CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Smog - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"24f785f1-e5d6-454d-9e7f-b474699953aa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Smog","wgTitle":"Smog","wgCurRevisionId":1258360680,"wgRevisionId":1258360680,"wgArticleId":27000,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013", "Articles needing additional references from July 2021","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Smog","1900s neologisms","Pollution","Air pollution"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Smog","wgRelevantArticleId":27000,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169994","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/1200px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1130"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/800px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="754"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/640px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="603"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Smog - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Smog rootpage-Smog skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Smog" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Smog" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Smog" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Smog" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropogenic_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropogenic_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anthropogenic causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anthropogenic_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anthropogenic causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anthropogenic_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transportation emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photochemical_smog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photochemical_smog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Photochemical smog</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Photochemical_smog-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Photochemical smog subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Photochemical_smog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_and_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation and reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Natural causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levels_of_unhealthy_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_unhealthy_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Levels of unhealthy exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_unhealthy_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premature_deaths_due_to_cancer_and_respiratory_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premature_deaths_due_to_cancer_and_respiratory_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premature_deaths_due_to_cancer_and_respiratory_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alzheimer_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alzheimer_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Alzheimer risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alzheimer_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_of_certain_birth_defects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_certain_birth_defects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Risk of certain birth defects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_certain_birth_defects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_birth_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_birth_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Low birth weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_birth_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_negative_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_negative_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other negative effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_negative_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Areas affected</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas_affected-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Areas affected subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Areas_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Other areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Los_Angeles_and_the_San_Joaquin_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Angeles_and_the_San_Joaquin_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.1</span> <span>Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_Angeles_and_the_San_Joaquin_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_incidents_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_incidents_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.2</span> <span>Major incidents in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_incidents_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pollution index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Smog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ضبخان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضبخان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoq" title="Smoq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Smoq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="ধোঁয়াশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধোঁয়াশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian-b%C5%AB" title="Ian-bū – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ian-bū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="स्मॉग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्मॉग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boirum" title="Boirum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boirum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwrllwch" title="Mwrllwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwrllwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudu" title="Sudu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sudu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Αιθαλομίχλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιθαλομίχλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmog" title="Esmog – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esmog" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumnebulo" title="Fumnebulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fumnebulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="مه‌دود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مه‌دود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toitcheo" title="Toitcheo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toitcheo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%99%E9%9C%BE" title="煙霾 – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="煙霾" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%A8%EA%B7%B8" title="스모그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스모그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A3" title="Սմոգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սմոգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="धुआँसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धुआँसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumnebulo" title="Fumnebulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fumnebulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbut" title="Asbut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asbut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97" title="ערפיח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערפיח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%81" title="ಹೊಗೆ ಮಂಜು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೊಗೆ ಮಂಜು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სმოგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სმოგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Тұмша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұмша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esm%C3%B2g" title="Esmòg – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esmòg" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smogs" title="Smogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smogas" title="Smogas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smogas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szmog" title="Szmog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szmog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D" title="പുകമഞ്ഞ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുകമഞ്ഞ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbut" title="Asbut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asbut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0" title="スモッグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スモッグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esm%C3%B2g" title="Esmòg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esmòg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97" title="ਸਮੌਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮੌਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF" title="سموگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سموگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="धूमनीहारः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="धूमनीहारः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smogu" title="Smogu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Smogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ රසායනික ධූමිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ රසායනික ධූමිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savusumu" title="Savusumu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Savusumu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="புகைப்பனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புகைப்பனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="หมอกปนควัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมอกปนควัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" title="Smog – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Smog" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Смог – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смог" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF" title="اسموگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسموگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_kh%C3%B3i" title="Sương khói – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sương khói" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%9B%BE" title="烟雾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="烟雾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%99%E9%9C%9E" title="煙霞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="煙霞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%99%E9%9C%A7" title="煙霧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="煙霧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Smog" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Smog"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Smog"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Smog" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Smog" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&oldid=1258360680" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Smog&id=1258360680&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSmog"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSmog"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Smog&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Smog" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169994" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Smoke-like, fog-like air pollutions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Smog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Smog (disambiguation)">Smog (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hazy cityscape to the right and a clear one to the left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/220px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/330px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png/440px-Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>Smog and a sunny day within a 10-day interval in <a href="/wiki/Fanhe_Town,_Tieling" title="Fanhe Town, Tieling">Fanhe</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fighting-smog-in-los-angeles">"Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"</a>, <i>Distillations</i> Podcast, 2018 <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Smog</b>, or <b>smoke fog</b>, is a type of intense <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words <i><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity, and odor.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea soup fog</a>, a familiar and serious problem in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> from the 19th century to the mid-20th century, where it was commonly known as a <b>London particular</b> or <b>London fog</b>. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulfur oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, smoke and other <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulates</a>. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions. </p><p>Smog is often categorized as being either <a href="/wiki/Summer_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer smog">summer smog</a> or winter smog. Summer smog is primarily associated with the photochemical formation of ozone. During the summer season when the temperatures are warmer and there is more sunlight present, photochemical smog is the dominant type of smog formation. During the winter months when the temperatures are colder, and <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">atmospheric inversions</a> are common, there is an increase in coal and other fossil fuel usage to heat homes and buildings. These combustion emissions, together with the lack of pollutant <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion</a> under inversions, characterize winter smog formation. Smog formation in general relies on both primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, such as emissions of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> from coal combustion. Secondary pollutants, such as ozone, are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere. </p><p>Photochemical smog, as found for example in Los Angeles, is a type of air pollution derived from <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicular emission">vehicular emission</a> from <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> and industrial fumes. These pollutants react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical smog">photochemical smog</a>. In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by <a href="/wiki/Stubble_burning" title="Stubble burning">stubble burning</a> in neighboring agricultural areas since the 1980s. The atmospheric pollution levels of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and other cities are often increased by an inversion that traps pollution close to the ground. The developing smog is usually <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> to humans and can cause severe sickness, a shortened life span, or premature death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coinage of the term "smog" has been attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Antoine_Des_Voeux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Antoine Des Voeux (page does not exist)">Henry Antoine Des Voeux</a> in his 1905 paper, "Fog and Smoke" for a meeting of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Health Congress (page does not exist)">Public Health Congress</a>. The 26 July 1905 edition of the London newspaper <i>Daily Graphic</i> quoted Des Voeux, "He said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country, and that was smoky fog, or what was known as 'smog'."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> The following day the newspaper stated that "Dr. Des Voeux did a public service in coining a new word for the London fog." </p><p>However, the term appeared twenty-five years earlier than Voeux's paper, in the Santa Cruz & Monterey Illustrated Handbook published in 1880<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also appears in print in a column quoting from the book in the 3 July 1880, Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 December 1881, in the publication <i>Sporting Times,</i> the author claims to have invented the word: "The 'Smog' – a word I have invented, combined of smoke and fog, to designate the London atmosphere..."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropogenic_causes">Anthropogenic causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coal fire can emit significant clouds of smoke that contribute to the formation of winter smog. Coal fires can be used to heat individual buildings or to provide energy in a power-producing plant. Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-middleages3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleages3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-middleages22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleages22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London, in particular, was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal-caused smogs, which were nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea-soupers</a>". Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal. The emissions from coal combustion are one of the main causes of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in China">air pollution in China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially during autumn and winter when coal-fired heating ramps up, the amount of produced smoke at times forces some Chinese cities to close down roads, schools or airports. One prominent example for this was China's Northeastern city of <a href="/wiki/2013_Harbin_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Harbin smog">Harbin in 2013</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_emissions">Transportation emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transportation emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traffic emissions – such as from <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> – also contribute to the formation of smog.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airborne <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> from vehicle <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">exhaust systems</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lhkinsights.com/technology/car-air-conditioner-blowing-white-mist/">air conditioning</a> cause <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major culprits from transportation sources are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-queensland2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queensland2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> and <a href="/wiki/NO2" class="mw-redirect" title="NO2">NO<sub>2</sub></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-epa-no22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-no22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA_NOx2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_NOx2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> volatile organic compounds,<sup id="cite_ref-queensland2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queensland2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa-no22_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-no22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> (hydrocarbons are the main component of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum fuels">petroleum fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-queensland2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queensland2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transportation emissions also include <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioxides">sulfur dioxides</a> and particulate matter but in much smaller quantities than the pollutants mentioned previously. The nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds can undergo a series of chemical reactions with sunlight, heat, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, moisture, and other compounds to form the noxious vapors, <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level ozone">ground level ozone</a>, and particles that comprise smog.<sup id="cite_ref-queensland2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queensland2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa-no22_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-no22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photochemical_smog">Photochemical smog</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photochemical smog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photochemical_smog_formation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photochemical_smog_formation.png/220px-Photochemical_smog_formation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photochemical_smog_formation.png/330px-Photochemical_smog_formation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photochemical_smog_formation.png/440px-Photochemical_smog_formation.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>The photochemical smog formation diagram. (Based on U 6.3.3 in mrgsciences.com<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Photochemical smog, often referred to as "summer smog", is the chemical reaction of sunlight, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides">nitrogen oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> in the atmosphere, which leaves <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">airborne particles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">ground-level ozone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photochemical smog depends on primary pollutants as well as the formation of secondary pollutants. These primary pollutants include <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> (NO) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (NO<sub>2</sub>), and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a>. The relevant secondary pollutants include <a href="/wiki/Peroxyacyl_nitrates" title="Peroxyacyl nitrates">peroxylacyl nitrates</a> (PAN), <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">tropospheric ozone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>. An important secondary pollutant for photochemical smog is ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) combine in the presence of sunlight; nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), which is formed as nitric oxide (NO) combines with oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, when SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> are emitted they eventually are oxidized in the troposphere to <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which, when mixed with water, form the main components of acid rain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLANE_(SUPPLIED_BY_NASA)_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg/220px-PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg/330px-PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg/440px-PLANE_%28SUPPLIED_BY_NASA%29_USES_SPACE_TECHNIQUES_IN_SMOG_RESEARCH._SCIENTISTS_FROM_STATEWIDE_AIR_-_NARA_-_542670.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Airplane used to collect airborne hydrocarbons, May 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>The composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s. In 1948, flavor chemist <a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Haagen-Smit</a> adapted some of his equipment to collect chemicals from polluted air, and identified ozone as a component of Los Angeles smog. Haagen-Smit went on to discover that nitrogen oxides from automotive exhausts and gaseous hydrocarbons from cars and oil refineries, exposed to sunlight, were key ingredients in the formation of ozone and photochemical smog.<sup id="cite_ref-hundred2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundred2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 219–224">: 219–224 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardner2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kean2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kean2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haagen-Smit worked with <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Beckman" title="Arnold Beckman">Arnold Beckman</a>, who developed various equipment for detecting smog, ranging from an "Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere" patented on 7 October 1952, to "air quality monitoring vans" for use by government and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-hundred2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundred2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224–226">: 224–226 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_reactions">Formation and reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation and reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the morning rush hour, a high concentration of nitric oxide and hydrocarbons are emitted to the atmosphere, mostly via on-road traffic but also from industrial sources. Some hydrocarbons are rapidly oxidized by OH· and form peroxy radicals, which convert nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>). </p><p>(1) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {R{.}+ O2 + M -> RO2{.}+ M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>RO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {R{.}+ O2 + M -> RO2{.}+ M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2e96192a9bdf61d19748b160aef5a88cf0c20aa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.319ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {R{.}+ O2 + M -> RO2{.}+ M}}}"></span> </p><p>(2) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {RO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + RO{.}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>RO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>RO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {RO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + RO{.}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be53badf586b453dbf90d6b3b0c6cd8c119c89ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.319ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {RO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + RO{.}}}}"></span> </p><p>(3) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + OH{.}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + OH{.}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/255950220a2ae642984dfcc04f9345b02b20833d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.384ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HO2{.}+ NO -> NO2 + OH{.}}}}"></span> </p><p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) and nitric oxide (NO) further react with ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) in a series of chemical reactions: </p><p>(4) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + hv -> O(^3P) + NO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>hv</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + hv -> O(^3P) + NO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a234033ebd4061d41cd2dcedee6153d30d601430" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.708ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + hv -> O(^3P) + NO}}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda <400nm}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>400</mn> <mi>n</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda <400nm}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c17cda8cf99cd767e2de2977a3dbd0be862dd5e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.376ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda <400nm}"></span> </p><p>(5) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O(^3P) + O2 + M-> O3 + M(heat)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext>P</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>heat</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O(^3P) + O2 + M-> O3 + M(heat)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dce38edcd27058b17b194240cb11b949e5765412" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.06ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O(^3P) + O2 + M-> O3 + M(heat)}}}"></span> </p><p>(6) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + NO -> NO2 + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + NO -> NO2 + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c6e5c219bcd517537c573305ac37e45bef0665d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.658ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + NO -> NO2 + O2}}}"></span> </p><p>This series of equations is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Photostationary_state" title="Photostationary state">photostationary state</a> (PSS). However, because of the presence of Reaction 2 and 3, NO<sub>x</sub> and ozone are not in a perfectly steady state. By replacing Reaction 6 with Reaction 2 and Reaction 3, the O<sub>3</sub> molecule is no longer destroyed. Therefore, the concentration of ozone keeps increasing throughout the day. This mechanism can escalate the formation of ozone in smog. Other reactions such as the photooxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO), a common secondary pollutant, can also contribute to the increased concentration of ozone and NO<sub>2</sub>. Photochemical smog is more prevalent during summer days since incident solar radiation fluxes are high, which favors the formation of ozone (reactions 4 and 5). The presence of a temperature inversion layer is another important factor. That is because it prevents the vertical convective mixing of the air and thus allows the pollutants, including ozone, to accumulate near the ground level, which again favors the formation of photochemical smog. </p><p>There are certain reactions that can limit the formation of O<sub>3</sub> in smog. The main limiting reaction in polluted areas is: </p><p>(7) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + OH{.}+ M -> HNO3 + M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + OH{.}+ M -> HNO3 + M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d3ada20c812a9c8bcf242659f8f2c0c9357b3b2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.031ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + OH{.}+ M -> HNO3 + M}}}"></span> </p><p>This reaction removes NO<sub>2</sub> which limits the amount of O<sub>3</sub> that can be produced from its photolysis (reaction 4). HNO<sub>3</sub>, nitric acid, is a sticky compound that can easily be removed onto surfaces (dry deposition) or dissolved in water and be rained out (wet deposition). Both ways are common in the atmosphere and can efficiently remove radicals and nitrogen dioxide. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg/600px-Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>The presence of smog in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is shown near the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a>. The brown coloration is due to the NO<sub>2</sub> formed from photochemical smog reactions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_causes">Natural causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Natural causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An erupting volcano can emit high levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> along with a large quantity of particulate matter; two key components to the creation of smog. However, the smog created as a result of a volcanic eruption is often known as <a href="/wiki/Vog" title="Vog">vog</a> to distinguish it as a natural occurrence. The chemical reactions that form smog following a volcanic eruption are different than the reactions that form photochemical smog. The term smog encompasses the effect when a large number of gas-phase molecules and particulate matter are emitted to the atmosphere, creating a visible <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a>. The event causing a large number of emissions can vary but still result in the formation of smog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plants">Plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants are another natural source of hydrocarbons that could undergo reactions in the atmosphere and produce smog. Globally both plants and soil contribute a substantial amount to the production of hydrocarbons, mainly by producing <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocarbons released by plants can often be more reactive than man-made hydrocarbons. For example when plants release isoprene, the isoprene reacts very quickly in the atmosphere with hydroxyl radicals. These reactions produce hydroperoxides which increase ozone formation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_smog_masks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LA_smog_masks.jpg/220px-LA_smog_masks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LA_smog_masks.jpg/330px-LA_smog_masks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/LA_smog_masks.jpg/440px-LA_smog_masks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4717" data-file-height="3856" /></a><figcaption>Highland Park <a href="/wiki/Optimist_International" title="Optimist International">Optimist Club</a> wearing smog-gas masks at banquet, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, circa 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">Ground-level ozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> are especially harmful for senior citizens, children, and people with heart and lung conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can inflame breathing passages, decrease the lungs' working capacity, cause shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing. It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection, increasing susceptibility to illness.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospital admissions and respiratory deaths often increase during periods when ozone levels are high.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a lack of knowledge on the long-term effects of air pollution exposure and the origin of asthma. An experiment was carried out using intense air pollution similar to that of the 1952 Great Smog of London. The results from this experiment concluded that there is a link between early-life pollution exposure that leads to the development of asthma, proposing the ongoing effect of the Great Smog.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern studies continue to find links between mortality and the presence of smog. One study, published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature magazine">Nature magazine</a>, found that smog episodes in the city of Jinan, a large city in eastern China, during 2011–15, were associated with a 5.87% (95% CI 0.16–11.58%) increase in the rate of overall mortality. This study highlights the effect of exposure to air pollution on the rate of mortality in China.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar study in Xi'an found an association between ambient air pollution and increased mortality associated with respiratory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels_of_unhealthy_exposure">Levels of unhealthy exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Levels of unhealthy exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. EPA</a> has developed an <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality index</a> to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. 8 hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per notation">ppbv</a> are described as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups", 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as "unhealthy" and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as "very unhealthy".<sup id="cite_ref-epa_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "very unhealthy" range for some other pollutants are: 355 μg m<sup>−3</sup> – 424 μg m<sup>−3</sup> for <a href="/wiki/PM10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM10">PM10</a>; 15.5 ppm – 30.4ppm for CO and 0.65 ppm – 1.24 ppm for NO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premature_deaths_due_to_cancer_and_respiratory_disease">Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Medical_Association" title="Ontario Medical Association">Ontario Medical Association</a> announced that smog is responsible for an estimated 9,500 premature deaths in the province each year.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 20-year <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> study found that cumulative exposure also increases the likelihood of premature death from respiratory disease, implying the 8-hour standard may be insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alzheimer_risk">Alzheimer risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alzheimer risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiny magnetic particles from air pollution have for the first time been discovered to be lodged in human brains– and researchers think they could be a possible cause of Alzheimer's disease. Researchers at Lancaster University found abundant <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> in the brain tissue from 37 individuals aged three to 92-years-old who lived in Mexico City and Manchester. This strongly magnetic mineral is toxic and has been implicated in the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) in the human brain, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_of_certain_birth_defects">Risk of certain birth defects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Risk of certain birth defects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study examining 806 women who had babies with birth defects between 1997 and 2006, and 849 women who had healthy babies, found that smog in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> area of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> was linked to two types of <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube_defect" title="Neural tube defect">neural tube defects</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a> (a condition involving, among other manifestations, certain malformations of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">anencephaly</a> (the underdevelopment or absence of part or all of the brain, which if not fatal usually results in profound impairment).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An emerging cohort study in China linked early-life smog exposure to an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular oxidative stress.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_birth_weight">Low birth weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Low birth weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a study published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, even a very small (5 μg) change in <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> exposure was associated with an increase (18%) in risk of a low birth weight at delivery, and this relationship held even below the current accepted safe levels.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_negative_effects">Other negative effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other negative effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although severe health effects caused by smog are the chief issue, intense air pollution caused by <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> from <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storm</a> particles, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">bush fire</a> smoke, cause a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> that hurts both solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> production as well as <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">agricultural yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_affected">Areas affected</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Areas affected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smog can form in almost any climate where industries or cities release large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, such as smoke or gases. However, it is worse during periods of warmer, sunnier weather when the upper air is warm enough to inhibit vertical circulation. It is especially prevalent in geologic basins encircled by hills or mountains. It often stays for an extended period of time over densely populated cities or urban areas and can build up to dangerous levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Delhi" title="Environmental issues in Delhi">Environmental issues in Delhi</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India,_Agriculture_Fires,_November_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg/300px-Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg/450px-Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg/600px-Aerial_view_of_Air_Pollution_in_North_India%2C_Agriculture_Fires%2C_November_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>During the autumn and spring months, some 500 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Stubble_burning" title="Stubble burning">rice and wheat crop residues are burnt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_disturbances" class="mw-redirect" title="Western disturbances">winds blow from India's north and northwest towards east</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aerial view shows India's annual crop burning, resulting in smoke and air pollution over Delhi and adjoining areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the past few years, cities in northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have been covered in a thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> smog. The situation has turned quite drastic in the national capital, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. This smog is caused by the collection of <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> (a very fine type of dust and toxic gases) in the air due to stagnant movement of air during winters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, during the post-monsoon to winter transition, air quality in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> (IGP) worsens significantly due to shifts in weather patterns, such as changes in wind, temperature, and boundary layer mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of emissions from both <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">biomass</a> burning and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urban</a> activities has intensified, leading to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> mainly particulate matters.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan region</a> is also affected,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where mountainous topography trap <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollutants</a> and increase the air quality issues specifically in northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delhi is the most polluted<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city in the world and according to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.<sup id="cite_ref-TimePollution_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimePollution-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VOAPollution_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOAPollution-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EconomistPollution_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomistPollution-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2013–14, peak levels of fine <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particulate</a> matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.<sup id="cite_ref-TimePollution_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimePollution-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJPollution_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJPollution-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delhi has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM2.5</a> considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.<sup id="cite_ref-TodayPollution_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TodayPollution-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNAPollution_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNAPollution-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersPollution_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersPollution-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg/220px-Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg/330px-Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg/440px-Smog_in_the_skies_of_Delhi%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Dense smog blankets <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Place,_New_Delhi" title="Connaught Place, New Delhi">Connaught Place, New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Environmentalists have criticized the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.<sup id="cite_ref-VOAPollution_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOAPollution-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution – Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Transport_Corporation" title="Delhi Transport Corporation">Delhi Transport Corporation</a> operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly <a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">compressed natural gas</a> (CNG) buses.<sup id="cite_ref-cities.expressindia.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cities.expressindia.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Science_and_Environment" title="Centre for Science and Environment">Centre for Science and Environment</a> (CSE) started a public interest litigation in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>'s first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".<sup id="cite_ref-cities.expressindia.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cities.expressindia.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to <a href="/wiki/Stubble_burning" title="Stubble burning">stubble burning</a>, rise in market share of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">diesel cars</a> and a considerable decline in bus ridership.<sup id="cite_ref-kumari_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumari-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollution_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollution-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CUE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFER), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Antipollution_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antipollution-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSE2Pollution_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE2Pollution-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government of adjoining Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and an environmental panel has appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beijing#Air_quality" title="Beijing">Beijing § Air quality</a></div> <p>Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>'s pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces. On average 35–60% of the <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> can be traced to sources outside the city. <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> Province and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Municipality have a "significant influence on Beijing's air quality",<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly due to the prevailing south/southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2005, schools and public offices were forced to close in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and 1,600 people were taken to hospital, in a severe smog blamed largely on unfiltered car exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1990s, massive immigration to <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a> from the countryside began. An estimated 150,000 households, mainly living in traditional Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">gers</a> on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, burn wood and coal (some poor families burn even car tires and trash) to heat themselves during the harsh winter, which lasts from October to April, since these outskirts are not connected to the city's central heating system. A temporary solution to decrease smog was proposed in the form of stoves with improved efficiency, although with no visible results. </p><p>Coal-fired ger stoves release high levels of ash and other particulate matter (PM). When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems. At two to 10 times above Mongolian and international air quality standards, Ulaanbaatar's PM rates are among the worst in the world, according to a December 2009 World Bank report. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that health costs related to this air pollution account for as much as 4 percent of Mongolia's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Core,_Singapore,_Oct_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/220px-Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/330px-Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG/440px-Downtown_Core%2C_Singapore%2C_Oct_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Core" title="Downtown Core">Downtown Core</a> on 7 October 2006, when it was affected by <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Smog is a regular problem in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">land and forest fires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, although the term <a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">haze</a> is preferred in describing the problem. Farmers and plantation owners are usually responsible for the fires, which they use to clear tracts of land for further plantings. Those fires mainly affect <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic losses of the fires in 1997 have been estimated at more than US$9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes damages in agriculture production, destruction of forest lands, health, transportation, tourism, and other economic endeavours. Not included are social, environmental, and psychological problems and long-term health effects. The <a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">second-latest bout of haze</a> to occur in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> is in October 2006, and was caused by smoke from fires in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> being blown across the Straits of Malacca by south-westerly winds. A similar haze has occurred in June 2013, with the PSI setting a <a href="/wiki/Pollutant_Standards_Index#PSI_in_Singapore" title="Pollutant Standards Index">new record</a> in Singapore on 21 June at 12pm with a reading of 401, which is in the "Hazardous" range.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) reacted. In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution" title="ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution">Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution</a> was signed between all ASEAN nations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASEAN formed a Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) and established a co-ordination and support unit (CSU).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RHAP, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, established a monitoring and warning system for forest/vegetation fires and implemented a Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS). The Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD) has issued a daily rating of fire danger since September 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia has been ineffective at enforcing legal policies on errant farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter season</a>, heavy smog loaded with pollutants covered major parts of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, especially the city of <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing breathing problems and disrupting normal traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study from 2022 shows that the primary cause of pollution in Lahore is from traffic-related PM (both <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">exhausts</a> and non exhaust sources).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air quality in the Punjab, Pakistan deteriorates markedly during the post-<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> to winter transition, driven by shifts in weather patterns like alterations in wind, temperature, and <a href="/wiki/Boundary-Layer_Meteorology" title="Boundary-Layer Meteorology">boundary layer</a> mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-moonsoon, anthropogenic emissions from sources like <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">vehicle exhaust</a>, industrial activities, and <a href="/wiki/Crop_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop burning">crop burning</a> impact air quality across Punjab, Pakistan, affecting the region by 90–100%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctors advised residents to stay indoors and wear facemasks outside.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London">London</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonSmog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LondonSmog.jpg/220px-LondonSmog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LondonSmog.jpg/330px-LondonSmog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LondonSmog.jpg/440px-LondonSmog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was notorious for its thick smogs, or "<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea-soupers</a>", a fact that is often recreated (as here) to add an air of mystery to a period <a href="/wiki/Costume_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume drama">costume drama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1306, concerns over air pollution were sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> to (briefly) ban coal fires in London.<sup id="cite_ref-middleages3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleages3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1661, <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fumifugium" title="Fumifugium">Fumifugium</a></i> suggested burning fragrant wood instead of mineral coal, which he believed would reduce coughing. The "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ballad_of_Gresham_College" class="extiw" title="s:Ballad of Gresham College">Ballad of Gresham College</a>" the same year describes how the smoke "does our lungs and spirits choke, Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron." </p><p>Severe episodes of smog continued in the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly in the winter, and were nicknamed "pea-soupers," from the phrase "as thick as pea soup". The <a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smog of 1952">Great Smog of 1952</a> darkened the streets of London and killed approximately 4,000 people in the short time of four days (a further 8,000<sup id="cite_ref-EHP_112_1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHP_112_1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died from its effects in the following weeks and months). Initially, a <a href="/wiki/Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu">flu</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> was blamed for the loss of life. </p><p>In 1956 the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act</a> started legally enforcing <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokeless zone">smokeless zones</a> in the capital. There were areas where no soft coal was allowed to be burned in homes or in businesses, only <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, which produces no smoke. Because of the smokeless zones, reduced levels of sooty particulates eliminated the intense and persistent London smog. </p><p>It was after this that the great clean-up of London began. One by one, historical buildings which, during the previous two centuries had gradually completely blackened externally, had their stone facades cleaned and restored to their original appearance. Victorian buildings whose appearance changed dramatically after cleaning included the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum of Natural History">British Museum of Natural History</a>. A more recent example was the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, which was cleaned in the 1980s. A notable exception to the restoration trend was <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, whose bricks upon cleaning in the late 1950s proved to be naturally <i>yellow</i>; the smog-derived black color of the façade was considered so iconic that the bricks were painted black to preserve the image.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smog caused by traffic pollution, however, does still occur in modern London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_areas">Other areas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:07_01_2020_-_VERONA_SMOG_-_prefiltro_(filtro_cappa_antigrasso,_grease_filter_hood)_su_VMC_(ventilazione_meccanizzata_controllata)_dopo_4_giorni_(parte_bianca_coperta_da_nastro_adesivo)_-_2020_01_07_-_photo_Paolo_Villa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/07_01_2020_-_VERONA_SMOG_-_prefiltro_%28filtro_cappa_antigrasso%2C_grease_filter_hood%29_su_VMC_%28ventilazione_meccanizzata_controllata%29_dopo_4_giorni_%28parte_bianca_coperta_da_nastro_adesivo%29_-_2020_01_07_-_photo_Paolo_Villa.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/07_01_2020_-_VERONA_SMOG_-_prefiltro_%28filtro_cappa_antigrasso%2C_grease_filter_hood%29_su_VMC_%28ventilazione_meccanizzata_controllata%29_dopo_4_giorni_%28parte_bianca_coperta_da_nastro_adesivo%29_-_2020_01_07_-_photo_Paolo_Villa.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/07_01_2020_-_VERONA_SMOG_-_prefiltro_%28filtro_cappa_antigrasso%2C_grease_filter_hood%29_su_VMC_%28ventilazione_meccanizzata_controllata%29_dopo_4_giorni_%28parte_bianca_coperta_da_nastro_adesivo%29_-_2020_01_07_-_photo_Paolo_Villa.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Grease filter hood after 4 days at Italian city polluted air in winter (all surface was white)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other areas of the United Kingdom were affected by smog, especially heavily industrialised areas. </p><p>The cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, in Scotland, suffered smoke-laden fogs in 1909. Des Voeux, commonly credited with creating the "smog" moniker, presented a paper in 1911 to the Manchester Conference of the Smoke Abatement League of Great Britain about the fogs and resulting deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> resident described near black-out conditions in the 1900s before the Clean Air Act, with visibility so poor that cyclists had to dismount and walk to stay on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Supreme Court">UK Supreme Court</a> ruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg/220px-AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg/330px-AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg/440px-AerialViewMexicoCity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Situated in a valley, and relying heavily on automobiles, Mexico City often suffers from poor air quality.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its location in a highland "bowl", cold air sinks down onto the urban area of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, trapping industrial and vehicle pollution underneath, and turning it into the most infamously smog-plagued city of Latin America. Within one generation, the city has changed from being known for some of the cleanest air of the world into one with some of the worst pollution, with pollutants like <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> being double or even triple international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg/220px-AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg/330px-AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg/440px-AerialViewPhotochemicalSmogMexicoCity_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Photochemical smog over Mexico City, December 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to Mexico City, the air pollution of the <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> valley in Chile, located between the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Coast_Range" title="Chilean Coast Range">Chilean Coast Range</a>, turn it into the most infamously smog-plagued city of South America. Other aggravates of the situation reside in its high latitude (31 degrees South) and dry weather during most of the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Canadian Science Smog Assessment published in 2012, smog is responsible for detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health, as well as socioeconomic well-being across the country. It was estimated that the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> sustains $201 million in damages annually for selected crops, and an estimated tourism revenue degradation of $7.5 million in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and $1.32 million in The <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a> due to decreased visibility. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_British_Columbia" title="Air pollution in British Columbia">Air pollution in British Columbia</a> is of particular concern, especially in the Fraser Valley, because of a meteorological effect called <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion</a> which decreases air dispersion and leads to smog concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upstatenysmog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Upstatenysmog.jpg/220px-Upstatenysmog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Upstatenysmog.jpg/330px-Upstatenysmog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Upstatenysmog.jpg/440px-Upstatenysmog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut's photograph of a smog layer over central <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG/220px-LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG/330px-LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG/440px-LAcityhalllookingsouth8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>View of smog south from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">Los Angeles City Hall</a>, September 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg/220px-US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg/330px-US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg/440px-US_Counties_Designated_Non-attainment_according_to_EPA_NAAQS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Counties in the United States where one or more <a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> are not met, as of October 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Smog was brought to the attention of the general U.S. public in 1933 with the publication of the book "Stop That Smoke", by Henry Obermeyer, a New York public utility official, in which he pointed out the effect on human life and even the destruction of 3,000 acres (12 km<sup>2</sup>) of a farmer's spinach crop.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> has designated over 300 U.S. counties to be non-attainment areas for one or more pollutants tracked as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas are largely clustered around large metropolitan areas, with the largest contiguous non-attainment zones in California and the Northeast. Various U.S. and Canadian government agencies collaborate to produce real-time air quality maps and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_forecasting" title="Air pollution forecasting">forecasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat smog conditions, localities may declare "smog alert" days, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Spare_the_Air_program" title="Spare the Air program">Spare the Air program</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>. By 1970, Congress enacted the Clean Air Act to regulate air pollutant emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, smog pollution kills 24,000 Americans every year. The U.S. is among the dirtier countries in terms of smog, ranked 123 out of 195 countries measured, where 1 is cleanest and 195 is most smog polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Los_Angeles_and_the_San_Joaquin_Valley"><span class="anchor" id="LA"></span>Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of their locations in low basins surrounded by mountains, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> are notorious for their smog. Heavy automobile traffic, combined with the additional effects of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> and Los Angeles/<a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a> port complexes, frequently contribute to further air pollution. </p><p>Los Angeles, in particular, is strongly predisposed to the accumulation of smog, because of the peculiarities of its geography and weather patterns. Los Angeles is situated in a flat basin with the ocean on one side and mountain ranges on three sides. A nearby cold ocean current depresses surface air temperatures in the area, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">inversion layer</a>: a phenomenon where air temperature increases, instead of decreasing, with altitude, suppressing <a href="/wiki/Thermals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermals">thermals</a> and restricting vertical convection. All taken together, this results in a relatively thin, enclosed layer of air above the city that cannot easily escape out of the basin and tends to accumulate pollution. </p><p>Los Angeles was one of the best-known cities suffering from transportation smog for much of the 20th century, so much so that it was sometimes said that <i>Los Angeles</i> was a synonym for <i>smog.</i><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed, Los Angeles was the most polluted basin in the country, and California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ensuing strict regulations by state and federal government agencies overseeing this problem (such as the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>), including tight restrictions on allowed emissions levels for all new cars sold in California and mandatory regular emission tests of older vehicles, resulted in significant improvements in air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, air concentrations of volatile organic compounds declined by a factor of 50 between 1962 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrous oxides and ozone declined by 70% to 80% over the same period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Major_incidents_in_the_U.S.">Major incidents in the U.S.</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Major incidents in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>26 July 1943, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>: A smog so sudden and severe that "Los Angeles residents believe the Japanese are attacking them with chemical warfare."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Donora_smog" title="1948 Donora smog">30-31 October 1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donora,_Pennsylvania" title="Donora, Pennsylvania">Donora, Pennsylvania</a>: 20 died, 600 hospitalized, thousands more stricken. Lawsuits were not settled until 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_New_York_City_smog" title="1966 New York City smog">24 November 1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a>: Smog kills at least 169<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_index">Pollution index</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pollution index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Smog" title="Special:EditPage/Smog">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(Jardins).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg/220px-Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg/330px-Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg/440px-Pollution_over_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_%28Jardins%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Smog in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The severity of smog is often measured using automated optical instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">nephelometers</a>, as haze is associated with visibility and traffic control in ports. Haze, however, can also be an indication of poor air quality, though this is often better reflected using accurate purpose-built air indexes such as the American <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air Quality Index</a>, the Malaysian API (Air Pollution Index), and the Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Pollutant_Standards_Index" title="Pollutant Standards Index">Pollutant Standards Index</a>. </p><p>In hazy conditions, it is likely that the index will report the suspended particulate level. The disclosure of the responsible pollutant is mandated in some jurisdictions. </p><p>The Malaysian API does not have a capped value. Hence, its most hazardous readings can go above 500. When the reading goes above 500, a state of emergency is declared in the affected area. Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be prohibitions on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the affected area excluding the food sector. So far, the state of emergency rulings due to hazardous API levels was applied to the Malaysian towns of Port Klang, Kuala Selangor, and the state of Sarawak during <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">2005 Malaysian haze</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London,_the_Houses_of_Parliament,_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog,_by_Claude_Monet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/220px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/330px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/440px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> made several trips to London between 1899 and 1901, during which he painted views of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> which show the sun struggling to shine through London's smog-laden atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The London "<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">pea-soupers</a>" earned the capital the nickname of "The Smoke". Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> was known as "Auld Reekie". The smogs feature in many London novels as a motif indicating hidden danger or a mystery, perhaps most overtly in <a href="/wiki/Margery_Allingham" title="Margery Allingham">Margery Allingham</a>'s <i>The Tiger in the Smoke</i> (1952), but also in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bleak_House" title="Bleak House">Bleak House</a></i> (1852) and <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock" title="The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock">The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</a>".</li> <li>In the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> cartoon, <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc" class="mw-redirect" title="What's Opera, Doc">What's Opera, Doc</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Fudd" title="Elmer Fudd">Elmer Fudd</a> called for various calamities to befall <a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a>, ending in a screamed "SMOG!!"</li> <li>The 1970 <a href="/wiki/Made-for-TV_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Made-for-TV movie">made-for-TV movie</a> <i>A Clear and Present Danger</i> was one of the first American television network entertainment programs to warn about the problem of smog and air pollution, as it dramatized a man's efforts toward clean air after emphysema killed his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The history of smog in LA is detailed in <i>Smogtown</i> by <a href="/wiki/Chip_Jacobs" title="Chip Jacobs">Chip Jacobs</a> and William J. Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smog_tower" title="Smog tower">Smog tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">2005 Malaysian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eastern_China_smog" title="2013 Eastern China smog">2013 Eastern China smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Northeastern_China_smog" title="2013 Northeastern China smog">2013 Northeastern China smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityTrees" title="CityTrees">CityTrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrail" title="Contrail">Contrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_air_contaminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Criteria air contaminants">Criteria air contaminants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">Emission standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">Inversion (meteorology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umweltzone" class="mw-redirect" title="Umweltzone">Umweltzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vog" title="Vog">Vog</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKornienkoGrininIlyinHerrmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Kornienko O, Grinin L, Ilyin I, Herrmann P, Korotayev A (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socionauki.ru/upload/socionauki.ru/book/files/globalistics_and_globalization_studies_5_en/220-225.pdf">"Social and Economic Background of Blending"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-hprints.archives-ouvertes.fr/hprints-01794187/document"><i>Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future</i></a>. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 220–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-5026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-5026-9"><bdi>978-5-7057-5026-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+and+Economic+Background+of+Blending&rft.btitle=Globalistics+and+Globalization+Studies%3A+Global+Transformations+and+Global+Future&rft.place=Volgograd&rft.pages=220-225&rft.pub=Uchitel+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-5-7057-5026-9&rft.aulast=Kornienko&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Grinin%2C+L&rft.au=Ilyin%2C+I&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+P&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socionauki.ru%2Fupload%2Fsocionauki.ru%2Fbook%2Ffiles%2Fglobalistics_and_globalization_studies_5_en%2F220-225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz_Cowan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Schwartz_Cowan" title="Ruth Schwartz Cowan">Schwartz Cowan, Ruth</a> (1997). <i>A Social History of American Technology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504605-2"><bdi>978-0-19-504605-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+American+Technology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504605-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz+Cowan&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiazzesi2006" class="citation book cs1">Piazzesi, Gaia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131651/https://www.psi.ch/ceg/PublicationsEN/Piazzesi,_PhD_thesis,_ETH_Zurich,_2006.pdf"><i>The Catalytic Hydrolysis of Isocyanic Acid (HNCO) in the Urea-SCR Process</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD Thesis). <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psi.ch/ceg/PublicationsEN/Piazzesi,_PhD_thesis,_ETH_Zurich,_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catalytic+Hydrolysis+of+Isocyanic+Acid+%28HNCO%29+in+the+Urea-SCR+Process&rft.pub=ETH+Zurich&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Piazzesi&rft.aufirst=Gaia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psi.ch%2Fceg%2FPublicationsEN%2FPiazzesi%2C_PhD_thesis%2C_ETH_Zurich%2C_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyrick1880" class="citation book cs1">Meyrick, Henry (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcZBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Santa Cruz & Monterey Illustrated Handbook</i></a>. San Francisco News Publishing Co. pp. 7–8. <q>It is really not fog at all, but cloud of pure white mist, warmer and much less wetting than a "Scotch mist," and differing entirely from the true British fog, facetiously spelled "smog," because always colored and strongly impregnated with smoke, a mixture as unwholesome as it is unpleasant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Cruz+%26+Monterey+Illustrated+Handbook&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=San+Francisco+News+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Meyrick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcZBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035444/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCWS18800703.1.3&srpos=41&e=-------en--20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-smog-------1">"The morning fog"</a>. <i>Santa Cruz Weekly Sentinel</i>. 3 July 1880. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCWS18800703.1.3&srpos=41&e=-------en--20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-smog-------1">the original</a> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>It is really not fog at all, but cloud of pure white mist. warmer and much less wetting than a "Scotch Mist," not differing entirely from the true British fog, facetiously spelled "smog" because always colored and strongly impregnated with smoke, a mixture as unwholesome as it is unpleasant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Cruz+Weekly+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+morning+fog&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1880-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSCWS18800703.1.3%26srpos%3D41%26e%3D-------en--20--41-byDA-txt-txIN-smog-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playhouses without Plays, Sporting Times, London, December 17, 1881, p6. Accessed September 12, 2020, The British Newspaper Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleages3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleages3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleages3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris2007" class="citation web cs1">Chris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725090103/http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/offbeat-news/environmentalism-in-1306/725">"Environmentalism in 1306"</a>. By Environmental Graffiti. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/offbeat-news/environmentalism-in-1306/725">the original</a> on 25 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmentalism+in+1306&rft.pub=By+Environmental+Graffiti&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmentalgraffiti.com%2Foffbeat-news%2Fenvironmentalism-in-1306%2F725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleages22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-middleages22_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2008" class="citation web cs1">Karl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113013723/https://scribol.com/art-and-design/green-design/environmentalism-in-1306/">"Environmentalism in 1306"</a>. By Environmental Graffiti. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scribol.com/art-and-design/green-design/environmentalism-in-1306/">the original</a> on 13 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmentalism+in+1306&rft.pub=By+Environmental+Graffiti&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscribol.com%2Fart-and-design%2Fgreen-design%2Fenvironmentalism-in-1306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Heilmann, Sebastian, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011093650/http://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/"><i>China's Political System</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 360. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/">the original</a> on 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+System&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merics.org%2Fen%2Fmerics-analysis%2Fchinas-political-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208230135/http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=227">"Clearing the Air"</a>. The Surface Transportation Policy Project. 19 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=227">the original</a> on 8 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clearing+the+Air&rft.pub=The+Surface+Transportation+Policy+Project&rft.date=2003-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transact.org%2Freport.asp%3Fid%3D227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6427a6b7538955c585257359003f0230/228d9bf38da42f7c8525743b006db951!OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=5&Expand=1">"EPA Tools Available as Summer Smog Season Starts"</a> (Press release). Boston, Massachusetts: United States Environmental Protection Agency. 30 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Tools+Available+as+Summer+Smog+Season+Starts&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyosemite.epa.gov%2Fopa%2Fadmpress.nsf%2F6427a6b7538955c585257359003f0230%2F228d9bf38da42f7c8525743b006db951%21OpenDocument%26Start%3D1%26Count%3D5%26Expand%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011115044348/http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report01/carsandtrucks.asp">"Sprawl Report 2001: Measuring Vehicle Contribution to Smog"</a>. Sierra Club. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report01/carsandtrucks.asp">the original</a> on 15 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sprawl+Report+2001%3A+Measuring+Vehicle+Contribution+to+Smog&rft.pub=Sierra+Club&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fsprawl%2Freport01%2Fcarsandtrucks.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010119154200/http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Environmental_Problems/smog_-_causes.html">"Smog – Causes"</a>. <i>The Environment: A Global Challenge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Environmental_Problems/smog_-_causes.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Environment%3A+A+Global+Challenge&rft.atitle=Smog+%E2%80%93+Causes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F26026%2FEnvironmental_Problems%2Fsmog_-_causes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328164916/http://www.epa.gov/air/ozonepollution/pdfs/smog.pdf">Smog — Who Does It Hurt? What You Need to Know About Ozone and Your Health (EPA-452/K-99-001)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/ozonepollution/pdfs/smog.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Smog+%E2%80%94+Who+Does+It+Hurt%3F+What+You+Need+to+Know+About+Ozone+and+Your+Health+%28EPA-452%2FK-99-001%29&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fair%2Fozonepollution%2Fpdfs%2Fsmog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=CO">"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"</a>. <i>Air Emission Sources</i>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Emission+Sources&rft.atitle=State+and+County+Emission+Summaries%3A+Carbon+Monoxide&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbroker%3F_service%3Ddata%26_debug%3D0%26_program%3Ddataprog.national_1.sas%26polchoice%3DCO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-queensland2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-queensland2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-queensland2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-queensland2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-queensland2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205161028/https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Community-and-environment/Environmental-management/How-you-can-make-a-difference/Motor-vehicle-pollution.aspx">"Motor vehicle pollution"</a>. Queensland Government. 4 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/Community-and-environment/Environmental-management/How-you-can-make-a-difference/Motor-vehicle-pollution.aspx">the original</a> on 5 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motor+vehicle+pollution&rft.pub=Queensland+Government&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmr.qld.gov.au%2FCommunity-and-environment%2FEnvironmental-management%2FHow-you-can-make-a-difference%2FMotor-vehicle-pollution.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-no22-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa-no22_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa-no22_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa-no22_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/nitrogenoxides/health.html">"Health"</a>. <i>Nitrogen Dioxide</i>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nitrogen+Dioxide&rft.atitle=Health&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fair%2Fnitrogenoxides%2Fhealth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/air/noxfacts.pdf">"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Regional+Transport+of+Ozone%3A+New+EPA+Rulemaking+on+Nitrogen+Oxide+Emissions+%28EPA-456%2FF-98-006%29&rft.pub=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fair%2Fnoxfacts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_NOx2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_NOx2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?_service=data&_debug=0&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas&polchoice=NOX">"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"</a>. <i>Air emission sources</i>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+emission+sources&rft.atitle=State+and+County+Emission+Summaries%3A+Nitrogen+Oxides&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbroker%3F_service%3Ddata%26_debug%3D0%26_program%3Ddataprog.national_1.sas%26polchoice%3DNOX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mrgscience.com/ess-topic-63-photochemical-smog.html">"ESS Topic Smog"</a>. <i>Amazing World of Science With Mr. Green</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazing+World+of+Science+With+Mr.+Green&rft.atitle=ESS+Topic+Smog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrgscience.com%2Fess-topic-63-photochemical-smog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928160543/http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/pn_1257_e.pdf">"Nox/VOC Smog Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/pn_1257_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nox%2FVOC+Smog+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Canadian+Council+of+Ministers+of+the+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccme.ca%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fpn_1257_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmfias.com/smog-sulfurous-smog-photochemical-smog-london-smog-los-angeles-smog-effects-geography-upsc-ias/">"Smog: Photochemical smog & Sulfurous smog"</a>. 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smog%3A+Photochemical+smog+%26+Sulfurous+smog&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmfias.com%2Fsmog-sulfurous-smog-photochemical-smog-london-smog-los-angeles-smog-effects-geography-upsc-ias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102203022/http://englishnotes4all.com/">"Educate about Smog: What causes acid rain?"</a>. <i>www.englishnotes4all.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishnotes4all.com/">the original</a> on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.englishnotes4all.com&rft.atitle=Educate+about+Smog%3A+What+causes+acid+rain%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishnotes4all.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation book cs1">Miller, George Tyler Jr. (2018). <i>Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions</i> (12th ed.). Belmont: <a href="/wiki/The_Thomson_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thomson Corporation">The Thomson Corporation</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-37697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-37697-0"><bdi>978-0-534-37697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+the+Environment%3A+Principles%2C+Connections%2C+and+Solutions&rft.place=Belmont&rft.pages=423&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Thomson+Corporation&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-534-37697-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=George+Tyler+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hundred2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hundred2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hundred2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrayMyers_Jr.2000" class="citation book cs1">Thackray, Arnold & Myers Jr., Minor (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edtL_hIi8M0C&pg=PA219"><i>Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-23-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-23-9"><bdi>978-0-941901-23-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnold+O.+Beckman+%3A+one+hundred+years+of+excellence&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-941901-23-9&rft.aulast=Thackray&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Myers+Jr.%2C+Minor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedtL_hIi8M0C%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2018" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Sarah (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124115059/http://englishnotes4all.com/">"Smog: the battle against air pollution"</a>. <i>Marketplace.org</i>. American Public Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishnotes4all.com/">the original</a> on 24 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketplace.org&rft.atitle=Smog%3A+the+battle+against+air+pollution&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishnotes4all.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kean2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kean2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kean, Sam (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-flavor-of-smog">"The Flavor of Smog"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=The+Flavor+of+Smog&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-flavor-of-smog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsevier" class="citation web cs1">Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/chemistry-of-the-natural-atmosphere/warneck/978-0-12-735632-7">"Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Volume 71 - 2nd Edition"</a>. <i>www.elsevier.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elsevier.com&rft.atitle=Chemistry+of+the+Natural+Atmosphere%2C+Volume+71+-+2nd+Edition&rft.au=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fbooks%2Fchemistry-of-the-natural-atmosphere%2Fwarneck%2F978-0-12-735632-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharkeyWiberleyDonohue2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sharkey, T. D.; Wiberley, A. E.; Donohue, A. R. (17 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701830">"Isoprene Emission from Plants: Why and How"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>101</b> (1): 5–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcm240">10.1093/aob/mcm240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7364">0305-7364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2701830">2701830</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17921528">17921528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Isoprene+Emission+from+Plants%3A+Why+and+How&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2701830%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-7364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17921528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcm240&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rft.au=Wiberley%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Donohue%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2701830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Traci (16 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2004-04-15-air-quality-ap_x.htm">"EPA: Half of USA breathing illegal levels of smog"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=EPA%3A+Half+of+USA+breathing+illegal+levels+of+smog&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fnews%2F2004-04-15-air-quality-ap_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarziali2015" class="citation web cs1">Marziali, Carl (4 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usc.edu/76761/las-environmental-success-story-cleaner-air-healthier-kids/">"L.A.'s Environmental Success Story: Cleaner Air, Healthier Kids"</a>. <i>USC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+News&rft.atitle=L.A.%27s+Environmental+Success+Story%3A+Cleaner+Air%2C+Healthier+Kids&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Marziali&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.usc.edu%2F76761%2Flas-environmental-success-story-cleaner-air-healthier-kids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtZhangPinkerton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kurt, Ozlem Kar; Zhang, Jingjing; Pinkerton, Kent E. (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776742">"Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 138–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCP.0000000000000248">10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-5287">1070-5287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776742">4776742</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26761628">26761628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+Health+Effects+of+Air+Pollution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-143&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4776742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1070-5287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26761628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCP.0000000000000248&rft.aulast=Kurt&rft.aufirst=Ozlem+Kar&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jingjing&rft.au=Pinkerton%2C+Kent+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4776742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleanwateractioncouncil.org/issues/air-quality/ozone-pollution/">"Ozone Pollution"</a>. Clean Water Action Council of Northeast Wisconsin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ozone+Pollution&rft.pub=Clean+Water+Action+Council+of+Northeast+Wisconsin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanwateractioncouncil.org%2Fissues%2Fair-quality%2Fozone-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html">"Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population"</a>. <i>Ozone and Your Patients' Health: Training for Health Care Providers</i>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 10 September 2013. <q>In addition to these effects, evidence from observational studies strongly indicates that higher daily ozone concentrations are associated with increased asthma attacks, increased hospital admissions, increased daily mortality, and other markers of morbidity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ozone+and+Your+Patients%27+Health%3A+Training+for+Health+Care+Providers&rft.atitle=Health+Effects+of+Ozone+in+the+General+Population&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fapti%2Fozonehealth%2Fpopulation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharadwajZivinMullinsNeidelllast2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bharadwaj, Prashant; Zivin, Joshua Graff; Mullins, Jamie T.; Neidelllast, Matthew (8 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5440984">"Early life exposure to the Great Smog of 1952 and the Development of Asthma"</a>. <i>American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine</i>. <b>194</b> (12): 1475–1482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201603-0451OC">10.1164/rccm.201603-0451OC</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5440984">5440984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27392261">27392261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Early+life+exposure+to+the+Great+Smog+of+1952+and+the+Development+of+Asthma&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1475-1482&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5440984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27392261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201603-0451OC&rft.aulast=Bharadwaj&rft.aufirst=Prashant&rft.au=Zivin%2C+Joshua+Graff&rft.au=Mullins%2C+Jamie+T.&rft.au=Neidelllast%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5440984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambient air pollution, smog episodes and mortality in Jinan, China: Jun Zhang, Yao Liu, Liang-liang Cui, Shou-qin Liu, Xi-xiang Yin & Huai-chen Li Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 11209 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11338-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokoenaEthanYuShale2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mokoena, Kingsley Katleho; Ethan, Crystal Jane; Yu, Yan; Shale, Karabo; Liu, Feng (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6612149">"Ambient air pollution and respiratory mortality in Xi'an, China: a time-series analysis"</a>. <i>Respiratory Research</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12931-019-1117-8">10.1186/s12931-019-1117-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-993X">1465-993X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6612149">6612149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277656">31277656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Research&rft.atitle=Ambient+air+pollution+and+respiratory+mortality+in+Xi%27an%2C+China%3A+a+time-series+analysis&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6612149%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-993X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31277656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12931-019-1117-8&rft.aulast=Mokoena&rft.aufirst=Kingsley+Katleho&rft.au=Ethan%2C+Crystal+Jane&rft.au=Yu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Shale%2C+Karabo&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6612149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725183242/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/rg701.pdf">"Guidelines for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality – the Air Quality Index (AQI)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (EPA-454/B-06-001). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/rg701.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+the+Reporting+of+Daily+Air+Quality+%E2%80%93+the+Air+Quality+Index+%28AQI%29&rft.issue=EPA-454%2FB-06-001&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fttn%2Foarpg%2Ft1%2Fmemoranda%2Frg701.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Tyler (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818225927/http://www.wheels.ca/reviews/article/256058">"$3.83 to power hybrid plug-in for 6 days"</a>. Wheels.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wheels.ca/reviews/article/256058">the original</a> on 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%243.83+to+power+hybrid+plug-in+for+6+days&rft.pub=Wheels.ca&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwheels.ca%2Freviews%2Farticle%2F256058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=101694787">Smoggy Skies May Cause Respiratory Death</a> NPR.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/articles/2016/toxic-air-pollution-nanoparticles-discovered-in-the-human-brain/">"Toxic air pollution nanoparticles discovered in the human brain"</a>. Lancaster University. 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxic+air+pollution+nanoparticles+discovered+in+the+human+brain&rft.pub=Lancaster+University&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancaster.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016%2Ftoxic-air-pollution-nanoparticles-discovered-in-the-human-brain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuben2015" class="citation web cs1">Reuben, Aaron (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/06/air-pollution-dementia-alzheimers-brain/">"The terrifying truth about air pollution and dementia"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=The+terrifying+truth+about+air+pollution+and+dementia&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=Reuben&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fenvironment%2F2015%2F06%2Fair-pollution-dementia-alzheimers-brain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadulaMortimerHubbardLurmann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Padula, AM; Mortimer, K; Hubbard, A; Lurmann, F; Jerrett, M; Tager, IB (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571254">"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during pregnancy and term low birth weight: Estimation of causal associations in a semiparametric model"</a>. <i>American Journal of Epidemiology</i>. <b>176</b> (9): 815–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkws148">10.1093/aje/kws148</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571254">3571254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045474">23045474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Exposure+to+traffic-related+air+pollution+during+pregnancy+and+term+low+birth+weight%3A+Estimation+of+causal+associations+in+a+semiparametric+model&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=815-24&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23045474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkws148&rft.aulast=Padula&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Mortimer%2C+K&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+A&rft.au=Lurmann%2C+F&rft.au=Jerrett%2C+M&rft.au=Tager%2C+IB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3571254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongChenWeiMa2017" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Jing; Chen, Yi; Wei, Ling; Ma, Ying; Tian, Ning; Huang, Shi Yun; Dai, Yin Mei; Zhao, Li Hong; Kong, Yuan Yuan (3 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5588991">"Early-life exposure to air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: protocol for a prospective cohort study in Beijing"</a>. <i>BMJ Open</i>. <b>7</b> (9): e015895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-015895">10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5588991">5588991</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28871018">28871018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Early-life+exposure+to+air+pollutants+and+adverse+pregnancy+outcomes%3A+protocol+for+a+prospective+cohort+study+in+Beijing&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e015895&rft.date=2017-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5588991%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28871018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-015895&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yi&rft.au=Wei%2C+Ling&rft.au=Ma%2C+Ying&rft.au=Tian%2C+Ning&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shi+Yun&rft.au=Dai%2C+Yin+Mei&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Li+Hong&rft.au=Kong%2C+Yuan+Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5588991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersenGiorgis-AllemandBernardAguilera2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pedersen, Marie; Giorgis-Allemand, Lise; Bernard, Claire; Aguilera, Inmaculada; Andersen, Anne-Marie Nybo; et al. (2013). "Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: A European cohort study (ESCAPE)". <i>The Lancet Respiratory Medicine</i>. <b>1</b> (9): 695–704. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.4406">0706.4406</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2813%2970192-9">10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70192-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24429273">24429273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ambient+air+pollution+and+low+birthweight%3A+A+European+cohort+study+%28ESCAPE%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=695-704&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0706.4406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24429273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2813%2970192-9&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Giorgis-Allemand%2C+Lise&rft.au=Bernard%2C+Claire&rft.au=Aguilera%2C+Inmaculada&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Anne-Marie+Nybo&rft.au=Ballester%2C+Ferran&rft.au=Beelen%2C+Rob+M+J&rft.au=Chatzi%2C+Leda&rft.au=Cirach%2C+Marta&rft.au=Danileviciute%2C+Asta&rft.au=Dedele%2C+Audrius&rft.au=Eijsden%2C+Manon+van&rft.au=Estarlich%2C+Marisa&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Somoano%2C+Ana&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Mariana+F&rft.au=Forastiere%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Gehring%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Grazuleviciene%2C+Regina&rft.au=Gruzieva%2C+Olena&rft.au=Heude%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Hoek%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Hoogh%2C+Kees+de&rft.au=Van+Den+Hooven%2C+Edith+H&rft.au=H%C3%A5berg%2C+Siri+E&rft.au=Jaddoe%2C+Vincent+W+V&rft.au=Kl%C3%BCmper%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Korek%2C+Michal&rft.au=Kr%C3%A4mer%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Lerchundi%2C+Aitana&rft.au=Lepeule%2C+Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadatHoexPearce2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sadat, Seyyed Ali; Hoex, Bram; Pearce, Joshua M. (2022). "A Review of the Effects of Haze on Solar Photovoltaic Performance". <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>. <b>167</b>: 112796. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112796">10.1016/j.rser.2022.112796</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251430613">251430613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+and+Sustainable+Energy+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Effects+of+Haze+on+Solar+Photovoltaic+Performance&rft.volume=167&rft.pages=112796&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112796&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251430613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadat&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Ali&rft.au=Hoex%2C+Bram&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Joshua+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChameidesYuLiuBergin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chameides, W. L.; Yu, H.; <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaw-chen" title="Liu Shaw-chen">Liu, S. C.</a>; Bergin, M.; Zhou, X.; Mearns, L.; Wang, G.; Kiang, C. S.; Saylor, R. D.; Luo, C.; Huang, Y.; Steiner, A.; Giorgi, F. (23 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24115">"Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and regional haze on agriculture: An opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission controls?"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>96</b> (24): 13626–13633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9613626C">1999PNAS...9613626C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.24.13626">10.1073/pnas.96.24.13626</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24115">24115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10570123">10570123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Case+study+of+the+effects+of+atmospheric+aerosols+and+regional+haze+on+agriculture%3A+An+opportunity+to+enhance+crop+yields+in+China+through+emission+controls%3F&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=13626-13633&rft.date=1999-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC24115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...9613626C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10570123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.24.13626&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Chameides&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft.au=Yu%2C+H.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Bergin%2C+M.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+X.&rft.au=Mearns%2C+L.&rft.au=Wang%2C+G.&rft.au=Kiang%2C+C.+S.&rft.au=Saylor%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Luo%2C+C.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+A.&rft.au=Giorgi%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC24115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badarinath, K. V. S., Kumar Kharol, S., & Rani Sharma, A. (2009), Long-range transport of aerosols from agriculture crop residue burning in Indo-Gangetic Plains—a study using LIDAR, ground measurements and satellite data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71(1), 112–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, A. R., Kharol, S. K., Badarinath, K. V. S., & Singh, D. (2010), Impact of agriculture crop residue burning on atmospheric aerosol loading—a study over Punjab State, India. Annales Geophysicae, 28(2), pp 367–379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Tina (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974718">"Respiratory Health: Measuring the Health Effects of Crop Burning"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>118</b> (11): A475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.118-a475">10.1289/ehp.118-a475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2974718">2974718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21465742">21465742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Respiratory+Health%3A+Measuring+the+Health+Effects+of+Crop+Burning&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=A475&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2974718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21465742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.118-a475&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2974718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honeywellsmarthomes.com/blog/causes-of-smog-and-how-to-protect/">"Causes of Smog | How to Protect Yourself from Smog - Honeywell Blog"</a>. <i>Official Blog Updates - Honeywell Air Purifiers</i>. 26 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Blog+Updates+-+Honeywell+Air+Purifiers&rft.atitle=Causes+of+Smog+%7C+How+to+Protect+Yourself+from+Smog+-+Honeywell+Blog&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honeywellsmarthomes.com%2Fblog%2Fcauses-of-smog-and-how-to-protect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanMehmoodLiuLuo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Muhammad Azher; Mehmood, Tariq; Liu, Junjie; Luo, Xiaosan; Li, Xinghua; Tanveer, Mohsin; Faheem, Muhammad; Shakoor, Awais; Dar, Afzal Ahmed; Abid, Muhammad (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231022005374">"A review of particulate pollution over Himalaya region: Characteristics and salient factors contributing ambient PM pollution"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>294</b>: 119472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2022.119472">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=A+review+of+particulate+pollution+over+Himalaya+region%3A+Characteristics+and+salient+factors+contributing+ambient+PM+pollution&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=119472&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2022.119472&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Azher&rft.au=Mehmood%2C+Tariq&rft.au=Liu%2C+Junjie&rft.au=Luo%2C+Xiaosan&rft.au=Li%2C+Xinghua&rft.au=Tanveer%2C+Mohsin&rft.au=Faheem%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Shakoor%2C+Awais&rft.au=Dar%2C+Afzal+Ahmed&rft.au=Abid%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1352231022005374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjhaNajaSinghSarangi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ojha, Narendra; Naja, Manish; Singh, K. P.; Sarangi, T.; Kumar, R.; Lal, S.; Lawrence, M. G.; Butler, T. M.; Chandola, H. C. (27 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JD017716">"Variabilities in ozone at a semi‐urban site in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain region: Association with the meteorology and regional processes"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. <b>117</b> (D20). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012JD017716">10.1029/2012JD017716</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Variabilities+in+ozone+at+a+semi%E2%80%90urban+site+in+the+Indo%E2%80%90Gangetic+Plain+region%3A+Association+with+the+meteorology+and+regional+processes&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=D20&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2012JD017716&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft.aulast=Ojha&rft.aufirst=Narendra&rft.au=Naja%2C+Manish&rft.au=Singh%2C+K.+P.&rft.au=Sarangi%2C+T.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+R.&rft.au=Lal%2C+S.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+M.+G.&rft.au=Butler%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Chandola%2C+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2012JD017716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassanMehmoodLiuLuo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Muhammad Azher; Mehmood, Tariq; Liu, Junjie; Luo, Xiaosan; Li, Xinghua; Tanveer, Mohsin; Faheem, Muhammad; Shakoor, Awais; Dar, Afzal Ahmed; Abid, Muhammad (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231022005374">"A review of particulate pollution over Himalaya region: Characteristics and salient factors contributing ambient PM pollution"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>294</b>: 119472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2022.119472">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119472</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=A+review+of+particulate+pollution+over+Himalaya+region%3A+Characteristics+and+salient+factors+contributing+ambient+PM+pollution&rft.volume=294&rft.pages=119472&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2022.119472&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Azher&rft.au=Mehmood%2C+Tariq&rft.au=Liu%2C+Junjie&rft.au=Luo%2C+Xiaosan&rft.au=Li%2C+Xinghua&rft.au=Tanveer%2C+Mohsin&rft.au=Faheem%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Shakoor%2C+Awais&rft.au=Dar%2C+Afzal+Ahmed&rft.au=Abid%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1352231022005374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraPandayPuppalaSapkota2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mehra, Manisha; Panday, Arnico K.; Puppala, Siva Praveen; Sapkota, Vikrant; Adhikary, Bhupesh; Pokheral, Chiranjibi P.; Ram, Kirpa (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231019305369">"Impact of local and regional emission sources on air quality in foothills of the Himalaya during spring 2016: An observation, satellite and modeling perspective"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>216</b>: 116897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2019.116897">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116897</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310">1352-2310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Impact+of+local+and+regional+emission+sources+on+air+quality+in+foothills+of+the+Himalaya+during+spring+2016%3A+An+observation%2C+satellite+and+modeling+perspective&rft.volume=216&rft.pages=116897&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2019.116897&rft.issn=1352-2310&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Manisha&rft.au=Panday%2C+Arnico+K.&rft.au=Puppala%2C+Siva+Praveen&rft.au=Sapkota%2C+Vikrant&rft.au=Adhikary%2C+Bhupesh&rft.au=Pokheral%2C+Chiranjibi+P.&rft.au=Ram%2C+Kirpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1352231019305369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508004750/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-has-dirtiest-air-china-data-foggy-who/article1-1216605.aspx">"Delhi is most polluted city in world, Beijing much better: WHO study"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-has-dirtiest-air-china-data-foggy-who/article1-1216605.aspx">the original</a> on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Delhi+is+most+polluted+city+in+world%2C+Beijing+much+better%3A+WHO+study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fdelhi-has-dirtiest-air-china-data-foggy-who%2Farticle1-1216605.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimePollution-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimePollution_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimePollution_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302085642/http://world.time.com/2014/02/10/smog-in-new-delhi/">"Delhi's Air Has Become a Lethal Hazard and Nobody Seems to Know What to Do About It"</a>. <i>Time magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.time.com/2014/02/10/smog-in-new-delhi/">the original</a> on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Delhi%27s+Air+Has+Become+a+Lethal+Hazard+and+Nobody+Seems+to+Know+What+to+Do+About+It&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Fsmog-in-new-delhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOAPollution-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VOAPollution_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOAPollution_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221104928/http://www.voanews.com/content/indias-air-pollution-triggers-comparisons-with-china/1855331.html">"India's Air Pollution Triggers Comparisons with China"</a>. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/indias-air-pollution-triggers-comparisons-with-china/1855331.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Air+Pollution+Triggers+Comparisons+with+China&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Findias-air-pollution-triggers-comparisons-with-china%2F1855331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomistPollution-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomistPollution_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/11/air-pollution-india">"A Delhi particular"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+Delhi+particular&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbanyan%2F2012%2F11%2Fair-pollution-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJPollution-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJPollution_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/02/15/how-crop-burning-affects-delhis-air-pollution/">"How Crop Burning Affects Delhi's Air"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Crop+Burning+Affects+Delhi%27s+Air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Findiarealtime%2F2014%2F02%2F15%2Fhow-crop-burning-affects-delhis-air-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Gardiner (25 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/world/asia/beijings-air-would-be-step-up-for-smoggy-delhi.html?emc=edit_tnt_20140126&tntemail0=y">"Beijing's Bad Air Would Be Step Up for Smoggy Delhi"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beijing%27s+Bad+Air+Would+Be+Step+Up+for+Smoggy+Delhi&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gardiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F26%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbeijings-air-would-be-step-up-for-smoggy-delhi.html%3Femc%3Dedit_tnt_20140126%26tntemail0%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak2014" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Max (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/desperate-for-clean-air-delhi-residents-experiment-with-solutions/?emc=edit_tnt_20140208&tntemail0=y">"Desperate for Clean Air, Delhi Residents Experiment with Solutions"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Desperate+for+Clean+Air%2C+Delhi+Residents+Experiment+with+Solutions&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findia.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F07%2Fdesperate-for-clean-air-delhi-residents-experiment-with-solutions%2F%3Femc%3Dedit_tnt_20140208%26tntemail0%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison_Park2014" class="citation news cs1">Madison Park (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/08/world/asia/india-pollution-who/index.htm">"Top 20 most polluted cities in the world"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+20+most+polluted+cities+in+the+world&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.au=Madison+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-pollution-who%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TodayPollution-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TodayPollution_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pollution-in-delhi-cng-children-in-delhi/1/344904.html">"Children in Delhi have lungs of chain-smokers!"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Children+in+Delhi+have+lungs+of+chain-smokers%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fpollution-in-delhi-cng-children-in-delhi%2F1%2F344904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNAPollution-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNAPollution_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-pollution-increasing-lung-cancer-in-indian-women-1959054">"Pollution increasing lung cancer in Indian women"</a>. DNA. 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pollution+increasing+lung+cancer+in+Indian+women&rft.pub=DNA&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fhealth%2Freport-pollution-increasing-lung-cancer-in-indian-women-1959054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersPollution-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersPollution_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220012916/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/18/india-delhi-winter-smog-idINDEE9BH0D420131218">"Delhi blanketed in thick smog, transport disrupted"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-winter-smog-idINDEE9BH0D420131218">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Delhi+blanketed+in+thick+smog%2C+transport+disrupted&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Findia-delhi-winter-smog-idINDEE9BH0D420131218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/January-days-getting-colder-tied-to-rise-in-pollution/articleshow/29429495.cms">"January days getting colder, tied to rise in pollution"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 27 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=January+days+getting+colder%2C+tied+to+rise+in+pollution&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fdelhi%2FJanuary-days-getting-colder-tied-to-rise-in-pollution%2Farticleshow%2F29429495.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/news/cities/delhi_third_greenest_city.php">"Delhi 'third greenest' city"</a>. Ndtv.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delhi+%27third+greenest%27+city&rft.pub=Ndtv.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fdelhi_third_greenest_city.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cities.expressindia.com-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cities.expressindia.com_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cities.expressindia.com_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231054504/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=85665">"Smog city to clean capital How Delhi did it"</a>. <i>Express India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=85665">the original</a> on 31 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+India&rft.atitle=Smog+city+to+clean+capital+How+Delhi+did+it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcities.expressindia.com%2Ffullstory.php%3Fnewsid%3D85665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2013" class="citation web cs1">Chandra, Neetu (28 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-metro-helps-reduce-vehicular-air-pollution-delhi-school-of-economics-160315-2013-04-28">"Delhi Metro helps reduce vehicular air pollution, indicates research"</a>. <i>India Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Delhi+Metro+helps+reduce+vehicular+air+pollution%2C+indicates+research&rft.date=2013-04-28&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Neetu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fnorth%2Fstory%2Fdelhi-metro-helps-reduce-vehicular-air-pollution-delhi-school-of-economics-160315-2013-04-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumari-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kumari_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._KumariA.K._AttriL._Int_PanisB.R._Gurjar2013" class="citation journal cs1">R. Kumari; A.K. Attri; L. Int Panis; B.R. Gurjar (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259827470">"Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India)"</a>. <i>J. Environ. Science & Engg</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 127–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Environ.+Science+%26+Engg.&rft.atitle=Emission+estimates+of+Particulate+Matter+and+Heavy+Metals+from+Mobile+sources+in+Delhi+%28India%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-142&rft.date=2013-04&rft.au=R.+Kumari&rft.au=A.K.+Attri&rft.au=L.+Int+Panis&rft.au=B.R.+Gurjar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259827470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollution-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollution_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseindia.org/node/835">"What is the status of air pollution in Delhi?"</a>. CSE, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+status+of+air+pollution+in+Delhi%3F&rft.pub=CSE%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcseindia.org%2Fnode%2F835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antipollution-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antipollution_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111083702/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-06/news/55835957_1_pm-2-5-level-air-quality-weather-forecasting-pollution-levels">"Delhi's air quality deteriorating due to burning of agriculture waste"</a>. <i>Economic Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-06/news/55835957_1_pm-2-5-level-air-quality-weather-forecasting-pollution-levels">the original</a> on 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Delhi%27s+air+quality+deteriorating+due+to+burning+of+agriculture+waste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2014-11-06%2Fnews%2F55835957_1_pm-2-5-level-air-quality-weather-forecasting-pollution-levels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSE2Pollution-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSE2Pollution_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/smog-delhi-winter-low-wind-speed-emissions/1/398601.html">"Thick blanket of smog envelopes Delhi, northern India"</a>. <i>India Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Thick+blanket+of+smog+envelopes+Delhi%2C+northern+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fsmog-delhi-winter-low-wind-speed-emissions%2F1%2F398601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Straw-burning-ban-soon-to-reduce-smog-in-NCR/articleshow/2835975.cms">"Straw burning ban soon to reduce smog in NRC, Times of India, 4 January 2014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Straw+burning+ban+soon+to+reduce+smog+in+NRC%2C+Times+of+India%2C+4+January+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fnoida%2FStraw-burning-ban-soon-to-reduce-smog-in-NCR%2Farticleshow%2F2835975.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Impose-30-cess-on-diesel-cars-panel-tells-Supreme-Court/articleshow/30180391.cms">"Impose 30% cess on diesel cars, panel tells Supreme Court - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Impose+30%25+cess+on+diesel+cars%2C+panel+tells+Supreme+Court+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fenvironment%2Fpollution%2FImpose-30-cess-on-diesel-cars-panel-tells-Supreme-Court%2Farticleshow%2F30180391.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David G. Streetsa, Joshua S. Fub, Carey J. Jangc, Jiming Haod, Kebin Hed, Xiaoyan Tange, Yuanhang Zhang, Zifa Wangf, Zuopan Lib, Qiang Zhanga, Litao Wangd, Binyu Wangc, Carolyne Yua, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724181603/http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~reh/papers/pubs/non_Honrath/streets07.pdf">Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games</a>. Accessed 23 April 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4516430.stm">"Hundreds treated over Tehran smog"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> News</i>. 10 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hundreds+treated+over+Tehran+smog&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F4516430.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2010" class="citation news cs1">Cullen, Andrew (22 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828095515/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav032310e.shtml">"Mongolia: Ulaanbaatar Grapples with Smog Problem"</a>. EurasiaNet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav032310e.shtml">the original</a> on 28 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mongolia%3A+Ulaanbaatar+Grapples+with+Smog+Problem&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasianet.org%2Fdepartments%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Feav032310e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Torre2006" class="citation news cs1">de la Torre, Ferdie (5 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218044848/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61706">"Indon haze spreads to NMI"</a>. <i>Saigpan Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=61706">the original</a> on 18 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saigpan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Indon+haze+spreads+to+NMI&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=de+la+Torre&rft.aufirst=Ferdie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saipantribune.com%2Fnewsstory.aspx%3Fcat%3D1%26newsID%3D61706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelvi" class="citation news cs1">Chelvi, S.Tamarai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110073337/http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=15717">"15 areas with unhealthy air (updated)"</a>. Petaling Jaya: Sun Media Corporation Sdn. Bhd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=15717">the original</a> on 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=15+areas+with+unhealthy+air+%28updated%29&rft.aulast=Chelvi&rft.aufirst=S.Tamarai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun2surf.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D15717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASEAN_Secretariat,_Jl.2007" class="citation web cs1">ASEAN Secretariat, Jl. (28 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195409/http://haze.asean.org/?wpfb_dl=12">"Combating Haze in ASEAN: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. ASEAN Haze Action Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haze.asean.org/?wpfb_dl=12">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combating+Haze+in+ASEAN%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=ASEAN+Haze+Action+Online&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft.au=ASEAN+Secretariat%2C+Jl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaze.asean.org%2F%3Fwpfb_dl%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624015317/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/psi-hits-new-all-time/719496.html">"Singapore: PSI hits new all-time high of 401 on Friday"</a>. Channel NewsAsia. 21 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/psi-hits-new-all-time/719496.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Singapore%3A+PSI+hits+new+all-time+high+of+401+on+Friday&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fpsi-hits-new-all-time%2F719496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASEAN_Secretariat,_Jl." class="citation web cs1">ASEAN Secretariat, Jl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910063035/http://haze.asean.org/?page_id=185">"ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution"</a>. ASEAN Haze Action Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haze.asean.org/?page_id=185">the original</a> on 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASEAN+Agreement+on+Transboundary+Haze+Pollution&rft.pub=ASEAN+Haze+Action+Online&rft.au=ASEAN+Secretariat%2C+Jl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaze.asean.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASEAN_Secretariat,_Jl." class="citation web cs1">ASEAN Secretariat, Jl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912134926/http://haze.asean.org/?page_id=244">"About Us"</a>. ASEAN Haze Action Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haze.asean.org/?page_id=244">the original</a> on 12 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=ASEAN+Haze+Action+Online&rft.au=ASEAN+Secretariat%2C+Jl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaze.asean.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaysian_Meteorological_Department" class="citation web cs1">Malaysian Meteorological Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192243/http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4749&Itemid=1157">"Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS) for Southeast Asia"</a>. Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4749&Itemid=1157">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+Danger+Rating+System+%28FDRS%29+for+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Innovation+%28MOSTI%29%2C+Malaysia&rft.au=Malaysian+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.gov.my%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D4749%26Itemid%3D1157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/856628/smoke-signal-winter-smog-is-a-reminder-india-and-pakistan-need-to-talk-about-more-than-geopolitics">"Smoke signal: Winter smog is a reminder India and Pakistan need to talk about more than geopolitics"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Smoke+signal%3A+Winter+smog+is+a+reminder+India+and+Pakistan+need+to+talk+about+more+than+geopolitics&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F856628%2Fsmoke-signal-winter-smog-is-a-reminder-india-and-pakistan-need-to-talk-about-more-than-geopolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/polluted-smog-covers-pakistans-city-of-lahore/">"Polluted smog covers Pakistan's city of Lahore"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. 5 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Polluted+smog+covers+Pakistan%27s+city+of+Lahore&rft.date=2016-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fpolluted-smog-covers-pakistans-city-of-lahore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sheikh, Hassan Aftab (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/9fab52d7-4aac-4adf-ab2a-28ad0da46cc7/download">"Biomagnetic Characterization of Air Pollution Particulates in Lahore, Pakistan"</a>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>23</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GGG....2310293S">2022GGG....2310293S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021GC010293">10.1029/2021GC010293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245135298">245135298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Biomagnetic+Characterization+of+Air+Pollution+Particulates+in+Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245135298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021GC010293&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GGG....2310293S&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Hassan+Aftab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fbitstreams%2F9fab52d7-4aac-4adf-ab2a-28ad0da46cc7%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjhaSharmaKumarGirach2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ojha, Narendra; Sharma, Amit; Kumar, Manish; Girach, Imran; Ansari, Tabish U.; Sharma, Som K.; Singh, Narendra; Pozzer, Andrea; Gunthe, Sachin S. (3 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-62710-8">"On the widespread enhancement in fine particulate matter across the Indo-Gangetic Plain towards winter"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 5862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-62710-8">10.1038/s41598-020-62710-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=On+the+widespread+enhancement+in+fine+particulate+matter+across+the+Indo-Gangetic+Plain+towards+winter&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5862&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-62710-8&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Ojha&rft.aufirst=Narendra&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Amit&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Manish&rft.au=Girach%2C+Imran&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Tabish+U.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Som+K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Narendra&rft.au=Pozzer%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Gunthe%2C+Sachin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-020-62710-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Rina Saeed (24 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1159190">"Lahore smog: It's not a natural phenomenon"</a>. <i>dawn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Lahore+smog%3A+It%27s+not+a+natural+phenomenon&rft.date=2015-01-24&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Rina+Saeed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1159190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHP_112_1-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EHP_112_1_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellDavisFletcher2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Michelle L.; Davis, Devra L.; Fletcher, Tony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">"A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>112</b> (1): 6–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.6539">10.1289/ehp.6539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241789">1241789</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14698923">14698923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=A+Retrospective+Assessment+of+Mortality+from+the+London+Smog+Episode+of+1952%3A+The+Role+of+Influenza+and+Pollution&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-8&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14698923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6539&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Michelle+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Devra+L.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Christopher (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/no10downingstree0000jone/page/154"><i>10 Downing Street: The Story of a House</i></a>. The Leisure Circle. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/no10downingstree0000jone/page/154">154–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0563204411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0563204411"><bdi>978-0563204411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10+Downing+Street%3A+The+Story+of+a+House&rft.pages=154-55&rft.pub=The+Leisure+Circle&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0563204411&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fno10downingstree0000jone%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinney1963" class="citation book cs1">Minney, R. J. (1963). <i>No. 10 Downing Street: A House in History</i>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. pp. 429–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No.+10+Downing+Street%3A+A+House+in+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=429-33&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Minney&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194334/http://www.grida.no/geo/GEO/Geo-3-010.htm">"The Great Smog Of 1952"</a>. The Met Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/geo/GEO/Geo-3-010.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Smog+Of+1952&rft.pub=The+Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fgeo%2FGEO%2FGeo-3-010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/10/a4914010.shtml">"When smog was a frequent occurrence"</a>. <i>WW2 People's War</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 10 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WW2+People%27s+War&rft.atitle=When+smog+was+a+frequent+occurrence&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F10%2Fa4914010.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-32512152">"Court orders UK to cut NO2 air pollution"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 29 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Court+orders+UK+to+cut+NO2+air+pollution&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-32512152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505041213/http://www.clientearth.org/news/press-releases/uk-supreme-court-orders-government-to-take-immediate-action-on-air-pollution-2843">"UK Supreme Court orders Government to take "immediate action" on air pollution"</a>. ClientEarth. 29 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clientearth.org/news/press-releases/uk-supreme-court-orders-government-to-take-immediate-action-on-air-pollution-2843">the original</a> on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+Supreme+Court+orders+Government+to+take+%22immediate+action%22+on+air+pollution&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clientearth.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fuk-supreme-court-orders-government-to-take-immediate-action-on-air-pollution-2843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm">SBC.ac.at</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914131727/http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/mexico/air.htm">Archived</a> 14 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Air pollution in Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment_CanadaHealth_Canada2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment Canada</a>; <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804082323/http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/AD024B6B-A18B-408D-ACA2-59B1B4E04863/CanadianSmogScienceAssessmentHighlightsAndKeyMessages.pdf"><i>Canadian Smog Science Assessment – Highlights and Key Messages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ottawa: Environment Canada. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-100-19064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-100-19064-8"><bdi>978-1-100-19064-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/AD024B6B-A18B-408D-ACA2-59B1B4E04863/CanadianSmogScienceAssessmentHighlightsAndKeyMessages.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Smog+Science+Assessment+%E2%80%93+Highlights+and+Key+Messages&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-100-19064-8&rft.au=Environment+Canada&rft.au=Health+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec.gc.ca%2FPublications%2FAD024B6B-A18B-408D-ACA2-59B1B4E04863%2FCanadianSmogScienceAssessmentHighlightsAndKeyMessages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6CcDAAAAMBAJ&q=motor+gun+boat&pg=PA29">"Popular Science"</a>. Bonnier Corporation. 10 October 1933 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=1933-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6CcDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dmotor%2Bgun%2Bboat%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/">EPA.gov</a>, The Green Book Nonattainment Areas, Green Book |</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190708/http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=topics.about_airnow">"About AIRNow"</a>. AIRNow. 6 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=topics.about_airnow">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+AIRNow&rft.pub=AIRNow&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airnow.gov%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3Dtopics.about_airnow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2013" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OP (22 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act">"Summary of the Clean Air Act"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Summary+of+the+Clean+Air+Act&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Flaws-regulations%2Fsummary-clean-air-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Associated Press, 5 June 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/a2e7024d43c9409087ec8d5245534092">"AP Fact Check: Trump Didn't Set Records on Clean Air in US"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_G._Noll1999" class="citation book cs1">Roger G. Noll (1999). <i>The Economics and Politics of the Slowdown in Regulatory Reform</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+and+Politics+of+the+Slowdown+in+Regulatory+Reform&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Roger+G.+Noll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id=38">Video</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/2B9E3C6816EC9466.pdf#page=1">Transcript</a> (see p6). 12 July 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2016" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OAR (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/state-and-local-transportation/vehicle-emissions-california-waivers-and-authorizations">"Vehicle Emissions California Waivers and Authorizations"</a>. <i>US EPA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Vehicle+Emissions+California+Waivers+and+Authorizations&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fstate-and-local-transportation%2Fvehicle-emissions-california-waivers-and-authorizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaboratory_(CSL)" class="citation web cs1">Laboratory (CSL), NOAA Chemical Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csl.noaa.gov/news/2012/119_0809.html">"NOAA CSL: 2012 News & Events: 50-year decline in some Los Angeles vehicle-related pollutants"</a>. <i>csl.noaa.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csl.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=NOAA+CSL%3A+2012+News+%26+Events%3A+50-year+decline+in+some+Los+Angeles+vehicle-related+pollutants&rft.aulast=Laboratory+%28CSL%29&rft.aufirst=NOAA+Chemical+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsl.noaa.gov%2Fnews%2F2012%2F119_0809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbsciu.com/2015/02/15/is-clean-air-worth-the-cost-a-case-study-for-developing-megacities-2/">"Is clean air worth the cost? A case study for developing megacities"</a>. 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+clean+air+worth+the+cost%3F+A+case+study+for+developing+megacities&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbsciu.com%2F2015%2F02%2F15%2Fis-clean-air-worth-the-cost-a-case-study-for-developing-megacities-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJess_McNally2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Jess McNally (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/07/0726la-first-big-smog/">"July 26, 1943: L.A. Gets First Big Smog"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=July+26%2C+1943%3A+L.A.+Gets+First+Big+Smog&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Jess+McNally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F07%2F0726la-first-big-smog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuntin2009" class="citation book cs1">Buntin, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIHClVp5F4AC"><i>L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City</i></a>. New York: Harmony Books. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307352071" title="Special:BookSources/9780307352071"><bdi>9780307352071</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/431334523">431334523</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.A.+Noir%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+America%27s+Most+Seductive+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F431334523&rft.isbn=9780307352071&rft.aulast=Buntin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIHClVp5F4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205085302/http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/7forties.html">"World War II and the Postwar Years"</a>. Environmental History Timeline. 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radford.edu/~wkovarik/envhist/7forties.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+and+the+Postwar+Years&rft.pub=Environmental+History+Timeline&rft.date=1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radford.edu%2F~wkovarik%2Fenvhist%2F7forties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracton2012" class="citation news cs1">Tracton, Steve (20 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/the-killer-london-smog-event-of-december-1952-a-reminder-of-deadly-smog-events-in-us/2012/12/19/452c66bc-498e-11e2-b6f0-e851e741d196_blog.html">"The Killer London Smog Event of December 1952: A Reminder of Deadly Smog Events in the US"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Killer+London+Smog+Event+of+December+1952%3A+A+Reminder+of+Deadly+Smog+Events+in+the+US&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft.aulast=Tracton&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fcapital-weather-gang%2Fpost%2Fthe-killer-london-smog-event-of-december-1952-a-reminder-of-deadly-smog-events-in-us%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2F452c66bc-498e-11e2-b6f0-e851e741d196_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Erickson2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)" title="Hal Erickson (author)">Hal Erickson</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113211750/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/124503/A-Clear-and-Present-Danger/overview">"A Clear and Present Danger"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/124503/A-Clear-and-Present-Danger/overview">the original</a> on 13 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Clear+and+Present+Danger&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Hal+Erickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie%2F124503%2FA-Clear-and-Present-Danger%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsKelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Chip; Kelly, William J. (4 October 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco"><i>Smogtown, The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles</i></a></span>. Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-860-0"><bdi>978-1-58567-860-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smogtown%2C+The+Lung-Burning+History+of+Pollution+in+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=2009-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-860-0&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Kelly%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmogtownlungburn00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Upadhyay, Harikrishna (2016-11-07)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-NAN-air-pollution-and-smog-in-delhi-news-hindi-5454351-PHO.html">"All You Need To Know About Delhi Smog / Air Pollution – 10 Questions Answered"</a>, Dainik Bhaskar. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smog&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe, Peter</a>. "History of air pollution." in <i>Composition, Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere</i> (Van Nostrand Reinhold (1995): 1–18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Brimblecombe, Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Makra" title="László Makra">László Makra</a>. "Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special attention to air pollution. Part 2*: From medieval times to the 19th century." <i>International Journal of environment and pollution</i> 23.4 (2005): 351–367.</li> <li>Corton, Christine L. <i>London Fog: The Biography</i> (2015)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aerosol_terminology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aerosol_terminology" title="Template:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aerosol_terminology" title="Template talk:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aerosol_terminology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aerosol terminology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aerosol_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_bioaerosol" title="Indoor bioaerosol">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cloud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fume</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_(liquid_drop)" title="Spray (liquid drop)">Spray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_impaction" title="Aerosol impaction">Aerosol impaction</a></li> <li>Agglomerate <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary particle (page does not exist)">Primary particle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_aerosol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary aerosol (page does not exist)">Primary aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_aerosol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary aerosol (page does not exist)">Secondary aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(aerosol_physics)" title="Deposition (aerosol physics)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersity" title="Dispersity">Dispersity</a> <ul><li>Monodisperse</li> <li>Polydisperse</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aerosol measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Particle_counter" title="Particle counter">Particle counters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condensation_particle_counter" title="Condensation particle counter">Condensation particle counter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_particle_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser particle counter (page does not exist)">Laser particle counter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_particle_counter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical particle counter (page does not exist)">Optical particle counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particle sizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanning_electrical_mobility_spectrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (page does not exist)">Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diffusion_battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diffusion battery (page does not exist)">Diffusion battery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inertial_classifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inertial classifier (page does not exist)">Inertial classifier</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-of-flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometer">Time-of-flight mass spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time-of-flight_particle_sizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time-of-flight particle sizer (page does not exist)">Time-of-flight particle sizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cascade_impactor" title="Cascade impactor">Cascade impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_pressure_impactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low pressure impactor (page does not exist)">Low pressure impactor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microorifice_imapctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microorifice imapctor (page does not exist)">Microorifice imapctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andersen_sampler" title="Andersen sampler">Andersen impactor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_mobility_particle_sizer" title="Scanning mobility particle sizer">Scanning mobility particle sizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">Optical microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">Transmission electron microscope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerosols" title="Category:Aerosols">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerosol_measurement" title="Category:Aerosol measurement">Aerosol measurement</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerosols" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aerosols">Commons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aerosol_measuring_and_observation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aerosol measuring and observation">Aerosol measurement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM<sub>2.5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal" title="Template:Coal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal" title="Template talk:Coal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal types by grade<br /><small>(lowest to highest)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169994#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055320-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Acid deposition"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000519">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="smog"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125713&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000193828&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293855705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smog&oldid=1258360680">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smog&oldid=1258360680</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Smog" title="Category:Smog">Smog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_neologisms" title="Category:1900s neologisms">1900s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Pollution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air_pollution" title="Category:Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2022">Articles with dead external links from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 07:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smog&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qpbcg","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.634","walltime":"1.995","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9061,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":327334,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4895,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":438909,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1567.387 1 -total"," 52.46% 822.257 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.26% 192.129 41 Template:Cite_web"," 11.54% 180.891 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.69% 151.805 13 Template:Cite_book"," 8.52% 133.550 25 Template:Cite_news"," 7.31% 114.530 1 Template:Pollution_sidebar"," 7.18% 112.462 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.20% 81.580 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.58% 71.758 5 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.951","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10985616,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4fxvw","timestamp":"20241122140356","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Smog","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smog","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169994","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169994","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-10T12:40:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T07:33:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e6\/Fanhe_Town_10_day_interval_contrast.png","headline":"severe air pollution"}</script> </body> </html>