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Amoy dialect - Wikipedia
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522">"Amoy dialect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522Amoy%2Bdialect%2522%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p>The <b>Amoy dialect</b> or <b>Xiamen dialect</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">廈門話</span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàménhuà</span></i>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Ē-mn̂g-ōe</span></i>), also known as <b>Amoyese</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Amoynese</b>, <b>Amoy Hokkien</b>, <b>Xiamenese</b> or <b>Xiamen Hokkien</b>, is a dialect of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen">city of Xiamen</a> (historically known as "Amoy") and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the southern part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province. Currently, it is one of the most widely researched and studied varieties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has historically come to be one of the more standardized varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Amoy</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Amoyese, Amoynese, Xiamenese</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">廈門話</span></span> <i>Ē-mn̂g-ōe</i></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiamen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (Amoy) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siming_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Siming District">Siming</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huli_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli District">Huli</a> districts), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haicang_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Haicang District">Haicang</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longhai_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai District">Longhai</a> districts to the west</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Native speakers </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <span class="wrap"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Language family">Language family</a></span> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinitic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Min_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Min_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><b>Amoy</b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Early forms </div></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/xiam1236">xiam1236</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc%3D1%26tr%3Dlsr%26nid%3D79-AAA-je">> 79-AAA-jeb 79-AAA-je > 79-AAA-jeb</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hokkien_Map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hokkien_Map.svg/320px-Hokkien_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hokkien_Map.svg/480px-Hokkien_Map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hokkien_Map.svg/640px-Hokkien_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800"></a></span> <div style="text-align:left;"> Distribution of Hokkien dialects. Amoy dialect is in magenta. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>Amoyese and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> are both historically mixtures of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a> dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they are very closely aligned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonology">phonologically</a>. There are some differences between the two, especially lexical, as a result of physical separation and the differing histories of mainland China and Taiwan during the 20th century. Amoyese and Taiwanese are mutually intelligible. Intelligibility with other Hokkien, especially inland, is more difficult. By that standard, Amoyese and Taiwanese may be considered dialects of a single language. Ethnolinguistically, however, Amoyese is part of mainland Hokkien.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Special_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Special characteristics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Accents"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tones"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tones</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tone_sandhi"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tone sandhi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literary_and_colloquial_readings"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Literary and colloquial readings</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Initials"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Initials</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Finals"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Finals</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Complement_constructions"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Complement constructions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Negative_particles"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Negative particles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Common_particles"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Common particles</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Romanization"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Romanization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In 1842, as a result of the signing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> was designated as a trading port in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Amoy and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kulangsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulangsu">Kulangsu</a> rapidly developed, which resulted in a large influx of people from neighboring areas such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quanzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>. The mixture of these various accents formed the basis for the Amoy dialect.</p> <p>Over the last several centuries, a large number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoklo_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoklo people">Southern Fujianese people</a> from these same areas migrated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_Formosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Qing</a> rule. The "Amoy dialect" was considered the vernacular of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the mixture of accents spoken in Taiwan became popularly known as <i>Taiwanese</i> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Imperial Japanese rule</a>. As in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comparison of American and British English">American and British English</a>, there are subtle lexical and phonological differences between modern Taiwanese and Amoy Hokkien; however, these differences do not generally pose any barriers to communication. Amoy dialect speakers also migrated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, mainly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brunei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thailand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambodia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myanmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Special_characteristics">Special characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Special characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The spoken Amoy dialect preserves many of the sounds and words from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. However, the vocabulary of Amoy was also influenced in its early stages by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minyue_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minyue language">Minyue languages</a> spoken by the ancient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minyue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minyue">Minyue</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spoken Amoy is known for its extensive use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasalization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>.</p> <p>Unlike <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, the Amoy dialect <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distinguish" class="extiw" title="wikt:distinguish">distinguishes</a> between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and voiceless unaspirated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Initials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Initials">initial</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consonants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> (Mandarin has no voicing of initial consonants). Unlike <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>, it differentiates between unaspirated and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> voiceless initial consonants (as Mandarin does too). In less <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technical_term?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical term">technical terms</a>, native Amoy speakers have little difficulty in hearing the difference between the following syllables:</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilabial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a></td> <td>bo <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%25AF%258D" class="extiw" title="wikt:母">母</a></td> <td>po <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%259D" class="extiw" title="wikt:保">保</a></td> <td>pʰo <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%258A%25B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:抱">抱</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a></td> <td>go <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25BF%2584" class="extiw" title="wikt:俄">俄</a></td> <td>ko <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%259E%259C" class="extiw" title="wikt:果">果</a></td> <td>kʰo <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%25A7%2591" class="extiw" title="wikt:科">科</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a></th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>However, these fully voiced consonants did not derive from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> voiced obstruents, but rather from fortition of nasal initials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Accents">Accents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Accents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vowel_shifts" title="Southern Min">Southern Min § Vowel shifts</a> </div> <p>A comparison between Amoy and other Southern Min languages can be found there.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Amoy is similar to other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> variants in that it largely preserves the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">Middle Chinese tone system</a> of six distinct tones in syllables which do not end in a stop consonant and two tones in syllables which do end in a stop consonant (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Checked_tone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Checked tone">checked tones</a>). The tones are traditionally numbered from 1 through 8, with 4 and 8 being the checked tones. The distinction between tones 2 and 6 has been lost among most speakers.</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Tone number</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_name?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone name">Tone name</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_letter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone letter">Tone letter</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Yin level</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Yin rising</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Yin falling</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˨˩</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yin entering</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˩ʔ</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Yang level</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧˥</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 (2)</td> <td>Yang rising</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥˧</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Yang falling</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˧</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yang entering</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˥ʔ</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Amoy has extremely extensive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_sandhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> (tone-changing) rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. What an '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utterance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utterance">utterance</a>' is, in the context of this language, is an ongoing topic for linguistic research. For the purpose of this article, an utterance may be considered a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Word?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Word">word</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phrase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phrase">phrase</a>, or a short <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>. The diagram illustrates the rules that govern the pronunciation of a tone on each of the syllables affected (that is, all but the last in an utterance):</p> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/598px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="598" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="301"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 598px;height: 301px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/598px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png" data-width="598" data-height="301" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/897px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg/1196px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_tones.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literary_and_colloquial_readings">Literary and colloquial readings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Literary and colloquial readings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Like other languages of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>, Amoy has complex rules for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters</a>. For example, the character for <i>big/great</i>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:大">大</a>, has a vernacular reading of <i>tōa</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[tua˧]</a></span>), but a literary reading of <i>tāi</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nan-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA">[tai˧]</a></span>). Because of the loose nature of the rules governing when to use a given pronunciation, a learner of Amoy must often simply memorize the appropriate reading for a word on a case-by-case basis. For single-syllable words, it is more common to use the vernacular pronunciation. This situation is comparable to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#On'yomi_(Chinese_reading)" title="Kanji">on</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kun'yomi_(Japanese_reading)" title="Kanji">kun</a> readings of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.</p> <p>The vernacular readings are generally thought to predate the literary readings, as is the case with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Min_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> varieties;<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Baxter1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the literary readings appear to have evolved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sung1973_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sung1973-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following chart illustrates some of the more commonly seen sound shifts:</p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Colloquial</th> <th>Literary</th> <th colspan="4">Example</th> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[p-], [pʰ-]</td> <td>[h-]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E5%2588%2586" class="extiw" title="wikt:分">分</a></td> <td><b>p</b>un</td> <td><b>h</b>un</td> <td><i>divide</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]</td> <td>[s-], [ɕ-]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%2588%2590" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</a></td> <td><b>ch</b>iâⁿ</td> <td><b>s</b>êng</td> <td><i>to become</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[k-], [kʰ-]</td> <td>[tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E6%258C%2587" class="extiw" title="wikt:指">指</a></td> <td><b>k</b>í</td> <td><b>ch</b>í</td> <td><i>finger</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[-ã], [-uã]</td> <td>[-an]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E7%259C%258B" class="extiw" title="wikt:看">看</a></td> <td>kh<b>òaⁿ</b></td> <td>kh<b>àn</b></td> <td><i>to see</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[-ʔ]</td> <td>[-t]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E9%25A3%259F" class="extiw" title="wikt:食">食</a></td> <td>chia̍<b>h</b></td> <td>si̍<b>t</b></td> <td><i>to eat</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[-i]</td> <td>[-e]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2596" class="extiw" title="wikt:世">世</a></td> <td>s<b>ì</b></td> <td>s<b>è</b></td> <td><i>world</i></td> </tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td>[-e]</td> <td>[-a]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E5%25AE%25B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:家">家</a></td> <td>k<b>e</b></td> <td>k<b>a</b></td> <td><i>family</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[-ia]</td> <td>[-i]</td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25BC%2581" class="extiw" title="wikt:企">企</a></td> <td>kh<b>iā</b></td> <td>kh<b>ì</b></td> <td><i>to stand</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <dl> <dd> <i>For further information, read the article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swadesh_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a></i> </dd> </dl> <p>The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morris_Swadesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a>, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language.</p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Amoy_Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list">Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sinitic_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Sinitic Swadesh lists">Sinitic Swadesh lists</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuanese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese language">Sichuanese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjingnese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Cantonese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meixian_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meixian dialect">Yuetai Hakka</a>, Amoynese Hokkien, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchiu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghainese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhounese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Changsha_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Changsha dialect">Changshanese</a>)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Initials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labial_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br> palatal</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velar_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stop_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></th> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voicelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small></th> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td></td> <td>k</td> <td>ʔ</td> </tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small></th> <td>pʰ</td> <td>tʰ</td> <td></td> <td>kʰ</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small></th> <td>b</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ɡ</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affricate_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voicelessness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small></th> <td></td> <td>ts</td> <td>tɕ</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirated_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small></th> <td></td> <td>tsʰ</td> <td>tɕʰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small></th> <td></td> <td>dz</td> <td>dʑ</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricative_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th> <td></td> <td>s</td> <td>ɕ</td> <td></td> <td>h</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td></td> <td>ŋ</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Approximant_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></th> <td></td> <td>l</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li>Word-initial alveolar consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz/</span> when occurring before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> are pronounced as alveo-palatal sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can fluctuate freely in initial position as either a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> or voiced alveolar plosive stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Van_der_Loon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:Van_der_Loon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> can occur in both word initial and final position.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span> when occurring before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m̩<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̍/</span> can be pronounced as voiceless sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊]</span>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Finals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;"> Rimes without codas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span><br> 阿</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><br> 烏</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span><br> 魚</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span><br> 火</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span><br> 好</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span><br> 母</td> <td style="background-color: #fcc"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span><br> 愛</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span><br> 抱</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia/</span><br> 寫</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/io/</span><br> 后</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iu/</span><br> 救</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iau/</span><br> 鳥</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span><br> 花</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ue/</span><br> 話</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui/</span><br> 水</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uai/</span><br> 歪</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;"> Rimes with nasal codas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabic_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a>/</span><br> 毋</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/am/</span><br> 暗</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span><br> 按</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabic_consonant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a>/</span><br> 黃</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aŋ/</span><br> 港</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔŋ/</span><br> 風</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im/</span><br> 心</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iam/</span><br> 薟</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/in/</span><br> 今</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɛn/</span><br> 免</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iŋ/</span><br> 英</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaŋ/</span><br> 雙</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iɔŋ</span><br> 恭</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/un/</span><br> 恩</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uan/</span><br> 完</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;"> Checked rimes </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ap/</span><br> 十</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/at/</span><br> 克</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ak/</span><br> 六</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔk/</span><br> 樂</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʔ/</span><br> 鴨</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔʔ</span><br> 索</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʔ</span><br> 學</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eʔ/</span><br> 欲</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/auʔ/</span><br> 落</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãʔ</span><br> 肉</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃ʔ</span><br> 乎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽʔ/</span><br> 夾</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ãiʔ</span><br> 唉</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ip</span><br> 急</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iap/</span><br> 葉</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/it/</span><br> 必</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɛt/</span><br> 閲</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ik/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ek/</span><br> 色</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iɔk/</span><br> 祝</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iʔ</span><br> 捏</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iaʔ</span><br> 食</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ioʔ</span><br> 尺</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iuʔ/</span><br> 搐</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩʔ/</span><br> 物</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iãʔ</span><br> 贏</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ut/</span><br> 骨</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uat/</span><br> 越</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʔ/</span><br> 嗍</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uaʔ/</span><br> 活</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ueʔ/</span><br> 喂</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li>Final consonants are pronounced as unreleased <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p̚<span class="wrap"> </span>t̚<span class="wrap"> </span>k̚]</span>.</li> </ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="text-align: left;"> Nasalized rimes without codas </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a>/</span><br> 三</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>/</span><br> 魯</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a>/</span><br> 明</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãi/</span><br> 歹</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>/</span><br> 暝</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iã/</span><br> 定</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iũ/</span><br> 想</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãu/</span><br> 腦</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uã/</span><br> 山</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uĩ/</span><br> 莓</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uãi/</span><br> 彎</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Amoy grammar shares a similar structure to other Chinese dialects, although it is slightly more complex than Mandarin. Moreover, equivalent Amoy and Mandarin particles are usually not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognate">cognates</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Complement_constructions">Complement constructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Complement constructions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Amoy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Complement (linguistics)">complement constructions</a> are roughly parallel to Mandarin ones, although there are variations in the choice of lexical term. The following are examples of constructions that Amoy employs.</p> <p>In the case of adverbs:</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">he</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">走</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">會</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ē</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 走 會 緊</p> <p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>ē</b> kín</p> <p style="display: none;">he runs <b>obtains</b> quick</p> <p style="clear: left;">He runs quick<i>ly</i>.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>de</b> kuài</i> (他跑得快) </dd> </dl> <p>In the case of the adverb "very":</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">He</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">走</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">真</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>chin</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 走 真 緊</p> <p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>chin</b> kín</p> <p style="display: none;">He runs <b>obtains</b> quick</p> <p style="clear: left;">He runs <i>very</i> quick<i>ly</i>.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>de hěn</b> kuài</i> (他跑得很快) </dd> </dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">He</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">走</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cháu</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">runs</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bōe</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;">not</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">緊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kín</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">quick</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 走 袂 緊</p> <p style="display: none;">i cháu <b>bōe</b> kín</p> <p style="display: none;">He runs not quick</p> <p style="clear: left;">He <i>does not</i> run quick<i>ly</i>.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā pǎo <b>bù</b> kuài</i> (他跑不快) </dd> </dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">He</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">看</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khòaⁿ</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">see</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">會</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ē</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>obtains</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">著</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">already achieved</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 看 會 著</p> <p style="display: none;">i khòaⁿ <b>ē</b> tio̍h</p> <p style="display: none;">He see <b>obtains</b> {already achieved}</p> <p style="clear: left;">He <i>can</i> see.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā kàn <b>de</b> dào</i> (他看得到) </dd> </dl> <p>For the negative,</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">He</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">看</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khòaⁿ</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">sees</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>bōe</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>not</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">著</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">already achieved</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 看 袂 著</p> <p style="display: none;">i khòaⁿ <b>bōe</b> tio̍h</p> <p style="display: none;">He sees <b>not</b> {already achieved}</p> <p style="clear: left;">He <i>cannot</i> see.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā kàn <b>bù</b> dào</i> (他看不到) </dd> </dl> <p>For the adverb "so," Amoy uses <i>kah</i> (甲) instead of Mandarin <i>de</i> (得):</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">He</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">驚</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiaⁿ</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">startled</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">甲</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kah</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>to the point of</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">話</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ōe</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">words</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">著</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tio̍h</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">also</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">講</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóng</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">say</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">袂</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bōe</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">not</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">出來</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chhut-lâi</p> <p style="margin: 0px;">come out</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 驚 甲 話 著 講 袂 出來</p> <p style="display: none;">i kiaⁿ <b>kah</b> ōe tio̍h kóng bōe chhut-lâi</p> <p style="display: none;">He startled {<b>to the point of</b>} words also say not {come out}</p> <p style="clear: left;">He was <i>so</i> startled, that he could not speak.</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl> <dd> Mandarin: <i>tā xià <b>de</b> huà dōu shuō bù chūlái</i> (他嚇得話都說不出來) </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Negative_particles">Negative particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Negative particles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Negative particle syntax is parallel to Mandarin about 70% of the time, although lexical terms used differ from those in Mandarin. For many lexical particles, there is no single standard Hanji character to represent these terms (e.g. <i>m̄</i>, a negative particle, can be variously represented by 毋, 呣, and 唔), but the most commonly used ones are presented below in examples. The following are commonly used negative particles:</p> <ol> <li><i><b>m̄</b></i> (毋/伓) <b>- is not + noun</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i m̄-sī gún lāu-bú</i>. (伊毋是阮老母) "She is not my mother." </dd> </dl></li> <li><i><b>m̄</b></i> (毋/伓) <b>- does not/will not + verb</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i m̄ lâi</i>. (伊毋來) "He will not come." </dd> </dl></li> <li><b>verb + <i>bōe</i></b> (袂/𣍐 (⿰勿會)) <b>+ particle - is not able to</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>góa khòaⁿ-bōe-tio̍h</i>. (我看袂著) "I am not able to see it." </dd> </dl></li> <li><i><b>bōe</b></i> (袂/𣍐 (⿰勿會)) <b>+ helping verb - cannot</b> (opposite of <i>ē</i> 會, "is able to") (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i bōe-hiáu kóng Eng-gú</i>. (伊袂曉講英語) "He can't speak English." </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>helping verbs that go with <i>bōe</i> (袂) <dl> <dd> <i>bōe-sái</i> (袂使) - is not permitted to (Mandarin 不可以 <i>bù kěyǐ</i>) </dd> <dd> <i>bōe-hiáu</i> (袂曉) - does not know how to (Mandarin 不會, <i>búhuì</i>) </dd> <dd> <i>bōe-tàng</i> (袂當) - not able to (Mandarin 不能, <i>bùnéng</i>) </dd> </dl></li> </ul></li> <li><i><b>mài</b></i> (莫/勿愛) <b>- do not (imperative)</b> (Mandarin 別, <i>bié</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>mài kóng</i>! (莫講) "Don't speak!" </dd> </dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- do not + helping verb</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i bô beh lâi</i>. (伊無欲來) "He is not going to come." </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>helping verbs that go with <i>bô</i> (無): <dl> <dd> <i>beh</i> (欲) - want to + verb; will + verb </dd> <dd> <i>ài</i> (愛) - must + verb </dd> <dd> <i>èng-kai</i> (應該) - should + verb </dd> <dd> <i>kah-ì</i> (合意) - like to + verb </dd> </dl></li> </ul></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- does not have</b> (Mandarin 沒有, <i>méiyǒu</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i bô chîⁿ</i>. (伊無錢) "He does not have any money." </dd> </dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- did not</b> (Mandarin 沒有, <i>méiyǒu</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i bô lâi</i>. (伊無來) "He did not come." </dd> </dl></li> <li><i><b>bô</b></i> (無) <b>- is not + adjective</b> (Mandarin 不, <i>bù</i>) <dl> <dd> <i>i bô súi</i>. (伊無媠/水) "She is not beautiful." </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><i>hó</i> (好) ("good") is an exception, as it can use both <i>m̄</i> and <i>bô</i>.</li> </ul></li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Common_particles">Common particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Common particles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Commonly seen particles include:</p> <ul> <li>與 (<i>hō·</i>) - indicates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passive_voice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (Mandarin 被, <i>bèi</i>)</li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>與</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>hō·</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">人</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lâng</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">騙</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">phiàn</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">去</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khì</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 <b>與</b> 人 騙 去</p> <p style="display: none;">i <b>hō·</b> lâng phiàn khì</p> <p style="clear: left;">"They were cheated."</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul> <li>共 (<i>kā</i>) - identifies the object (Mandarin 把, <i>bǎ</i>)</li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>共</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kā</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">錢</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chîⁿ</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">交</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kau</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">與</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hō·</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">你</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lí</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 <b>共</b> 錢 交 與 你</p> <p style="display: none;">i <b>kā</b> chîⁿ kau hō· lí</p> <p style="clear: left;">"He handed the money to you"</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul> <li>加 (<i>ke</i>) - "more"</li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>加</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ke</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">食</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chia̍h</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">一</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chi̍t</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">碗</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">óaⁿ</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 <b>加</b> 食 一 碗</p> <p style="display: none;">i <b>ke</b> chia̍h chi̍t óaⁿ</p> <p style="clear: left;">"He ate one more bowl."</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul> <li>共 (<i>kā</i>) - identifies the object</li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">我</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">góa</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>共</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kā</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">你</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lí</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">講</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóng</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">我 <b>共</b> 你 講</p> <p style="display: none;">góa <b>kā</b> lí kóng</p> <p style="clear: left;">"I'm telling you."</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul> <li>濟 (<i>chōe</i>) - "more"</li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"> <div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">伊</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">有</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ū</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">較</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khah</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;"><b>濟</b></p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>chōe</b></p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">的</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ê</p> </div> <div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"> <p style="margin: 0px;">朋友</p> <p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pêng-iú</p> </div> <p style="display: none;">伊 有 較 <b>濟</b> 的 朋友</p> <p style="display: none;">i ū khah <b>chōe</b> ê pêng-iú</p> <p style="clear: left;">"He has comparatively many friends."</p> <div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Romanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A number of Romanization schemes have been devised for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> is one of the oldest and best established. However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a> has become the romanization of choice for many of the recent textbooks and dictionaries from Taiwan.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Vowels </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔk</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iɛn</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iəŋ</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aⁿ</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>eng</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aN</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>ooN</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eN</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oonn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>na</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>noo</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>ne</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ab/ap</td> <td>ad/at</td> <td>ag/ak</td> <td>aq/ah</td> <td>va</td> <td>o</td> <td>og/ok</td> <td>vo</td> <td>ø</td> <td>ø</td> <td>e</td> <td>ve</td> <td>i</td> <td>ien</td> <td>eng</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>āp/ap</td> <td>āt/at</td> <td>āk/ak</td> <td>āh/ah</td> <td>ann/aⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn/oⁿ</td> <td>or</td> <td>or</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn/eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian/en</td> <td>ing</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>アア</td> <td>アㇷ゚</td> <td>アッ</td> <td>アㇰ</td> <td>アァ</td> <td>アア</td> <td>オオ</td> <td>オㇰ</td> <td>オオ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">オオ</span></td> <td>ヲヲ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>イェヌ</td> <td>イェン</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚㆴ</td> <td>ㄚㆵ</td> <td>ㄚㆻ</td> <td>ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㆩ</td> <td>ㆦ</td> <td>ㆦㆻ</td> <td>ㆧ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㆤ</td> <td>ㆥ</td> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>)</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亞</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br> 力</td> <td>警<br><span style="color: darkred">察</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br> 水</td> <td>牛<br><span style="color: darkred">肉</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br> 十</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烏</span><br> 色</td> <td>中<br><span style="color: darkred">國</span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br> 晡</td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">醫</span><br> 學</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">鉛</span><br> 筆</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br> 國</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>)</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亚</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">压</span><br> 力</td> <td>警<br><span style="color: darkred">察</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br> 水</td> <td>牛<br><span style="color: darkred">肉</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br> 十</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乌</span><br> 色</td> <td>中<br><span style="color: darkred">国</span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br> 晡</td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">医</span><br> 学</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">铅</span><br> 笔</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br> 国</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Vowels </caption> <tbody> <tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iək</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">am</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔm</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ̍</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ua</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ue</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uan</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span></td> <td>(i)<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>ek</td> <td>iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)uⁿ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>iN</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiN</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)uN</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ai</td> <td>nai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>n(i)u</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>eg/ek</td> <td>vi</td> <td>ai</td> <td>vai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>v(i)u</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn/iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn/aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)unn/uⁿ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>イェㇰ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アウ</td> <td>アム</td> <td>オム</td> <td>ム</td> <td>オン</td> <td>ン</td> <td>ウウ</td> <td>ヲア</td> <td>ヲエ</td> <td>ヲァイ</td> <td>ヲァヌ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">ウウ</span></td> <td>ウウ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄧㆻ</td> <td>ㆪ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㆮ</td> <td>ㆯ</td> <td>ㆰ</td> <td>ㆱ</td> <td>ㆬ</td> <td>ㆲ</td> <td>ㆭ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄚ</td> <td>ㄨㆤ</td> <td>ㄨㄞ</td> <td>ㄨㄢ</td> <td>ㆨ</td> <td>ㆫ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>)</td> <td>翻<br><span style="color: darkred">譯</span></td> <td>病<br><span style="color: darkred">院</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">愛</span><br> 情</td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歐</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br> 時</td> <td></td> <td>阿<br><span style="color: darkred">姆</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br> 梨</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黃</span><br> 色</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br> 無</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br> 曲</td> <td>講<br><span style="color: darkred">話</span></td> <td>奇<br><span style="color: darkred">怪</span></td> <td>人<br><span style="color: darkred">員</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br> 肉</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br> 水</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>)</td> <td>翻<br><span style="color: darkred">译</span></td> <td>病<br><span style="color: darkred">院</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">爱</span><br> 情</td> <td></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">欧</span><br> 洲</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br> 时</td> <td></td> <td>阿<br><span style="color: darkred">姆</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br> 梨</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黄</span><br> 色</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br> 无</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br> 曲</td> <td>讲<br><span style="color: darkred">话</span></td> <td>奇<br><span style="color: darkred">怪</span></td> <td>人<br><span style="color: darkred">员</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br> 肉</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br> 水</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Consonants </caption> <tbody> <tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʑi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>chi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chhi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ch</td> <td>j</td> <td>chh</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bb</td> <td>p</td> <td>bb</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>lng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gg</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>li</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>l</td> <td>c</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>ci</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chi</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>zh</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bh</td> <td>p</td> <td>m</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gh</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>r</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>r</td> <td>c</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>パア</td> <td>バア</td> <td>パ̣ア</td> <td>マア</td> <td>タア</td> <td>タ̣ア</td> <td>ナア</td> <td>ヌン</td> <td>ラア</td> <td>カア</td> <td>ガア</td> <td>カ̣ア</td> <td>ハア</td> <td>チイ</td> <td>ジイ</td> <td>チ̣イ</td> <td>シイ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ</span>ア</td> <td>ザア</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ̣</span>ア</td> <td>サア</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㆠ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄉ</td> <td>ㄊ</td> <td>ㄋ</td> <td>ㄋㆭ</td> <td>ㄌ</td> <td>ㄍ</td> <td>ㆣ</td> <td>ㄎ</td> <td>ㄏ</td> <td>ㄐ</td> <td>ㆢ</td> <td>ㄑ</td> <td>ㄒ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㆡ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙ</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>tsi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>tshi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ts</td> <td>j</td> <td>tsh</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>)</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">報</span><br> 紙</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">閩</span><br> 南</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br> 通</td> <td>請<br><span style="color: darkred">問</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br> 肉</td> <td>普<br><span style="color: darkred">通</span></td> <td>過<br><span style="color: darkred">年</span></td> <td>雞<br><span style="color: darkred">卵</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">樂</span><br> 觀</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">價</span><br> 值</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br> 奶</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br> 廳</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">煩</span><br> 惱</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br> 持</td> <td>漢<br><span style="color: darkred">字</span></td> <td>支<br><span style="color: darkred">持</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br> 否</td> <td>報<br><span style="color: darkred">紙</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">熱</span><br> 天</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">參</span><br> 加</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br> 法</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>)</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">报</span><br> 纸</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">闽</span><br> 南</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br> 通</td> <td>请<br><span style="color: darkred">问</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br> 肉</td> <td>普<br><span style="color: darkred">通</span></td> <td>过<br><span style="color: darkred">年</span></td> <td>鸡<br><span style="color: darkred">卵</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乐</span><br> 观</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">价</span><br> 值</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br> 奶</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br> 厅</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烦</span><br> 恼</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br> 持</td> <td>汉<br><span style="color: darkred">字</span></td> <td>支<br><span style="color: darkred">持</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br> 否</td> <td>报<br><span style="color: darkred">纸</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">热</span><br> 天</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">参</span><br> 加</td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br> 法</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> Tones </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Tone name</th> <th>Yin level<br> 陰平(1)</th> <th>Yin rising<br> 陰上(2)</th> <th>Yin departing<br> 陰去(3)</th> <th>Yin entering<br> 陰入(4)</th> <th>Yang level<br> 陽平(5)</th> <th>Yang rising<br> 陽上(6)</th> <th>Yang departing<br> 陽去(7)</th> <th>Yang entering<br> 陽入(8)</th> <th>High rising<br> (9)</th> <th>Neutral tone<br> (0)</th> </tr> <tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˩</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˩</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˩</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧˥</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˥</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˥</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˥</span><br><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ap<br> at<br> ak<br> ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍p<br> a̍t<br> a̍k<br> a̍h</td> <td>ă</td> <td>--a</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a> (and Revised <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a>)</td> <td>a1</td> <td>a2</td> <td>a3</td> <td>ap4<br> at4<br> ak4<br> ah4</td> <td>a5</td> <td>a6</td> <td>a7</td> <td>ap8<br> at8<br> ak8<br> ah8</td> <td>a9</td> <td>a0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>à</td> <td>āp<br> āt<br> āk<br> āh</td> <td>á</td> <td></td> <td>â</td> <td>áp<br> át<br> ák<br> áh</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a><br></td> <td>af</td> <td>ar</td> <td>ax</td> <td>ab<br> ad<br> ag<br> aq</td> <td>aa</td> <td>aar</td> <td>a</td> <td>ap<br> at<br> ak<br> ah</td> <td> </td> <td>~a</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>à</td> <td>â</td> <td>āp<br> āt<br> āk<br> āh</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ap<br> at<br> ak<br> ah</td> <td>á</td> <td>å</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br> (normal vowels)</td> <td>アア</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF0.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF5.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_kana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br> (nasal vowels)</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF7.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a 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</span></a></span><br> アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><br> アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚˋ</td> <td>ㄚ˪</td> <td>ㄚㆴ<br> ㄚㆵ<br> ㄚㆻ<br> ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㄚˊ</td> <td></td> <td>ㄚ˫</td> <td>ㄚㆴ˙<br> ㄚㆵ˙<br> ㄚㆻ˙<br> ㄚㆷ˙</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍h</td> <td>a̋</td> <td>--ah</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example<br> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>)</td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span></td> <td>報<span style="color: darkred">紙</span></td> <td>興<span style="color: darkred">趣</span></td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br> 警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br> 中<span style="color: darkred">國</span><br> 牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span></td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">員</span></td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span></td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span></td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br> 法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br> 文<span style="color: darkred">學</span><br> 歇<span style="color: darkred">熱</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span></td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Example<br> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>)</td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span></td> <td>报<span style="color: darkred">纸</span></td> <td>兴<span style="color: darkred">趣</span></td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">压</span><br> 警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br> 中<span style="color: darkred">国</span><br> 牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span></td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">员</span></td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span></td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span></td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br> 法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br> 文<span style="color: darkred">学</span><br> 歇<span style="color: darkred">热</span></td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span></td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li>Note: <i>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> extended characters in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bopomofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bopomofo">zhuyin</a> row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> values <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode_font?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2E00-4DBF" title="Unicode font">31A0–31B7</a> (ex. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Code2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Code2000">Code2000</a> true type font).</i></li> </ul> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Min?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a> & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penang_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medan_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lan-nang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan-nang">Lan-nang</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Written_Hokkien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holopedia">Holopedia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_prestige_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of prestige dialects">List of prestige dialects</a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Amoy_Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list">Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list</a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists">Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-minClassification_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-glottoMin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Minnan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Minnan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Minnan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclassifying+ISO+639-3+%5Bnan%5D%3A+An+Empirical+Approach+to+Mutual+Intelligibility+and+Ethnolinguistic+Distinctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FKIRINPUTRA%2Freclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan%2Fmain%2FReclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-glottoMin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.5281%252Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tone+Patterns+of+Kelantan+Hokkien+and+Related+Issues+in+Southern+Min+Tonology&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI3197700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeylen2001" class="citation book cs1">Heylen, Ann (2001). "Missionary Linguistics on Taiwan. Romanizing Taiwanese: Codification and Standardization of Dictionaries in Southern Min (1837–1923)". In Ku, Wei-ying; De Ridder, Koen (eds.). <i>Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)</i>. Leuven: Leuven University Press. p. 151. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058671028?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789058671028"><bdi>9789058671028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missionary+Linguistics+on+Taiwan.+Romanizing+Taiwanese%3A+Codification+and+Standardization+of+Dictionaries+in+Southern+Min+%281837%E2%80%931923%29&rft.btitle=Authentic+Chinese+Christianity%3A+Preludes+to+Its+Development+%28Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries%29&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789058671028&rft.aulast=Heylen&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Niu, Gengsen 牛耕叟 (2005-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160741/http://www.taiwan.cn/twzlk/twgk/yywz/200512/t20051226_222977.htm">"Táiwān Héluòhuà fāzhǎn lìchéng" <bdi lang="zh">台湾河洛话发展历程</bdi></a> [The Historical Development of Taiwanese Hoklo]. <i>Zhōngguó Táiwān wǎng</i> <bdi lang="zh">中国台湾网</bdi> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.taiwan.cn/twzlk/twgk/yywz/200512/t20051226_222977.htm">the original</a> on 2014-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zh%C5%8Dnggu%C3%B3+T%C3%A1iw%C4%81n+w%C7%8Eng&rft.atitle=T%C3%A1iw%C4%81n+H%C3%A9lu%C3%B2hu%C3%A0+f%C4%81zh%C7%8En+l%C3%ACch%C3%A9ng+%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E6%B2%B3%E6%B4%9B%E8%AF%9D%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2005-12-26&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Gengsen+%E7%89%9B%E8%80%95%E5%8F%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwan.cn%2Ftwzlk%2Ftwgk%2Fyywz%2F200512%2Ft20051226_222977.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirjassof1920" class="citation magazine cs1">Kirjassof, Alice Ballantine (March 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograp371920nati/page/246">"Formosa the Beautiful"</a>. <i>The National Geographic Magazine</i>. Vol. 37, no. 3. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograp371920nati/page/290">290</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Formosa+the+Beautiful&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=290&rft.date=1920-03&rft.aulast=Kirjassof&rft.aufirst=Alice+Ballantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalgeograp371920nati%2Fpage%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517061121/http://www.jinjiang.gov.cn/lhzzfw/wyzc/mjgs/20060420801280.shtml">"Gǔ Mǐnyuèzú yǔ Hànzú Mǐnnányǔ de yóulái" <bdi lang="zh">古闽越族与汉族闽南语的由来</bdi></a> [The Ancient Minyue People and the Origins of the Min Nan Language]. <i>Lónghú zhèn zhèngfǔ wǎng</i> <bdi lang="zh">龙湖镇政府网</bdi> (in Chinese). 2006-04-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jinjiang.gov.cn/lhzzfw/wyzc/mjgs/20060420801280.shtml">the original</a> on 2009-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%C3%B3ngh%C3%BA+zh%C3%A8n+zh%C3%A8ngf%C7%94+w%C7%8Eng&rft.atitle=G%C7%94+M%C7%90nyu%C3%A8z%C3%BA+y%C7%94+H%C3%A0nz%C3%BA+M%C7%90nn%C3%A1ny%C7%94+de+y%C3%B3ul%C3%A1i+%E5%8F%A4%E9%97%BD%E8%B6%8A%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jinjiang.gov.cn%2Flhzzfw%2Fwyzc%2Fmjgs%2F20060420801280.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatte2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Ratte, Alexander Takenobu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num%3Dosu1313497239"><i>Contact-Induced Phonological Change in Taiwanese</i></a> (MA thesis). The Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Contact-Induced+Phonological+Change+in+Taiwanese&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ratte&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Takenobu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1313497239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Baxter1992-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Baxter1992_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, William Hubbard (1992). <i>A handbook of old Chinese phonology</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 47. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012324-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012324-X"><bdi>3-11-012324-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+old+Chinese+phonology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-11-012324-X&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+Hubbard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sung1973-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sung1973_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung1973" class="citation journal cs1">Sung, Margaret M. Y. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23752861">"A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 414–436. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3723">0091-3723</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23752861">23752861</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Literary+and+Colloquial+Amoy+Chinese&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=414-436&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23752861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0091-3723&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23752861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:Van_der_Loon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amoy_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:Van_der_Loon_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Loon1967" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Loon, Piet (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1745sWSSKnQ.pdf">"The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. New Series. <b>13</b>: 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Incunabula+and+Early+Hokkien+Studies%2C+Part+2&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Van+der+Loon&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1745sWSSKnQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuanan2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Huanan, Wang 王華南 (2007). <i>Ài shuō Táiyǔ wǔqiān nián: Táiyǔ shēngyùn zhīměi</i> <bdi lang="zh">愛說台語五千年 : 台語聲韻之美</bdi> [<i>To Understand the Beauty of Taiwanese</i>] (in Chinese). Taibei Shi: Gao tan wenhua chuban. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-7101-47-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-7101-47-1"><bdi>978-986-7101-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80i+shu%C5%8D+T%C3%A1iy%C7%94+w%C7%94qi%C4%81n+ni%C3%A1n%3A+T%C3%A1iy%C7%94+sh%C4%93ngy%C3%B9n+zh%C4%ABm%C4%9Bi+%E6%84%9B%E8%AA%AA%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4+%3A+%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%BB%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Gao+tan+wenhua+chuban&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-986-7101-47-1&rft.aulast=Huanan&rft.aufirst=Wang+%E7%8E%8B%E8%8F%AF%E5%8D%97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Shunliang 李順涼 (2004). Hong, Hongyuan 洪宏元 (ed.). <i>Huá-Tái-Yīng cíhuì jùshì duìzhào jí / Chinese-Taiwanese-English Lexicon</i> <bdi lang="zh">華台英詞彙句式對照集 / Chinese-Taiwanese-English Lexicon</bdi> (in Chinese and English). Taibei Shi: Wunan tushu chuban gufen youxian gongsi. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-11-3822-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-11-3822-3"><bdi>957-11-3822-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hu%C3%A1-T%C3%A1i-Y%C4%ABng+c%C3%ADhu%C3%AC+j%C3%B9sh%C3%AC+du%C3%ACzh%C3%A0o+j%C3%AD+%2F+Chinese-Taiwanese-English+Lexicon+%E8%8F%AF%E5%8F%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%8F%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E9%9B%86+%2F+Chinese-Taiwanese-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Wunan+tushu+chuban+gufen+youxian+gongsi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=957-11-3822-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shunliang+%E6%9D%8E%E9%A0%86%E6%B6%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tang, Tingchi 湯廷池 (1999). <i>Mǐnnányǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū shìlùn</i> <bdi lang="zh">閩南語語法研究試論</bdi> [<i>Papers on Southern Min Syntax</i>] (in Chinese and English). Taibei Shi: Taiwan xuesheng shuju. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-15-0948-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/957-15-0948-5"><bdi>957-15-0948-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C7%90nn%C3%A1ny%C7%94+y%C7%94f%C7%8E+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+sh%C3%ACl%C3%B9n+%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A9%A6%E8%AB%96&rft.place=Taibei+Shi&rft.pub=Taiwan+xuesheng+shuju&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=957-15-0948-5&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Tingchi+%E6%B9%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%B1%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung1973" class="citation journal cs1">Sung, Margaret M. Y. (1973). "A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 414–436. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2375286">2375286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Literary+and+Colloquial+Amoy+Chinese&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=414-436&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2375286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclay1953" class="citation book cs1">Maclay, Howard S. (1953). <i>The Phonology of Amoy Chinese</i>. University of New Mexico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Amoy+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Maclay&rft.aufirst=Howard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carstairs Douglas">Douglas, Carstairs</a> (1899) [1873]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdict00doug"><i>Chinese-English Dictionary of theVernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Presbyterian Church of England. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OL_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25126855M">25126855M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+of+theVernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Church+of+England&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25126855M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carstairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseenglishdict00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Barclay, Thomas</a> (1923). <i>Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</i>. Shanghai: The Commercial Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2027%252Fmdp.39015051950106">2027/mdp.39015051950106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+Dictionary+of+the+Vernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=The+Commercial+Press&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015051950106&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGowan1898" class="citation book cs1">MacGowan, John (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digitalgems.nus.edu.sg/shared/colls/lanlit/files/ManMac.pdf"><i>A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). Amoy: Chui Keng Ton. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2027%252Fnyp.33433081879649">2027/nyp.33433081879649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Amoy+Colloquial&rft.place=Amoy&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Chui+Keng+Ton&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433081879649&rft.aulast=MacGowan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalgems.nus.edu.sg%2Fshared%2Fcolls%2Flanlit%2Ffiles%2FManMac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmoy+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amoy_dialect&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:"> Minnan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Min_Nan_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Min Nan Swadesh list">Appendix:Min Nan Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.amoymagic.com/amoywhy.htm">{Why it is Called Amoy}</a>, Why Minnan is called "Amoy"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gb.cri.cn/chinese_radio/minnan.htm">listen to the news in Amoy Min Nan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711162926/http://gb.cri.cn/chinese_radio/minnan.htm">Archived</a> 2016-07-11 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (site is in Chinese script)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020813184944/http://homepage2.nifty.com/gat_tin/fangyin.htm">Database of Pronunciations of Chinese Dialects</a> (in English, Chinese and Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/index.php">Glossika - Chinese Languages and Dialects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-the-record/greetings/">Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Greetings From Earth - Amoy</a>, includes translation and sound clip <dl> <dd> (The voyager clip says: <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan">Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô·!</i></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦!</span></span>) </dd> </dl></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_amoy%25C3%25A9s" title="Chino amoyés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino amoyés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-m%25C3%25B9n-fa" title="Ha-mùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha-mùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2583%25A4%25EB%25A8%25BC%25EC%2596%25B4" title="샤먼어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤먼어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien_Amoy" title="Bahasa Hokkien Amoy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hokkien Amoy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_amoy" title="Dialetto amoy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto amoy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2582-mu%25C3%25B2ng-u%25C3%25A2" title="Â-muòng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Â-muòng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamenhua" title="Xiamenhua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xiamenhua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BB%2588%25E9%2596%2580%25E8%25AA%259E" title="廈門語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="廈門語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoydialekt" title="Amoydialekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amoydialekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoy_(dialekt)" title="Amoy (dialekt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amoy (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikaing_Amoy" title="Wikaing Amoy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikaing Amoy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BB%2588%25E9%2596%2580%25E8%25A9%25B1" title="廈門話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="廈門話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BB%2588%25E9%2596%2580%25E8%25A9%25B1" title="廈門話 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="廈門話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 18 June 2024, at 07:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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