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id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonisation_of_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonisation_of_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colonisation of North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonisation_of_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Build" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Build"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Build</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Build-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour_morphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_morphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Colour morphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_morphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scent_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scent_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Scent glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scent_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sardinia,_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sardinia,_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sardinia, Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardinia,_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_territorial_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_territorial_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Social and territorial behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_territorial_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reproduction and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denning_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denning_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Denning behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denning_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Body language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocalisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocalisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vocalisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocalisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet,_hunting_and_feeding_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet,_hunting_and_feeding_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Diet, hunting and feeding behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet,_hunting_and_feeding_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Enemies and competitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Diseases and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In folklore, religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Fur use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_and_pet_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_and_pet_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Livestock and pet predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_and_pet_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taming_and_domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taming_and_domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Taming and domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taming_and_domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_red_foxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_red_foxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Urban red foxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_red_foxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.1</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.2</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_red_fox_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_red_fox_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.3</span> <span>Urban red fox control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_red_fox_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_urban_and_rural_red_foxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_urban_and_rural_red_foxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.4</span> <span>Relationship between urban and rural red foxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_urban_and_rural_red_foxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red fox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%80%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AE" title="ቀይ ቀበሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀይ ቀበሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemnjis" title="Riemnjis – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Riemnjis" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox" title="Fox – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fox" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ثعلب أحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثعلب أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A2rd" title="Renârd – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Renârd" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Цер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_t%C3%BClk%C3%BC" title="Adi tülkü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi tülkü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88" title="عادی تۆلکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی تۆلکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="লাল শিয়াল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাল শিয়াল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-h%C3%B4%CD%98-l%C3%AE" title="Âng-hô͘-lî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-hô͘-lî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%A9" title="Төлкө – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төлкө" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Звычайны ліс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Звычайны ліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Звычайная лісіца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Звычайная лісіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Червена лисица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червена лисица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝ་དམར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝ་དམར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louarn_rous" title="Louarn rous – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louarn rous" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineu_roja" title="Guineu roja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guineu roja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Ахаль тилĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахаль тилĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%A1ka_obecn%C3%A1_(%C5%A1elma)" title="Liška obecná (šelma) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liška obecná (šelma)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volpe" title="Volpe – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Volpe" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_r%C3%A6v" title="Rød ræv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rød ræv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieban" title="Rieban – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Rieban" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotfuchs" title="Rotfuchs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rotfuchs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85%CA%BCii%C5%82tsoo%C3%AD" title="Mąʼiiłtsooí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Mąʼiiłtsooí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerwjena_li%C5%A1ka" title="Cerwjena liška – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Cerwjena liška" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebane" title="Rebane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rebane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κόκκινη αλεπού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινη αλεπού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Тюжа ривезь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тюжа ривезь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_vulpo" title="Ruĝa vulpo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa vulpo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeri_arrunt" title="Azeri arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azeri arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="روباه سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روباه سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard_roux" title="Renard roux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renard roux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foks" title="Foks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Foks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shynnagh_ruy" title="Shynnagh ruy – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shynnagh ruy" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_tilki" title="Kızıl tilki – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kızıl tilki" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionnach" title="Sionnach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sionnach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raposo_com%C3%BAn" title="Raposo común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raposo común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%89%EC%9D%80%EC%97%AC%EC%9A%B0" title="붉은여우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붉은여우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Սովորական աղվես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սովորական աղվես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerwjena_li%C5%A1ka" title="Čerwjena liška – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čerwjena liška" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_lisica" title="Crvena lisica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvena lisica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxo" title="Foxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Foxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubah_merah" title="Rubah merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rubah merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayuqtuq" title="Kayuqtuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kayuqtuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Рувас – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рувас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0refur" title="Rauðrefur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauðrefur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="שועל מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שועל מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D" title="ಒಕ್ಷ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಕ್ಷ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩვეულებრივი მელა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩვეულებრივი მელა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%84%DA%98%DA%BE%D9%95_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88" title="پۄژھٕ لوو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پۄژھٕ لوو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABs" title="Lës – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lës" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Түлкі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түлкі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowarn_rudh" title="Lowarn rudh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lowarn rudh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingunzu_itukura" title="Ingunzu itukura – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ingunzu itukura" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bweha_Mwekundu" title="Bweha Mwekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bweha Mwekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%87" title="Руч – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Руч" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresitol_(Vulpes_vulpes)" title="Bresitol (Vulpes vulpes) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bresitol (Vulpes vulpes)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBviy%C3%AA_Sor" title="Rûviyê Sor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûviyê Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%B9%D0%B2%D3%B9%D0%B6" title="Рӹвӹж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рӹвӹж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olp" title="Olp – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Olp" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D3%8F%D0%B0" title="Цулчӏа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Цулчӏа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud%C4%81_lapsa" title="Rudā lapsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rudā lapsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roude_Fuuss" title="Roude Fuuss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roude Fuuss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%80" title="Туракь сикӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туракь сикӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudoji_lap%C4%97" title="Rudoji lapė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudoji lapė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3s" title="Vós – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vós" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboi" title="Reboi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Reboi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_r%C3%B3ka" title="Vörös róka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös róka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Црвена лисица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвена лисица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboahaolo_mena" title="Amboahaolo mena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amboahaolo mena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რჩქვანელობური მელა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რჩქვანელობური მელა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ثعلب احمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثعلب احمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%B3" title="آل لوآس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آل لوآس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubah_merah" title="Rubah merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rubah merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Улаан үнэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан үнэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="မြေခွေးနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေခွေးနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vos_(dier)" title="Vos (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vos (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewone_vos" title="Gewone vos – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gewone vos" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="रातो फ्याउरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रातो फ्याउरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%84%E3%83%8D" title="アカギツネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカギツネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цхьогал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цхьогал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruad_Foos" title="Ruad Foos – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruad Foos" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8drev" title="Rødrev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rødrev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudrev" title="Raudrev – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raudrev" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Тулрывыж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тулрывыж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_tulki" title="Qizil tulki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil tulki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%91" title="لال لومڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لال لومڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="سره گيدړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سره گيدړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%87" title="Руч – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Руч" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volp" title="Volp – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Volp" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis_rudy" title="Lis rudy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lis rudy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raposa-vermelha" title="Raposa-vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raposa-vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpe_ro%C8%99ie" title="Vulpe roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulpe roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulp" title="Vulp – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vulp" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka_atuq" title="Puka atuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puka atuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Обыкновенная лисица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенная лисица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Саһыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саһыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_tod" title="Reid tod – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reid tod" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foaks" title="Foaks – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Foaks" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhelpra_e_kuqe" title="Dhelpra e kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dhelpra e kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="රතු හිවලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු හිවලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red fox" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%87%D9%8A_%D9%BE%DA%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%99" title="اڇي پڇ وارو لومڙ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڇي پڇ وارو لومڙ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD%C5%A1ka_hrdzav%C3%A1" title="Líška hrdzavá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Líška hrdzavá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadna_lisica" title="Navadna lisica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadna lisica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A" title="Лисъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Лисъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڕێویی سوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێویی سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%92%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Риђа лисица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Риђа лисица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena_lisica" title="Crvena lisica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crvena lisica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettu" title="Kettu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kettu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dr%C3%A4v" title="Rödräv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rödräv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulang_soro" title="Pulang soro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulang soro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="சிவப்பு நரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிவப்பு நரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abare%C9%A3_azegga%C9%A3" title="Abareɣ azeggaɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abareɣ azeggaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Гади төлке – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гади төлке" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="หมาจิ้งจอกแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมาจิ้งจอกแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Рӯбоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯбоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎬᏂᎨᏧᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏂᎨᏧᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C3%AAh%C3%B3%C3%B3he" title="Ma'êhóóhe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'êhóóhe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_tilki" title="Kızıl tilki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızıl tilki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%9E%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Ӟичы – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ӟичы" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лисиця звичайна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лисиця звичайна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%91" title="لال لومڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لال لومڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%AA%DB%88%D9%84%D9%83%DB%95" title="قىزىل تۈلكە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىل تۈلكە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboi" title="Reboi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Reboi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1o_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Cáo đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cáo đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renar" title="Renar – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Renar" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%A4n" title="Repän – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Repän" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vos" title="Vos – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vos" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" title="Vulpes vulpes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vulpes vulpes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%8B%90" title="赤狐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赤狐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%8B%90" title="紅狐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅狐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBwa_s%C3%BBre" title="Lûwa sûre – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lûwa sûre" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C4%97" title="Lapė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lapė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%8B%90" title="赤狐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赤狐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%97%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лїшка – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Red fox<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.7 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.76307692308px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span> <small>Middle <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – present</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="964" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">in <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Provincial_Park" title="Algonquin Provincial Park">Algonquin Provincial Park</a>, Ontario, Canada </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Vulpes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes"><i>Vulpes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>V. vulpes</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Vulpes vulpes</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="center"><a href="#Subspecies">45 subspecies</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png/220px-Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png/330px-Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png/440px-Wiki-Vulpes_vulpes.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of the red fox <div style="width:9em;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3c5604; color:white;"> </span> native</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#491fbc; color:white;"> </span> introduced</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b46702; color:black;"> </span> presence uncertain</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Canis vulpes</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small></li> <li><i>Canis alopex</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>red fox</b> (<i><b>Vulpes vulpes</b></i>) is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/True_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="True fox">true foxes</a> and one of the most widely distributed members of the order <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>, being present across the entire <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> including most of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, plus parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It is listed as <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its range has increased alongside human expansion, having been <a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in Australia">introduced to Australia</a>, where it is considered harmful to native small and medium-sized rodents and <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>. Due to its impact on native species, it is included on the list of the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_100_worst_invasive_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the world's 100 worst invasive species">world's 100 worst invasive species</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The red fox originated in Eurasia during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> at least 400,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later colonised North America sometime prior to 130,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the true foxes, the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with other colourings, including <a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">melanistic</a> individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-five <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are currently recognised,<sup id="cite_ref-msw3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are divided into two categories: the large northern foxes and the small, <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> southern grey desert foxes of Asia and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes are usually found in pairs or small groups consisting of families, such as a <a href="/wiki/Mated_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mated pair">mated pair</a> and their young, or a male with several females having kinship ties. The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species primarily feeds on small rodents, though it may also target <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a><sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and young <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators, including other fox species, it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a>, large predatory birds such as <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle_owl" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian eagle owl">Eurasian eagle owls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and medium- and large-sized <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">felids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedriani_1999_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedriani_1999-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species has a long history of association with humans, having been extensively hunted as a pest and <a href="/wiki/Fur#Common_furbearers" title="Fur">furbearer</a> for many centuries, as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology. Because of its widespread distribution and large population, the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229–230">: 229–230 </span></sup> Too small to pose a threat to humans, it has extensively benefited from the presence of human habitation, and has successfully <a href="/wiki/Urban_foxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban foxes">colonised</a> many <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. Domestication of the red fox is also underway in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and has resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">domesticated silver fox</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_kits_(40215161564).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg/220px-Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg/330px-Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg/440px-Red_fox_kits_%2840215161564%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile red foxes are known as kits.</figcaption></figure> <p>Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young are known as cubs or kits.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac fox</a>'s range extends into <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "fox" comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, which derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>fuhsaz</i>. Compare with <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <i>foks</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">vos</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fuchs</i></span></i>. This, in turn, derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>puḱ-</i> 'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> <i>pū̃ch</i> 'tail', <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian B">Tocharian B</a> <i>päkā</i> 'tail; chowrie', and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">pūkas</i></span></i> 'fur / fluff'. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's <a href="/wiki/Welsh_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh (language)">Welsh</a> name, <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">llwynog</i></span></i>, literally 'bushy', from <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">llwyn</i></span></i> 'bush'. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">raposa</i> from <i>rabo</i> 'tail', Lithuanian <i><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">uodẽgis</i></span></i> from <i>uodegà</i> 'tail', and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> <i>waagosh</i> from <i>waa</i>, which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The scientific term <i>vulpes</i> derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives <i>vulpine</i> and <i>vulpecular</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_(including_Sinai)_(1980)_Fig._112.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png/250px-The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png/330px-The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png/500px-The_contemporary_land_mammals_of_Egypt_%28including_Sinai%29_%281980%29_Fig._112.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Comparative illustration of skulls of the red fox (left) and Rüppell's fox (right): note the more developed facial area of the former.</figcaption></figure> <p>The red fox is considered to be a more specialised form of <i>Vulpes</i> than the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan fox">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a> species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivory</a>; the skull displays far fewer <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neotenous</a> traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sister lineage to the red fox is the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox</a>, but the two species are surprisingly closely related through <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> markers, with Rüppell's fox nested inside the lineages of red foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a nesting of one species within another is called <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyly</a>. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including (1) recent divergence of Rüppell's fox from a red fox lineage, (2) <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">incomplete lineage sorting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> of mtDNA between the two species. Based on fossil record evidence, the last scenario seems most likely, which is further supported by the clear ecological and morphological differences between the two species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade 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table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 90%;line-height:50%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXVI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="322" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXVII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVII%29.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVII%29.jpg/120px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXVII%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="188" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="238" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><em>Red fox</em> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="265" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-lindblad-toh2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindblad-toh2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Fig. 10">: Fig. 10 </span></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXIII%29.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXIII%29.jpg/120px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXIII%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXI%29.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXI%29.jpg/120px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXI%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXXVI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVI%29.jpg/60px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVI%29.jpg/120px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XXXVI%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">Raccoon dog</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyctereutes_procyonoides_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png/50px-Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png/75px-Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png/100px-Nyctereutes_procyonoides_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="465" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_BHL19827472_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either <i>Vulpes alopecoides</i> or the related Chinese <i>V. chikushanensis</i>, both of which lived during the Middle <a href="/wiki/Villafranchian" title="Villafranchian">Villafranchian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene Epoch">Pleistocene Epoch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-k115_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k115-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossil specimens of <i>V. vulpes</i> were uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Baranya_County" title="Baranya County">Baranya County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, dating from 3.4 to 1.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral red fox was likely more diminutive compared to today's extant foxes, as the earliest red fox fossils have shown a smaller build than living specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-k115_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k115-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115–116">: 115–116 </span></sup> The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in association with <a href="/wiki/Middens" class="mw-redirect" title="Middens">middens</a> and refuse left by early human settlements. This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans (as both a source of food and pelts); the possibility also exists of red foxes scavenging from middens or butchered animal carcasses.<sup id="cite_ref-marinis222_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinis222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonisation_of_North_America">Colonisation of North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonisation of North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves: before and during the <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian glaciation</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsinan">Wisconsinan glaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phylo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phylo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gene_mapping" title="Gene mapping">Gene mapping</a> demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> has occurred, and that the previous <a href="/wiki/Binomial_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial name">binomial name</a> of <i>Vulpes fulva</i> may be valid.<sup id="cite_ref-statham2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statham2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the far north, red fox fossils have been found in <a href="/wiki/Sangamonian" title="Sangamonian">Sangamonian</a> Stage deposits near the <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_AK" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks, AK">Fairbanks</a> District, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta, Canada">Alberta</a>. Fossils dating from the Wisconsinan are present in 25 sites across <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan, the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-kurten1980_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurten1980-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> indicates that two distinct red fox <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of the larger subspecies <i>V. v. alascensis</i>, <i>V. v. abietorum</i>, <i>V. v. regalis</i>, and <i>V. v. rubricosa</i>. The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies <i>V. v. cascadensis</i>, <i>V. v. macroura</i>, <i>V. v. necator</i>, and <i>V. v. patwin</i>. The latter <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> has been separated from all other red fox populations since at least the last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-phylo_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phylo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although European foxes (<i>V. v. crucigera</i>) were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s, recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox mitochondrial haplotypes in any North American populations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, introduced eastern North American red foxes have colonised most of inland California, from <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> to the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey, CA">Monterey</a> and north-coastal <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> (including urban <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and adjacent cities). In spite of the red fox's adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> red fox (<i>V. v. patwin</i>) only in a narrow hybrid zone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern American red foxes in California with the montane <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_red_fox" title="Sierra Nevada red fox">Sierra Nevada red fox</a> (<i>V. v. necator</i>) or other populations in the Intermountain West (between the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subspecies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redfoxskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Redfoxskull.jpg/220px-Redfoxskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Redfoxskull.jpg/330px-Redfoxskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/Redfoxskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a northern fox</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vpusillaskull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vpusillaskull.jpg/250px-Vpusillaskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vpusillaskull.jpg/330px-Vpusillaskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vpusillaskull.jpg/500px-Vpusillaskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a southern grey desert fox</figcaption></figure> <p>The 3rd edition of <i>Mammal Species of the World</i><sup id="cite_ref-msw3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox (<i>V. v. patwin</i>), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacks_2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacks_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red fox and nine subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/American_red_fox" title="American red fox">North American red fox</a> as valid.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a> mixing between different subspecies is known; British red foxes have <a href="/wiki/Crossbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbreeding">crossbred</a> extensively with red foxes imported from Germany, France, Belgium, Sardinia and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species, with one red fox covering 320 km (200 mi) in under a year's time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into two categories:<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><em>Northern foxes</em> are large and brightly coloured.</li> <li><em>Southern grey desert foxes</em> include the Asian subspecies <i>V. v. griffithi</i>, <i>V. v. pusilla</i>, and <i>V. v. flavescens</i>. These foxes display transitional features between the northern foxes and other, smaller fox species; their skulls possess more primitive, <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">neotenous</a> traits than the northern foxes<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are much smaller; the maximum sizes attained by southern grey desert foxes are invariably less than the average sizes of northern foxes. Their limbs are also longer and their ears larger.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern foxes and southern grey desert foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#115a6c;"> <th>Subspecies </th> <th>Trinomial authority </th> <th>Trinomial authority (year) </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Synonyms </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scandinavian red fox<br /><i>V. v. vulpes</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>)</span> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG/250px-Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG/330px-Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG/500px-Norwegian_Red_Fox_-_Killed_on_the_road_P4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Linnaeus </td> <td>1758 </td> <td>A large subspecies measuring 70–90 cm in length and weighing 5–10 kg; the maximum length of the skull for males is 163.2 mm. The fur is bright red with a strongly developed whitish and yellow ripple on the lower back.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and the northern and middle (forest) districts of the European part of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>, southwards to the forest-steppe and eastwards approximately to the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> and probably Central and Western Europe </td> <td><small><i>alopex</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</small><br /> <p><small><i>communis</i> (Burnett, 1829)</small><br /> <small><i>lineatus</i> (Billberg, 1827)</small><br /> <small><i>nigro-argenteus</i> (Nilsson, 1820)</small><br /> <small><i>nigrocaudatus</i> (Billberg, 1827)</small><br /> <small><i>septentrionalis</i> (Brass, 1911)</small><br /> <small><i>variegates</i> (Billberg, 1827)</small><br /> <small><i>vulgaris</i> (Oken, 1816)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Columbia red fox<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>V. v. abietorum</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Red_fox.jpg/220px-Red_fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Red_fox.jpg/330px-Red_fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Red_fox.jpg/440px-Red_fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">Merriam</a> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>Generally similar to <i>V. v. alascensis</i>, but with a lighter, longer and more slender skull<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Southern <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Territories">North-West Territories</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, the interior of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and in the adjoining coastal southeast Alaska (US).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><i>sitkaensis</i> (Brass, 1911)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Alaskan fox<br /><i>V. v. alascensis</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_alacensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="1601" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>A large, long-tailed, small-eared form with golden-fulvous fur<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Andreafsky_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreafsky Wilderness">Andreafsky Wilderness</a>, Alaska, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Transcaucasian fox<br /><i>V. v. alpherakyi</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg/220px-Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg/330px-Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg/440px-Vulpes_alpherakyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="737" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Alexeevitsch_Satunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Alexeevitsch Satunin">Satunin</a> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>A small subspecies weighing 4 kg; its maximum skull length is 132–39 mm in males and 121–26 mm in females. The fur is rusty grey or rusty brown, with a brighter rusty stripe along the spine. The coat is short, coarse and sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geok_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geok Tepe">Geok Tepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aral,_Kazakhstan" title="Aral, Kazakhstan">Aralsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anatolian fox<br /><i>V. v. anatolica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_anatolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="594" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldfield_Thomas" title="Oldfield Thomas">Thomas</a> </td> <td>1920 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabian_red_fox" title="Arabian red fox">Arabian red fox</a><br /><i>V. v. arabica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG/220px-Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG/330px-Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG/440px-Vulpesvulpesarabica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="416" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>1920 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atlas fox<br /><i>V. v. atlantica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:It%27s_my_habitat_!_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-It%27s_my_habitat_%21_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="982" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Wagner" title="Johann Andreas Wagner">Wagner</a> </td> <td>1841 </td> <td> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mila_Province" title="Mila Province">Mila Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td><small><i>algeriensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Victor_Loche" title="Victor Loche">Loche</a>, 1858)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Labrador fox<br /><i>V. v. bangsi</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_fox.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adult_fox.JPG/250px-Adult_fox.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adult_fox.JPG/330px-Adult_fox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adult_fox.JPG/500px-Adult_fox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>Similar to <i>V. v. fulva</i>, but with smaller ears and less pronounced black markings on the ears and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_au_Loup" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Anse au Loup">L'Anse au Loup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbary fox<br /><i>V. v. barbara</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(biologist)" title="George Shaw (biologist)">Shaw</a> </td> <td>1800 </td> <td> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>, northwestern Africa </td> <td><small><i>acaab</i> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Cabrera" title="Ángel Cabrera">Cabrera</a>, 1916)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anadyr fox<br /><i>V. v. beringiana</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_beringiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a> </td> <td>1875 </td> <td>A large subspecies; it is the most brightly coloured of the Old World red foxes, the fur being saturated bright-reddish and almost lacking the bright ripple along the back and flanks. The coat is fluffy and soft.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The shores of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> </td> <td><small><i>anadyrensis</i> (J. A. Allen, 1903)</small><br /> <p><small><i>beringensis</i> (Merriam, 1902)</small><br /> <small><i>kamtschadensis</i> (Brass, 1911)</small><br /> <small><i>kamtschatica</i> (Dybowski, 1922)</small><br /> <small><i>schantaricus</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Stepanovich_Yudin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Stepanovich Yudin (page does not exist)">Yudin</a>, 1986)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cascade_red_fox" title="Cascade red fox">Cascade red fox</a><br /><i>V. v. cascadensis</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_cascadensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2297" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>A short-tailed, small-toothed subspecies with yellow rather than fulvous fur; it is the subspecies most likely to produce "cross" colour morphs.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Mountains">Cascade Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skamania_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Skamania County">Skamania County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Caucasian fox<br /><i>V. v. caucasica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_caucasica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Dinnik </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>A large subspecies; its coat is variable in colour, ranging from reddish to red-grey and nearly grey. The fur is short and coarse. This subspecies could be a hybrid caused by mixing the populations of <i>V. v. stepensis</i> and <i>V. v. karagan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>European fox<br /><i>V. v. crucigera</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_1_(Martin_Mecnarowski).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Matth%C3%A4us_Bechstein" title="Johann Matthäus Bechstein">Bechstein</a> </td> <td>1789 </td> <td>A medium-sized subspecies; its yellowish-fulvous or reddish-brown pelt lacks the whitish shading on the upper back. The tail is not grey, as in most other red fox subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-marinis221_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinis221-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily distinguished from <i>V. v. vulpes</i> by its slightly smaller size, distinctly smaller teeth and widely spaced premolars. Red foxes present in Great Britain (and therefore Australia) are usually ascribed to this subspecies, though many populations there display a great degree of tooth compaction not present in continental European red fox populations.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>All of Europe except Scandinavia, the Iberian Peninsula and some islands of the Mediterranean Sea; introduced to Australia and North America </td> <td><small><i>alba</i> (<a href="/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen" title="Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen">Borkhausen</a>, 1797)</small><br /> <p><small><i>cinera</i> (Bechstein, 1801)</small><br /> <small><i>diluta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sergej_Ognew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergej Ognew">Ognev</a>, 1924)</small><br /> <small><i>europaeus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(writer)" title="Robert Kerr (writer)">Kerr</a>, 1792)</small><br /> <small><i>hellenica</i> (Douma-Petridou and Ondrias, 1980)</small><br /> <small><i>hypomelas</i> (Wagner, 1841)</small><br /> <small><i>lutea</i> (Bechstein, 1801)</small><br /> <small><i>melanogaster</i> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Jules_Laurent_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1832)</small><br /> <small><i>meridionalis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Leopold_Fitzinger" title="Leopold Fitzinger">Fitzinger</a>, 1855)</small><br /> <small><i>nigra</i> (Borkhausen, 1797)</small><br /> <small><i>stepensis</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Aleksandrovich_Brauner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Brauner (page does not exist)">Brauner</a>, 1914)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trans-Baikal fox<br /><i>V. v. daurica</i> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>A large subspecies; the colour along its spine is light, dull yellowish-reddish with a strongly developed white ripple and greyish longitudinal stripes on the anterior side of the limbs. The coat is coarse but fluffy.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharangoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharangoi (page does not exist)">Kharangoi</a>, 45 km west of <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Troizkosavsk</a>, Siberia </td> <td><small><i>ussuriensis</i> (Dybowski, 1922)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newfoundland fox<br /><i>V. v. deletrix</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Outram_Bangs" title="Outram Bangs">Bangs</a> </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>A very pale-coloured form; its light, straw-yellow fur deepens to golden yellow or buff-fulvous in some places. The tail lacks the usual black basal spot. The hind feet and claws are very large.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Bay_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="St. George's Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)">St. George's Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, Canada </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ussuri fox<br /><i>V. v. dolichocrania</i> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1926 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidemi (page does not exist)">Sidemi</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a>, southeastern Siberia </td> <td><small><i>ognevi</i> (Yudin, 1986)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>V. v. dorsalis</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">J. E. Gray</a> </td> <td>1838 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkmenian_fox" title="Turkmenian fox">Turkmenian fox</a><br /><i>V. v. flavescens</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_flavescens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>J. E. Gray </td> <td>1838 </td> <td>A small subspecies with an infantile-looking skull and an overall grey-coloured coat; its body length is 49–57.5 cm and it weighs 2.2–3.2 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><small><i>cinerascens</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Birula%E2%80%93Bia%C5%82ynicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Birula–Białynicki (page does not exist)">Birula</a>, 1913)</small><br /><small><i>splendens</i> (Thomas, 1902)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_red_fox" title="American red fox">American red fox</a><br /><i>V. v. fulva</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Red_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/American_Red_Fox.jpg/220px-American_Red_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/American_Red_Fox.jpg/330px-American_Red_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/American_Red_Fox.jpg/440px-American_Red_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anselme_Ga%C3%ABtan_Desmarest" title="Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest">Desmarest</a> </td> <td>1820 </td> <td>This is a smaller subspecies than <i>V. v. vulpes</i>, with a smaller, sharper face, a shorter tail, a lighter pelt more profusely mixed with whitish and darker limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Eastern Canada and the eastern U.S. </td> <td><small><i>pennsylvanicus</i> (Rhoads, 1894)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Afghan red fox<br /><i>V. v. griffithi</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(Afghanistan)_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Afghanistan%29_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2882" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blyth" title="Edward Blyth">Blyth</a> </td> <td>1854 </td> <td>Slightly smaller than <i>V. v. montana</i>; it has a more extensively hoary and silvered pelt.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td><small><i>flavescens</i> (Hutton, 1845)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kodiak fox<br /><i>V. v. harrimani</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_(28735336466).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg/220px-Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg/330px-Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg/440px-Red_Fox_%2828735336466%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>This large subspecies has an enormous tail and coarse, wolf-like fur on the tail and lower back. The hairs on the neck and shoulders are greatly elongated and form a ruff.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>, Alaska, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Chinese fox<br /><i>V. v. hoole</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Swinhoe" title="Robert Swinhoe">R. Swinhoe</a> </td> <td>1870 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-a_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fukien</a>, southern China </td> <td><small><i>aurantioluteus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Matschie" title="Paul Matschie">Matschie</a>, 1907)</small><br /><small><i>lineiventer</i> (R. Swinhoe, 1871)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sardinian fox<br /><i>V. v. ichnusae</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller_Jr." title="Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.">Miller</a> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>A small subspecies with proportionately small ears.<sup id="cite_ref-marinis221_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinis221-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarrabus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarrabus">Sarrabus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>; may have been introduced to the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus fox<br /><i>V. v. indutus</i> </td> <td>Miller </td> <td>1907 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yakutsk fox<br /><i>V. v. jakutensis</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(Sibiria_%26_northwestern).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Sibiria_%26_northwestern%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>This subspecies is large, but smaller than <i>V. v. beringiana</i>. The back, neck and shoulders are brownish-rusty, while the flanks are bright ocherous reddish-yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, eastern Siberia </td> <td><small><i>sibiricus</i> (Dybowski, 1922)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese fox<br /><i>V. v. japonica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg/220px-Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg/330px-Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg/440px-Vulpesvulpesjaponica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1923 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karaganka fox<br /><i>V. v. karagan</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG/250px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG/500px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1390" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Polycarp_Erxleben" title="Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben">Erxleben</a> </td> <td>1777 </td> <td>A smaller subspecies than <i>V. v. vulpes</i>; its fur is short, coarse and of a light sandy-yellow or yellowish-grey colour.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirghiz_Steppes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirghiz Steppes (page does not exist)">Kirghiz Steppes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khirgizia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirgizia">Khirgizia</a>, Russia </td> <td><small><i>ferganensis</i> (Ognev, 1926)</small><br /> <p><small><i>melanotus</i> (Pallas, 1811)</small><br /> <small><i>pamirensis</i> (Ognev, 1926)</small><br /> <small><i>tarimensis</i> (Matschie, 1907)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenai Peninsula fox<br /><i>V. v. kenaiensis</i> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>One of the largest North American subspecies; it has softer fur than <i>V. v. harrimani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</a>, Alaska, U.S. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transcaucasian montane fox<br /><i>V. v. kurdistanica</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_Kurdistanica_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Satunin </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>A form intermediate in size between <i>V. v. alpheryaki</i> and <i>V. v. caucasica</i>; its fur is pale yellow or light grey, sometimes brownish-reddish and is fluffier and denser than that of the other two Caucasian red fox subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Northeastern Turkey </td> <td><small><i>alticola</i> (Ognev, 1926)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wasatch Mountains fox<br /><i>V. v. macroura</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Redfox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Redfox.jpg/250px-Redfox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Redfox.jpg/330px-Redfox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Redfox.jpg/500px-Redfox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="665" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Baird</a> </td> <td>1852 </td> <td>This fox is similar to <i>V. v. fulvus</i>, but with a much longer tail, larger hind feet and more extensive blackening of the limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Named for the <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasatch Mountains">Wasatch Mountains</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, found in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> through <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> north to southern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hill_fox" title="Hill fox">Hill fox</a><br /><i>V. v. montana</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Keulemans_hill_fox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keulemans_hill_fox.png/250px-Keulemans_hill_fox.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keulemans_hill_fox.png/330px-Keulemans_hill_fox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keulemans_hill_fox.png/500px-Keulemans_hill_fox.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Paynie_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Paynie Pearson">Pearson</a> </td> <td>1836 </td> <td>This subspecies is distinguished from <i>V. v. vulpes</i> by its smaller size, proportionately smaller skull and teeth and coarser fur. The hairs on the sole of the feet are copiously mixed with softer, woolly hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> </td> <td><small><i>alopex</i> (Blanford, 1888)</small><br /> <p><small><i>himalaicus</i> (Ogilby, 1837)</small><br /> <small><i>ladacensis</i> (Matschie, 1907)</small><br /> <small><i>nepalensis</i> (J. E. Gray, 1837)</small><br /> <small><i>waddelli</i> (Bonhote, 1906)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_red_fox" title="Sierra Nevada red fox">Sierra Nevada red fox</a> or High Sierra fox<br /><i>V. v. necator</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox,_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg/250px-Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg/330px-Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg/500px-Sierra_Nevada_Red_Fox%2C_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park-_Keith_Slausen_USFS_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="740" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>Externally similar to <i>V. v. fulvus</i>; it has a short tail, but cranially it is more like <i>V. v. macroura</i><sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_(biome)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra (biome)">High Sierra</a>, California </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nile fox<br /><i>V. v. niloticus</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile_Fox.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nile_Fox.JPG/250px-Nile_Fox.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nile_Fox.JPG/330px-Nile_Fox.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nile_Fox.JPG/500px-Nile_Fox.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td>A small subspecies; it measures 76.7–105.3 cm in body length, 30.2–40.1 cm in tail length and weighs 1.8–3.8 kg. It is ruddy to grey-brown above and darker on the back of the neck. The flanks are greyer and tinged with buff.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoath_2009_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoath_2009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is larger than <i>V. v. arabica</i> and <i>V. v. palaestina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldiana_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldiana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td><small><i>aegyptiacus</i> (Sonnini, 1816)</small><br /> <p><small><i>anubis</i> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)</small><br /> <small><i>vulpecula</i> (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkestan fox<br /><i>V. v. ochroxantha</i> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1926 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a>, eastern Russian <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, Kirgizia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palestinian fox<br /><i>V. v. palaestina</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3,_israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_at_Eshel_HaNasi3%2C_israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Thomas </td> <td>1920 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramleh">Ramleh</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_fox" title="Korean fox">Korean fox</a><br /><i>V. v. peculiosa</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyukichi_Kishida" title="Kyukichi Kishida">Kishida</a> </td> <td>1924 </td> <td> </td> <td>Northeastern China, Southeastern Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> </td> <td><small><i>kiyomassai</i> (Kishida and <a href="/wiki/Tamezo_Mori" title="Tamezo Mori">Mori</a>, 1929)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White-footed_fox" title="White-footed fox">White-footed fox</a><br /><i>V. v. pusilla</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Desert_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla)_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg/220px-Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg/330px-Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg/440px-Indian_Desert_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_pusilla%29_Tal_Chappar_Rajasthan_India_14.02.2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Blyth </td> <td>1854 </td> <td>Slightly smaller than <i>V. v. griffithii</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123">: 123 </span></sup> it closely resembles the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a> (<i>V. bengalensis</i>) in size, but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Salt_Range" title="Salt Range">Salt Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a> </td> <td><small><i>leucopus</i> (Blyth, 1854)</small><br /> <p><small><i>persicus</i> (Blanford, 1875)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern plains fox<br /><i>V. v. regalis</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_regalis_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="468" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Merriam </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>The largest North American red fox subspecies; it has very large and broad ears and a very long tail. It is a golden-yellow colour with pure black feet.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Elk_River_(Minnesota)" title="Elk River (Minnesota)">Elk River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherburne County">Sherburne County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, US </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nova Scotia fox<br /><i>V. v. rubricosa</i> </td> <td>Bangs </td> <td>1898 </td> <td>A large-sized subspecies with a large, broad tail and larger teeth and rostrum than <i>V. v. fulvus</i>; it is the deepest-coloured subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-merriam_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriam-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digby_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Digby County, Nova Scotia">Digby County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada </td> <td><small><i>bangsi</i> (Merriam, 1900)</small><br /> <p><small><i>deletrix</i> (Bangs, 1898)</small><br /> <small><i>rubricos</i> (Churcher, 1960)</small><br /> <small><i>vafra</i> (Bangs, 1897)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ezo_red_fox" title="Ezo red fox">Ezo red fox</a><br /><i>V. v. schrencki</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_schrencki_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Kishida </td> <td>1924 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, Japan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iberian fox<br /><i>V. v. silacea</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_red_fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spanish_red_fox.jpg/250px-Spanish_red_fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spanish_red_fox.jpg/330px-Spanish_red_fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spanish_red_fox.jpg/500px-Spanish_red_fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Miller </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>Though equal in size to <i>V. v. vulpes</i>, it has smaller teeth and more widely spaced premolars. The fur is dull buff without any yellowish or reddish tints. The hindquarters are frosted with white and the tail is clear grey in colour.<sup id="cite_ref-gerrit_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerrit-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kurile Islands fox<br /><i>V. v. splendidissima</i> </td> <td>Kishida </td> <td>1924 </td> <td> </td> <td>The northern and central <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurile Islands">Kurile Islands</a>, Russia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steppe red fox<br /><i>V. v. stepensis</i> </td> <td>Brauner </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>This subspecies is slightly smaller and more lightly coloured than <i>V. v. crucigera</i>, with shorter, coarser fur. Specimens from the Crimean Mountains have brighter, fluffier and denser fur.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The steppes near <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, Ukraine </td> <td><small><i>krymeamontana</i> (Brauner, 1914)</small><br /> <p><small><i>crymensis</i> (Brauner, 1914)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tobolsk fox<br /><i>V. v. tobolica</i> </td> <td>Ognev </td> <td>1926 </td> <td>This large subspecies has yellowish-rusty or dirty-reddish fur with a well-developed cross and often a black area on the belly. The coat is long and fluffy.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obdorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Obdorsk">Obdorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a>, Russia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Chinese fox<br /><i>V. v. tschiliensis</i> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(China,_central)_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg/440px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28China%2C_central%29_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td>Matschie </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>Slightly larger than <i>V. v. hoole</i>, but unlike other Chinese red foxes, it closely approaches <i>V. v. vulpes</i> in size.<sup id="cite_ref-a353_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a353-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebei_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei province">Hebei province</a>, China </td> <td><small><i>huli</i> (Sowerby, 1923)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Build">Build</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Build"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg/220px-Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg/330px-Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg/440px-Yawning_red_and_corsac_fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Red fox (left) and <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac fox</a> (right) yawning</figcaption></figure> <p>The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (70 percent of head and body length),<sup id="cite_ref-lariviere_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lariviere-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">Nictitating membranes</a> are present, but move only when the eyes are closed. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are very agile, being capable of jumping over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high fences, and swim well.<sup id="cite_ref-z132_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vixens normally have four pairs of <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though vixens with seven, nine, or ten teats are not uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skulls</a> are fairly narrow and elongated, with small <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincases</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a> are relatively long. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes, with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males, with wider nasal regions and hard <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palates</a>, as well as having larger canines.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">muzzles</a>, less crowded <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>, more slender canine teeth, and concave rather than convex profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red foxes are the largest species of the genus <i>Vulpes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-z129_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z129-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i>. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> They display significant individual, sexual, age and geographical variation in size. On average, adults measure 35–50 cm (14–20 in) high at the shoulder and 45–90 cm (18–35 in) in body length with tails measuring 30–55.5 cm (11.8–21.9 in). The ears measure 7.7–12.5 cm (3.0–4.9 in) and the hind feet 12–18.5 cm (4.7–7.3 in). Weights range from 2.2–14 kg (4.9–30.9 lb), with vixens typically weighing 15–20% less than males.<sup id="cite_ref-r10_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burnie_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnie-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129–167 mm (5.1–6.6 in), while those of vixens measure 128–159 mm (5.0–6.3 in).<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forefoot print measures 60 mm (2.4 in) in length and 45 mm (1.8 in) in width, while the hind foot print measures 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 38 mm (1.5 in) wide. They trot at a speed of 6–13 km/h (3.7–8.1 mph), and have a maximum running speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). They have a stride of 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) when walking at a normal pace.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations.<sup id="cite_ref-z130_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z130-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) long male, that weighed 17.2 kg (38 lb), killed in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, Scotland, in early 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur">Fur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Red_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_American_Red_Fox.jpg/220px-North_American_Red_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_American_Red_Fox.jpg/330px-North_American_Red_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_American_Red_Fox.jpg/440px-North_American_Red_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A red fox in its winter coat in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. For the northern foxes, the fur is very long, dense and fluffy, but it is shorter, sparser and coarser in southern forms.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among northern foxes, the North American varieties generally have the silkiest <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> The fur in "thermal windows" areas such as the head and the lower legs is kept dense and short all year round, while fur in other areas changes with the seasons. The foxes actively control the peripheral <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> and peripheral <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a> in these areas to regulate heat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">colour morphs</a>; red, silver/black and cross (see <i><a href="#Colour_morphs">Mutations</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-lariviere_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lariviere-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the typical red morph, their coats are generally bright reddish-rusty with yellowish tints. A stripe of weak, diffuse patterns of many brown-reddish-chestnut hairs occurs along the spine. Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades, which, together with the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lower lips, throat and front of the chest are white. The remaining lower surface of the body is dark, brown or reddish.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During lactation, the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish, while the paws are black. The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish-rusty red, while the upper lips are white. The backs of the ears are black or brownish-reddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The top of the tail is brownish-reddish, but lighter in colour than the back and flanks. The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw-coloured tint. A black spot, the location of the <a href="/wiki/Supracaudal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supracaudal gland">supracaudal gland</a>, is usually present at the base of the tail. The tip of the tail is white.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colour_morphs">Colour morphs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Colour morphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes_colour_variations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Various red fox colour morphs</figcaption></figure> <p>Atypical colouration in the red fox usually represents stages toward full <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">melanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mostly occurs in cold regions.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="150">Colour morph </th> <th width="150">Image </th> <th width="500">Description </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><em>Red</em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_fur_skin_(Sweden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg/50px-Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg/75px-Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg/100px-Red_fox_fur_skin_%28Sweden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="3347" /></a></span> </td> <td>The typical colouration (see <a href="#Fur">fur</a> above) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em>Smokey</em> </td> <td> </td> <td>The rump and spine is brown or grey with light yellowish bands on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is brown, rusty brown or reddish-brown. The limbs are brown.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em><a href="/wiki/Cross_fox_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross fox (animal)">Cross</a></em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(cross_fox)_Norway_%26_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vulpes_vulpes_%28cross_fox%29_Norway_%26_Canada.jpg/60px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28cross_fox%29_Norway_%26_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vulpes_vulpes_%28cross_fox%29_Norway_%26_Canada.jpg/120px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28cross_fox%29_Norway_%26_Canada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3547" /></a></span> </td> <td>The fur has a darker colouration than the colour morph listed directly above. The rump and lower back are dark brown or dark grey, with varying degrees of silver on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is black or brown, sometimes with light silvery fur. The head and feet are brown.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em>Blackish-brown</em> </td> <td> </td> <td>The melanistic colour morph of the Eurasian red foxes. Has blackish-brown or black skin with a light brownish tint. The skin area usually has a variable admixture of silver. Reddish hairs are either completely absent or in small quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em><a href="/wiki/Silver_fox_(animal)" title="Silver fox (animal)">Silver</a></em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg/50px-Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg/75px-Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg/100px-Vulpes_vulpes_-_silver_fox_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="3232" /></a></span> </td> <td>The melanistic colour morph of the North American red foxes, but introduced to the Old World by the fur trade. Characterised by pure black colour with skin that usually has a variable admixture of silver (covering 25–100% of the skin area)<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em>Platinum</em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(Platinum_fox)_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/50px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/75px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/100px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Platinum_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="2981" /></a></span> </td> <td>Distinguished from the silver colour morph by its pale, almost silvery-white fur with a bluish cast<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em>Amber</em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_(Amber_fox)_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/50px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/75px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg/100px-Vulpes_vulpes_%28Amber_fox%29_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="font-style: bold;"><em>Samson</em> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg/50px-Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg/75px-Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg/100px-Vulpes_vulpes_Mutation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2844" /></a></span> </td> <td>Distinguished by its woolly pelt, which lacks guard hairs<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230">: 230 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red foxes have <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their sight reacts mainly to movement. Their <a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">auditory perception</a> is acute, being able to hear <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a> changing roosts at 600 paces, the flight of <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> at 0.25–0.5 km (0.16–0.31 mi) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 m (330 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700–3,000 Hz, though less accurately at higher frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-z132_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sense of smell is good, but weaker than that of specialised dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scent_glands">Scent glands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scent glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red foxes have a pair of <a href="/wiki/Anal_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal sac">anal sacs</a> lined by sebaceous glands, both of which open through a single duct.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size and volume of the anal sacs increases with age, ranging in size from 5–40mm in length, 1–3mm in diameter, and with a capacity of 1–5 mL.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic bacteria">aerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic bacteria">anaerobic bacteria</a> convert <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a> into odorous compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> acids. The oval-shaped <a href="/wiki/Caudal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal gland">caudal gland</a> is 25 mm (0.98 in) long and 13 mm (0.51 in) wide, and reportedly smells of <a href="/wiki/Violet_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet (plant)">violets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of foot glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, with a reddish tinge and smell strongly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_(Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera)_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg/250px-Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg/330px-Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg/500px-Red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes_crucigera%29_Skalnate_Pleso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5805" data-file-height="3870" /></a><figcaption><i>V. v. crucigera</i>, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedFox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RedFox.png/250px-RedFox.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RedFox.png/330px-RedFox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RedFox.png/500px-RedFox.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Multi-coloured North American red fox</figcaption></figure> <p>The red fox is a wide-ranging species. Its range covers nearly 70,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (27,000,000 sq mi) including as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. It occurs all across Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is absent in the Arctic islands,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (January 2025)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Red_fox#Actual_range" title="Talk:Red fox">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the most northern parts of central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and in extreme deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not present in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under the <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_and_New_Organisms_Act_1996" title="Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996">Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996</a>, which does not allow import.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feral_foxes_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral foxes in Australia">Feral foxes in Australia</a></div> <p>In Australia, estimates in 2012 indicated that there were more than 7.2 million red foxes,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> They became established in Australia through successive introductions in the 1830s and 1840s, by settlers in the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (as early as 1833) and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District" title="Port Phillip District">Port Phillip District</a> of New South Wales (as early as 1845), who wanted to foster the traditional English sport of <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>. A permanent red fox population did not establish itself on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, and it is widely held that foxes were out-competed by the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_devil" title="Tasmanian devil">Tasmanian devil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostanci2005_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostanci2005-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a>. The fox is generally less common in areas where the <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> is more prevalent, but it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved <a href="/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">niche differentiation</a> with both the <a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">feral dog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cat</a>. Consequently, the fox has become one of the continent's most destructive invasive species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The red fox has been implicated in the extinction or decline of several native Australian species, particularly those of the family <a href="/wiki/Potoroidae" title="Potoroidae">Potoroidae</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Desert_rat-kangaroo" title="Desert rat-kangaroo">desert rat-kangaroo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biological_Conservation_1998-09-13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biological_Conservation_1998-09-13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Rabbits_in_Australia" title="Rabbits in Australia">rabbits in Australia</a>, and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Woylie" title="Woylie">brush-tailed bettongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boodie" title="Boodie">burrowing bettongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous_bettong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufous bettong">rufous bettongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilbies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbies">bilbies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbat" title="Numbat">numbats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridled_nail-tail_wallaby" title="Bridled nail-tail wallaby">bridled nail-tail wallabies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quokka" title="Quokka">quokkas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of those species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local fox eradication programs exist, although elimination has proven difficult due to the fox's denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management, including the introduction of state bounties.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Tasmanian government, red foxes were accidentally introduced to the previously fox-free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posing a significant threat to native wildlife, including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bettong" title="Eastern bettong">eastern bettong</a>, and an eradication program was initiated, conducted by the Tasmanian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Primary_Industries_and_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Primary Industries and Water">Department of Primary Industries and Water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sardinia,_Italy"><span id="Sardinia.2C_Italy"></span>Sardinia, Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sardinia, Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the <i>ichnusae</i> subspecies in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, Italy is uncertain, as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland. It is possible it originated during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> following its introduction to the island by humans. It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introductions of animals from different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory may explain the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-marinis222_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinis222-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_territorial_behaviour">Social and territorial behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social and territorial behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:491px;max-width:491px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg/156px-Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg/234px-Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg/312px-Rebane_-_Vulpes_vulpes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Red fox pressed against the trunk of a pine tree in <a href="/wiki/Ilmatsalu" title="Ilmatsalu">Ilmatsalu</a>, Estonia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg/168px-It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg/252px-It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg/336px-It_Must_be_Love_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4389" data-file-height="2696" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Red foxes <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">grooming</a> each other</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg/250px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg/330px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A pair of European red foxes (<i>V.<span class="nowrap"> </span>v. crucigera</i>) at the <a href="/wiki/British_Wildlife_Centre" title="British Wildlife Centre">British Wildlife Centre</a>, Surrey, England</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Fox_(16605353545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg/220px-Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg/330px-Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg/440px-Young_Fox_%2816605353545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A red fox <a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">marking its territory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> They use their <a href="/wiki/Spraying_(animal_behavior)#Canidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spraying (animal behavior)">urine to mark their territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_2012_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett_2012-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him, whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine is also used to mark empty <a href="/wiki/Cache_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache (biology)">cache</a> sites, used to store found food, as reminders not to waste time investigating them.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to precisely control the position of the scent mark.<sup id="cite_ref-ElbrochKresky2012_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElbrochKresky2012-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory. In favourable habitats and/or areas with low hunting pressure, subordinate foxes may be present in a range. Subordinate foxes may number one or two, sometimes up to eight in one territory. These subordinates could be formerly <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominant</a> animals, but are mostly young from the previous year, who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen's kits. Alternatively, their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success. Non-breeding vixens will guard, play, groom, provision and retrieve kits,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example of <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a>. Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high. If not, they will stay with their parents, at the cost of postponing their own reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140–141">: 140–141 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reproduction and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Silver_fox_(animal)#Mating_behaviour" title="Silver fox (animal)">Mating behavior of melanistic red foxes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg/171px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg/257px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg/342px-Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus_6568061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_kit_3_(Vulpes_vulpes).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg/187px-Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg/281px-Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg/374px-Red_fox_kit_3_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3737" data-file-height="2491" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_cub_bushes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fox_cub_bushes.png/250px-Fox_cub_bushes.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Red fox kits</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_foxes_mating_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg/220px-Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg/330px-Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg/440px-Red_foxes_mating_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Red foxes <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring. Two months prior to <a href="/wiki/Oestrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrus">oestrus</a> (typically December), the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size. By the time they enter their oestrus period, their <a href="/wiki/Uterine_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine horn">uterine horns</a> double in size, and their <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> grow 1.5–2 times larger. <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Sperm formation</a> in males begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which the dog-foxes mate with the vixens for several days, often in burrows. <span class="anchor" id="Copulation"></span> The male's <a href="/wiki/Bulbus_glandis" title="Bulbus glandis">bulbus glandis</a> enlarges during <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a <a href="/wiki/Copulatory_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Copulatory tie">copulatory tie</a> which may last for more than an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> lasts 49–58 days.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though foxes are largely <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> and mixed paternity litters.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subordinate vixens may become pregnant, but usually fail to whelp, or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv/220px--Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv/Fox_kits_in_front_of_fox_hole.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Red fox kits coming out of their den</figcaption></figure> <p>The average litter size consists of four to six kits, though litters of up to 13 kits have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> Kits are born blind, deaf and toothless, with dark brown fluffy fur. At birth, they weigh 56–110 g (2.0–3.9 oz) and measure 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in body length and 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in tail length. At birth, they are short-legged, large-headed and have broad chests.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mothers remain with the kits for 2–3 weeks, as they are unable to <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulate</a>. During this period, the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vixens are very protective of their kits, and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> If the mother dies before the kits are independent, the father takes over as their provider.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> The kits' eyes open after 13–15 days, during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt, with the lower teeth emerging 3–4 days later.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their eyes are initially blue, but change to amber at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age, when the black eye streak appears. By one month, red and white patches are apparent on their faces. During this time, their ears erect and their muzzles elongate.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3–4 weeks. The <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> period lasts 6–7 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of 3–4 months, the kits are long-legged, narrow-chested and sinewy. They reach adult proportions at the age of 6–7 months.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vixens may reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at the age of 9–10 months, thus bearing their first litters at one year of age.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In captivity, their <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a> can be as long as 15 years, though in the wild they typically do not survive past 5 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_2011_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denning_behaviour">Denning behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Denning behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foxden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Foxden.jpg/220px-Foxden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Foxden.jpg/330px-Foxden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Foxden.jpg/440px-Foxden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Side and above view of a red fox den</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>, most red foxes favour living in the open, in densely vegetated areas, though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks of water bodies, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts and neglected human environments. Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils. Dens built among tree roots can last for decades, while those dug on the steppes last only several years.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may permanently abandon their dens during <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a> outbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eurasian desert regions, foxes may use the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_behavior_of_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual behavior of wolves">burrows of wolves</a>, porcupines and other large mammals, as well as those dug by gerbil colonies. Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes, badgers, marmots and corsac foxes, red fox dens are not overly complex. Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows, which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards (40–45°) and broadens into a den, from which numerous side tunnels branch. Burrow depth ranges from 0.5–2.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 8 ft 2 in), rarely extending to <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>. The main passage can reach 17 m (56 ft) in length, standing an average of 5–7 m (16–23 ft). In spring, red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements, first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs, throwing the discarded soil over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) from the burrow. When kits are born, the discarded debris is trampled, thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may share their dens with woodchucks<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or badgers.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike badgers, which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in <a href="/wiki/Latrine_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrine (animal)">latrines</a>, red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9.8 hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2011_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2011-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_language">Body language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Body language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lis_(Vulpes_vulpes)_WOB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG/250px-Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG/330px-Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG/500px-Lis_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_WOB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>A European fox (<i>V. v. crucigera</i>) in an inquisitive posture</figcaption></figure> <p>Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears, tail and postures, with their body markings emphasising certain gestures. Postures can be divided into aggressive/dominant and fearful/submissive categories. Some postures may blend the two together.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick their ears whilst sniffing. Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs. Male foxes courting females, or after successfully evicting intruders, will turn their ears outwardly, and raise their tails in a horizontal position, with the tips raised upward. When afraid, red foxes grin in submission, arching their backs, curving their bodies, crouching their legs and lashing their tails back and forth with their ears pointing backwards and pressed against their skulls. When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal, the posture is similar, but without arching the back or curving the body. Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture, so that their muzzles reach up in greeting. When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food, they approach each other sideways and push against each other's flanks, betraying a mixture of fear and aggression through lashing tails and arched backs without crouching and pulling their ears back without flattening them against their skulls. When launching an assertive attack, red foxes approach directly rather than sideways, with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> During such fights, red foxes will stand on each other's upper bodies with their forelegs, using open mouthed threats. Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults of the same sex.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocalisations">Vocalisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vocalisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_foxes_fighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_foxes_fighting.jpg/220px-Red_foxes_fighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_foxes_fighting.jpg/330px-Red_foxes_fighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_foxes_fighting.jpg/440px-Red_foxes_fighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A pair of Wasatch Mountains foxes (<i>V. v. macroura</i>) squabbling</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(W1CDR0001529_BD12).ogg" title="File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (W1CDR0001529 BD12).ogg">Red fox barks, recorded in Gloucestershire, England, January 1977</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(W1CDR0001529_BD12).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28W1CDR0001529_BD12%29.ogg/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28W1CDR0001529_BD12%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28W1CDR0001529_BD12%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARed_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28W1CDR0001529_BD12%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARed_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28W1CDR0001529_BD12%29.ogg&lang=se-se&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="se-SE" label="davvisámegiella (Ruoŧa bealde) ‪(se-se)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Red foxes have a wide vocal range, and produce different sounds spanning five <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, which grade into each other.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of sounds can be divided into "contact" and "interaction" calls. The former vary according to the distance between individuals, while the latter vary according to the level of aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Contact calls: The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking "<i>wow wow wow</i>" sound, which is often made by two foxes approaching one another. This call is most frequently heard from December to February (when they can be confused with the territorial calls of <a href="/wiki/Tawny_owl" title="Tawny owl">tawny owls</a>). The "<i>wow wow wow</i>" call varies according to individual; captive foxes have been recorded to answer pre-recorded calls of their pen-mates, but not those of strangers. Kits begin emitting the "<i>wow wow wow</i>" call at the age of 19 days, when craving attention. When red foxes draw close together, they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens. Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup></li> <li>Interaction calls: When greeting one another, red foxes emit high pitched whines, particularly submissive animals. A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren-like shriek. During aggressive encounters with conspecifics, they emit a throaty rattling sound, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(instrument)" title="Ratchet (instrument)">ratchet</a>, called "gekkering". Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Another call that does not fit into the two categories is a long, drawn-out, monosyllabic "<i>waaaaah</i>" sound. As it is commonly heard during the breeding season, it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males. When danger is detected, foxes emit a monosyllabic bark. At close quarters, it is a muffled cough, while at long distances it is sharper. Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing, these calls being especially loud when they are dissatisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet,_hunting_and_feeding_behaviour"><span id="Diet.2C_hunting_and_feeding_behaviour"></span>Diet, hunting and feeding behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Diet, hunting and feeding behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg/250px-Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg/330px-Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg/500px-Red_fox_with_nutria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>A red fox with a <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">coypu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> with a highly varied diet.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted in the former Soviet Union showed red foxes consuming over 300 animal species and a few dozen species of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They primarily feed on small rodents like <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">gerbils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchuck">woodchucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket gopher">pocket gophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peromyscus" title="Peromyscus">deer mice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary prey species include birds (with <a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> predominating), <a href="/wiki/Leporid" class="mw-redirect" title="Leporid">leporids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flotsam" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotsam">flotsam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On very rare occasions, foxes may attack young or small <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in weight, and they require 500 g (18 oz) of food daily.<sup id="cite_ref-z132_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red foxes readily eat plant material and in some areas fruit can amount to 100% of their diet in autumn. Commonly consumed fruits include <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>. Other plant material includes <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes are implicated in the predation of <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Game bird">game</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Song bird">song birds</a>, hares, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a> and young ungulates, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">preserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">reserves</a> and hunting farms where ground-nesting birds are protected and raised, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry farms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the popular consensus is that <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> is very important for hunting,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory, auditory and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coyotes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes prefer to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they typically forage alone, they may aggregate in resource-rich environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_2011_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter_2011-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When hunting mouse-like prey, they first pinpoint their prey's location by sound, then leap, sailing high above their quarry, steering in mid-air with their tails, before landing on target up to 5 m (16 ft) away.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are extremely possessive of their food and will defend their catches from even dominant animals.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_killing" title="Surplus killing">surplus killing</a>; during one breeding season, four red foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">black-headed gulls</a> each, with peaks during dark, windy hours when flying conditions were unfavourable. Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> Red foxes seem to dislike the <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a>, but will nonetheless catch them alive and present them to their kits as playthings.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2008–2010 study of 84 red foxes in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the red fox with the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies_and_competitors">Enemies and competitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Enemies and competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg/250px-Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg/330px-Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg/500px-Red_Fox_vs_Grey_Fox_-_San_Joaquin_National_Wildlife_Refuge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A red fox confronting a <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">grey fox</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes typically dominate other fox species. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic foxes</a> generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north, where food is too scarce to support the larger-bodied red species. Although the red species' northern limit is linked to the availability of food, the Arctic species' southern range is limited by the presence of the former. Red and Arctic foxes were both introduced to almost every island from the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a> during the 1830s–1930s by fur companies. The red foxes invariably displaced the Arctic foxes, with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 85">: 85 </span></sup> Where they are <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatric</a>, Arctic foxes may also escape competition by feeding on <a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">lemmings</a> and flotsam rather than voles, as favoured by red foxes. Both species will kill each other's kits, given the opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red foxes are serious competitors of <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac foxes</a>, as they hunt the same prey all year. The red species is also stronger, is better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in) and is more effective in hunting and catching medium-sized to large rodents. Corsac foxes seem to only outcompete red foxes in semi-desert and steppe areas.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, Blanford's foxes escape competition with red foxes by restricting themselves to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by red foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84–85">: 84–85 </span></sup> Red foxes dominate <a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">kit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">swift foxes</a>. Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments, though red foxes have been increasing in ranges formerly occupied by kit foxes due to human-induced environmental changes. Red foxes will kill both species and compete with them for food and den sites.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Grey foxes</a> are exceptional, as they dominate red foxes wherever their ranges meet. Historically, interactions between the two species were rare, as grey foxes favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones preferred by red foxes. However, interactions have become more frequent due to deforestation, allowing red foxes to colonise grey fox-inhabited areas.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_(Canis_aureus)_and_red_fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(fig._1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/250px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/330px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/500px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Female red fox and kits interacting with a male <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> in south-western Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolves</a> may kill and eat red foxes in disputes over carcasses.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mech_2003_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mech_2003-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas in North America where red fox and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> populations are sympatric, red fox ranges tend to be located outside coyote territories. The principal cause of this separation is believed to be active avoidance of coyotes by the red foxes. Interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism to indifference. The majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached. Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together.<sup id="cite_ref-Sargeant_1989_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sargeant_1989-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, red foxes share their habitat with <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a>. Where their ranges meet, the two canids compete due to near-identical diets. Red foxes ignore golden jackal scents or tracks in their territories and avoid close physical proximity with golden jackals themselves. In areas where golden jackals become very abundant, the population of red foxes decreases significantly, apparently because of <a href="/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle" title="Competitive exclusion principle">competitive exclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RF_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RF-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is one record of multiple red foxes interacting peacefully with a golden jackal in southwestern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-bocker2024_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bocker2024-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquila_chrysaetos_1_(Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/250px-Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/330px-Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/500px-Aquila_chrysaetos_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> feeding on a red fox</figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes dominate <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dogs</a>, sometimes killing their kits or biting adults to death. Cases are known of red foxes killing raccoon dogs after entering their dens. Both species compete for mouse-like prey. This competition reaches a peak during early spring when food is scarce. In <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, red fox predation accounted for 11.1% of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs and amounted to 14.3% of 186 raccoon dog deaths in northwestern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes may kill small <a href="/wiki/Mustelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelid">mustelids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">weasels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stone_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone marten">stone martens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-z134_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z134-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine martens</a> (<i>martes martes</i>), <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">polecats</a> and young <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">sables</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_badger" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian badger">Eurasian badgers</a> may live alongside red foxes in isolated sections of large burrows.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a>; red foxes provide Eurasian badgers with food scraps, while Eurasian badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> However, cases are known of Eurasian badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr21b.1280_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr21b.1280-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverines</a> may kill red foxes, often while the latter is sleeping or near carrion.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 546">: 546 </span></sup> Red foxes, in turn, may kill young wolverines.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr21b.952_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr21b.952-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes may compete with <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyenas</a> on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to striped hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for red foxes. Red foxes may harass striped hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, red foxes seem to deliberately torment striped hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some red foxes may mistime their attacks and are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77–79">: 77–79 </span></sup> Red fox remains are often found in striped hyena dens and striped hyenas may steal red foxes from traps.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Eurasia, red foxes may be preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynxes</a>. The Eurasian lynxes chase red foxes into deep snow, where their long legs and larger paws give them an advantage over red foxes, especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one meter.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Velikoluksky_District" title="Velikoluksky District">Velikoluksky District</a> in Russia, red foxes are absent or are seen only occasionally where Eurasian lynxes establish permanent territories.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers consider Eurasian lynxes to represent considerably less danger to red foxes than wolves do.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North American felid predators of red foxes include <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lariviere_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lariviere-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes compete with various birds of prey such as <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzards</a> (<i>Buteo buteo</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">northern goshawks</a> (<i>Accipiter gentilis</i>) and even steal their kills.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) regularly takes young red foxes and prey on adults if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_2011-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other large eagles such as <a href="/wiki/Wedge-tailed_eagle" title="Wedge-tailed eagle">wedge-tailed eagles</a> (<i>Aquila audax</i>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle" title="Eastern imperial eagle">eastern imperial eagles</a> (<i>Aquila heliaca</i>), <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagles</a> (<i>Haliaeetus albicilla</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle" title="Steller's sea eagle">steller's sea eagles</a> (<i>Haliaeetus pelagicus</i>) have also been known to kill red foxes less frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, large owls such as <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owls</a> (<i>Bubo bubo</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owls</a> (<i>Bubo scandiacus</i>) will prey on young foxes, and adults on exceptional occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Diseases and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes,_Red_Fox,_Zorro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg/250px-Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg/330px-Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg/500px-Vulpes_vulpes%2C_Red_Fox%2C_Zorro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4532" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>A European fox (<i>V. v. crucigera</i>) with <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes are the most important <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> vector in Europe. In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> is common in foxes, being particularly frequent in the spine.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foxes may be infected with <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>, though they are not overly susceptible to the latter. They may also fall ill from <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_spirochetosis" title="Intestinal spirochetosis">spirochetosis</a>, as well as acting as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> in spreading <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> and tick-borne <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>. A mysterious fatal disease near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sartlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Sartlan">Lake Sartlan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Novosibirsk Oblast">Novosibirsk Oblast</a> was noted among local red foxes, but the cause was undetermined. The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of <a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">encephalomyelitis</a>, which was first observed in captive-bred silver foxes. Individual cases of foxes infected with <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> are known.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes are not readily prone to infestation with <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>. Species like <i><a href="/wiki/Spilopsyllus_cuniculi" title="Spilopsyllus cuniculi">Spilopsyllus cuniculi</a></i> are probably only caught from the fox's prey species, while others like <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopsylla_erinacei" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeopsylla erinacei">Archaeopsylla erinacei</a></i> are caught whilst traveling. Fleas that feed on red foxes include <i><a href="/wiki/Pulex_irritans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulex irritans">Pulex irritans</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ctenocephalides_canis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenocephalides canis">Ctenocephalides canis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paraceras_melis" title="Paraceras melis">Paraceras melis</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ticks</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_ricinus" title="Ixodes ricinus">Ixodes ricinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_hexagonus" title="Ixodes hexagonus">I. hexagonus</a></i> are not uncommon in red foxes, and are typically found on nursing vixens and kits still in their earths. The <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichodectes_vulpis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichodectes vulpis (page does not exist)">Trichodectes vulpis</a></i> specifically targets red foxes, but is found infrequently. The <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei" title="Sarcoptes scabiei">Sarcoptes scabiei</a></i> is the most important cause of <a href="/wiki/Mange" title="Mange">mange</a> in red foxes. It causes extensive hair loss, starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet, then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body. In the final stages of the condition, red foxes can lose most of their fur, 50% of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities. In the <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootic</a> phase of the disease, it usually takes red foxes four months to die after infection. Other endoparasites include <i><a href="/wiki/Demodex_folliculorum" title="Demodex folliculorum">Demodex folliculorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoderes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoderes (page does not exist)">Notoderes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Otodectes_cynotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Otodectes cynotis">Otodectes cynotis</a></i> (which is frequently found in the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Linguatula_serrata" title="Linguatula serrata">Linguatula serrata</a></i> (which infects the nasal passages) and <a href="/wiki/Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to 60 <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminth</a> species are known to infect captive-bred foxes in <a href="/wiki/Fur_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur farm">fur farms</a>, while 20 are known in the wild. Several <a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">coccidian</a> species of the <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Isospora" title="Isospora">Isospora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eimeria" title="Eimeria">Eimeria</a></i> are also known to infect them.<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-ussr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> species found in red fox guts are <i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Uncinaria_stenocephala" title="Uncinaria stenocephala">Uncinaria stenocephala</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_aerophila" title="Capillaria aerophila">Capillaria aerophila</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Lalošević_2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lalošević_2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crenosoma_vulpis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crenosoma vulpis (page does not exist)">Crenosoma vulpis</a></i>; the latter two infect their lungs and trachea.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Capillaria_plica" title="Capillaria plica">Capillaria plica</a></i> infects the red fox's bladder. <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> rarely affects them. The most common <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworm</a> species in red foxes are <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taenia_spiralis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taenia spiralis (page does not exist)">Taenia spiralis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_pisiformis" title="Taenia pisiformis">T. pisiformis</a></i>. Others include <i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis">E. multilocularis</a></i>. Eleven <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a> species infect red foxes,<sup id="cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i><a href="/wiki/Metorchis_conjunctus" title="Metorchis conjunctus">Metorchis conjunctus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A red fox from was found to be a host of intestinal parasitic <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">acanthocephalan</a> worms, <i><a href="/wiki/Pachysentis_canicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachysentis canicola">Pachysentis canicola</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushehr Province">Bushehr Province</a>, Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-Tavakol2015_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavakol2015-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pachysentis_procumbens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachysentis procumbens">Pachysentis procumbens</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pachysentis_ehrenbergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachysentis ehrenbergi">Pachysentis ehrenbergi</a></i> in both in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomes_2019_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomes_2019-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore,_religion_and_mythology"><span id="In_folklore.2C_religion_and_mythology"></span>In folklore, religion and mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In folklore, religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in culture">Foxes in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reynard-the-fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Reynard-the-fox.jpg/220px-Reynard-the-fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Reynard-the-fox.jpg/330px-Reynard-the-fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Reynard-the-fox.jpg/440px-Reynard-the-fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Reynard the Fox in an 1869 children's book</figcaption></figure><p>Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of <a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallen_2006_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallen_2006-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, the red fox is a symbolic animal. In the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> were thought to take the shape of foxes to steal <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> from their neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Monaghan_2004_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monaghan_2004-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later European folklore, the figure of <a href="/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox" title="Reynard the Fox">Reynard the Fox</a> symbolises trickery and deceit. He originally appeared (then under the name of "Reinardus") as a secondary character in the 1150 poem "<a href="/wiki/Ysengrimus" title="Ysengrimus">Ysengrimus</a>". He reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud's <i>Le Roman de Renart</i>, and made his debut in England in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Priest%27s_Tale" title="The Nun's Priest's Tale">The Nun's Priest's Tale</a></i>. Many of Reynard's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> </p><p>Chinese folk tales tell of fox-spirits called <i><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">huli jing</a></i> that may have up to nine tails, or <i><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">kumiho</a></i> as they are known in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">kitsune</a> are fox-like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to <a href="/wiki/Human_disguise" class="mw-redirect" title="Human disguise">assume human form</a>. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others, other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Arab_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab folklore">Arab folklore</a>, the fox is considered a cowardly, weak, deceitful, and cunning animal, said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldiana_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldiana-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> who applied the word "fox" to false prophets (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 13:4) and the hypocrisy of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">Luke 13</a>:32).<sup id="cite_ref-BOTF_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTF-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cunning Fox is commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American mythology</a>, where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyote</a>. Fox, however, is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote's food. In the <a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that leave just before the arrival of humans. The <a href="/wiki/Yurok_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurok tribe">Yurok tribe</a> believed that Fox, in anger, captured the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and tied him to a hill, causing him to burn a great hole in the ground. An <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> story tells of how Fox, portrayed as a beautiful woman, tricks a hunter into marrying her, only to resume her true form and leave after he offends her. A <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> story tells of how Fox is an untrustworthy friend to Wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-Bastian_2004_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastian_2004-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg/170px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg/255px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg/340px-Bruno_Liljefors_-_Beagle_and_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><i>Beagle and Fox</i> (1885) by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Liljefors" title="Bruno Liljefors">Bruno Liljefors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the 4th century BC; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is known to have hunted foxes and a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> dated from 350 BC depicts a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> horseman in the process of spearing a fox. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man's education, advocated the killing of foxes as pests, as they distracted hounds from hares. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> were hunting foxes by AD 80. During the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> in Europe, foxes were considered secondary quarries, but gradually grew in importance. <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> re-classed foxes as Beasts of the Chase, a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery. Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase, to the point that by the late 1200s, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> had a royal <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">pack</a> of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman. In this period, foxes were increasingly hunted above ground with hounds, rather than underground with terriers. <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York">Edward, Second Duke of York</a> assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_of_Game" title="The Master of Game">The Master of Game</a></i>. By the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> caused a drop in deer populations, fox hunting grew in popularity. By the mid-1600s, Great Britain was divided into fox hunting territories, with the first fox hunting clubs being formed (the first was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlton_Hunt_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlton Hunt Club (page does not exist)">Charlton Hunt Club</a> in 1737). The popularity of fox hunting in Great Britain reached a peak during the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> Although already native to North America, red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters.<sup id="cite_ref-potts_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potts-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These American fox hunters considered the red fox more sporting than the grey fox.<sup id="cite_ref-potts_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potts-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The grays furnished more fun, the reds more excitement. The grays did not run so far, but usually kept near home, going in a circuit of six or eight miles. 'An old red, generally so called irrespective of age, as a tribute to his prowess, might lead the dogs all day, and end by losing them as evening fell, after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles. The capture of a gray was what men boasted of; a chase after 'an old red' was what they 'yarned' about.<sup id="cite_ref-potts_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potts-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests, with human-caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species. Annual red fox kills are: UK 21,500–25,000 (2000); Germany 600,000 (2000–2001); Austria 58,000 (2000–2001); Sweden 58,000 (1999–2000); Finland 56,000 (2000–2001); Denmark 50,000 (1976–1977); Switzerland 34,832 (2001); Norway 17,000 (2000–2001); <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (Canada) 2,000 (2000–2001); <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (Canada) 491 (2000–2001); <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> (US) 4,000–8,000 (average annual trapping harvest 2002–2009);<sup id="cite_ref-MNDNRTrapHarvest2008_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNDNRTrapHarvest2008-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (US) 69 (1999–2000).<sup id="cite_ref-z134_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z134-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_use">Fur use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fur use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fur_redfox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fur_redfox.jpg/250px-Fur_redfox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fur_redfox.jpg/330px-Fur_redfox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fur_redfox.jpg/500px-Fur_redfox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Red fox pelts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg/220px-V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg/330px-V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg/440px-V%C3%B6yri_-_Fur_farm_-_July_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>A red fox in a fur farm in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Vörå">Vörå</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes are among the most important <a href="/wiki/Fur#Use_in_clothing" title="Fur">fur-bearing</a> animals harvested by the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. Their pelts are used for <a href="/wiki/Trim_(sewing)" title="Trim (sewing)">trimmings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">muffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">jackets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur coat">coats</a>. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229–230">: 229–230 </span></sup> The pelts of silver foxes are popular as <a href="/wiki/Cape" title="Cape">capes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other fur-bearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of red fox pelts used for trimming purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 229–230">: 229–230 </span></sup> The silver colour morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross colour morphs and the red colour morphs, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">: 207 </span></sup> In the early 1900s, over 1,000 American red fox skins were imported to Great Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985–86 was 1,543,995 pelts. Red foxes amounted to 45% of U.S. wild-caught pelts worth $50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-z134_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z134-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelt prices are increasing, with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $39 and 2013 prices averaging $65.78.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs of a silky texture which, after dressing, allow the wearer unrestricted mobility. Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception, as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one-third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 231">: 231 </span></sup> Most European peltries have coarse-textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries, but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_and_pet_predation">Livestock and pet predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Livestock and pet predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg/220px-Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg/330px-Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg/440px-Picked_clean_-_geograph.org.uk_-_500576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A carcass of a lamb near a red fox den</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg/250px-Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg/330px-Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg/500px-Urban_fox_and_rabbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>A red fox in a <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> garden investigating a rabbit hutch</figcaption></figure> <p>Red foxes may on occasion prey on lambs. Usually, lambs targeted by red foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens, but not always. Lambs belonging to small breeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Blackface" title="Scottish Blackface">Scottish Blackface</a>, are more vulnerable than larger breeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">Merino</a>. Twins may be more vulnerable to red foxes than singlets, as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously. Crossbreeding small, upland ewes with larger, lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring, thus making the lambs more at risk to red fox predation. Lambs born from gimmers (ewes breeding for the first time) are more often killed by red foxes than those of experienced mothers, who stick closer to their young.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166–167">: 166–167 </span></sup> </p><p>Red foxes may prey on <a href="/wiki/Domestic_rabbit" title="Domestic rabbit">domestic rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a> if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens. This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs. Urban red foxes frequently encounter <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and may feed alongside them. In physical confrontations, the cats usually have the upper hand. Authenticated cases of red foxes killing cats usually involve kittens. Although most red foxes do not prey on cats, some may do so and may treat them more as competitors rather than food.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180–181">: 180–181 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taming_and_domestication">Taming and domestication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taming and domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones,_Talysarn_(4478261667).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg/220px-A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg/330px-A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg/440px-A_tame_fox_cub_at_home_with_Mr_and_Mrs_Gordon_Jones%2C_Talysarn_%284478261667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>A young boy holding a tame red fox kit</figcaption></figure> <p>In their unmodified wild state, red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well-meaning people during the spring period, though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young. Actual orphans are rare and the ones that are adopted are likely kits that simply strayed from their den sites.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kits require almost constant supervision; when still suckling, they require milk at four-hour intervals day and night. Once weaned, they may become destructive to leather objects, furniture and electric cables.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Though generally friendly toward people when young, captive red foxes become fearful of humans, save for their handlers, once they reach 10 weeks of age.<sup id="cite_ref-rwf1987_49-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> They maintain their wild counterparts' strong instinct of concealment and may pose a threat to domestic birds, even when well-fed.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> Although suspicious of strangers, they can form bonds with cats and dogs, even ones bred for fox hunting. Tame red foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds.<sup id="cite_ref-dale_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132–133">: 132–133 </span></sup> </p><p>White to black individual red foxes have been selected and raised on fur farms as "<a href="/wiki/Silver_fox_(animal)" title="Silver fox (animal)">silver foxes</a>". In the second half of the 20th century, a lineage of <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">domesticated silver foxes</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a> geneticist <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Belyayev_(zoologist)" title="Dmitry Belyayev (zoologist)">Dmitry Belyayev</a> who, over a 40-year period, bred several generations selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. Eventually, Belyayev's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans, thus resulting in a population of silver foxes whose behaviour and appearance was significantly changed. After about 10 generations of controlled breeding, these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations, which included <a href="/wiki/Piebald" title="Piebald">piebald</a> coats, floppy ears in kits and curled tails, similar to the traits that distinguish domestic dogs from grey wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_red_foxes">Urban red foxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Urban red foxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg/250px-Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg/330px-Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg/500px-Red_fox_crossing_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>An urban red fox crossing a city street in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/220px--Urban_fox_at_night.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Urban_fox_at_night.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Urban_fox_at_night.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Urban_fox_at_night.webm/Urban_fox_at_night.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An urban red fox in a built-up area in London, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_with_food_bag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fox_with_food_bag.jpg/220px-Fox_with_food_bag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fox_with_food_bag.jpg/330px-Fox_with_food_bag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Fox_with_food_bag.jpg/440px-Fox_with_food_bag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>An urban red fox eating from a bag of biscuits in Dorset, England</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red foxes have been exceedingly successful in colonising built-up environments, especially lower-density suburbs,<sup id="cite_ref-z132_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside. Throughout the 20th century, they have established themselves in many Australian, European, Japanese and North American cities. The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s, entering <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and London during the 1940s, and later established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>. In Ireland, they are now common in suburban <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. In Australia, red foxes were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> as early as the 1930s, while in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland, they only started appearing in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned, low-density housing. They are rare in areas where industry, <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> or council-rented houses predominate.<sup id="cite_ref-z132_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these latter areas, the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources; the home range of these foxes average from 80–90 ha (0.80–0.90 km<sup>2</sup>; 200–220 acres), whereas those in more residential areas average from 25–40 ha (0.25–0.40 km<sup>2</sup>; 62–99 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Foxes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, it was estimated that there were 10,000 red foxes in London.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City-dwelling red foxes may have the potential to consistently grow larger than their rural counterparts as a result of abundant scraps and a relative lack of predators. In cities, red foxes may scavenge food from litter bins and bin bags, although much of their diet is similar to rural red foxes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behaviour_2">Behaviour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. It is uncommon to spot them during the day, but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds. Urban red foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban areas as well as on the edges of a city, visiting at night for sustenance. They sleep at night in dens. </p><p>While urban red foxes will scavenge successfully in the city (and the red foxes tend to eat anything that humans eat) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals, finding them endearing. Doing this regularly can attract urban red foxes to one's home; they can become accustomed to human presence, warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with, particularly young kits.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Foxes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_red_fox_control">Urban red fox control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Urban red fox control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urban red foxes can cause problems for local residents. They have been known to steal chickens, disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens. Most complaints about urban red foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late January/early February or from late April to August when the new kits are developing.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Foxes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.K., hunting red foxes in urban areas is banned and shooting them in an urban environment is not suitable. One alternative to hunting urban red foxes has been to trap them, which appears to be a more viable method.<sup id="cite_ref-Fieldsportschannel_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fieldsportschannel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, killing red foxes has little effect on the population in an urban area; those that are killed are very soon replaced, either by new kits during the breeding season or by other red foxes moving into the territory of those that were killed. A more effective method of urban red fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit. Deterrents such as creosote, diesel oil, or ammonia can be used. Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage an urban red fox's return.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Foxes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_between_urban_and_rural_red_foxes">Relationship between urban and rural red foxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Relationship between urban and rural red foxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf,_Winterwatch_Brighton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png/250px-Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png/330px-Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png/500px-Fleet_Fox_AKA_Rolf%2C_Winterwatch_Brighton.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>"Fleet", the urban red fox from the BBC TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Springwatch" title="Springwatch">Winterwatch</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2014 it was reported that "Fleet", a relatively tame urban red fox tracked as part of a wider study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> in partnership with the BBC TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Springwatch" title="Springwatch">Winterwatch</a></i>, had unexpectedly traveled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in <a href="/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a> at the western edge of <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> across rural countryside as far as the town of <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a>, near the eastern edge of the county. He was still continuing his journey when the <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> collar stopped transmitting due to suspected water damage. Along with setting a record for the longest journey undertaken by a tracked red fox in the United Kingdom, his travels have highlighted the fluidity of movement between rural and urban red fox populations.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann,_M.Sillero-Zubiri,_C.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. 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href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-60"><sup><i><b>bi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-61"><sup><i><b>bj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-62"><sup><i><b>bk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-63"><sup><i><b>bl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-64"><sup><i><b>bm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-65"><sup><i><b>bn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-66"><sup><i><b>bo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-67"><sup><i><b>bp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-68"><sup><i><b>bq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-ussr_7-69"><sup><i><b>br</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept/page/115"><i>Mammals of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115, <span class="nowrap">341–</span>365, <span class="nowrap">453–</span>502, <span class="nowrap">513–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1886106819" title="Special:BookSources/978-1886106819"><bdi>978-1886106819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=115%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E365%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E502%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1886106819&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Naumov%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofsov211998gept%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msw3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msw3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msw3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. Chris Wozencraft">Wozencraft, W. C.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000892">"Order Carnivora"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D. E.</a>; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA532"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">532–</span>628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+Carnivora&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E532-%3C%2Fspan%3E628&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14000892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mammals-of-the-brit-isles-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-the-brit-isles_9-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrisYalden2008" class="citation book cs1">Harris, S. & Yalden, D. (2008). <i>Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook</i> (Fourth ed.). Southampton: Mammal Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">408–</span>422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906282656" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906282656"><bdi>978-0906282656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+British+Isles%3A+Handbook&rft.place=Southampton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E408-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Mammal+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0906282656&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Yalden%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mammals-of-na-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mammals-of-na_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldhamerThompsonChapman2003" class="citation book cs1">Feldhamer, G.; Thompson, B. & Chapman, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xQalfqP7BcC"><i>Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation: Biology, Management and Economics</i></a> (Second ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">516–</span>530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801874161" title="Special:BookSources/9780801874161"><bdi>9780801874161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Mammals+of+North+America%3A+Biology%2C+Management%2C+and+Conservation%3A+Biology%2C+Management+and+Economics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E516-%3C%2Fspan%3E530&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780801874161&rft.aulast=Feldhamer&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+B.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xQalfqP7BcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/red-fox-predators">"Red Fox Predators"</a>. <i>Wildlife Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610135922/https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/article/red-fox-predators">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Department of Zoology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a353-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a353_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1938">Allen 1938</a>, p. 353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lariviere-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lariviere_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lariviere_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lariviere_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarivièrePasitschniak-Arts1996" class="citation book cs1">Larivière, Serge & Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031015804/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf"><i><span></span></i>Vulpes vulpes<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vulpes+vulpes&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Mammalogists&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Larivi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Pasitschniak-Arts%2C+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fdepartments%2FBiology%2FVHAYSSEN%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2Fi0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z132-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-z132_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z132_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z132_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z132_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z132_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSillero-ZubiriHoffmanMacDonald2004">Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004</a>, pp. 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z129-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z129_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSillero-ZubiriHoffmanMacDonald2004">Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rwf1987-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rwf1987_49-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1987" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, David (1987). <i>Running with the Fox</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Threat+Abatement+Plan+for+Predation+by+the+Red+Fox+%28Vulpes+vulpes%29&rft.pub=NSW+National+Parks+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0731364244&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fpestsweeds%2FRedfoxApproved.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillen,_Tracey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Millen, Tracey (October–November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf">"Call for more dingoes to restore native species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ECOS_(CSIRO_magazine)" title="ECOS (CSIRO magazine)">ECOS</a></i>. <b>133</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416060335/http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECOS&rft.atitle=Call+for+more+dingoes+to+restore+native+species&rft.volume=133&rft.date=2006-10%2F2006-11&rft.au=Millen%2C+Tracey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2F%3Fact%3Dview_file%26file_id%3DEC133p5a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span> (Refers to the book <i>Australia's Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000 Year History</i>. Christopher N. Johnson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68660-0">978-0-521-68660-0</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open">"Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania"</a>. <i>Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website</i>. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054610/http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Primary+Industries+and+Water%2C+Tasmania+website&rft.atitle=Latest+Physical+Evidence+of+Foxes+in+Tasmania&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpiw.tas.gov.au%2Finter.nsf%2FWebPages%2FLJEM-6SH7FX%3Fopen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fawcett_2012-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_2012_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFawcett,_John_K.Fawcett,_Jeanne_M.Soulsbury,_Carl_D.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fawcett, John K.; Fawcett, Jeanne M. & Soulsbury, Carl D. (2012). 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W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706103639/https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/MacDonald_1979_Some-Observations-and-Field-Experiments-on-scent-marking-in-red-fox.pdf">"Some observations and field experiments on the urine marking behaviour of the red fox, <i>Vulpes vulpes</i> L."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1979.tb00667.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00667.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.originalwisdom.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2019/04/MacDonald_1979_Some-Observations-and-Field-Experiments-on-scent-marking-in-red-fox.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850796-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850796-3"><bdi>978-0-19-850796-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Tracks+and+Signs&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850796-3&rft.au=Walters%2C+M.&rft.au=Bang%2C+P.&rft.au=Dahlstr%C3%B8m%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6XwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry,_J._D.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Henry, J. D. (1977). "The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>)". <i>Behaviour</i>. <b>61</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853977X00496">10.1163/156853977X00496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4533812">4533812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/869875">869875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36332457">36332457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour&rft.atitle=The+use+of+urine+marking+in+the+scavenging+behavior+of+the+red+fox+%28Vulpes+vulpes%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F869875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36332457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4533812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853977X00496&rft.au=Henry%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersenVulpius1999" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen, K. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2F24.2.179">"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, <i>Panthera leo</i>"</a>. <i>Chemical Senses</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2F24.2.179">10.1093/chemse/24.2.179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10321819">10321819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Senses&rft.atitle=Urinary+volatile+constituents+of+the+lion%2C+Panthera+leo&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fchemse%2F24.2.179&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10321819&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=K.+F.&rft.au=Vulpius%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fchemse%252F24.2.179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFawcett,_J.Fawcett,_J.Soulsbury,_C.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fawcett, J.; Fawcett, J. & Soulsbury, C. (2013). "Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes <i>Vulpes vulpes</i>". <i>Journal of Ethology</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10164-012-0348-7">10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254144483">254144483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethology&rft.atitle=Seasonal+and+sex+differences+in+urine+marking+rates+of+wild+red+foxes+Vulpes+vulpes&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10164-012-0348-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254144483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Fawcett%2C+J.&rft.au=Fawcett%2C+J.&rft.au=Soulsbury%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElbrochKresky2012-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElbrochKresky2012_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElbroch,_L._M.Kresky,_M._R.Evans,_J._W.2012" class="citation book cs1">Elbroch, L. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718516">"High infection rate of zoonotic <i>Eucoleus aerophilus</i> infection in foxes from Serbia"</a>. <i>Parasite</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fparasite%2F2012003">10.1051/parasite/2012003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718516">3718516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23340229">23340229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasite&rft.atitle=High+infection+rate+of+zoonotic+Eucoleus+aerophilus+infection+in+foxes+from+Serbia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23340229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fparasite%2F2012003&rft.au=Lalo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%2C+V.&rft.au=Lalo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%2C+D.&rft.au=%C4%8Capo%2C+I.&rft.au=Simin%2C+V.&rft.au=Galfi%2C+A.&rft.au=Traversa%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMechoukDeakIonicăToma2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mechouk, N.; Deak, G.; Ionică, A. 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10023903">"First report of <i>Crenosoma vulpis</i> in Africa and Eucoleus aerophilus in Algeria"</a>. <i>International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">187–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijppaw.2023.03.003">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10023903">10023903</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36941973">36941973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Parasitology%3A+Parasites+and+Wildlife&rft.atitle=First+report+of+Crenosoma+vulpis+in+Africa+and+Eucoleus+aerophilus+in+Algeria&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10023903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36941973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijppaw.2023.03.003&rft.aulast=Mechouk&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Deak%2C+G.&rft.au=Ionic%C4%83%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Toma%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=Bouslama%2C+Z.&rft.au=Daniel+Mihalca%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10023903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H. J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.3.366">"Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Wildlife_Diseases" title="Journal of Wildlife Diseases">Journal of Wildlife Diseases</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">366–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.3.366">10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/691132">691132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=Parasites+of+red+foxes+in+New+Brunswick+and+Nova+Scotia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F0090-3558-14.3.366&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F691132&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7589%252F0090-3558-14.3.366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tavakol2015-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tavakol2015_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTavakolAminLuus-PowellHalajian2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tavakol, Sareh; Amin, Omar M.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Halajian, Ali (22 October 2015). "The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list". <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>4033</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4033.2.3">10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26624401">26624401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=The+acanthocephalan+fauna+of+Iran%2C+a+check+list&rft.volume=4033&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4033.2.3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26624401&rft.aulast=Tavakol&rft.aufirst=Sareh&rft.au=Amin%2C+Omar+M.&rft.au=Luus-Powell%2C+Wilmien+J.&rft.au=Halajian%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gomes_2019-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gomes_2019_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGomesAminOlifiersBianchi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6814649">"A New Species of <i>Pachysentis</i> Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati <i>Nasua nasua</i> (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species"</a>. <i>Acta Parasitologica</i>. <b>64</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">587–</span>595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs11686-019-00080-6">10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6814649">6814649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31286360">31286360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Parasitologica&rft.atitle=A+New+Species+of+Pachysentis+Meyer%2C+1931+%28Acanthocephala%3A+Oligacanthorhynchidae%29+in+the+Brown-Nosed+Coati+Nasua+nasua+%28Carnivora%3A+Procyonidae%29+from+Brazil%2C+with+Notes+on+the+Genus+and+a+Key+to+Species&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6814649%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31286360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs11686-019-00080-6&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Ana+Paula+N.&rft.au=Amin%2C+Omar+M.&rft.au=Olifiers%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+Rita+de+Cassia&rft.au=Souza%2C+Joyce+G.+R.&rft.au=Barbosa%2C+Helene+S.&rft.au=Maldonado%2C+Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6814649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Τευμησ(σ)ία ἀλώπηξ</span> (<i>Teumēs(s)íā alôpēx</i>),<i>gen</i>.: Τευμησίας ἀλώπεκος, also known as ἀλώπηξ τῆς Τευμησσοῦ "fox of <a href="/wiki/Teumessos" class="mw-redirect" title="Teumessos">Teumessos</a>"; Teumessos was an ancient city in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallen_2006-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallen_2006_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallen,_Martin2006" class="citation book cs1">Wallen, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0xkcOKOxKsC&pg=PA40"><i>Fox</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-297-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-297-3"><bdi>978-1-86189-297-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fox&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-297-3&rft.au=Wallen%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0xkcOKOxKsC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monaghan_2004-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monaghan_2004_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan,_Patricia2004" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (2004). <i>The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">199–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4524-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-4524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Celtic+Mythology+and+Folklore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4524-2&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoff,_Janet1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goff, Janet (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053659/https://eee.uci.edu/clients/sbklein/GHOSTS/articles/goff-foxes.pdf">"Foxes in Japanese culture: Beautiful or beastly?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japan Quarterly</i>. <b>44</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eee.uci.edu/clients/sbklein/GHOSTS/articles/goff-foxes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Foxes+in+Japanese+culture%3A+Beautiful+or+beastly%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Goff%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feee.uci.edu%2Fclients%2Fsbklein%2FGHOSTS%2Farticles%2Fgoff-foxes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyers,_Karen_Ann1999" class="citation book cs1">Smyers, Karen Ann (1999). <i>The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2102-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2102-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fox+and+the+Jewel%3A+Shared+and+Private+Meanings+in+Contemporary+Japanese+Inari+Worship&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2102-9&rft.au=Smyers%2C+Karen+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOTF-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOTF_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright,_Michael2006" class="citation book cs1">Bright, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/120"><i>Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible</i></a>. London: Robson Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/120">120–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-831-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-831-7"><bdi>978-1-86105-831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beasts+of+the+Field%3A+The+Revealing+Natural+History+of+Animals+in+the+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pages=120-127&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-831-7&rft.au=Bright%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeastsoffieldrev0000brig%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastian_2004-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bastian_2004_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBastian,_Dawn_ElaineMitchell,_Judy_K.2004" class="citation book cs1">Bastian, Dawn Elaine & Mitchell, Judy K. (2004). <i>Handbook of Native American Mythology</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-533-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Native+American+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-533-9&rft.au=Bastian%2C+Dawn+Elaine&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Judy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potts-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-potts_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potts_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-potts_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotts1912" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Allen (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foxhuntinginamer00pott"><i>Fox Hunting in America</i></a>. Washington: The Carnahan Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foxhuntinginamer00pott/page/7">7</a>, 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fox+Hunting+in+America&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=7%2C+38&rft.pub=The+Carnahan+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoxhuntinginamer00pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNDNRTrapHarvest2008-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNDNRTrapHarvest2008_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDexter2009" class="citation book cs1">Dexter, Margaret (8 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/wildlife/populationstatus2009/7_trapping_harvest.pdf"><i>Trapping Harvest Statistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. p. 282 (Table 5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825062640/http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/wildlife/populationstatus2009/7_trapping_harvest.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trapping+Harvest+Statistics&rft.pages=282+%28Table+5%29&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft.aulast=Dexter&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.dnr.state.mn.us%2Fpublications%2Fwildlife%2Fpopulationstatus2009%2F7_trapping_harvest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trappingtoday.com/index.php/category/fur-prices/">"NAFA February 2013 Fur Auction Results"</a>. <i>Trapping Today</i>. 22 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072523/http://trappingtoday.com/index.php/category/fur-prices/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trapping+Today&rft.atitle=NAFA+February+2013+Fur+Auction+Results&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrappingtoday.com%2Findex.php%2Fcategory%2Ffur-prices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Lucy2016" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Lucy (7 May 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/news-features/why-we-love-keeping-foxes-at-home---despite-the-smell/">"Why we love keeping foxes at home - despite the smell"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/pets/news-features/why-we-love-keeping-foxes-at-home---despite-the-smell/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+we+love+keeping+foxes+at+home+-+despite+the+smell&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft.au=Jones%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpets%2Fnews-features%2Fwhy-we-love-keeping-foxes-at-home---despite-the-smell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarim,_Fariha2016" class="citation news cs1">Karim, Fariha (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-having-mr-fox-to-stay-is-not-such-a-fantastic-idea-after-all-d3wrv7b2c">"Why having Mr Fox to stay is not such a fantastic idea after all"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908140537/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-having-mr-fox-to-stay-is-not-such-a-fantastic-idea-after-all-d3wrv7b2c">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Why+having+Mr+Fox+to+stay+is+not+such+a+fantastic+idea+after+all&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.au=Karim%2C+Fariha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwhy-having-mr-fox-to-stay-is-not-such-a-fantastic-idea-after-all-d3wrv7b2c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrut,_Lyudmila_N.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215131052/http://www.hum.utah.edu/~bbenham/2510%20Spring%2009/Behavior%20Genetics/Farm-Fox%20Experiment.pdf">"Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Scientist</i>. <b>87</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">160–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AmSci..87.....T">1999AmSci..87.....T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F1999.20.813">10.1511/1999.20.813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120981396">120981396</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hum.utah.edu/~bbenham/2510%20Spring%2009/Behavior%20Genetics/Farm-Fox%20Experiment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Early+canid+domestication%3A+The+farm-fox+experiment&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120981396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F1999.20.813&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999AmSci..87.....T&rft.au=Trut%2C+Lyudmila+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hum.utah.edu%2F~bbenham%2F2510%2520Spring%252009%2FBehavior%2520Genetics%2FFarm-Fox%2520Experiment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916075909/http://www.thefoxwebsite.org/urbanfoxes/index.html">"Urban foxes: Overview"</a>. The fox website. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+foxes%3A+Overview&rft.pub=The+fox+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefoxwebsite.org%2Furbanfoxes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban_Foxes-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Foxes_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1986" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen (1986). <i>Urban Foxes</i>. London: Whittet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0905483474" title="Special:BookSources/978-0905483474"><bdi>978-0905483474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Foxes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Whittet+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0905483474&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908200905/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london.html">"10,000 Foxes Roam London"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 28 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=10%2C000+Foxes+Roam+London&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F05%2Ffoxes-london.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fieldsportschannel-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fieldsportschannel_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3doTc9A31Y">"Fieldsports Britain: How to call in great big bucks"</a>. Fieldsports Channel. 24 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/D3doTc9A31Y">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fieldsports+Britain%3A+How+to+call+in+great+big+bucks&rft.pub=Fieldsports+Channel&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DD3doTc9A31Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01qfhsb">"BBC Two - Winterwatch, Urban Fox Diary: Part 2"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 23 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209183707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01qfhsb">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Two+-+Winterwatch%2C+Urban+Fox+Diary%3A+Part+2&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp01qfhsb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-sussex-25840467">"Fleet the Sussex fox breaks British walking record"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 22 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915133240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-sussex-25840467/fleet-the-sussex-fox-breaks-british-walking-record">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Fleet+the+Sussex+fox+breaks+British+walking+record&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-sussex-25840467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsbornHelmy1980" class="citation journal cs1">Osborn, Dale. J. & Helmy, Ibrahim (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryland05osbo">"The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)"</a>. <i>Fieldiana</i>. New Series (5). Field Museum of Natural History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fieldiana&rft.atitle=The+contemporary+land+mammals+of+Egypt+%28including+Sinai%29&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Dale.+J.&rft.au=Helmy%2C+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryland05osbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSillero-ZubiriHoffmanMacDonald2004" class="citation book cs1">Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael & MacDonald, David W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006222952/http://www.canids.org/cap/index.htm"><i>Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i></a>. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0786-0"><bdi>978-2-8317-0786-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canids.org/cap/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canids%3A+Foxes%2C+Wolves%2C+Jackals+and+Dogs+%E2%80%93+2004+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Canid+Specialist+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0786-0&rft.aulast=Sillero-Zubiri&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Michael&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canids.org%2Fcap%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpagnesiDe_Marina_Marinis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Spagnesi, Mario & De Marina Marinis, Maria (2002). "Mammiferi d'Italia". <i>Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1592-2901">1592-2901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Conservazione+della+Natura&rft.atitle=Mammiferi+d%27Italia&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1592-2901&rft.aulast=Spagnesi&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=De+Marina+Marinis%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" class="extiw" title="commons:Vulpes vulpes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">the red fox</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vulpes vulpes">Red fox</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fox" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Fox">Fox</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180604">"<i>Vulpes vulpes</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vulpes+vulpes+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D180604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+fox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707230002/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/red-fox.html">Red Fox</a>, National Geographic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/animals/group/foxes">Natural History of the Red Fox</a>, Wildlife Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetsave.com/2010/09/07/extinct-fox-not-extinct-found-in-california/">Sacramento Valley red fox info1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ofnc.ca/programs/fletcher-wildlife-garden/flora-and-fauna-at-the-fwg/red-foxes-at-the-fwg">Red Fox</a>, Fletcher Wildlife Garden</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea107" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)126" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)184" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(cats)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palm_civets173" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Palm_civet" title="Palm civet">Palm civets</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato153" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Poiana(African_linsangs)127" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(genets)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Genetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Eugenetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Herpailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Pardogale</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Prionailuropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schouteden%27s_genet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schouteden's genet (page does not exist)">Schouteden's genet (<i>G. schoutedeni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Leptailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Osbornictis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy civets)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(falanoucs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(vontsira)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"> <i>sensu stricto</i></span> <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">(mongooses)</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata168" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(kusimanses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asian mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(slender mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)281" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Urocyon15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoon dogs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(zorro)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(South American foxes)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ursidae_(bears)183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bears)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Odobenidae14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(northern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(southern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals or true seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)362" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ailuridae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(mountain coatis)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae130" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vormela" title="Vormela">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neogale(New_World_weasels)121" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(New World weasels)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Mustela</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Lutreola</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i><a href="/wiki/Putorius" title="Putorius">Putorius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">Polecat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/120px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Game" title="Template:English Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Game" title="Template talk:English Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a> in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Common pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Grey partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_partridge" title="Red-legged partridge">Red-legged partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">Red grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Rock ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">Black grouse</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock" title="Eurasian woodcock">Eurasian woodcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_snipe" title="Common snipe">Common snipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarry species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_teal" title="Eurasian teal">Teal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">Wood pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_golden_plover" title="European golden plover">Golden plover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">Greylag goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-footed_goose" title="Pink-footed goose">Pink-footed goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wigeon" title="Eurasian wigeon">Eurasian wigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">Tufted duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_shoveler" title="Northern shoveler">Northern shoveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pochard" title="Common pochard">Common pochard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_goldeneye" title="Common goldeneye">Common goldeneye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_moorhen" title="Common moorhen">Common moorhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_coot" title="Eurasian coot">Eurasian coot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">Roe deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">European hare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Wild_Mammals_(Scotland)_Act_2002" title="Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002">Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Shooting_and_Conservation" title="British Association for Shooting and Conservation">British Association for Shooting and Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust" title="Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust">Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Twelfth" title="Glorious Twelfth">Glorious Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Deer stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Rarely shot because of declining numbers.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Vulpes vulpes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8332" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8332">Q8332</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vulpes vulpes">Vulpes vulpes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/">Vulpes_vulpes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Vulpes_vulpes">Vulpes_vulpes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/red-fox/vulpes-vulpes/">vulpes-vulpes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1916">1916</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=16440">16440</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BSG3">5BSG3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328609">328609</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/VULPVU">VULPVU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305294">305294</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/84f2e35f-eea0-4289-99c9-e6262bb0e386">84f2e35f-eea0-4289-99c9-e6262bb0e386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/vuvu/all.html">vuvu</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219243">5219243</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=66">66</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42069">42069</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11162128">11162128</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/59487">59487</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180604">180604</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/23062">23062</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005977">1005977</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000892">14000892</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105935/">2.105935</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000080188">NHMSYS0000080188</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9627">9627</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/428/">428</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Ohio Department of Natural Resources">ODNR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/red-fox">red-fox</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=821964">821964</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=52691">52691</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=18647">18647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1457401">1457401</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Vulpes-vulpes">Vulpes-vulpes</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canis vulpes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33321243" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q33321243">Q33321243</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QLXY">QLXY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/11356">11356</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global 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href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/6F952920-2A37-46C4-924D-EE18AC2AEEF9">6F952920-2A37-46C4-924D-EE18AC2AEEF9</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox727" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.771","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23034615,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen,_S._H.Sargeant,_A._B.1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersenVulpius1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAubry,_Keith_B.Statham,_Mark_J.Sacks,_Benjamin_N.Perrines,_John_D.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartolini_LucentiMadurell-Malapeira2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastian,_Dawn_ElaineMitchell,_Judy_K.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuonySalehHailer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasuonySalehSarhanYounes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostanci2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBright,_Michael2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBöckerWeberArnoldCollet2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContesseHegglinGloorBontadina2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookMacDonald2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDexter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbroch,_L._M.Kresky,_M._R.Evans,_J._W.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawcett,_J.Fawcett,_J.Soulsbury,_C.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawcett,_John_K.Fawcett,_Jeanne_M.Soulsbury,_Carl_D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedriani,_J._M.Palomares,_F.Delibes,_M.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldhamerThompsonChapman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmanHackathorn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoff,_Janet1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomesAminOlifiersBianchi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisYalden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry,_J._D.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeptner2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoath,_Richard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann,_M.Sillero-Zubiri,_C.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland,_Jennifer_S.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter,_L.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIossaSoulsbury,_C.D.Baker,_P.J.Harris,_S.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowiak,_L.Tryjanowski,_P.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones,_Lucy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim,_Fariha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlirHeath1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtén1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurténAnderson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutschera,_Verena_E.Lecomte,_NicolasJanke,_AxelSelva,_Nuria2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutscheraLecomteJankeSelva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalošević,_V.Lalošević,_D.Čapo,_I.Simin,_V.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarivièrePasitschniak-Arts1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindblad-Toh,_K.Wade,_C._M.Mikkelsen,_T._S.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald,_D._W.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_J._StathamBenjamin_N._SacksKeith_B._AubryJohn_D._Perrine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMech,_L._DavidBoitani,_Luigi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMechoukDeakIonicăToma2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillen,_Tracey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan,_Patricia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonGartnerNorrieHaddou2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak,_Ronald_M.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsbornHelmy1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPocock1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotts1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreble1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks,_B._N.Moore,_M.Statham,_M._J.Wittmer,_H._U.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks,_Benjamin_N.Statham,_Mark_J.Perrine,_John_D.Wisely,_Samantha_M.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargeant,_Alan_BAllen,_Stephen_H.1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheinin,_ShaniYom-Tov,_YoramMotro,_UziGeffen,_Eli2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSillero-ZubiriHoffmanMacDonald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyers,_Karen_Ann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpagnesiDe_Marina_Marinis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStathamMurdochJaneckaAubry2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavakolAminLuus-PowellHalajian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeacher,_Amber_G._F.Thomas,_Jessica_A.Barnes,_Ian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrut,_Lyudmila_N.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUtekhina,_I.Potapov,_E.McGrady,_M.J.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkmann,_Logan_A.Statham,_Mark_J.Mooers,_Arne_Ø.Sacks,_Benjamin_N.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrezec,_A.Bordjan,_D.Perušek,_M.Hudoklin,_A.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallen,_Martin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters,_M.Bang,_P.Dahlstrøm,_P.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson,_J.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes,_David2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČervený,_JaroslavBegall,_SabineKoubek,_PetrNováková,_Petra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Copulation\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Clade\"] = 11,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 37,\n [\"Disputed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Em\"] = 11,\n [\"English Game\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ITIS\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend2\"] = 3,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"MSW3 Wozencraft\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"North American Game\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 54,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","120","6.9"],["dataWrapper 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