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</a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oostvaardersplassen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Оствардерсплассе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оствардерсплассе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oostvaardersplassen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1786960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oostvaardersplassen&params=52_27_N_5_22_E_region:NL-FL_type:landmark_dim:8km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°22′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.450°N 5.367°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.450; 5.367</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nature reserve in the Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Oostvaardersplassen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg/250px-Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg/375px-Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg/500px-Oostvaardersplassen_koniks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Konik" title="Konik">Konik</a> ponies in the Oostvaardersplassen</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg/250px-2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg/375px-2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg/500px-2013-Top33-Oostvaardersplassen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1219" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Geographical map of the Oostvaardersplassen</div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oostvaardersplassen&params=52_27_N_5_22_E_region:NL-FL_type:landmark_dim:8km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°22′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.450°N 5.367°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.450; 5.367</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">56 km<sup>2</sup> (22 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">427<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Oostvaardersplassen</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[oːstˈfaːrdərsˌplɑsə(n)]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, managed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Staatsbosbeheer" title="Staatsbosbeheer">Staatsbosbeheer</a></i> (state forestry service). Covering about 56 square kilometres (22 sq mi) in the province of Flevoland, it is an experiment<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">rewilding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monbiot_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monbiot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in a <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> created in 1968; by 1989, its ecological interest had resulted in its being declared a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> wetland.<sup id="cite_ref-Important_Bird_Areas_factsheet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Important_Bird_Areas_factsheet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became part of <a href="/wiki/Nieuw_Land_National_Park" title="Nieuw Land National Park">Nieuw Land National Park</a> when that was established in 2018. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oostvaardersplassen is located in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a>, between the towns of Lelystad and <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The area of 56 <a href="/wiki/Square_kilometre" title="Square kilometre">square kilometres</a> (22 sq mi) is situated on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Markermeer" title="Markermeer">Markermeer</a> in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Flevopolder" title="Flevopolder">Flevopolder</a>. The Oostvaardersplassen can be divided into a wet area in the northwest and a dry area in the southeast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wet_and_dry_areas">Wet and dry areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wet and dry areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wet area along the <a href="/wiki/Markermeer" title="Markermeer">Markermeer</a>, there are large <a href="/wiki/Reedbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Reedbed">reedbeds</a> on clay, where <a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">greylag geese</a> often feed. Oostvaardersplassen is also a <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> for birdlife such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">great cormorant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_spoonbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Common spoonbill">common spoonbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_egret" title="Great egret">great egret</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_bittern" title="Eurasian bittern">Eurasian bittern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher">common kingfisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_heron" title="Grey heron">grey heron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common raven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose" title="Barnacle goose">barnacle goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savi%27s_warbler" title="Savi's warbler">Savi's warbler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bearded_reedling" title="Bearded reedling">bearded reedling</a>, among many other animals such as the European <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nicrophorus_vespillo" title="Nicrophorus vespillo">Nicrophorus vespillo</a></i> burying beetle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the establishment of the reserve, the dry area was a nursery for <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> trees, and in the first year hundreds of seedlings could be found on each square metre. This led to concern that a dense woodland would develop, significantly reducing the value of the habitat for water birds. To avoid this, the park's managers brought in a number of large herbivores to keep the area more open, including <a href="/wiki/Konik" title="Konik">Konik</a> horses, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck cattle</a>. These large grazing animals are kept out in the open all year round without supplemental feeding for the winter and early spring, and are allowed to behave as wild animals (without, for example, for now, <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrating</a> males). The ecosystem developing under their influence is thought to resemble those that would have existed on European river banks and deltas before human disturbance. However, there is some controversy about how natural the ecosystem is because it is a fenced in area with limited space, there are currently no wildlife corridors to connect the reserve to other places, it has a pumping station to control and prevent floods, and the area lacks large predators to keep the large numbers of herbivores in check such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">Eurasian wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_brown_bear" title="Eurasian brown bear">Eurasian brown bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monbiot_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monbiot-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large_herbivores">Large herbivores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Large herbivores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckrund1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Heckrund1.JPG/220px-Heckrund1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Heckrund1.JPG/330px-Heckrund1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Heckrund1.JPG/440px-Heckrund1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck cattle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before they were driven to extinction, large herbivores in this part of Europe included the <a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">tarpan</a> (wild horse), <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a> (European bison), <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (wild cattle). The tarpan and aurochs are extinct, but Konik ponies and Heck cattle are able to act as functional equivalents, occupying a similar ecological niche. The only native large herbivores now missing from Oostvaardersplassen are the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">elk (<i>Alces alces)</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> "formerly present in the park", the <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is a chance that the wild boar will find its way naturally from the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Head count</b></td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>2010</b><sup id="cite_ref-managementplan_2011-2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-managementplan_2011-2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>2011</b><sup id="cite_ref-Seizoensbericht_najaar_2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seizoensbericht_najaar_2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a>   </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,200–2,800    </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,300     </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Konik" title="Konik">Konik</a> ponies   </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,090    </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,150     </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck cattle</a>   </td> <td style="text-align:right">320    </td> <td style="text-align:right">350     </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a>   </td> <td style="text-align:right">30–40    </td> <td style="text-align:right">n/a     </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OP_dood_hert_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OP_dood_hert_2.jpg/220px-OP_dood_hert_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OP_dood_hert_2.jpg/330px-OP_dood_hert_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OP_dood_hert_2.jpg/440px-OP_dood_hert_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2735" /></a><figcaption>Carcass of deer that had been shot because it was too weak to survive the winter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reserve is the subject of decades of management reports<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protests<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omroepflevoland.nl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omroepflevoland.nl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the large reported number of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazers</a> dying by starvation or shot to death,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the animals are kept behind a fence and cannot migrate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a particularly harsh winter in 2005, many animals in the Oostvaardersplassen died of starvation, leading to public outcry against alleged animal cruelty and leading to the culling strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 2017–2018, almost 3.300 deer, horses and cattle starved to death<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dividing<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dutch public<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leading to demonstrations and individuals feeding hay to the animals despite police arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omroepflevoland.nl_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omroepflevoland.nl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Province asked the Van Geel Commission<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to write a policy which was presented in April<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approved on 11 July 2018. This Van Geel report advised to manage the terrain instead of rewilding. The consequence is a reduction of the numbers of remaining animals either by replacing or shooting<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to another outburst of protests and court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mass mortalities were likely also caused by failure to connect the reserve to the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> nearby due to conflicts with farmers and a lack of political support, abandonment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=OostvaardersWold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OostvaardersWold (page does not exist)">OostvaardersWold</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OostvaardersWold" class="extiw" title="nl:OostvaardersWold">nl</a>]</span> due to political transition,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and failure to introduce large predators.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_development">Future development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Future development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many ways the Oostvaardersplassen is an isolated area; it is in a polder and there are currently no <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridors</a> connecting it to other nature reserves. The "Ecological Main Structure" plan proposes connections between nature reserves in the Netherlands, calling for a corridor to be created toward nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horsterwold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horsterwold (page does not exist)">Horsterwold</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsterwold" class="extiw" title="nl:Horsterwold">nl</a>]</span>. The resulting network, called <i>Oostvaardersland</i>, would be part of <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a>, the European-wide network of habitats to which Oostvaardersplassen belongs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of Oostvaardersland will allow seasonal small scale migration and take some strain off the big grazers in winter. In the summer, Oostvaardersplassen will offer rich grazing and the sea winds will keep biting insects at bay, in the winter, the Horsterwold will offer protection from cold winds and supply browse. Oostvaardersland will comprise a total area of 150 square kilometres (58 sq mi). Furthermore, there is an option for a connection to the Veluwe forest. Eventually this could allow wild animals to move to and from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oostvaardersland was expected to be finished by 2014. However, the project ran into financial and political troubles. In 2012 the creation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaarderswold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oostvaarderswold (page does not exist)">Oostvaarderswold</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OostvaardersWold" class="extiw" title="nl:OostvaardersWold">nl</a>]</span>, the 7 × 1 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a> connecting corridor between Oostvaardersplassen and the Horsterwold, was stopped, and four members of the regional parliament resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government then planned to sell back the property to the previous owners for less money than it originally paid for the property; according to European nature laws it would then have to turn other lands into wilderness areas to compensate for the loss of the Oostvaarderswold nature area.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As above-mentioned, the plan to connect to the veluwe in <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> also failed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koniks3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Konik ponies"><img alt="Konik ponies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koniks3.JPG/120px-Koniks3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koniks3.JPG/180px-Koniks3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Koniks3.JPG/240px-Koniks3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Konik ponies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GroteGrazers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Heck bull amongst a herd of Konik ponies"><img alt="A Heck bull amongst a herd of Konik ponies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GroteGrazers.JPG/120px-GroteGrazers.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GroteGrazers.JPG/180px-GroteGrazers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GroteGrazers.JPG/240px-GroteGrazers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Heck bull amongst a herd of Konik ponies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckrund3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Young Heck cow with calves"><img alt="Young Heck cow with calves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heckrund3.JPG/120px-Heckrund3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heckrund3.JPG/180px-Heckrund3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Heckrund3.JPG/240px-Heckrund3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young Heck cow with calves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edelhert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A red deer"><img alt="A red deer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edelhert.jpg/120px-Edelhert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edelhert.jpg/180px-Edelhert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edelhert.jpg/240px-Edelhert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A red deer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Nieuwe_Wildernis" title="De Nieuwe Wildernis">De Nieuwe Wildernis</a></i>, a 2013 Dutch natural history documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title="Pleistocene Park">Pleistocene Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-pasture_hypothesis" title="Wood-pasture hypothesis">Wood-pasture hypothesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/427">"Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524221826/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/427">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/staff/jlorimer-ecos35-3-44.pdf">"Experiments with the wilds at the Oostvaardersplassen (University of Oxford)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.geog.ox.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205232410/https://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/staff/jlorimer-ecos35-3-44.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geog.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Experiments+with+the+wilds+at+the+Oostvaardersplassen+%28University+of+Oxford%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ox.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fjlorimer-ecos35-3-44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.transparent.com/dutch/the-oostvaardersplassen-what-went-wrong/">"Where Dutch Nature Planning Went Wrong | Dutch Language Blog"</a>. <i>blogs.transparent.com</i>. 22 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330055141/https://blogs.transparent.com/dutch/the-oostvaardersplassen-what-went-wrong/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.transparent.com&rft.atitle=Where+Dutch+Nature+Planning+Went+Wrong+%7C+Dutch+Language+Blog&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.transparent.com%2Fdutch%2Fthe-oostvaardersplassen-what-went-wrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/-experiment-oostvaardersplassen-mislukt-~b11122fe/">"Experiment Oostvaardersplassen mislukt"</a> [Oostvaardersplassen experiment has failed]. <i>www.volkskrant.nl</i> (paywall) (in Dutch). 6 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225740/https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/-experiment-oostvaardersplassen-mislukt-~b11122fe/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.volkskrant.nl&rft.atitle=Experiment+Oostvaardersplassen+mislukt&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fnieuws-achtergrond%2F-experiment-oostvaardersplassen-mislukt-~b11122fe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monbiot-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monbiot_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monbiot_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oostvaardersplassen is discussed, for example, in <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Feral:_searching_for_enchantment_on_the_frontiers_of_rewilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral: searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding">Feral: searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding</a></i> (2013). While being in favour of rewilding, Monbiot has doubts about this site's lack of tree cover and of predators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Important_Bird_Areas_factsheet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Important_Bird_Areas_factsheet_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411150032/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=1244">"NL066 Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <i>BirdLife</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=1244">the original</a> on April 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BirdLife&rft.atitle=NL066+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fsitefactsheet.php%3Fid%3D1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/NL9802054">"EUNIS -Site factsheet for Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. Eunis.eea.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524204921/http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sites/NL9802054">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUNIS+-Site+factsheet+for+Oostvaardersplassen&rft.pub=Eunis.eea.europa.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feunis.eea.europa.eu%2Fsites%2FNL9802054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-managementplan_2011-2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-managementplan_2011-2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNederlands_staatsbosbeheer2011" class="citation web cs1">Nederlands staatsbosbeheer (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720092600/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/jaarplannen/2011/05/17/managementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011--2015/managementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011-2015.pdf">"Managementplan Oostvaardersplassengebied 2011 - 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/jaarplannen/2011/05/17/managementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011--2015/managementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011-2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Managementplan+Oostvaardersplassengebied+2011+-+2015&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.au=Nederlands+staatsbosbeheer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fbestanden%2Fdocumenten-en-publicaties%2Fjaarplannen%2F2011%2F05%2F17%2Fmanagementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011--2015%2Fmanagementplan-oostvaardersplassengebied-2011-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seizoensbericht_najaar_2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seizoensbericht_najaar_2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNederlands_staatsbosbeheer2011" class="citation web cs1">Nederlands staatsbosbeheer (Autumn 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/Diploma/Documents/Nieuwsbrief_Oostvaardersland_%2020111207.pdf">"Oostvaardersland Seizoensbericht – najaar 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023145601/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/Diploma/Documents/Nieuwsbrief_Oostvaardersland_%2020111207.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oostvaardersland+Seizoensbericht+%E2%80%93+najaar+2011&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Nederlands+staatsbosbeheer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Fcultureheritage%2Fnature%2FDiploma%2FDocuments%2FNieuwsbrief_Oostvaardersland_%252020111207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rli.nl/sites/default/files/wintersterfteoostvaardersplassen6-2005adviesicmo.pdf">"2005 ICMO(1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.rli.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050252/http://www.rli.nl/sites/default/files/wintersterfteoostvaardersplassen6-2005adviesicmo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rli.nl&rft.atitle=2005+ICMO%281%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rli.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwintersterfteoostvaardersplassen6-2005adviesicmo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/156219">"2010: ICMO2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224218/http://edepot.wur.nl/156219">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010%3A+ICMO2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F156219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/342466">"2015 - BAC report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223147/http://edepot.wur.nl/342466">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nos.nl&rft.atitle=Demonstratie+voor+%27creperende%27+dieren+Oostvaardersplassen&rft.date=2018-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fartikel%2F2220573-demonstratie-voor-creperende-dieren-oostvaardersplassen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-omroepflevoland.nl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omroepflevoland.nl_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omroepflevoland.nl_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omroepflevoland.nl/nieuws/158656/vijf-aanhoudingen-bij-demonstratie-oostvaardersplassen">"Vijf aanhoudingen bij demonstratie Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <i>www.omroepflevoland.nl</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224339/https://www.omroepflevoland.nl/nieuws/158656/vijf-aanhoudingen-bij-demonstratie-oostvaardersplassen">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omroepflevoland.nl&rft.atitle=Vijf+aanhoudingen+bij+demonstratie+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepflevoland.nl%2Fnieuws%2F158656%2Fvijf-aanhoudingen-bij-demonstratie-oostvaardersplassen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/over-staatsbosbeheer/dossiers/oostvaardersplassen-beheer/links-en-downloads">"Facts and figures Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225621/https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/over-staatsbosbeheer/dossiers/oostvaardersplassen-beheer/links-en-downloads">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staatsbosbeheer.nl%2Fover-staatsbosbeheer%2Fdossiers%2Foostvaardersplassen-beheer%2Flinks-en-downloads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/video/2222994-activisten-bij-oostvaardersplassen-hij-is-niet-dood-wilt-u-alstublieft-nog-een-keer-schieten.html">"It is not dead please shoot again!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222010/https://nos.nl/video/2222994-activisten-bij-oostvaardersplassen-hij-is-niet-dood-wilt-u-alstublieft-nog-een-keer-schieten.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It+is+not+dead+please+shoot+again%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fvideo%2F2222994-activisten-bij-oostvaardersplassen-hij-is-niet-dood-wilt-u-alstublieft-nog-een-keer-schieten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/24/recall-of-the-wild">"2012 - Recall of the wild"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=2012+-+Recall+of+the+wild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F12%2F24%2Frecall-of-the-wild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2014" class="citation cs2">Reardon, Sara (28 February 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228232550/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129580.700-rewilding-bring-in-the-big-beasts-to-fix-ecosystems.html?full=true">"Rewilding: Bring in the big beasts to fix ecosystems"</a>, <i>New Scientist</i> (2958), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22129580.700-rewilding-bring-in-the-big-beasts-to-fix-ecosystems.html?full=true">the original</a> on 28 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Rewilding%3A+Bring+in+the+big+beasts+to+fix+ecosystems&rft.issue=2958&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22129580.700-rewilding-bring-in-the-big-beasts-to-fix-ecosystems.html%3Ffull%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkham2018" class="citation news cs1">Barkham, Patrick (2018-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/27/dutch-rewilding-experiment-backfires-as-thousands-of-animals-starve">"Dutch rewilding experiment sparks backlash as thousands of animals starve"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031208/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/27/dutch-rewilding-experiment-backfires-as-thousands-of-animals-starve">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dutch+rewilding+experiment+sparks+backlash+as+thousands+of+animals+starve&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Barkham&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fapr%2F27%2Fdutch-rewilding-experiment-backfires-as-thousands-of-animals-starve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Emma (2018-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchreview.com/news/dutch/oostvaardersplassen-where-thousands-of-wild-animals-died/">"Oostvaardersplassen: where thousands of wild animals died"</a>. <i>DutchReview</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330070539/https://dutchreview.com/news/dutch/oostvaardersplassen-where-thousands-of-wild-animals-died/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DutchReview&rft.atitle=Oostvaardersplassen%3A+where+thousands+of+wild+animals+died&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fnews%2Fdutch%2Foostvaardersplassen-where-thousands-of-wild-animals-died%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/slaughter-starving-wild-horses-divides-netherlands-n895156">"Circle of life or experiment gone wrong? Horse slaughter sparks debate"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 23 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212204509/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/slaughter-starving-wild-horses-divides-netherlands-n895156">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222704/https://nos.nl/artikel/2225331-onrust-om-bijvoeractie-in-oostvaardersplassen-vijf-arrestaties.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omroepflevoland.nl&rft.atitle=Van+Geel+gaat+in+commissie+Oostvaardersplassen+leiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepflevoland.nl%2Fnieuws%2F151028%2Fflevoland-van-geel-gaat-commissie-oostvaardersplassen-leiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/Over-Staatsbosbeheer/Nieuws/2018/04/rapport-commissie-van-geel-oostvaardersplassen">"Rapport commissie Van Geel Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <i>Staatsbosbeheer</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216225253/https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/over-staatsbosbeheer/nieuws/2018/04/rapport-commissie-van-geel-oostvaardersplassen">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Staatsbosbeheer&rft.atitle=Rapport+commissie+Van+Geel+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staatsbosbeheer.nl%2FOver-Staatsbosbeheer%2FNieuws%2F2018%2F04%2Frapport-commissie-van-geel-oostvaardersplassen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flevoland.nl/getmedia/a134c459-ad83-4cb4-a924-7fe65b03aaa4/Advies-beheer-Oostvaardersplassen-dvo.pdf">"Report Van Geel on Oostvaardersplassen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.flevoland.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223209/https://www.flevoland.nl/getmedia/a134c459-ad83-4cb4-a924-7fe65b03aaa4/Advies-beheer-Oostvaardersplassen-dvo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flevoland.nl&rft.atitle=Report+Van+Geel+on+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flevoland.nl%2Fgetmedia%2Fa134c459-ad83-4cb4-a924-7fe65b03aaa4%2FAdvies-beheer-Oostvaardersplassen-dvo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcorrespondent2018" class="citation news cs1">correspondent, Jon Henley European affairs (2018-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/20/about-1000-deer-to-be-culled-at-controversial-dutch-rewilding-park">"About 1,000 deer to be culled at controversial Dutch rewilding park"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031027/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/20/about-1000-deer-to-be-culled-at-controversial-dutch-rewilding-park">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=About+1%2C000+deer+to+be+culled+at+controversial+Dutch+rewilding+park&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=correspondent&rft.aufirst=Jon+Henley+European+affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fsep%2F20%2Fabout-1000-deer-to-be-culled-at-controversial-dutch-rewilding-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consent.talpanetwork.com/?TN_REFERAL_URL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartvannederland.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2018%2Frechtbank-beslist-over-afschieten-edelherten-oostvaardersplassen%2F%3F&TN_REFERAL_ORIGIN=">"Talpa Network"</a>. <i>consent.talpanetwork.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190459/https://consent.talpanetwork.com/?TN_REFERAL_URL=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartvannederland.nl%2Fnieuws%2F2018%2Frechtbank-beslist-over-afschieten-edelherten-oostvaardersplassen%2F%3F&TN_REFERAL_ORIGIN=">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=consent.talpanetwork.com&rft.atitle=Talpa+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsent.talpanetwork.com%2F%3FTN_REFERAL_URL%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.hartvannederland.nl%252Fnieuws%252F2018%252Frechtbank-beslist-over-afschieten-edelherten-oostvaardersplassen%252F%253F%26TN_REFERAL_ORIGIN%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Paginas/Tweede-zitting-over-afschot-van-edelherten-Oostvaardersplassen.aspx">"Tweede zitting over afschot van edelherten Oostvaardersplassen"</a>. <i>www.rechtspraak.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rechtspraak.nl&rft.atitle=Tweede+zitting+over+afschot+van+edelherten+Oostvaardersplassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtspraak.nl%2FPaginas%2FTweede-zitting-over-afschot-van-edelherten-Oostvaardersplassen.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/rewildings-next-generation-will-mean-no-more-reserves-full-of-starving-animals-96140">"Rewilding's next generation will mean no more reserves full of starving animals"</a>. 11 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320144858/https://theconversation.com/rewildings-next-generation-will-mean-no-more-reserves-full-of-starving-animals-96140">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rewilding%27s+next+generation+will+mean+no+more+reserves+full+of+starving+animals&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frewildings-next-generation-will-mean-no-more-reserves-full-of-starving-animals-96140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steph Yin, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/segments/the-netherlands-grand-rewilding-experiment-gone-haywire/">The Netherlands' grand rewilding experiment, gone haywire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711230808/https://whyy.org/segments/the-netherlands-grand-rewilding-experiment-gone-haywire/">Archived</a> 2020-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/natura2000/gebiedendatabase.aspx?subj=n2k&groep=4&id=n2k078">Natura 2000 'Oostvaardersplassen'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065350/http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/natura2000/gebiedendatabase.aspx?subj=n2k&groep=4&id=n2k078">Archived</a> 2012-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._VerbeekA.E._Bliek-de_Jong2010" class="citation web cs1">L. Verbeek; A.E. Bliek-de Jong (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017231354/http://www.flevoland.nl/wat-doen-we/grote-projecten/oostvaarderswold/english/news/presentation-oostvaarders/Engelse_tekst_Japan.pdf">"Oostvaardersland. Strengthening biodiversity and the economy in the Netherlands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Presentation at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, Nagoya, Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flevoland.nl/wat-doen-we/grote-projecten/oostvaarderswold/english/news/presentation-oostvaarders/Engelse_tekst_Japan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oostvaardersland.+Strengthening+biodiversity+and+the+economy+in+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Presentation+at+the+Convention+on+Biological+Diversity%2C+Nagoya%2C+Japan&rft.date=2010-10&rft.au=L.+Verbeek&rft.au=A.E.+Bliek-de+Jong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flevoland.nl%2Fwat-doen-we%2Fgrote-projecten%2Foostvaarderswold%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fpresentation-oostvaarders%2FEngelse_tekst_Japan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105191359/http://www.flevoland.nl/wat-doen-we/grote-projecten/oostvaarderswold/">"Status OostvaardersWold"</a>. Provincie Flevoland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flevoland.nl/wat-doen-we/grote-projecten/oostvaarderswold/">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+OostvaardersWold&rft.pub=Provincie+Flevoland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flevoland.nl%2Fwat-doen-we%2Fgrote-projecten%2Foostvaarderswold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010074734/http://www.sp.nl/milieu/nieuwsberichten/11749/120411-van_gerven_verkoop_natuurgrond_oostvaarderswold_is_pure_vernietiging.html">"Van Gerven: 'Verkoop natuurgrond Oostvaarderswold is pure vernietiging'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. SP website. 11 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sp.nl/milieu/nieuwsberichten/11749/120411-van_gerven_verkoop_natuurgrond_oostvaarderswold_is_pure_vernietiging.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Van+Gerven%3A+%27Verkoop+natuurgrond+Oostvaarderswold+is+pure+vernietiging%27&rft.pub=SP+website&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sp.nl%2Fmilieu%2Fnieuwsberichten%2F11749%2F120411-van_gerven_verkoop_natuurgrond_oostvaarderswold_is_pure_vernietiging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOostvaardersplassen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oostvaardersplassen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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