Albert+W.+Hull&rft.assignee=General+Electric+Company&rft.date=1931-01-27&rft.appldate=1927-10-15"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFFriedrich_MeyerHans-Joachim_SpannerEdmund_Germer1939"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2182732">US patent 2182732</a>, Friedrich Meyer; Hans-Joachim Spanner & Edmund Germer, "Metal Vapor Lamp", issued 1939-12-05,  assigned to General Electric Company</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2182732&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Metal+Vapor+Lamp&rft.inventor=Friedrich+Meyer&rft.assignee=General+Electric+Company&rft.date=1939-12-05&rft.appldate=1927-12-19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Electrical Consultant</i>, Vol. 50, p. 4, 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Westinghouse Engineer</i>, Vol. 12–13, p. 141, 1952</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/prec20.htm">"Lighting A Revolution: 20th Century Store-room"</a>. <i>americanhistory.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109144831/http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/prec20.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanhistory.si.edu&rft.atitle=Lighting+A+Revolution%3A+20th+Century+Store-room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Flighting%2F20thcent%2Fprec20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidklE5qGAltjACpgPA97_97–98]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidklE5qGAltjACpgPA97_97–98]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Broekhoven2001">Van Broekhoven 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC&pg=PA97">97–98</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Yen, Shigeo Shionoya, Hajime Yamamoto, <i>Practical Applications of Phosphors</i>, CRC Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4200-4369-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4200-4369-2">1-4200-4369-2</a>, pp. 84–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alok-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alok_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulshreshtha2009" class="citation book cs1">Kulshreshtha, Alok K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWPfL5bxkAwC&q=pressure+in+%22fluorescent+tube%22&pg=PA801"><i>Basic Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications</i></a>. India: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-014100-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-014100-1"><bdi>978-0-07-014100-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064855/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWPfL5bxkAwC&q=pressure+in+%22fluorescent+tube%22&pg=PA801">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Electrical+Engineering%3A+Principles+and+Applications&rft.place=India&rft.pages=801&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-014100-1&rft.aulast=Kulshreshtha&rft.aufirst=Alok+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWPfL5bxkAwC%26q%3Dpressure%2Bin%2B%2522fluorescent%2Btube%2522%26pg%3DPA801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001185-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001185_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven200193-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Broekhoven200193_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Broekhoven2001">Van Broekhoven 2001</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayless2012" class="citation book cs1">Cayless, M. A. (August 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x40rBgAAQBAJ&dq=fluorescent+tube+silicone+moisture&pg=PA208"><i>Lamps and Lighting</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-13809-7"><bdi>978-1-135-13809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lamps+and+Lighting&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-135-13809-7&rft.aulast=Cayless&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx40rBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfluorescent%2Btube%2Bsilicone%2Bmoisture%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T12 specifies the bulb's diameter in 1/8 inch units; a T12 bulb is 12×(1/8) inches or 1.5 in (38 mm) in diameter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE1978-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE1978_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE1978_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE1978_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE1978_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE1978_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">General Electric, <i>Fluorescent Lamps Technical Bulletin TP 111R</i>, December 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001c.f._182-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001c.f._182_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, c.f. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001188-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001188_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001196–197-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001196–197_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philipsapp-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philipsapp_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philipsapp_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philipsapp_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philipsapp_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122114429/http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/APPCHP8.pdf">"Chapter 8. Lighting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Power Semiconductor Applications</i>. Philips Semiconductors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/APPCHP8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8.+Lighting&rft.btitle=Power+Semiconductor+Applications&rft.pub=Philips+Semiconductors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxp.com%2Fdocuments%2Fapplication_note%2FAPPCHP8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-electrostart-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-electrostart_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-electrostart_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabelek.co.uk/datasheets/UM2-UM3-Datasheet.pdf">"Datasheet of typical electronic starter (not fast start), with detailed explanation of operation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322120421/http://www.tabelek.co.uk/datasheets/UM2-UM3-Datasheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datasheet+of+typical+electronic+starter+%28not+fast+start%29%2C+with+detailed+explanation+of+operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabelek.co.uk%2Fdatasheets%2FUM2-UM3-Datasheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faststart-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faststart_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faststart_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabelek.co.uk/datasheets/300C-Datasheet.pdf">"Datasheet of typical fast start electronic starter, with detailed explanation of operation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322120454/http://www.tabelek.co.uk/datasheets/300C-Datasheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datasheet+of+typical+fast+start+electronic+starter%2C+with+detailed+explanation+of+operation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabelek.co.uk%2Fdatasheets%2F300C-Datasheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-type300c-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-type300c_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-type300c_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabelek.co.uk/product-300C-fastlux-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php">"Electronic Tube Starter 300C Fastlux for fluorescent strip lights"</a>. <i>www.tabelek.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108100850/http://www.tabelek.co.uk/product-300C-fastlux-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tabelek.co.uk&rft.atitle=Electronic+Tube+Starter+300C+Fastlux+for+fluorescent+strip+lights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabelek.co.uk%2Fproduct-300C-fastlux-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-um2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-um2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-um2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabelek.co.uk/product-um2-multipulse-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php">"Soft Start Electronic Starter for fluorescent tubes the UM2 Multi Pulse"</a>. <i>www.tabelek.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423140214/http://www.tabelek.co.uk/product-um2-multipulse-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tabelek.co.uk&rft.atitle=Soft+Start+Electronic+Starter+for+fluorescent+tubes+the+UM2+Multi+Pulse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabelek.co.uk%2Fproduct-um2-multipulse-electronic-fluorescent-tube-starter.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.tpg.com.au/pschamb/light.html">"Fast electronic starters for fluorescent lights"</a>. <i>users.tpg.com.au</i>. June 20, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104034555/http://users.tpg.com.au/pschamb/light.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>. <q>All three of the 'FAST' (< .5 seconds) starter brands caused an audible 'BURRRRRRRP' noise in some light fittings as they started and this is an inherent problem caused by their use of the faster 'DC' heating. It is worse with higher wattage tubes and if there is any loose metal in the light fitting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.tpg.com.au&rft.atitle=Fast+electronic+starters+for+fluorescent+lights&rft.date=2004-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.tpg.com.au%2Fpschamb%2Flight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings</i> by Walter T Grondzik, Alison Kwok, Benjamin Stein, John S Reynolds, Wiley Publishing, 2010, pp. 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorn Lighting Technical Handbook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001182-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001182_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803184327/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/flballast_preanalysis_ch3.pdf">"Energy Conservation Standards for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118287927" title="Special:BookSources/9781118287927"><bdi>9781118287927</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064855/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBhzo-bQWsC&q=Typical+incandescent+lighting+is+2700+K%2C+which+is+yellowish-white&pg=PT66">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119165323" title="Special:BookSources/9781119165323"><bdi>9781119165323</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064855/https://books.google.com/books?id=mThZDgAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Halogen+lighting+is+3000+K&pg=PT71">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lulu Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781304236159" title="Special:BookSources/9781304236159"><bdi>9781304236159</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420064855/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sFOCAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Fluorescent+lamps+come+in+many+shapes+and+sizes&pg=PT91">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Dynamic Interaction Analysis of HF Ballasts and Fluorescent Lamps Based on Envelope Simulation". <i>IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 1531–1536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F28.952531">10.1109/28.952531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Industry+Applications&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Interaction+Analysis+of+HF+Ballasts+and+Fluorescent+Lamps+Based+on+Envelope+Simulation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1531-1536&rft.date=2001-09%2F2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F28.952531&rft.aulast=Glozman&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rft.au=Ben-Yaakov%2C+Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nema.org/Standards/ComplimentaryDocuments/Frequently-Asked-Questions-Regarding-CFLs-and-Dimming.pdf">"Frequently Asked Questions Regarding CFLs and Dimming"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nema.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513210531/http://www.nema.org/Standards/ComplimentaryDocuments/Frequently-Asked-Questions-Regarding-CFLs-and-Dimming.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nema.org&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+Regarding+CFLs+and+Dimming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nema.org%2FStandards%2FComplimentaryDocuments%2FFrequently-Asked-Questions-Regarding-CFLs-and-Dimming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/why-overdriving-could-burn-down-your-home">"Why overdriving could burn down your home"</a>. <i>Practical Fishkeeping</i>. June 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521235939/https://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/features/articles/why-overdriving-could-burn-down-your-home">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Fishkeeping&rft.atitle=Why+overdriving+could+burn+down+your+home&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2Fwhy-overdriving-could-burn-down-your-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001120-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001120_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoinsYorioSanwoBrown1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goins GD, Yorio NC, Sanwo MM, Brown CS (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F48.7.1407">"Photomorphogenesis, photosynthesis, and seed yield of wheat plants grown under red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with and without supplemental blue lighting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Botany" title="Journal of Experimental Botany">Journal of Experimental Botany</a></i>. <b>48</b> (7): 1407–1413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F48.7.1407">10.1093/jxb/48.7.1407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11541074">11541074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Photomorphogenesis%2C+photosynthesis%2C+and+seed+yield+of+wheat+plants+grown+under+red+light-emitting+diodes+%28LEDs%29+with+and+without+supplemental+blue+lighting&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1407-1413&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2F48.7.1407&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11541074&rft.aulast=Goins&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Yorio%2C+NC&rft.au=Sanwo%2C+MM&rft.au=Brown%2C+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252F48.7.1407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaneSell2001122_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaneSell2001">Kane & Sell 2001</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1949" class="citation book cs1">Bright, Arthur Aaron Jr. (1949). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electriclampindu0000brig"><i>The Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947</i></a></span>. Macmillan Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric-Lamp+Industry%3A+Technological+Change+and+Economic+Development+from+1800+to+1947&rft.pub=Macmillan+Co&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Aaron+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectriclampindu0000brig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaneSell2001" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Raymond; Sell, Heinz, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klE5qGAltjAC"><i>Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress</i></a> (2nd ed.). The Fairmont Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-378-5"><bdi>978-0-88173-378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+lamps%3A+a+chronicle+of+50+years+of+progress&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Fairmont+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88173-378-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklE5qGAltjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Broekhoven2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Broekhoven, Jacob (2001). "Lamp Phosphors". In Kane, Raymond; Sell, Heinz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z19OAkRv_14C"><i>Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress</i></a> (2nd ed.). The Fairmont Press, Inc. pp. 93–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88173-378-5"><bdi>978-0-88173-378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamp+Phosphors&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+lamps%3A+a+chronicle+of+50+years+of+progress&rft.pages=93-126&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Fairmont+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88173-378-5&rft.aulast=Van+Broekhoven&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ19OAkRv_14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emanuel Gluskin, “The fluorescent lamp circuit”, (Circuits & Systems Expositions)</li> <li>IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Part I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 46(5), 1999 (529–544).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent_lamp&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fluorescent_lamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fluorescent lamps">Fluorescent lamps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluorescent_lamp" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamp</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iYDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+January+1940&pg=PA136"><i>Popular Science</i>, January 1940 <i>Fluorescent Lamps</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/lightingAnswers/LAT5/abstract.asp">T5 Fluorescent Systems – Lighting Research Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117210748/https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightingAnswers/lat5/abstract.asp">Archived</a> 2021-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Research about the improved T5 relative to the previous T8 standard</li> <li>NASA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wfluor.html">The Fluorescent Lamp: A plasma you can use</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwsDvINxA84"><span class="plainlinks">How Fluorescent Tubes are Manufactured</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamptech.co.uk/">Museum of Electric Lamp Technology</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._N._Thayer1991" class="citation web cs1">R. N. Thayer (October 25, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324195444/http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/thayer.html">"The Fluorescent Lamp: Early U. S. Development"</a>. The Report courtesy of General Electric Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.frognet.net/~ejcov/thayer.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fluorescent+Lamp%3A+Early+U.+S.+Development&rft.pub=The+Report+courtesy+of+General+Electric+Company&rft.date=1991-10-25&rft.au=R.+N.+Thayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.frognet.net%2F~ejcov%2Fthayer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFluorescent+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wiebe E. Bijker,<i>Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change</i> MIT Press, 1995, Chapter 4, preview available at Google Books, on the social construction of fluorescent lighting</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pavouk.org/hw/lamp/en_index.html">Explanations and schematics of some fluorescent lamps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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