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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "People's Republic of China" and "PRC" redirect here. For the present-day Republic of China, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PRC_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="PRC (disambiguation)">PRC (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="China (disambiguation)">China (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> China,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[h]</a> officially the People's Republic of China (PRC),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[i]</a> is a country in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. With <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of China">a population</a> exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">second-most populous country</a> after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a>, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borders_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borders of China">borders fourteen countries by land</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[j]</a> With an area of nearly 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">third-largest country</a> by total land area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[k]</a> The country is divided into 33 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Province-level divisions of China">province-level divisions</a>: 22 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[l]</a> five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous regions</a>, four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">municipalities</a>, and two semi-autonomous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_administrative_regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Special administrative regions">special administrative regions</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> is the country's capital, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">its most populous city by urban area</a> and largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="fn org country-name"> People's Republic of China </div> <div class="ib-country-names"> 中华人民共和国 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>) Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>) </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"> <div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of China">Flag</a> </div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of China"><img alt="Emblem of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/85px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China_%25282%2529.svg/128px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China_%25282%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China_%25282%2529.svg/170px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China_%25282%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March of the Volunteers">March of the Volunteers</a>" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/March_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source 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‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-mo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-MO" label="中文（澳門） ‪(zh-mo)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarch_of_the_Volunteers_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CHN_orthographic.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/250px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/375px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/CHN_orthographic.svg/500px-CHN_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   Location of the People's Republic of China </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China">Territory claimed but not controlled</a> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DChina%26params%3D39_55_N_116_23_E_type:city(21,000,000)_region:CN-BJ">39°55′N 116°23′E / 39.917°N 116.383°E / 39.917; 116.383</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city by municipal boundary</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">urban population</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (de facto)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Adamson_&_Feng-3">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-lang"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Official_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Official script">Official script</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="white-space:nowrap">91.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">8.9% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of ethnic groups in China">others</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-religion2023-5">[4]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li style="white-space:nowrap">33.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">25.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion in China">no religion</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">19.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">17.7% other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese folk religion">folk beliefs</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">2.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li style="white-space:nowrap">1.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of China">Government</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CCP_General_Secretary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CCP General Secretary">CCP General Secretary</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of China">President</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[b]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Qiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhao_Leji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CPPCC_Chairman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CPPCC Chairman">CPPCC Chairman</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[c]</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Huning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Zheng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[d]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of China">Formation</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xia_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xia dynasty">First pre-imperial dynasty</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2070 BCE</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin dynasty">First imperial dynasty</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">221 BCE</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911 Revolution">Establishment of the Republic of China</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1 January 1912</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1 October 1949</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of China">Area </a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[e]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[8]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">3rd / 4th</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Water (%) </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">2.8<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of China">Population</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • 2023 estimate </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 1,409,670,000<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[9]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">2nd</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Density </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">145<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[10]</a>/km2 (375.5/sq mi) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">83rd</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_domestic_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $37.072 trillion<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[f]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEO.CN-17">[11]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">1st</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Per capita </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $26,310<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEO.CN-17">[11]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">79th</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_domestic_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th> <td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $18.273 trillion<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEO.CN-17">[11]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">2nd</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Per capita </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $12,969<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEO.CN-17">[11]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">73rd</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gini_coefficient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 35.7<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GINI-18">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Development_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.788<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNHDR-19">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">75th</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renminbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> (元/¥)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[g]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217">CNY</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B08:00?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+08:00">+8</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time in China">CST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephone numbers in China">Calling code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%2B86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="+86">+86</a> (mainland)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%2B852?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="+852">+852</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%2B853?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="+853">+853</a> (Macau)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.cn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".cn">.cn</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".中国">.中国</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".中國">.中國</a> (mainland)</li> </ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.hk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".hk">.hk</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".香港">.香港</a> (Hong Kong)</li> </ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.mo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".mo">.mo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".澳门">.澳门</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=".澳門">.澳門</a> (Macau)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> China is considered one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>: the first human inhabitants in the region arrived during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleolithic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>. By the late 2nd millennium BCE, the earliest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">dynastic states</a> had emerged in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> basin. The 8th–3rd centuries BCE saw a breakdown in the authority of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, accompanied by the emergence of administrative and military techniques, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese classics">literature</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese historiography">historiography</a>. In 221 BCE, China was unified under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">an emperor</a>, ushering in more than two millennia of imperial dynasties including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuan_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>. With the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invention_of_gunpowder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of gunpowder">invention of gunpowder</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_paper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Paper_in_China" title="History of paper">paper</a>, the establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and the building of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Wall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wall">Great Wall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> flourished and has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinosphere">heavily influenced both its neighbors</a> and lands further afield. However, China began to cede <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_concessions_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign concessions in China">parts of the country</a> in the late 19th century to various European powers by a series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unequal_treaties?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unequal treaties">unequal treaties</a>. After decades of Qing China on the decline, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> overthrew the Qing dynasty and the monarchy and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC) was established the following year. The country under the nascent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beiyang_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> was unstable and ultimately fragmented during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warlord_Era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a>, which was ended upon the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> conducted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) to reunify the country. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> began in 1927, when KMT forces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai massacre">purged</a> members of the rival <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), who proceeded to engage in sporadic fighting against the KMT-led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalist_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a>. Following the country's invasion by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1937, the CCP and KMT formed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_United_Front?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> to fight the Japanese. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> eventually ended in a Chinese victory; however, the CCP and the KMT resumed their civil war as soon as the war ended. In 1949, the resurgent Communists established control over most of the country, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclaiming the People's Republic of China</a> and forcing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">Nationalist government to retreat</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Island_of_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a>. The country was split, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two_Chinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Two Chinas">both sides</a> claiming to be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One China">sole legitimate government of China</a>. Following the implementation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land Reform Movement">land reforms</a>, further attempts by the PRC to realize <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communism">communism</a> failed: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> was largely responsible for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> that ended with millions of Chinese people having died, and the subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> was a period of social turmoil and persecution characterized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maoist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> populism. Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a> in 1972 would precipitate the normalization of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–United States relations">relations with the United States</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reforms</a> that began in 1978 moved the country away from a socialist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planned_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_market_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialist market economy">an increasingly capitalist market economy</a>, spurring significant economic growth. The corresponding movement for increased democracy and liberalization stalled after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a> in 1989. China is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> one-party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> led by the CCP. It is one of the five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UN_Security_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>; the UN representative for China was changed from the ROC to the PRC in 1971. It is a founding member of several multilateral and regional organizations such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AIIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIB">AIIB</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Development_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RCEP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RCEP">RCEP</a>. It is a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BRICS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/APEC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia_Summit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>. Making up around one-fifth of the world economy, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economy">Chinese economy</a> is the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">second-largest economy by nominal GDP</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Total_wealth_by_country" title="List of countries by total wealth">second-wealthiest country</a>, albeit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_rankings_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International rankings of China">ranking poorly</a> in measures of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy in China">democracy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights in China">human rights</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion in China">religious freedom</a>. The country has been one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest-growing</a> major economies and is the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">largest manufacturer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by exports">exporter</a>, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by imports">second-largest importer</a>. China is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear-weapon_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear-weapon state">nuclear-weapon state</a> with the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest standing army by military personnel</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">second-largest defense budget</a>. It is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great power">great power</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_as_a_potential_superpower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="China as a potential superpower">has been described as an emerging superpower</a>. China is known for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese cuisine">its cuisine</a> and culture, and has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">59 UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Sites by country">second-highest number of any country</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style> <div class="toclimit-4"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_dynastic_rule">2.2 Early dynastic rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperial_China">2.3 Imperial China</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qin_and_Han">2.3.1 Qin and Han</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three_Kingdoms,_Jin,_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties">2.3.2 Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sui,_Tang_and_Song">2.3.3 Sui, Tang and Song</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yuan">2.3.3.1 Yuan</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ming">2.3.4 Ming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qing">2.3.5 Qing</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fall_of_the_Qing_dynasty">2.4 Fall of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Establishment_of_the_Republic_and_World_War_II">2.5 Establishment of the Republic and World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#People's_Republic">2.6 People's Republic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reforms_and_contemporary_history">2.7 Reforms and contemporary history</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biodiversity">3.2 Biodiversity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Environment">3.3 Environment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Political_geography">3.4 Political geography</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chinese_Communist_Party">4.1 Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government">4.2 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administrative_divisions">4.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foreign_relations">4.4 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military">4.5 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sociopolitical_issues_and_human_rights">4.6 Sociopolitical issues and human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Public_views_of_government">4.7 Public views of government</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tourism">5.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wealth">5.2 Wealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#China_in_the_global_economy">5.3 China in the global economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Science_and_technology">5.4 Science and technology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical">5.4.1 Historical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_era">5.4.2 Modern era</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Space_program">5.4.2.1 Space program</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infrastructure">6 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Telecommunications">6.1 Telecommunications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport">6.2 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Water_supply_and_sanitation">6.3 Water supply and sanitation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Urbanization">7.1 Urbanization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnic_groups">7.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Languages">7.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">7.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">7.5 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Health">7.6 Health</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture_and_society">8 Culture and society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture">8.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature">8.2 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music">8.3 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fashion">8.4 Fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cinema">8.5 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cuisine">8.6 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports">8.7 Sports</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">12 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">14 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government_2">14.1 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_information">14.2 General information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maps">14.3 Maps</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of China">Names of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg/220px-CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg/220px-CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg/330px-CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg/440px-CEM-09-Asiae-Nova-Descriptio-China-2510.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> China (today's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>), Mangi (inland of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong">Xanton</a>), and Cataio (inland of China and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhejiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhejiang">Chequan</a>, and including the capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanbaliq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanbaliq">Cambalu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shangdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shangdu">Xandu</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marco Polo Bridge">marble bridge</a>) are all shown as separate regions on this 1570 map by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The word "China" has been used in English since the 16th century; however, it was not used by the Chinese themselves during this period. Its origin has been traced through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malay_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persian language">Persian</a> back to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanskrit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word Cīna, used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-28">[16]</a> "China" appears in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Eden_(translator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Eden (translator)">Richard Eden</a>'s 1555 translation<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[m]</a> of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[n]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-28">[16]</a> Barbosa's usage was derived from Persian Chīn (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" class="extiw" title="wikt:چین">چین</a>), which in turn derived from Sanskrit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinas">Cīna</a> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:चीन">चीन</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AmHer-35">[21]</a> Cīna was first used in early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> scripture, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mahabharata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (5th century BCE) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manusmriti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manusmriti">Laws of Manu</a> (2nd century BCE).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wade-36">[22]</a> In 1655, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martino_Martini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martino Martini">Martino Martini</a> suggested that the word China is derived ultimately from the name of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BCE).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Martini-37">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wade-36">[22]</a> Although use in Indian sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bodde-1978-38">[24]</a> The origin of the Sanskrit word is a matter of debate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-28">[16]</a> Alternative suggestions include the names for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yelang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yelang">Yelang</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chu_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chu (state)">Jing</a> or Chu state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wade-36">[22]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yule-1866-39">[25]</a> The official name of the modern state is the "People's Republic of China" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" class="extiw" title="wikt:中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó). The shorter form is "China" (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中国">中国</a>; <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B" class="extiw" title="wikt:中國">中國</a>; Zhōngguó), from zhōng ('central') and guó ('state'), a term which developed under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Zhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> dynasty in reference to its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demesne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demesne">royal demesne</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[o]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[p]</a> It was used in official documents as an synonym for the state under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wilx-44">[28]</a> The name Zhongguo is also translated as 'Middle Kingdom' in English.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tang-2010-45">[29]</a> China is sometimes referred to as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>" or "the Mainland" when distinguishing it from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special administrative regions of China">PRC's Special Administrative Regions</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asia-34729538-49">[33]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of China">History of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a chronological guide, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline of Chinese history</a>. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_China_2014.02.01_14-43-38.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 10,000-year-old pottery, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianren_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianren Cave">Xianren Cave</a> culture (18000–7000 BCE) </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaeological_excavation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archaeological excavation">Archaeological evidence</a> suggests that early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hominidae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hominidae">hominids</a> inhabited China 2.25 million years ago.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[34]</a> The hominid fossils of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peking_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_erectus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> who <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Control of fire by early humans">used fire</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[35]</a> have been dated to between 680,000 and 780,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Before Present">years ago</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated198-52">[36]</a> The fossilized teeth of Homo sapiens (dated to 125,000–80,000 years ago) have been discovered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuyan_Cave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuyan Cave">Fuyan Cave</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[37]</a> Chinese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-writing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a> existed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiahu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> around 6600 BCE,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-earliest_writing-54">[38]</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damaidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damaidi">Damaidi</a> around 6000 BCE,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[39]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dadiwan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> from 5800 to 5400 BCE, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banpo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banpo">Banpo</a> dating from the 5th millennium BCE. Some scholars have suggested that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiahu_symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiahu symbols">Jiahu symbols</a> (7th millennium BCE) constituted the earliest Chinese writing system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-earliest_writing-54">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_dynastic_rule">Early dynastic rule</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xia_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warring_States_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yinxu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>, the ruins of the capital of the late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (14th century BCE) </figcaption> </figure> According to traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xia_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> was established during the late 3rd millennium BCE, marking the beginning of the dynastic cycle that was understood to underpin China's entire political history. In the modern era, the Xia's historicity came under increasing scrutiny, in part due to the earliest known attestation of the Xia being written millennia after the date given for their collapse. In 1958, archaeologists discovered sites belonging to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erlitou_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a> that existed during the early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>; they have since been characterized as the remains of the historical Xia, but this conception is often rejected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[42]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> that traditionally succeeded the Xia is the earliest for which there are both contemporary written records and undisputed archaeological evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[43]</a> The Shang ruled much of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> valley until the 11th century BCE, with the earliest hard evidence dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BCE.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[44]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oracle_bone_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a>, attested from c. 1250 BCE but generally assumed to be considerably older,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[46]</a> represents the oldest known form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Written_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[47]</a> and is the direct ancestor of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[48]</a> The Shang were overthrown by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>, who ruled between the 11th and 5th centuries BCE, though the centralized authority of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Son_of_Heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a> was slowly eroded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fengjian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fengjian">fengjian</a> lords. Some principalities eventually emerged from the weakened Zhou and continually waged war with each other during the 300-year <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>. By the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warring_States_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> of the 5th–3rd centuries BCE, there were seven major powerful states left.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperial_China" title="History of China">History of China § Imperial China</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Qin_and_Han">Qin and Han</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Han_Expansion.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/240px-Han_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/240px-Han_Expansion.png" data-width="240" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/360px-Han_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/480px-Han_Expansion.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">southward expansion of the Han dynasty</a> during the 2nd century BCE </figcaption> </figure> The Warring States period ended in 221 BCE after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin (state)">state of Qin</a> conquered the other six states, reunited China and established the dominant order of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_Zheng_of_Qin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King Zheng of Qin">King Zheng of Qin</a> proclaimed himself the Emperor of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, becoming the first emperor of a unified China. He enacted Qin's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">legalist</a> reforms, notably the standardization of Chinese characters, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese units of measurement">measurements</a>, road widths, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Chinese currency">currency</a>. His dynasty also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_campaign_against_the_Baiyue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin campaign against the Baiyue">conquered the Yue tribes</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[50]</a> The Qin dynasty lasted only fifteen years, falling soon after the First Emperor's death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bodde1986-67">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lewis2007-68">[52]</a> Following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chu–Han Contention">widespread revolts</a> during which the imperial library <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_action" title="List of destroyed libraries">was burned</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[q]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> emerged to rule China between 206 BCE and 220 CE, creating a cultural identity among its populace still remembered in the ethnonym of the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bodde1986-67">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lewis2007-68">[52]</a> The Han <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Han dynasty">expanded the empire's territory considerably</a>, with military campaigns reaching <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Central Asia, Mongolia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Korea</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_campaigns_against_Dian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Han campaigns against Dian">Yunnan</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">recovery of Guangdong and northern Vietnam</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanyue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>. Han involvement in Central Asia and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sogdia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> helped establish the land route of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silk_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, replacing the earlier path over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himalayas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to India. Han China gradually became the largest economy of the ancient world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dahlman_Aubert_2001-71">[54]</a> Despite the Han's initial decentralization and the official abandonment of the Qin philosophy of Legalism in favor of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, Qin's legalist institutions and policies continued to be employed by the Han government and its successors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Three_Kingdoms,_Jin,_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties">Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties</h4> </div> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="End of the Han dynasty">end of the Han dynasty</a>, a period of strife known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> followed, at the end of which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cao_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a> was swiftly overthrown by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a>. The Jin fell to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of the Eight Princes">civil war</a> upon the ascension of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">developmentally disabled emperor</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Barbarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> then <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">rebelled</a> and ruled northern China as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen States</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianbei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> unified them as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Xiaowen_of_Northern_Wei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei">Emperor Xiaowen</a> reversed his predecessors' apartheid policies and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_dynasties?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">enforced a drastic sinification on his subjects</a>. In the south, the general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liu_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Liu Song">Liu Yu</a> secured the abdication of the Jin in favor of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liu_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a>. The various successors of these states became known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a>, with the two areas finally reunited by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> in 581.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sui,_Tang_and_Song">Sui, Tang and Song</h4> </div> The Sui restored the Han to power through China, reformed its agriculture, economy and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_examination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a> system, constructed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal</a>, and patronized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. However, they fell quickly when their conscription for public works and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">failed war</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goguryeo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goguryeo">northern Korea</a> provoked widespread unrest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[57]</a> Under the succeeding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasties</a>, Chinese economy, technology, and culture entered a golden age.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[58]</a> The Tang dynasty retained control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Regions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> and the Silk Road,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[59]</a> which brought traders to as far as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horn_of_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[60]</a> and made the capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> a cosmopolitan urban center. However, it was devastated and weakened by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a> in the 8th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[61]</a> In 907, the Tang disintegrated completely when the local military governors became ungovernable. The Song dynasty ended the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">separatist situation</a> in 960, leading to a balance of power between the Song and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liao_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>. The Song was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent navy which was supported by the developed shipbuilding industry along with the sea trade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[62]</a> Between the 10th and 11th century CE, the population of China doubled to around 100 million people, mostly because of the expansion of rice cultivation in central and southern China, and the production of abundant food surpluses. The Song dynasty also saw a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neo-Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neo-Confucianism">revival of Confucianism</a>, in response to the growth of Buddhism during the Tang,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[63]</a> and a flourishing of philosophy and the arts, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landscape_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape art</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porcelain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> were brought to new levels of complexity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[64]</a> However, the military weakness of the Song army was observed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>. In 1127, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong of Song</a> and the capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bianjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bianjing">Bianjing</a> were captured during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin–Song wars">Jin–Song wars</a>. The remnants of the Song retreated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern and southern China">southern China</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Yuan">Yuan</h5> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/240px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="2680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/240px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/360px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg/480px-Badaling_China_Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> China's first emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, is famed for having united the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warring_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a>' walls to form the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. Most of the present structure dates to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a> began in 1205 with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">campaigns</a> against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Xia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genghis_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[66]</a> who also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">invaded Jin territories</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[67]</a> In 1271, the Mongol leader <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kublai_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuan_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquered the last remnant of the Song dynasty</a> in 1279. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 120 million citizens; this was reduced to 60 million by the time of the census in 1300.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[68]</a> A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Turban Rebellions">overthrew the Yuan</a> in 1368 and founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</a>. Under the Ming dynasty, China enjoyed another golden age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing of art and culture. It was during this period that admiral <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zheng_He?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> led the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a> throughout the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as East Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ming">Ming</h4> </div> In the early Ming dynasty, China's capital was moved from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> to Beijing. With the budding of capitalism, philosophers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Yangming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Individualism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and equality of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_occupations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four occupations">four occupations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[70]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholar-official?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scholar-official">scholar-official</a> stratum became a supporting force of industry and commerce in the tax boycott movements, which, together with the famines and defense against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a> incursions led to an exhausted treasury.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[71]</a> In 1644, Beijing was captured by a coalition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Ming peasant rebellions">peasant rebel</a> forces led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Zicheng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, then allied with Ming dynasty general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wu_Sangui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a>, overthrew Li's short-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shun_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shun dynasty">Shun dynasty</a> and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Qing">Qing</h4> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/240px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="742"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/240px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png" data-width="240" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/360px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg/480px-Qing_Empire_circa_1820_EN.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing conquest of the Ming">Qing conquest of the Ming</a> and expansion of the empire </figcaption> </figure> The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Ming-Qing transition</a> (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurated another flowering of the arts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[73]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Ming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> ended, the further conquest of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[74]</a> Meanwhile, China's population growth resumed and shortly began to accelerate. It is commonly agreed that pre-modern China's population experienced two growth spurts, one during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> period (960–1127), and other during the Qing period (around 1700–1830).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[75]</a> By the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Qing_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Qing era">High Qing era</a> China was possibly the most commercialized country in the world, and imperial China experienced a second commercial revolution by the end of the 18th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[76]</a> On the other hand, the centralized autocracy was strengthened in part to suppress <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">anti-Qing sentiment</a> with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haijin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haijin">Haijin</a> during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literary_inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literary inquisition">literary inquisition</a>, causing some social and technological stagnation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[77]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fall_of_the_Qing_dynasty">Fall of the Qing dynasty</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Century_of_humiliation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opium_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:EightNationsCrime02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/EightNationsCrime02.jpg/220px-EightNationsCrime02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="511"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/EightNationsCrime02.jpg/220px-EightNationsCrime02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/EightNationsCrime02.jpg/330px-EightNationsCrime02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/EightNationsCrime02.jpg/440px-EightNationsCrime02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> invaded China to defeat the anti-foreign <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxers</a> and their Qing backers. The image shows a celebration ceremony inside the Chinese imperial palace, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forbidden_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> after the signing of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> in 1901. </figcaption> </figure> In the mid-19th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opium_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opium Wars">Opium Wars</a> with Britain and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> forced China to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extraterritoriality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a> for foreign nationals, and cede <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to the British<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[79]</a> under the 1842 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, the first of what have been termed as the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unequal_treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a>". The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss of influence in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">cession of Taiwan</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[80]</a> The Qing dynasty also began experiencing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions">internal unrest</a> in which tens of millions of people died, especially in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a>, the failed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> that ravaged southern China in the 1850s and 1860s and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a> in the northwest. The initial success of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a> of the 1860s was frustrated by a series of military defeats in the 1880s and 1890s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lee2004-98">[81]</a> In the 19th century, the great <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_emigration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese diaspora</a> began. Losses due to emigration were added to by conflicts and catastrophes such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879</a>, in which between 9 and 13 million people died.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[82]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> drafted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hundred Days' Reform">reform plan</a> in 1898 to establish a modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, but these plans were thwarted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>. The ill-fated anti-foreign <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> of 1899–1901 further weakened the dynasty. Although Cixi sponsored a program of reforms known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Qing reforms">late Qing reforms</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> of 1911–1912 ended the Qing dynasty and established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-xb1-100">[83]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puyi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the last Emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">abdicated in 1912</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-abdicate-101">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Establishment_of_the_Republic_and_World_War_II">Establishment of the Republic and World War II</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> </div> On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) was proclaimed provisional president.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[85]</a> In March 1912, the presidency was given to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuan_Shikai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Emperor of China</a>. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beiyang_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a>, he was forced to abdicate and re-establish the republic in 1916.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[86]</a> After Yuan Shikai's death in 1916, China was politically fragmented. Its Beijing-based government was internationally recognized but virtually powerless; regional warlords controlled most of its territory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[88]</a> During this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warlord_Era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warlord Era">period</a>, China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_during_World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China during World War I">participated in</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> and saw a far-reaching popular uprising (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/220px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/220px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/330px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg/440px-1945_Mao_and_Chiang.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> toasting together in 1945 following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of World War II</a> </figcaption> </figure> In the late 1920s, the Kuomintang under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> was able to reunify the country under its own control with a series of deft military and political maneuverings known collectively as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Expedition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[90]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[91]</a> The Kuomintang moved the nation's capital to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> and implemented "political tutelage", an intermediate stage of political development outlined in Sun Yat-sen's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a> program for transforming China into a modern democratic state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[92]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[93]</a> The Kuomintang <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_United_Front?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First United Front">briefly allied</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) during the Northern Expedition, though the alliance broke down in 1927 after Chiang <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai massacre">violently suppressed</a> the CCP and other leftists in Shanghai, marking the beginning of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[94]</a> The CCP declared <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">areas of the country</a> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> (Jiangxi Soviet) in November 1931 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruijin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>. The Jiangxi Soviet was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encirclement campaigns">wiped out</a> by the KMT armies in 1934, leading the CCP to initiate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_March?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long March">Long March</a> and relocate to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaanxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>. It would be the base of the communists before major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949. In 1931, Japan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invaded and occupied Manchuria</a>. Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945), a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theater_(warfare)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theater (warfare)">theater</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The war forced an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_United_Front?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second United Front">uneasy alliance</a> between the Kuomintang and the CCP. Japanese forces committed numerous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese war crimes">war atrocities</a> against the civilian population; as many as 20 million Chinese civilians died.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[95]</a> An estimated 40,000 to 300,000 Chinese were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing Massacre">massacred in Nanjing</a> alone during the Japanese occupation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[96]</a> China, along with the UK, the United States, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, were recognized as the Allied "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Policemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Policemen">Big Four</a>" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[97]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[98]</a> Along with the other three great powers, China was one of the four major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>, and was later considered one of the primary victors in the war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[99]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[100]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in 1945, Taiwan, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penghu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>, was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">handed over to Chinese control</a>; however, the validity of this handover is controversial.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-118">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="People's_Republic">People's Republic</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/220px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="566"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/220px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/330px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/440px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">The founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China</a> was held at 3:00 pm on 1 October 1949. The picture above shows <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s announcement of the founding of the People's Republic of China in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiananmen_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[102]</a> </figcaption> </figure> China emerged victorious but war-ravaged and financially drained. The continued distrust between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> led to the resumption of civil war. Constitutional rule was established in 1947, but because of the ongoing unrest, many provisions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">ROC constitution</a> were never implemented in mainland China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-118">[101]</a> Afterwards, the CCP took control of most of mainland China, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC government retreated offshore to Taiwan</a>. On 1 October 1949, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Chairman</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mao_Zedong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> formally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclaimed the People's Republic of China</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiananmen_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[103]</a> In 1950, the PRC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Hainan Island">captured Hainan</a> from the ROC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[104]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexed Tibet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[105]</a> However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">an insurgency in western China</a> throughout the 1950s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[106]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP</a> consolidated its popularity among the peasants through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land Reform Movement">Land Reform Movement</a>, which included the state-tolerated executions of between 1 and 2 million landlords by peasants and former tenants.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[107]</a> Though the PRC initially allied closely with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the relations between the two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communism">communist</a> nations <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-Soviet split">gradually deteriorated</a>, leading China to develop an independent industrial system and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">its own nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[108]</a> The Chinese population increased from 550 million in 1950 to 900 million in 1974.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[109]</a> However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, an idealistic massive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrialisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> project, resulted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Chinese Famine">an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths</a> between 1959 and 1961, mostly from starvation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nyt-127">[110]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[111]</a> In 1964, China detonated its first atomic bomb.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[112]</a> In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, sparking a decade of political recrimination and social upheaval that lasted until Mao's death in 1976. In October 1971, the PRC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">replaced the ROC</a> in the United Nations, and took its seat as a permanent member of the Security Council.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Reforms_and_contemporary_history">Reforms and contemporary history</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men,_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989,_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg/220px-Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="199"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg/220px-Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ud%C3%A1losti_na_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Tian_an_men%2C_%C4%8C%C3%ADna_1989%2C_foto_Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Tondl.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> was ended by a military-led massacre. </figcaption> </figure> After Mao's death, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gang_of_Four?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> was arrested by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hua_Guofeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and held responsible for the Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution was rebuked, with millions rehabilitated. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> took power in 1978, and instituted large-scale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boluan Fanzheng">political</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese economic reform">economic reforms</a>, together with the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eight_Elders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a>", most senior and influential members of the party. The government loosened its control and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's commune">communes</a> were gradually disbanded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hamrin-1995-131">[114]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collective_farming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collective farming">Agricultural collectivization</a> was dismantled and farmlands privatized. While foreign trade became a major focus, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special economic zones of China">special economic zones</a> (SEZs) were created. Inefficient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs) were restructured and some closed. This marked China's transition away from planned economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_e-132">[115]</a> China adopted its current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">constitution</a> on 4 December 1982.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[116]</a> In 1989, there were protests such <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">those in Tiananmen Square</a>, and then throughout the entire nation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[117]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> was put under house arrest for his sympathies to the protests and was replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiang_Zemin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>. Jiang continued economic reforms, closing many SOEs and trimming down "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron rice bowl">iron rice bowl</a>" (life-tenure positions).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-APs-2022-135">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[120]</a> China's economy grew sevenfold during this time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-APs-2022-135">[118]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_Macau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> returned to China in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handover of Hong Kong">1997</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Handover_of_Macau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Handover of Macau">1999</a>, respectively, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> under the principle of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_country,_two_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>. The country joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Trade_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-APs-2022-135">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:One-belt-one-road.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/220px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/220px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/330px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/440px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> and related projects </figcaption> </figure> At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th CCP National Congress</a> in 2002, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hu_Jintao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> succeeded Jiang as the general secretary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-APs-2022-135">[118]</a> Under Hu, China maintained its high rate of economic growth, overtaking the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan to become the world's second-largest economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138">[121]</a> However, the growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[122]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[123]</a> and caused major social displacement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_k-141">[124]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[125]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> succeeded Hu as paramount leader at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th CCP National Congress</a> in 2012. Shortly after his ascension to power, Xi launched <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">a vast anti-corruption crackdown</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[126]</a> that prosecuted more than 2 million officials by 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Marquis-2022b-144">[127]</a> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_under_Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China under Xi Jinping">his tenure</a>, Xi has consolidated power unseen since the initiation of economic and political reforms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[128]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of China">Geography of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:East_Asia_topographic_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/220px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="2094"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/220px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/330px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/East_Asia_topographic_map.png/440px-East_Asia_topographic_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topographic_map?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of China </figcaption> </figure> China's landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gobi_Desert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Deserts</a> in the arid north to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subtropical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> forests in the wetter south. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himalaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karakoram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pamir_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tian_Shan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain ranges separate China from much of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yangtze_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, respectively, run from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China's coastline along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> is 14,500 km (9,000 mi) long and is bounded by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bohai_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_China_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East China Sea">East China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_China_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South China Sea">South China</a> seas. China connects through the Kazakh border to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. The territory of China lies between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18th_parallel_north?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18th parallel north">18°</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/54th_parallel_north?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="54th parallel north">54° N</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitudes</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/73rd_meridian_east?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="73rd meridian east">73°</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/135th_meridian_east?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="135th meridian east">135° E</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical center">geographical center</a> of China is marked by the Center of the Country Monument at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DChina%26params%3D35_50_40.9_N_103_27_7.5_E_region:CN-62_type:landmark%26title%3DGeographical%2Bcenter%2Bof%2BChina">35°50′40.9″N 103°27′7.5″E / 35.844694°N 103.452083°E / 35.844694; 103.452083 (Geographical center of China)</a>. China's landscapes vary significantly across its vast territory. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alluvium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alluvium">alluvial plains</a>, while on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the north, broad <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grassland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> predominate. Southern China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges, while the central-east hosts the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_delta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River delta">deltas</a> of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Other major rivers include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi River">Xi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mekong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brahmaputra_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amur_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a>. To the west sit major mountain ranges, most notably the Himalayas. High <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> feature among the more arid landscapes of the north, such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert. The world's highest point, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Everest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> (8,848 m), lies on the Sino-Nepalese border.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[129]</a> The country's lowest point, and the world's third-lowest, is the dried lake bed of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayding_Lake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayding Lake">Ayding Lake</a> (−154 m) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turpan_Depression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate of China">Climate of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="850"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_CHN_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for mainland China<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[131]</a> </figcaption> </figure> China's climate is mainly dominated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dry_season?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a> and wet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monsoons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoons">monsoons</a>, which lead to pronounced temperature differences between winter and summer. In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry; in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[132]</a> A major environmental issue in China is the continued <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desertification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desertification">expansion of its deserts</a>, particularly the Gobi Desert.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[133]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[134]</a> Although barrier tree lines planted since the 1970s have reduced the frequency of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandstorms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstorms">sandstorms</a>, prolonged drought and poor agricultural practices have resulted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_dust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian dust">dust storms</a> plaguing northern China each spring, which then spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan and Korea. Water quality, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erosion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollution_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollution in China">pollution control</a> have become important issues in China's relations with other countries. Melting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glaciers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> in the Himalayas could potentially lead to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_shortage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Water shortage">water shortages</a> for hundreds of millions of people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-msnbc-152">[135]</a> According to academics, in order to limit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change in China">climate change in China</a> to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) electricity generation from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal in China">coal in China</a> without <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> must be phased out by 2045.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[136]</a> With current policies, the GHG emissions of China will probably peak in 2025, and by 2030 they will return to 2022 levels. However, such pathway still leads to three-degree temperature rise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[137]</a> Official government statistics about Chinese agricultural productivity are considered unreliable, due to exaggeration of production at subsidiary government levels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[138]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[139]</a> Much of China has a climate very suitable for agriculture and the country has been the world's largest producer of rice, wheat, tomatoes, eggplant, grapes, watermelon, spinach, and many other crops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[140]</a> In 2021,12 percent of global permanent meadows and pastures belonged to China, as well as 8% of global cropland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:14-158">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wildlife_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/220px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/220px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/330px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg/440px-Giant_Panda_Eating.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giant_panda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, China's most famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">endangered</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu_Research_Base_of_Giant_Panda_Breeding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding">Chengdu Panda Base</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> </figcaption> </figure> China is one of 17 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megadiverse_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_2009a-159">[142]</a> lying in two of the world's major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogeographic_realm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogeographic realm">biogeographic realms</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palearctic_realm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indomalayan_realm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a>. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colombia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160">[143]</a> The country is a party to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[144]</a> its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan</a> was received by the convention in 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[145]</a> China is home to at least 551 species of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of mammals of China">mammals</a> (the third-highest in the world),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[146]</a> 1,221 species of birds (eighth),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[147]</a> 424 species of reptiles (seventh)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[148]</a> and 333 species of amphibians (seventh).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[149]</a> Wildlife in China shares habitat with, and bears acute pressure from, one of the world's largest population of humans. At least 840 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_endangered_and_protected_species_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of endangered and protected species of China">animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction</a>, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[150]</a> Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the country has over 2,349 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protected_areas_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of China">nature reserves</a>, covering a total area of 149.95 million hectares, 15 percent of China's total land area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[151]</a> Most wild animals have been eliminated from the core agricultural regions of east and central China, but they have fared better in the mountainous south and west.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169">[152]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[153]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baiji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baiji">Baiji</a> was confirmed extinct on 12 December 2006.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[154]</a> China has over 32,000 species of vascular plants,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[155]</a> and is home to a variety of forest types. Cold <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coniferous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> forests predominate in the north of the country, supporting animal species such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moose">moose</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asian_black_bear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a>, along with over 120 bird species.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rough_guide-173">[156]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Understory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Understory">understory</a> of moist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conifer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conifer">conifer</a> forests may contain thickets of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamboo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. In higher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montane_ecosystems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montane ecosystems">montane</a> stands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juniper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taxus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taxus">yew</a>, the bamboo is replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhododendron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhododendron">rhododendrons</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subtropical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a> forests, which are predominate in central and southern China, support a high density of plant species including numerous rare endemics. Tropical and seasonal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainforest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, though confined to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yunnan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, contain a quarter of all the animal and plant species found in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rough_guide-173">[156]</a> China has over 10,000 recorded species of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fungi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environment_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environment of China">Environment of China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues in China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_resources_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water resources of China">Water resources of China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy of China</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change in China">Climate change in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/220px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/220px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/330px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/440px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> is the largest hydroelectric dam in the world. </figcaption> </figure> In the early 2000s, China has suffered from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental issues in China">environmental deterioration and pollution</a> due to its rapid pace of industrialization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ma2002-175">[158]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[159]</a> Regulations such as the 1979 Environmental Protection Law are fairly stringent, though they are poorly enforced, frequently disregarded in favor of rapid economic development.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-177">[160]</a> China has the second-highest death toll because of air pollution, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental issues in India">India</a>, with approximately 1 million deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[161]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[162]</a> Although China ranks as the highest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">CO2 emitting</a> country,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[163]</a> it only emits 8 tons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">CO2 per capita</a>, significantly lower than developed countries such as the United States (16.1), Australia (16.8) and South Korea (13.6).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCS-2020-181">[164]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by China">Greenhouse gas emissions by China</a> are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions">world's largest</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCS-2020-181">[164]</a> The country has significant <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_pollution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> problems; only 89.4% of China's national surface water was graded suitable for human consumption by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Ecology_and_Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Ecology and Environment">Ministry of Ecology and Environment</a> in 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[165]</a> China has prioritized clamping down on pollution, bringing a significant decrease in air pollution in the 2010s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-183">[166]</a> In 2020, the Chinese government announced its aims for the country to reach its peak emissions levels before 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 in line with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CAT-2020-184">[167]</a> which, according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate Action Tracker">Climate Action Tracker</a>, would lower the expected rise in global temperature by 0.2–0.3 degrees – "the biggest single reduction ever estimated by the Climate Action Tracker".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CAT-2020-184">[167]</a> China is the world's leading investor in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy commercialization">its commercialization</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US%24?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">$</a>546 billion invested in 2022;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schonhardt-2023-185">[168]</a> it is a major manufacturer of renewable energy technologies and invests heavily in local-scale renewable energy projects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[169]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schonhardt-2023-185">[168]</a> Long heavily relying on non-renewable energy sources such as coal, China's adaptation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renewable energy in China">renewable energy</a> has increased significantly in recent years, with their share increasing from 26.3 percent in 2016 to 31.9 percent in 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[170]</a> In 2023, 60.5% of China's electricity came from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal in China">coal</a> (largest producer in the world), 13.2% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_Himachal_Pradesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroelectric power in Himachal Pradesh">hydroelectric power</a> (largest), 9.4% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wind_power_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wind power in China">wind</a> (largest), 6.2% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar power">solar energy</a> (largest), 4.6% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuclear power in China">nuclear energy</a> (second-largest), 3.3% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas in China">natural gas</a> (fifth-largest), and 2.2% from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bioenergy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a> (largest); in total, 31% of China's energy came from renewable energy sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[171]</a> Despite its emphasis on renewables, China remains deeply connected to global oil markets and next to India, has been the largest importer of Russian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroleum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a> in 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[172]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borders_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borders of China">Borders of China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coastline_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coastline of China">Coastline of China</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China">Territorial changes of the People's Republic of China</a> </div> China is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">third-largest</a> country in the world by land area after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the third- or fourth-largest country in the world by total area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[r]</a> China's total area is generally stated as being approximately 9,600,000 km2 (3,700,000 sq mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[174]</a> Specific area figures range from 9,572,900 km2 (3,696,100 sq mi) according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States-24">[14]</a> to 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi) according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yearbook_of_the_United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yearbook of the United Nations">UN Demographic Yearbook</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UN_Stat-10">[6]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China_administrative.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/220px-China_administrative.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/220px-China_administrative.png" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/330px-China_administrative.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/China_administrative.png/440px-China_administrative.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map depicting territorial disputes between the PRC and neighboring states. For a larger map, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:PRC_provinces_big_imagemap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:PRC provinces big imagemap">here</a>. </figcaption> </figure> China has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and territories by number of land borders">longest combined land border in the world</a>, measuring 22,117 km (13,743 mi) and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coastline_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coastline of China">coastline</a> covers approximately 14,500 km (9,000 mi) from the mouth of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yalu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> (Amnok River) to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a> China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borders_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borders of China">borders 14 nations</a> and covers the bulk of East Asia, bordering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myanmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> in Southeast Asia; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhutan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nepal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[s]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in South Asia; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tajikistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyzstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> in Central Asia; and Russia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a>. It is narrowly separated from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thailand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to the southwest and south, and has several maritime neighbors such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[175]</a> China has resolved its land borders with 12 out of 14 neighboring countries, having pursued substantial compromises in most of them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[176]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[177]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[178]</a> China currently has a disputed land border with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">India</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[179]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bhutan–China border">Bhutan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[180]</a> China is additionally involved in maritime disputes with multiple countries over territory in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_China_Sea_EEZ_disputes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East China Sea EEZ disputes">East</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Seas</a>, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_dispute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senkaku Islands dispute">Senkaku Islands</a> and the entirety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_China_Sea_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South China Sea Islands">South China Sea Islands</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[181]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[182]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">List of current Chinese provincial leaders</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/200px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="1639"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/200px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/300px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG/400px-Great_Hall_Of_The_People_At_Night.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> convenes </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/200px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="2408"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/200px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/300px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG/400px-Xinhuamen_Gate_of_Zhongnanhai_across_Changan_Street.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhongnanhai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, headquarters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Chinese government</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The People's Republic of China is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One-party_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP is officially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">guided</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>, which is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Marxist_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Marxist philosophy">Marxism adapted to Chinese circumstances</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[183]</a> The Chinese constitution states that the PRC "is a socialist state governed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's democratic dictatorship">people's democratic dictatorship</a> that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants," that the state institutions "shall practice the principle of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_centralism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>,"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Constitution-203">[184]</a> and that "the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2018-amendments-translated-204">[185]</a> The PRC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy in China">officially terms itself as a democracy</a>, using terms such as "socialist consultative democracy",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[186]</a> and "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whole-process people's democracy">whole-process people's democracy</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Decoding_China-2021-206">[187]</a> However, the country is commonly described as an authoritarian one-party state and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictatorship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[188]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[189]</a> with among the heaviest restrictions worldwide in many areas, most notably against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of the press in China">freedom of the press</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-governmental_organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-governmental organization">free formation of social organizations</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion in China">freedom of religion</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet censorship in China">free access to the Internet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-freedomhouse-209">[190]</a> China has consistently been ranked amongst the lowest as an "authoritarian regime" by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Economist Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>, ranking at 148th out of 167 countries in 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[191]</a> Other sources suggest that terming China as "authoritarian" does not sufficiently account for the multiple consultation mechanisms that exist in Chinese government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-211">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/330px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/440px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. </figcaption> </figure> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP constitution</a>, its highest body is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a> held every five years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ruwitch-2022-212">[193]</a> The National Congress elects the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a>, who then elects the party's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">party leader</a>), the top leadership of the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ruwitch-2022-212">[193]</a> The general secretary holds ultimate power and authority over party and state and serves as the informal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount_leader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[194]</a> The current general secretary is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, who took office on 15 November 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PhillipsGuardian2-214">[195]</a> At the local level, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">secretary of the CCP committee</a> of a subdivision outranks the local government level; CCP committee secretary of a provincial division outranks the governor while the CCP committee secretary of a city outranks the mayor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Government">Government</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government of China">Government of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_national_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China">List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg/120px-%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="971"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg/120px-%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="120" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg/180px-%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg/240px-%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3_Xi_Jinping_20221023_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP General Secretary</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of China">President</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg/120px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="658"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg/120px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="120" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg/180px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg/240px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%BA_Li_Qiang_20221023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Qiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg/122px-%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="653"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg/122px-%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="122" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg/183px-%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg/244px-%E8%B5%B5%E4%B9%90%E9%99%85_Zhao_Leji_20221023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhao_Leji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/122px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="517"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/122px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="122" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/183px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg/244px-%E7%8E%8B%E6%B2%AA%E5%AE%81_Wang_Huning_20221023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Huning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC Chairman</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> The government in China is under the sole control of the CCP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-216">[197]</a> The CCP controls appointments in government bodies, with most senior government officials being CCP members.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-216">[197]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC), with nearly 3,000-members, is constitutionally the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">highest organ of state power</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Constitution-203">[184]</a> though it has been also described as a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber stamp</a>" body.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_News-2009-217">[198]</a> The NPC meets annually, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Standing Committee</a>, around 150 members elected from NPC delegates, meets every couple of months.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_News-2009-217">[198]</a> Elections are indirect and not pluralistic, with nominations at all levels being controlled by the CCP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Decoding_China-2021-206">[187]</a> The NPC is dominated by the CCP, with another <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of political parties in China">eight minor parties</a> having nominal representation under the condition of upholding CCP leadership.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HRW-2021-218">[199]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of China">president</a> is elected by the NPC. The presidency is the ceremonial state representative, but not the constitutional head of state. The incumbent president is Xi Jinping, who is also the general secretary of the CCP and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the Central Military Commission</a>, making him China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount_leader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a> of the Armed Forces. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier of China">premier</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Head_of_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Qiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a> being the incumbent. The premier is officially nominated by the president and then elected by the NPC, and has generally been either the second- or third-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). The premier presides over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>, China's cabinet, composed of four vice premiers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_councillor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State councillor">state councilors</a>, and the heads of ministries and commissions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Constitution-203">[184]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> (CPPCC) is a political advisory body that is critical in China's "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Front_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (China)">united front</a>" system, which aims to gather non-CCP voices to support the CCP. Similar to the people's congresses, CPPCC's exist at various division, with the National Committee of the CPPCC being chaired by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Huning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>, fourth-ranking member of the PSC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-219">[200]</a> The governance of China is characterized by a high degree of political centralization but significant economic decentralization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-220">[201]</a>: 7 Policy instruments or processes are often tested locally before being applied more widely, resulting in a policy that involves experimentation and feedback.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[202]</a>: 14 Generally, central government leadership refrains from drafting specific policies, instead using the informal networks and site visits to affirm or suggest changes to the direction of local policy experiments or pilot programs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:44-222">[203]</a>: 71 The typical approach is that central government leadership begins drafting formal policies, law, or regulations after policy has been developed at local levels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:44-222">[203]</a>: 71 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions of China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts of Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Municipalities_and_parishes_of_Macau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Municipalities and parishes of Macau">Municipalities and parishes of Macau</a> </div> The PRC is constitutionally a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> divided into 23 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinces of China">provinces</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TaiwanClaim-223">[t]</a> five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous regions</a> (each with a designated minority group), and four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Direct-administered municipality">direct-administered municipalities</a>—collectively referred to as "mainland China"—as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> (SARs) of Hong Kong and Macau.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[204]</a> The PRC regards the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a> as its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan Province</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kinmen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matsu_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a> as a part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a> and islands the ROC controls in the South China Sea as a part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hainan">Hainan Province</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</a>, although all these territories are governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (ROC).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-225">[205]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-asia-34729538-49">[33]</a> Geographically, all 31 provincial divisions of mainland China can be grouped into six regions: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North China">North China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East China">East China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southwestern_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Central_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Central China">South Central China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwestern_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern China</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brown2013-226">[206]</a> <div 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coords="631,169,631,176,595,196,592,202,582,193,583,207,577,220,586,223,590,231,598,228,605,214,620,219,609,237,615,243,609,248,610,250,620,245,629,234,645,228,662,209,655,194,654,187,646,172,642,178" alt="Liaoning Province" title="Liaoning Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="548,217,537,227,541,231,534,237,536,244,547,246,552,242,558,231,559,222,552,221" alt="Municipality of Beijing" title="Municipality of Beijing"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="559,231,552,242,554,249,551,255,563,258,568,247,565,245,566,242,563,242,562,234,563,234" alt="Municipality of Tianjin" title="Municipality of Tianjin"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="581,265,565,266,554,272,536,295,539,309,530,319,537,321,538,325,551,327,552,321,560,320,565,326,574,322,578,326,591,314,608,295,609,286,629,280,631,271,616,272,604,268,593,280,582,278" alt="Shandong Province" title="Shandong Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="559,320,551,326,560,329,569,334,577,338,577,348,581,355,586,354,589,349,594,357,586,357,586,362,583,366,591,373,589,378,607,378,615,383,621,377,625,370,634,367,629,360,618,353,607,326,592,320,590,315,584,321,581,326,575,323,566,326" alt="Jiangsu Province" title="Jiangsu Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anhui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="550,326,557,336,550,341,543,336,543,343,533,353,539,360,547,362,549,372,542,380,551,385,549,390,555,405,565,402,563,409,569,402,585,409,593,399,592,395,600,393,598,390,602,380,591,379,592,374,583,369,586,362,586,359,593,357,593,354,589,350,587,354,582,355,579,348,576,348,577,339,572,338" alt="Anhui Province" title="Anhui Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="624,369,621,378,628,383,635,380,631,373" alt="Municipality of Shanghai" title="Municipality of Shanghai"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhejiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="604,378,599,393,593,393,593,400,583,413,591,428,594,429,598,441,603,441,607,438,610,441,621,444,626,432,630,432,636,423,642,399,628,390,620,394,617,390,622,389,626,384,620,379,614,383" alt="Zhejiang Province" title="Zhejiang Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="521,420,527,432,519,448,523,449,526,483,535,481,537,486,530,495,549,491,553,495,558,473,563,468,562,465,565,461,563,456,572,448,570,441,578,436,590,429,583,416,585,410,573,407,569,403,562,409,565,402,560,400,551,407,545,405,544,408" alt="Jiangxi Province" title="Jiangxi Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="594,429,589,431,576,436,570,441,572,448,563,454,565,460,562,467,554,488,569,492,576,509,594,493,614,474,621,444,611,442,607,438,602,442,596,441" alt="Fujian Province" title="Fujian Province"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="525,530,527,538,586,539,585,529" alt="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="521,533,516,539,516,551,545,551,545,542,527,541" alt="Macau Special Administrative Region" title="Macau Special Administrative Region"><area href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" shape="poly" coords="646,474,637,479,622,502,621,511,625,520,631,525,633,532,636,522,642,516,649,489,649,484,651,480" alt="Taiwan Province" title="Taiwan Province"></map> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <caption> List of administrative divisions in the PRC </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th style="width: 23%">Provinces ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">省)</th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col plainlist" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anhui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> (安徽省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (福建省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gansu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> (甘肃省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (广东省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guizhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> (贵州省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hainan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> (海南省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> (河北省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilongjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> (黑龙江省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henan">Henan</a> (河南省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hubei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> (湖北省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> (湖南省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> (江苏省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> (江西省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> (吉林省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> (辽宁省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qinghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (青海省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaanxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> (陕西省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (山东省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> (山西省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (四川省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yunnan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (云南省)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhejiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> (浙江省)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="width: 23%">Claimed Province</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a> (台湾省), governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="width: 23%">Autonomous regions ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">自治区)</th> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col plainlist" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> (广西壮族自治区)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> / Nei Menggu (内蒙古自治区)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ningxia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> (宁夏回族自治区)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a> / Xizang (西藏自治区)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (新疆维吾尔自治区)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="width: 23%">Municipalities ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">直辖市)</th> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col plainlist" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (北京市)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> (重庆市)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (上海市)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> (天津市)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="width: 23%">Special administrative regions ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">特别行政区)</th> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col plainlist" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> / Xianggang (香港特别行政区)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macau">Macau</a> / Aomen (澳门特别行政区)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/310px-Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/310px-Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/465px-Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/620px-Diplomatic_relations_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Diplomatic relations of China </figcaption> </figure> The PRC has diplomatic relations with 179 United Nation members states and maintains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">embassies in 174</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China has one of the largest diplomatic networks of any country in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[207]</a> In 1971, the PRC replaced the Republic of China (ROC) as the sole representative of China in the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_r-228">[208]</a> It is a member of intergovernmental organizations including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G20">G20</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[209]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[210]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BRICS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[211]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia_Summit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[212]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[213]</a> China was also a former member and leader of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and still considers itself an advocate for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Developing_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_2009-234">[214]</a> The PRC officially maintains the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One China">one-China principle</a>, which holds the view that there is only one sovereign state in the name of China, represented by the PRC, and that Taiwan is part of that China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Drun-2017-235">[215]</a> The unique status of Taiwan has led to countries recognizing the PRC to maintain unique "one-China policies" that differ from each other; some countries explicitly recognize the PRC's claim over Taiwan, while others, including the U.S. and Japan, only acknowledge the claim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Drun-2017-235">[215]</a> Chinese officials have protested on numerous occasions when foreign countries have made diplomatic overtures to Taiwan,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[216]</a> especially in the matter of armament sales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[217]</a> Most countries have switched recognition from the ROC to the PRC since the latter replaced the former in the UN in 1971.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/220px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4894" data-file-height="3372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/220px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/330px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/440px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> On 21 May 2014, China and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a> signed a $400 billion <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas in Russia">gas deal</a>. Currently,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Russia is supplying <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">natural gas</a> to China. </figcaption> </figure> Much of current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign policy of China">Chinese foreign policy</a> is reportedly based on Premier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_Enlai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a>, and is also driven by the concept of "harmony without uniformity", which encourages diplomatic relations between states despite ideological differences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Keith-239">[219]</a> This policy may have led China to support or maintain close ties with states that are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rogue_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rogue state">regarded as dangerous</a> and repressive by Western nations, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[220]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[221]</a> China's close relationship with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a> has involved support for its ruling governments as well as for its ethnic rebel groups,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[222]</a> including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arakan_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arakan Army">Arakan Army</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[223]</a> China has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–Russia relations">close political, economic and military relationship</a> with Russia,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[224]</a> and the two states often vote in unison in the UN Security Council.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[225]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[226]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[227]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China–United States relations">China's relationship with the United States</a> is complex, and includes deep trade ties but significant political differences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[228]</a> Since the early 2000s, China has followed a policy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-African_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-African relations">engaging with African nations</a> for trade and bilateral co-operation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[229]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[230]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[231]</a> It maintains extensive and highly diversified trade links with the European Union, and became its largest trading partner for goods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-qz_EU_trade-252">[232]</a> China is increasing its influence in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[233]</a> and South Pacific.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[234]</a> The country has strong trade ties with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ASEAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> countries<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[235]</a> and major South American economies,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[236]</a> and is the largest trading partner of Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Argentina, and several others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[237]</a> In 2013, China initiated the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI), a large global infrastructure building initiative with funding on the order of $50–100 billion per year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[238]</a> BRI could be one of the largest development plans in modern history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[239]</a> It has expanded significantly over the last six years and, as of April 2020<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, includes 138 countries and 30 international organizations. In addition to intensifying foreign policy relations, the focus is particularly on building efficient transport routes, especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">maritime Silk Road</a> with its connections to East Africa and Europe. However many loans made under the program are unsustainable and China has faced a number of calls for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Debt_relief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> from debtor nations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-260">[240]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-261">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Military">Military</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramilitary forces of China">Paramilitary forces of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/220px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/220px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/330px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg/440px-J-20_at_Airshow_China_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu_J-20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth-generation fighter">5th generation</a> stealth fighter </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA) is considered one of the world's most powerful militaries and has rapidly modernized in the recent decades.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-262">[242]</a> It has also been accused of technology theft by some countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-263">[243]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-264">[244]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-265">[245]</a> Since 2024, it consists of four services: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a> (PLAGF), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a> (PLAN), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air Force</a> (PLAAF) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket Force</a> (PLARF). It also has four independent arms: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Cyberspace_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force">Cyberspace Force</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Information_Support_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Information Support Force">Information Support Force</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Joint_Logistics_Support_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force">Joint Logistics Support Force</a>, the first three of which were split from the disbanded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support Force</a> (PLASSF).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChinaMilitary-266">[246]</a> Its nearly 2.2 million active duty personnel is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest in the world</a>. The PLA holds the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China and weapons of mass destruction">third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-267">[247]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-268">[248]</a> and the world's second-largest navy by tonnage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-269">[249]</a> China's official military budget for 2023 totalled US$224 billion (1.55 trillion Yuan), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">second-largest in the world</a>, though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SIPRI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SIPRI">SIPRI</a> estimates that its real expenditure that year was US$296 billion, making up 12% of global military spending and accounting for 1.7% of the country's GDP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-SIPRI-20202-270">[250]</a> According to SIPRI, its military spending from 2012 to 2021 averaged US$215 billion per year or 1.7 per cent of GDP, behind only the United States at US$734 billion per year or 3.6 per cent of GDP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-271">[251]</a> The PLA is commanded by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> (CMC) of the party and the state; though officially two separate organizations, the two CMCs have identical membership except during leadership transition periods and effectively function as one organization. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman of the CMC</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">commander-in-chief</a> of the PLA.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-272">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sociopolitical_issues_and_human_rights">Sociopolitical issues and human rights</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukou">Hukou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elections_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elections in China">Elections in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Censorship_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg/220px-%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg/220px-%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg/330px-%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg/440px-%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E7%87%AD%E5%85%89%E9%81%8A%E8%A1%8C%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E6%B3%A2_12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> March in memory of Chinese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> who died of organ failure while in government custody in 2017 </figcaption> </figure> The situation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights in China">human rights in China</a> has attracted significant criticism from foreign governments, foreign press agencies, and non-governmental organizations, alleging widespread civil rights violations such as detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, restrictions of fundamental rights, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital punishment in China">excessive use of the death penalty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-freedomhouse-209">[190]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Amnesty-2023-273">[253]</a> Since its inception, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has ranked China as "not free" in its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> survey,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-freedomhouse-209">[190]</a> while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has documented significant human rights abuses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Amnesty-2023-273">[253]</a> The Chinese constitution states that the "fundamental rights" of citizens include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_speech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Property">property rights</a>. However, in practice, these provisions do not afford significant protection against criminal prosecution by the state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-books.google-274">[254]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-275">[255]</a> China has limited protections regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT rights</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-276">[256]</a> Although some criticisms of government policies and the ruling CCP are tolerated, censorship of political speech and information are amongst the harshest in the world and routinely used to prevent collective action.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-277">[257]</a> China also has the most comprehensive and sophisticated Internet censorship regime in the world, with numerous websites being blocked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-278">[258]</a> The government suppresses popular protests and demonstrations that it considers a potential threat to "social stability".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-279">[259]</a> China additionally uses a massive espionage network of cameras, facial recognition software, sensors, and surveillance of personal technology as a means of social control of persons living in the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-280">[260]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Xinjiang_Internment_Map,_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/220px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1267"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/220px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/330px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg/440px-Xinjiang_Internment_Map%2C_US-Aus_Gov_Assessment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China has been accused of committing genocide against Uyghurs and detaining more than one million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uyghurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and other ethnic minorities in camps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_News-2021-281">[261]</a> </figcaption> </figure> China is regularly accused of large-scale repression and human rights abuses in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a> and Xinjiang,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282">[262]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-283">[263]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-284">[264]</a> where significant numbers of ethnic minorities reside, including violent police crackdowns and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_suppression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious suppression">religious suppression</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-285">[265]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-286">[266]</a> Since 2017, the Chinese government has been engaged in a harsh crackdown in Xinjiang, with around one million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uyghurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and other ethnic and religion minorities being detained in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a> aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Graham-Harrison-2019-287">[267]</a> According to Western reports, political indoctrination, torture, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_abuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychological_abuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a> abuse, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compulsory sterilization">forced sterilization</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sexual_abuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forced_labour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> are common in these facilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Khatchadourian-2021-288">[268]</a> According to a 2020 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_Policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> report, China's treatment of Uyghurs meets the UN definition of genocide,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-289">[269]</a> while a separate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Office_report_on_Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UN Human Rights Office report on Xinjiang">UN Human Rights Office report</a> said they could potentially meet the definitions for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cumming-Bruce-2022-290">[270]</a> The Chinese authorities have also cracked down on dissent in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, especially after the passage of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">national security law</a> in 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-291">[271]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_(48108594957).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="2922"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_anti-extradition_bill_protest_%2848108594957%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a> </figcaption> </figure> In 2017 and 2020, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> ranked the severity of Chinese government restrictions on religion as being among the world's highest, despite ranking religious-related social hostilities in China as low in severity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-292">[272]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-293">[273]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a> estimated that in 2016 more than 3.8 million people (0.25% of the population) were living in "conditions of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slavery_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavery in China">slavery</a>", including victims of human trafficking, forced labor, forced marriage, child labor, and state-imposed forced labor. The state-imposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Re-education_through_labor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Re-education through labor">re-education through labor</a> (laojiao) system was formally abolished in 2013, but it is not clear to what extent its practices have stopped.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-294">[274]</a> The much larger <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laogai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laogai">reform through labor</a> (laogai) system includes labor prison factories, detention centers, and re-education camps; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laogai_Research_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laogai Research Foundation">Laogai Research Foundation</a> has estimated in June 2008 that there were nearly 1,422 of these facilities, though it cautioned that this number was likely an underestimate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-295">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Public_views_of_government">Public views of government</h3> </div> Political concerns in China include the growing gap between rich and poor and government corruption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-296">[276]</a> Nonetheless, international surveys show the Chinese public have a high level of satisfaction with their government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-220">[201]</a>: 137 These views are generally attributed to the material comforts and security available to large segments of the Chinese populace as well as the government's attentiveness and responsiveness.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-220">[201]</a> : 136 According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Values_Survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> (2022), 91% of Chinese respondents have significant confidence in their government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-220">[201]</a>: 13 A Harvard University survey published in July 2020 found that citizen satisfaction with the government had increased since 2003, also rating China's government as more effective and capable than ever in the survey's history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-297">[277]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For Economic history of China, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic history of China before 1912">Economic history of China before 1912</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Economic history of China (1912–1949)</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history of China (1949–present)</a>. </div> China has the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">second-largest economy</a> in terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nominal_GDP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-298">[278]</a> and the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">largest</a> in terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-299">[279]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China accounts for around 18% of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World economy">global economy</a> by nominal GDP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF-2023-300">[280]</a> China is one of the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest-growing</a> major economies,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-301">[281]</a> with its economic growth having been almost consistently above 6 percent since the introduction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese economic reform">economic reforms in 1978</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-302">[282]</a> According to the World Bank, China's GDP grew from $150 billion in 1978 to $17.96 trillion by 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-303">[283]</a> It ranks at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">64th at nominal GDP per capita</a>, making it an upper-middle income country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-304">[284]</a> Of the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_Global_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune Global 500">500 largest companies</a>, 135 are headquartered in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-305">[285]</a> As of at least 2024, China has the world's second-largest equity markets and futures markets, as well as the third-largest bond market.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-306">[286]</a>: 153 China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic history of China before 1912">was one of the world's foremost economic powers</a> throughout the arc of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#China" title="Economy of East Asia">East Asian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic history of China before 1912">global history</a>. The country <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">had one of the largest economies</a> in the world for most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pax_Sinica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pax Sinica">past two millennia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-307">[287]</a> during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dahlman_Aubert_2001-71">[54]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-308">[288]</a> Since economic reforms began in 1978, China has developed into a highly diversified economy and one of the most consequential players in international trade. Major sectors of competitive strength include manufacturing, retail, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mining_industry_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mining industry of China">mining</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steel industry in China">steel</a>, textiles, automobiles, energy generation, green energy, banking, electronics, telecommunications, real estate, e-commerce, and tourism. China has three out of the ten <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_major_stock_exchanges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of major stock exchanges">largest stock exchanges</a> in the world<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-309">[289]</a>—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen</a>—that together have a market capitalization of over $15.9 trillion, as of October 2020<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-310">[290]</a> China has four (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>) out of the world's top ten most competitive financial centers, which is more than any other country in the 2020 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GFCI2-311">[291]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/220px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="737"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/220px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png" data-width="220" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/330px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png/440px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> China and other major developing economies by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita at purchasing-power parity</a>, 1990–2013. The rapid economic growth of China (blue) is readily apparent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-312">[292]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Modern-day China is often described as an example of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Party-state_capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Party-state capitalism">party-state capitalism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pearson-2021-313">[293]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-314">[294]</a> The state dominates in strategic "pillar" sectors such as energy production and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heavy industry">heavy industries</a>, but private enterprise has expanded enormously, with around 30 million private businesses recorded in 2008.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abf-315">[295]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_2005a-316">[296]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abg-317">[297]</a> According to official statistics, privately owned companies constitute more than 60% of China's GDP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-318">[298]</a> China has been the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manufacturing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" title="Manufacturing">largest manufacturing nation</a> since 2010, after overtaking the U.S., which had been the largest for the previous hundred years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-319">[299]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-320">[300]</a> China has also been the second-largest in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-tech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> manufacturing country since 2012, according to US <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Science_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-321">[301]</a> China is the second-largest retail market after the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-322">[302]</a> China leads the world in e-commerce, accounting for over 37% of the global market share in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-323">[303]</a> China is the world's leader in electric vehicle consumption and production, manufacturing and buying half of all the plug-in electric cars (BEV and PHEV) in the world as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-324">[304]</a> China is also the leading producer of batteries for electric vehicles as well as several key raw materials for batteries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-325">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tourism_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tourism in China">Tourism in China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a> </div> China received 65.7 million international visitors in 2019,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-326">[306]</a> and in 2018 was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Tourism rankings">fourth-most-visited country</a> in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-326">[306]</a> It also experiences an enormous volume of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domestic_tourism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domestic tourism">domestic tourism</a>; Chinese tourists made an estimated 6 billion travels within the country in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-327">[307]</a> China hosts the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Countries_with_major_concentrations_of_World_Heritage_Sites" title="World Heritage Sites by country">second-largest number</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">56</a>) after Italy, and is one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Tourism rankings">most popular tourist destinations</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Asia-Pacific" title="World Tourism rankings">first in the Asia-Pacific</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:20045-Shanghai-Pano_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1053"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg/435px-20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg/580px-20045-Shanghai-Pano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Skyline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lujiazui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lujiazui">Lujiazui</a> in Shanghai </figcaption> </figure> China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by total wealth">accounted for 17.9%</a> of the world's total wealth in 2021, second highest in the world after the U.S.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-databook20222-328">[308]</a> China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-329">[309]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-330">[310]</a>—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-220">[201]</a>: 23 From 1990 to 2018, the proportion of the Chinese population living with an income of less than $1.90 per day (2011 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) decreased from 66.3% to 0.3%, the share living with an income of less than $3.20 per day from 90.0% to 2.9%, and the share living with an income of less than $5.50 per day decreased from 98.3% to 17.0%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-331">[311]</a> From 1978 to 2018, the average standard of living multiplied by a factor of twenty-six.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bergsten_2022-332">[312]</a> Wages in China have grown significantly in the last 40 years—real (inflation-adjusted) wages grew seven-fold from 1978 to 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-333">[313]</a> Per capita incomes have also risen significantly – when the PRC was founded in 1949, per capita income in China was one-fifth of the world average; per capita incomes now equal the world average itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bergsten_2022-332">[312]</a> China's development is highly uneven. Its major cities and coastal areas are far more prosperous compared to rural and interior regions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-334">[314]</a> It has a high level of economic inequality,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-335">[315]</a> which has increased quickly after the economic reforms,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-336">[316]</a> though has decreased significantly in the 2010s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-337">[317]</a> In 2021, China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gini_coefficient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> was 0.357, according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GINI-18">[12]</a> As of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China was second in the world, after the U.S., in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">total number of billionaires</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of millionaires">total number of millionaires</a>, with 473 Chinese billionaires<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-338">[318]</a> and 6.2 million millionaires.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-databook20222-328">[308]</a> In 2019, China overtook the U.S. as the home to the highest number of people who have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000, according to the global wealth report by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credit_Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-339">[319]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-340">[320]</a> China had 85 female billionaires as of January 2021<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, two-thirds of the global total.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-341">[321]</a> China has had the world's largest middle-class population since 2015;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-342">[322]</a> the middle-class grew to 500 million by 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-343">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="China_in_the_global_economy">China in the global economy</h3> </div> China has been a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Trade_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> since 2001 and is the world's largest trading power.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-344">[324]</a> By 2016, China was the largest trading partner of 124 countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-345">[325]</a> China became the world's largest trading nation in 2013 by the sum of imports and exports, as well as the world's largest commodity importer, accounting for roughly 45% of maritime's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shipping_markets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shipping markets">dry-bulk market</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-346">[326]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-347">[327]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of China">China's foreign exchange reserves</a> reached US$3.246 trillion as of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, making its reserves by far the world's largest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-348">[328]</a> In 2022, China was amongst the world's largest recipient of inward <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI), attracting $180 billion, though most of these were speculated to be from Hong Kong.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-349">[329]</a> In 2021, China's foreign exchange remittances were $US53 billion making it the second-largest recipient of remittances in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-350">[330]</a> China also invests abroad, with a total outward FDI of $147.9 billion in 2023,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-351">[331]</a> and a number of major takeovers of foreign firms by Chinese companies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-352">[332]</a> Economists have argued that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renminbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a> is undervalued, due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Currency_intervention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Currency intervention">currency intervention</a> from the Chinese government, giving China an unfair trade advantage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-353">[333]</a> China has also been widely criticized for manufacturing large quantities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counterfeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> goods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-354">[334]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-355">[335]</a> The U.S. government has also alleged that China does not respect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intellectual property in China">intellectual property</a> (IP) rights and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allegations of intellectual property theft by China">steals IP through espionage operations</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-356">[336]</a> In 2020, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_Complexity_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Complexity Index">Economic Complexity Index</a> ranked complexity of China's exports 17th in the world, up from 24th in 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-357">[337]</a> The Chinese government has promoted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">internationalization of the renminbi</a> in order to wean off of its dependence on the U.S. dollar as a result of perceived weaknesses of the international monetary system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-358">[338]</a> The renminbi is a component of the IMF's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special_drawing_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special drawing rights">special drawing rights</a> and the world's fourth-most traded currency as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-359">[339]</a> However, partly due to capital controls that make the renminbi fall short of being a fully convertible currency, it remains far behind the Euro, the U.S. Dollar and the Japanese Yen in international trade volumes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-360">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese discoveries">List of Chinese discoveries</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese inventions">List of Chinese inventions</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Historical">Historical</h4> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of science and technology in China">History of science and technology in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/220px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="864"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/220px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/330px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG/440px-Chinese_Gunpowder_Formula.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earliest known written <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_gunpowder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of gunpowder">formula for gunpowder</a>, from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a> of 1044 CE </figcaption> </figure> China was a world leader in science and technology until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ming_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-361">[341]</a> Ancient and medieval <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_discoveries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese discoveries">Chinese discoveries</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese inventions">inventions</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papermaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_typography_in_East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="History of typography in East Asia">printing</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compass">compass</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gunpowder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a>), became widespread across East Asia, the Middle East and later Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negative_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative numbers">negative numbers</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-362">[342]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-363">[343]</a> By the 17th century, the Western World surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-364">[344]</a> The causes of this early modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Divergence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a> continue to be debated by scholars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-365">[345]</a> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Century_of_humiliation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Century of humiliation">repeated military defeats</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">European colonial powers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Imperial Japan</a> in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a>. After the Communists came to power in 1949, efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, in which scientific research was part of central planning.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-366">[346]</a> After Mao's death in 1976, science and technology were promoted as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Modernizations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-367">[347]</a> and the Soviet-inspired academic system was gradually reformed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-368">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h4> </div> Since the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, China has made significant investments in scientific research<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CWRD-369">[349]</a> and is quickly catching up with the U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of sovereign states by research and development spending">in R&D spending</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-370">[350]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-371">[351]</a> China officially spent around 2.6% of its GDP on R&D in 2023, totaling to around $458.5 billion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-372">[352]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a>, China received more applications than the U.S. did in 2018 and 2019 and ranked first globally in patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, and creative goods exports in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dutta-2021-373">[353]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-374">[354]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-375">[355]</a> It was ranked 11th in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, a considerable improvement from its rank of 35th in 2013.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-376">[356]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-377">[357]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-378">[358]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supercomputing_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supercomputing in China">Chinese supercomputers</a> ranked among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TOP500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TOP500">fastest in the world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-379">[359]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-380">[u]</a> Its efforts to develop the most advanced semiconductors and jet engines have seen delays and setbacks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-381">[360]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-382">[361]</a> China is developing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Education_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Education in China">its education system</a> with an emphasis on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">science, technology, engineering, and mathematics</a> (STEM).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-383">[362]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic publishing in China">Its academic publication apparatus</a> became the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles">largest publisher of scientific papers</a> in 2016.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-384">[363]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-385">[364]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-386">[365]</a> In 2022, China overtook the US in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>, which measures the share of published articles in leading scientific journals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-387">[366]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-388">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Space_program">Space program</h5> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_space_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg/170px-Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg/170px-Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg/255px-Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg/340px-Launch_of_Shenzhou_13.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Launch of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhou_13?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a> by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_March_2F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long March 2F">Long March 2F</a> rocket. China is one of the only three countries with independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_spaceflight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> capability. </figcaption> </figure> The Chinese space program started in 1958 with some technology transfers from the Soviet Union. However, it did not launch the nation's first satellite until 1970 with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Fang Hong I">Dong Fang Hong I</a>, which made China the fifth country to do so independently.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-389">[368]</a> In 2003, China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yang_Liwei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a>'s spaceflight aboard <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhou_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a>. As of 2023, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese astronauts">eighteen Chinese nationals</a> have journeyed into space, including two women. In 2011, China launched its first space station testbed, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiangong-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-390">[369]</a> In 2013, a Chinese robotic rover <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yutu_(rover)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a> successfully touched down on the lunar surface as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> mission.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-391">[370]</a> In 2019, China became the first country to land a probe—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>—on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-392">[371]</a> In 2020, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> successfully returned Moon samples to the Earth, making China the third country to do so independently.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-393">[372]</a> In 2021, China became the third country to land a spacecraft on Mars and the second one to deploy a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhurong (rover)">rover (Zhurong)</a> on Mars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-394">[373]</a> China completed its own modular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space station">space station</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiangong_space_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> on 3 November 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-395">[374]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-396">[375]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-397">[376]</a> On 29 November 2022, China performed its first in-orbit crew handover aboard the Tiangong.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-398">[377]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-399">[378]</a> In May 2023, China announced a plan to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_landing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon landing">land humans on the Moon</a> by 2030.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-400">[379]</a> To that end, China has been developing a lunar-capable super-heavy launcher, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_March_10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a>, a new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">crewed spacecraft</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_crewed_lunar_lander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese crewed lunar lander">crewed lunar lander</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJ-06Mar2022-401">[380]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJ17072023-402">[381]</a> China sent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apollo_(crater)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apollo (crater)">Apollo Basin</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJ_FI-20230425-403">[382]</a> This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chang%27e_5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> from the lunar near side 4 years ago.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-404">[383]</a> It also carried a Chinese rover called Jinchan to conduct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Absorption spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-405">[384]</a> The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024, at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AJ_FI-20240601-406">[385]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-segeryu240602-407">[386]</a> The ascender was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024, at 23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, which later completed another robotic rendezvous, before docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which landed on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inner_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> in June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> After a decades-long infrastructural boom,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-408">[387]</a> China has produced numerous world-leading infrastructural projects: it has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of high-speed railway lines in China">largest high-speed rail network</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-409">[388]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_supertall_skyscrapers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of supertall skyscrapers">most supertall skyscrapers</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-410">[389]</a> the largest power plant (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a>),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-411">[390]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BeiDou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BeiDou">a global satellite navigation system</a> with the largest number of satellites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-412">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P1994-2011.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/300px-P1994-2011.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="525"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/300px-P1994-2011.gif" data-width="300" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif/450px-P1994-2011.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/P1994-2011.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Internet penetration rates in China in the context of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, 1995–2012 </figcaption> </figure> China is the largest telecom market in the world and currently has the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_mobile_phones_in_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of mobile phones in use">largest number of active cellphones of any country</a>, with over 1.7 billion subscribers, as of February 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>. It has the largest number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">internet</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">broadband users</a>, with over 1.09 billion Internet users as of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-413">[392]</a>—equivalent to around 77.5% of its population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-414">[393]</a> By 2018, China had more than 1 billion 4G users, accounting for 40% of world's total.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-415">[394]</a> China is making rapid advances in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5G?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5G">5G</a>—by late 2018, China had started large-scale and commercial 5G trials.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-416">[395]</a> As of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China had over 810 million <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5G?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5G">5G</a> users and 3.38 million base stations installed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-417">[396]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Mobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Unicom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Telecom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a>, are the three large providers of mobile and internet in China. China Telecom alone served more than 145 million broadband subscribers and 300 million mobile users; China Unicom had about 300 million subscribers; and China Mobile, the largest of them all, had 925 million users, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-418">[397]</a> Combined, the three operators had over 3.4 million 4G base-stations in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TechNode-2018-419">[398]</a> Several Chinese telecommunications companies, most notably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huawei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ZTE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, have been accused of spying for the Chinese military.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-420">[399]</a> China has developed its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_navigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> system, dubbed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BeiDou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a>, which began offering commercial navigation services across Asia in 2012<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CustomersDec2012-421">[400]</a> as well as global services by the end of 2018.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-422">[401]</a> Beidou followed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Positioning_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GLONASS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> as the third completed global navigation satellite.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-423">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in China">Transport in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Duge_Bridge.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Duge_Bridge.jpg/220px-Duge_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Duge_Bridge.jpg/220px-Duge_Bridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Duge_Bridge.jpg/330px-Duge_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Duge_Bridge.jpg/440px-Duge_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duge_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duge Bridge">Duge Bridge</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_highest_bridges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of highest bridges">highest bridge</a> in the world. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CR400BF-Z-0312@BJI_(20231009152047).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg/220px-CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6348" data-file-height="4232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg/220px-CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg/330px-CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg/440px-CR400BF-Z-0312%40BJI_%2820231009152047%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuxing_(train)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuxing (train)">Fuxing</a> high-speed train running near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing_central_business_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing central business district">Beijing CBD</a> </figcaption> </figure> Since the late 1990s, China's national road network has been significantly expanded through the creation of a network of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_National_Highways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="China National Highways">national highways</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expressways_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expressways of China">expressways</a>. In 2022, China's highways had reached a total length of 177,000 km (110,000 mi), making it the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by road network size">longest highway system</a> in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-424">[403]</a> China has the world's largest market for automobiles,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-425">[404]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-426">[405]</a> having surpassed the United States in both auto sales and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">production</a>. The country is the world's largest exporter of cars by number as of 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-427">[406]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-428">[407]</a> A side-effect of the rapid growth of China's road network has been a significant rise in traffic accidents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-429">[408]</a> In urban areas, bicycles remain a common mode of transport, despite the increasing prevalence of automobiles – as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, there are approximately 200 million bicycles in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-430">[409]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rail transport in China">China's railways</a>, which are operated by the state-owned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Railway">China State Railway Group Company</a>, are among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_usage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by rail usage">the busiest</a> in the world, handling a quarter of the world's rail traffic volume on only 6 percent of the world's tracks in 2006.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-431">[410]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the country had 159,000 km (98,798 mi) of railways, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">second-longest network</a> in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chinab2-432">[411]</a> The railways strain to meet enormous demand particularly during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_New_Year?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> holiday, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chunyun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chunyun">world's largest annual human migration</a> takes place.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-overcrowding-433">[412]</a> China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-speed rail in China">high-speed rail (HSR) system</a> started construction in the early 2000s. By the end of 2023, high speed rail in China had reached 45,000 kilometers (27,962 miles) of dedicated lines alone, making it the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of high-speed railway lines">longest HSR network</a> in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-434">[413]</a> Services on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Tianjin_intercity_railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway">Beijing–Tianjin</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Chongqing_intercity_railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu–Chongqing intercity railway">Chengdu–Chongqing</a> lines reach up to 350 km/h (217 mph), making them the fastest conventional high speed railway services in the world. With an annual ridership of over 2.3 billion passengers in 2019, it is the world's busiest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-435">[414]</a> The network includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway">Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway</a>, the single longest HSR line in the world, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_high-speed_railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway">Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway</a>, which has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of longest bridges">three of longest railroad bridges in the world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-436">[415]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_maglev_train?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai maglev train">Shanghai maglev train</a>, which reaches 431 km/h (268 mph), is the fastest commercial train service in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-437">[416]</a> Since 2000, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-438">[417]</a> As of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, 55 Chinese cities have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urban rail transit in China">urban mass transit systems</a> in operation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-439">[418]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China boasts the five longest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_metro_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of metro systems">metro systems</a> in the world with the networks in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai Metro">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing_Subway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangzhou_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangzhou Metro">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu Metro">Chengdu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen_Metro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen Metro">Shenzhen</a> being the largest. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil aviation in China">civil aviation industry in China</a> is mostly state-dominated, with the Chinese government retaining a majority stake in the majority of Chinese airlines. The top three airlines in China, which collectively made up 71% of the market in 2018, are all state-owned. Air travel has expanded rapidly in the last decades, with the number of passengers increasing from 16.6 million in 1990 to 551.2 million in 2017.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-440">[419]</a> China had <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of airports in China">approximately 259 airports in 2024</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-441">[420]</a> China has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ports_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of ports in China">over 2,000 river and seaports</a>, about 130 of which are open to foreign shipping.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-442">[421]</a> Of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of busiest container ports">fifty busiest container ports</a>, 15 are located in China, of which the busiest is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a>, also the busiest port in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-443">[422]</a> The country's inland waterways are the world's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_waterways_length?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by waterways length">sixth-longest</a>, and total 27,700 km (17,212 mi).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-444">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation in China</a> </div> Water supply and sanitation infrastructure in China is facing challenges such as rapid urbanization, as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_resources_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water resources of China">water scarcity, contamination, and pollution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Water_Scarcity_in_China-445">[424]</a> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation</a>, about 36% of the rural population in China still did not have access to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Improved_sanitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> in 2015.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-446">[425]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The ongoing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a> intends to abate water shortage in the north.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-447">[426]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China_Population_Density,_2000_(6171905307).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg/220px-China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="2879"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg/220px-China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg/330px-China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg/440px-China_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171905307%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Population density map of the People's Republic of China (2000) </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020_Chinese_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020 Chinese census">2020 Chinese census</a> recorded the population as approximately 1,411,778,724. About 17.95% were 14 years old or younger, 63.35% were between 15 and 59 years old, and 18.7% were over 60 years old.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2020_census2-448">[427]</a> Between 2010 and 2020, the average population growth rate was 0.53%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2020_census2-448">[427]</a> Given concerns about population growth, China implemented a two-child limit during the 1970s, and, in 1979, began to advocate for an even stricter limit of one child per family. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however, given the unpopularity of the strict limits, China began to allow some major exemptions, particularly in rural areas, resulting in what was actually a "1.5"-child policy from the mid-1980s to 2015; ethnic minorities were also exempt from one-child limits.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:13-449">[428]</a> The next major loosening of the policy was enacted in December 2013, allowing families to have two children if one parent is an only child.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-450">[429]</a> In 2016, the one-child policy was replaced in favor of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Two-child_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Two-child policy">two-child policy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Birtles-2021-451">[430]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three-child_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three-child policy">three-child policy</a> was announced on 31 May 2021, due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aging_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aging of China">population aging</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Birtles-2021-451">[430]</a> and in July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-452">[431]</a> In 2023, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_fertility_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> was reported to be 1.09, ranking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_fertility_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries by total fertility rate">among the lowest in the world</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-453">[432]</a> In 2023, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics</a> estimated that the population fell 850,000 from 2021 to 2022, the first decline since 1961.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-454">[433]</a> According to one group of scholars, one-child limits had little effect on population growth<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wang_Judge-455">[434]</a> or total population size.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Whyte-456">[435]</a> However, these scholars have been challenged.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-457">[436]</a> The policy, along with traditional preference for boys, may have contributed to an imbalance in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_sex_ratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> at birth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-458">[437]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_2007a-459">[438]</a> The 2020 census found that males accounted for 51.2% of the total population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NBS_China-2021-460">[439]</a> However, China's sex ratio is more balanced than it was in 1953, when males accounted for 51.8% of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-461">[440]</a> The cultural preference for male children, combined with the one-child policy, led to an excess of female child orphans in China, and in the 1990s through around 2007, there was an active stream of adoptions of (mainly female) babies by American and other foreign parents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GirlBabyAdoptions-462">[441]</a> However, increased restrictions by the Chinese Government slowed foreign adoptions significantly in 2007 and again in 2015.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AdoptionRestrictions-463">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China">List of cities in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">List of cities in China by population</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png/220px-China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="930"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png/220px-China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png/330px-China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png/440px-China_Top_10_Biggest_Cities.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of the ten <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">largest cities</a> in China (2010) </figcaption> </figure> China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urbanization_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urbanization in China">has urbanized</a> significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 66% in 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-464">[443]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Economist-2014-465">[444]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-466">[445]</a> China has over 160 cities with a population of over one million,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-467">[446]</a> including the 17 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megacity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megacity">megacities</a> as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-468">[447]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-469">[448]</a> (cities with a population of over 10 million) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhengzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linyi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shijiazhuang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongguan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qingdao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Changsha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-470">[449]</a> The total permanent population of Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu is above 20 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-471">[450]</a> Shanghai is China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">most populous urban area</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Demographia2013-472">[451]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-oecd-473">[452]</a> while Chongqing is its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_largest_cities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of largest cities">largest city proper</a>, the only city in China with a permanent population of over 30 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-renamed_from_2015_on_20160214005959-474">[453]</a> The figures in the table below are from the 2020 census, and are only estimates of the urban populations within administrative city limits; a different ranking exists for total municipal populations. The large "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floating_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floating population">floating populations</a>" of migrant workers make conducting censuses in urban areas difficult;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abce-475">[454]</a> the figures below include only long-term residents. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"> <div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em">   </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"> Largest cities or municipalities in China <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"> China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2020 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-476">[455]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-478">[note 1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-480">[note 2]</a> </div> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">Rank</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China">Name</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">Pop.</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">Rank</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China">Name</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinces_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of cities in China by population">Pop.</a></th> <th></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Shanghai"> <noscript> <img alt="Shanghai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg/120px-Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10200" data-file-height="5100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg/120px-Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg" data-alt="Shanghai" data-width="120" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg/180px-Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg/240px-Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_(20211016171955).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Beijing"> <noscript> <img alt="Beijing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg/120px-Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6787" data-file-height="4525"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg/120px-Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg" data-alt="Beijing" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg/180px-Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg/240px-Skyline_of_Beijing_CBD_with_B-5906_approaching_%2820211016171955%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanghai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanghai">SH</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,281,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">HK</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,448,900</td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Guangzhou"> <noscript> <img alt="Guangzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg/120px-Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg/120px-Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg" data-alt="Guangzhou" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg/180px-Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg/240px-Guangzhou_Twin_Towers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Shenzhen"> <noscript> <img alt="Shenzhen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg/120px-Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4644" data-file-height="3096"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg/120px-Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg" data-alt="Shenzhen" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg/180px-Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg/240px-Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing">BJ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,164,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhengzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henan">HA</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,179,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">GD</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,858,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangsu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiangsu">JS</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,823,500</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenzhen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">GD</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,438,800</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi%27an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaanxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaanxi">SN</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,642,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tianjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tianjin">TJ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,744,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jinan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong">SD</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,409,600</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chongqing">CQ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,488,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaoning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaoning">LN</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,900,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dongguan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guangdong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guangdong">GD</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,752,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qingdao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong">SD</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,501,400</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chengdu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">SC</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,875,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harbin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilongjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilongjiang">HL</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,054,500</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hubei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hubei">HB</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,652,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hefei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anhui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anhui">AH</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,750,100</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hangzhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhejiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhejiang">ZJ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,109,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Changchun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jilin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jilin">JL</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,730,900</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-478">^</a> Population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as of 2018 estimate<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-populationHK-477">[456]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-480">^</a> The data of Chongqing in the list is the data of "Metropolitan Developed Economic Area", which contains two parts: "City Proper" and "Metropolitan Area". The "City proper" are consist of 9 districts: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuzhong_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzhong District">Yuzhong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dadukou_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadukou District">Dadukou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangbei_District,_Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangbei District, Chongqing">Jiangbei</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shapingba_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapingba District">Shapingba</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiulongpo_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiulongpo District">Jiulongpo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nan%27an_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nan'an District">Nan'an</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beibei_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beibei District">Beibei</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yubei_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yubei District">Yubei</a>, & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banan_District,_Chongqing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Banan District, Chongqing">Banan</a>, has the urban population of 5,646,300 as of 2018. And the "Metropolitan Area" are consist of 12 districts: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuling_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuling District">Fuling</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Changshou_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Changshou District">Changshou</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangjin_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangjin District">Jiangjin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hechuan_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hechuan District">Hechuan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yongchuan_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongchuan District">Yongchuan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanchuan_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchuan District">Nanchuan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qijiang_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qijiang District">Qijiang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dazu_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazu District">Dazu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishan_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishan District">Bishan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongliang_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongliang District">Tongliang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongnan_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongnan District">Tongnan</a>, & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rongchang_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongchang District">Rongchang</a>, has the urban population of 5,841,700.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-479">[457]</a> Total urban population of all 26 districts of Chongqing are up to 15,076,600.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities in China</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups in Chinese history</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/220px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2544"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/220px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/330px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg/440px-China_ethnolinguistic_1967.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ethnolinguistic map of China in 1967 </figcaption> </figure> China legally recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, who comprise the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a>. The largest of these nationalities are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, who constitute more than 91% of the total population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2020_census2-448">[427]</a> The Han Chinese – the world's largest single ethnic group<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-481">[458]</a> – outnumber other ethnic groups in every place excluding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-482">[459]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linxia_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-483">[460]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefectures</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-484">[461]</a> Ethnic minorities account for less than 10% of the population of China, according to the 2020 census.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2020_census2-448">[427]</a> Compared with the 2010 population census, the Han population increased by 60,378,693 persons, or 4.93%, while the population of the 55 national minorities combined increased by 11,675,179 persons, or 10.26%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2020_census2-448">[427]</a> The 2020 census recorded a total of 845,697 foreign nationals living in mainland China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-485">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Languages_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of endangered languages in China">List of endangered languages in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG/220px-Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG/220px-Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG/330px-Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG/440px-Lihaozhai_High_School_-_P1360829.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A sign at a high school in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jianshui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianshui">Jianshui</a>, Yunnan, written in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hani_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hani language">Hani</a> using the Latin alphabet, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nisu_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a> using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yi_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yi script">Yi script</a>, and Chinese. </figcaption> </figure> There are as many as 292 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Living_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Living language">living languages</a> in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-486">[463]</a> The languages most commonly spoken belong to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinitic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic branch</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_language_family?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan language family">Sino-Tibetan language family</a>, which contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (spoken by 80% of the population),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-487">[464]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-488">[465]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varieties of Chinese">other varieties</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wu_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Min_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hakka_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yue_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiang_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gan_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinghua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinghua">Ping</a> and unclassified Tuhua (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-489">[466]</a> Languages of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman branch</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qiang_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qiang language">Qiang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naxi_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuosu_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a>, are spoken across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a>. Other ethnic minority languages in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southwestern_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southwestern China">southwestern China</a> include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhuang_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thai_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kam_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kam language">Dong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sui_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sui language">Sui</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai family</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hmongic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmongic language">Miao</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mienic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mienic languages">Yao</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien family</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wa_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wa language">Wa</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic family</a>. Across <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China">northeastern</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northwestern_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northwestern China">northwestern China</a>, local ethnic groups speak <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Altaic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a> including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchu_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uyghur_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyz_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salar_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salar language">Salar</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Yugur_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-490">[467]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean language">Korean</a> is spoken natively along the border with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarikoli_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a>, the language of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks in western Xinjiang</a>, is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>, including a small population on the mainland, speak <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austronesian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-language-491">[468]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, a variety based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beijing_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> of Mandarin, is the national language of China, having de facto official status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Adamson_&_Feng-3">[2]</a> It is used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_franca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> between people of different linguistic backgrounds.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-langlaw-492">[469]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous regions of China</a>, other languages may also serve as a lingua franca, such as Uyghur in Xinjiang, where governmental services in Uyghur are constitutionally guaranteed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-493">[470]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png/300px-Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="2167"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png/300px-Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png" data-width="300" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png/450px-Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png/600px-Distribution_of_religions_in_China.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Geographic distribution of religions in China: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-map1-494">[471]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-map2-495">[472]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-map3-496">[473]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-map4-497">[474]</a> ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and groups of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>) ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> tout court ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in China">Islam</a> ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnic_minorities'_indigenous_religions" title="Religion in China">Ethnic minorities' indigenous religions</a> ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolian_folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian folk religion">Mongolian folk religion</a> ■ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a> influenced by Tungus and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchu_shamanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a>; widespread <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shanrendao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shanrendao">Shanrendao</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> is guaranteed by China's constitution, although religious organizations that lack official approval can be subject to state persecution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Constitution-203">[184]</a> The government of the country is officially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atheist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. Religious affairs and issues in the country are overseen by the National Religious Affairs Administration, under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-498">[475]</a> Over the millennia, the Chinese civilization has been influenced by various religious movements. The "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_teachings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three teachings">three doctrines</a>" of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confucianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taoism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> have historically shaped Chinese culture,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yao2011-499">[476]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-500">[477]</a> enriching a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese theology">theological and spiritual framework</a> of traditional religion which harks back to the early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang">Shang</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, which is framed by the three doctrines and by other traditions,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-501">[478]</a> consists in allegiance to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">shen</a>, who can be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> of the surrounding nature or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progenitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progenitor">ancestral principles</a> of human groups, concepts of civility, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_hero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture hero">culture heroes</a>, many of whom feature in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a> and history.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-502">[479]</a> Amongst the most popular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> of folk religion are those of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellow_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>, embodiment of the God of Heaven and one of the two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Huang_Zisun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Huang Zisun">divine patriarchs</a> of the Chinese people,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Laliberte2011-503">[480]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-504">[481]</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> (goddess of the seas),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Laliberte2011-503">[480]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guandi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guandi">Guandi</a> (god of war and business), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caishen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caishen">Caishen</a> (god of prosperity and richness), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pangu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pangu">Pangu</a> and many others. In the early decades of the 21st century, the Chinese government has been engaged in a rehabilitation of folk cults—formally recognizing them as "folk beliefs" as distinguished from doctrinal religions,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-505">[482]</a> and often reconstructing them into forms of "highly curated" <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil religion">civil religion</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-506">[483]</a>—as well as in a national and international promotion of Buddhism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-507">[484]</a> China is home to many of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_statues_by_height?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statues by height">world's tallest religious statues</a>, representing either deities of Chinese folk religion or enlightened beings of Buddhism; the tallest of all is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spring_Temple_Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spring Temple Buddha">Spring Temple Buddha</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henan">Henan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%81%93%E6%95%99_%E6%8B%9C%E7%AB%A0%E6%98%87%E7%96%8F_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Taoism has served as a state religion several times throughout Chinese history </figcaption> </figure> Statistics on religious affiliation in China are difficult to gather due to complex and varying definitions of religion and the diffusive nature of Chinese religious traditions. Scholars note that in China there is no clear boundary between the three doctrines and local folk religious practices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yao2011-499">[476]</a> Chinese religions or some of their currents are also definable as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-theistic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-theistic">non-theistic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanistic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a>, since they do not hold that divine creativity is completely transcendent, but that it is inherent in the world and in particular in the human being.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-508">[485]</a> According to studies published in 2023, compiling demographic analyses conducted throughout the 2010s and the early 2020s, 70% of the Chinese population believed in or practiced Chinese folk religion—among them, with an approach of non-exclusivity, 33.4% may be identified as Buddhists, 19.6% as Taoists, and 17.7% as adherents of other types of folk religion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-religion2023-5">[4]</a> Of the remaining population, 25.2% are fully non-believers or atheists, 2.5% are adherents of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and 1.6% are adherents of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-religion2023-5">[4]</a> Chinese folk religion also comprises a variety of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese salvationist religions">salvationist doctrinal organized movements</a> which emerged since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-509">[486]</a> There are also ethnic minorities in China who maintain their own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnic_minorities'_indigenous_religions" title="Religion in China">indigenous religions</a>, while major religions characteristic of specific ethnic groups include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yugurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-510">[487]</a> and Islam among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui">Hui</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uyghur_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-511">[488]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a> peoples, and other ethnicities in the northern and northwestern regions of the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Education">Education</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Education_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Education in China">Education in China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Higher_education_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Higher education in China">Higher education in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:13_Peking_University.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/13_Peking_University.jpg/220px-13_Peking_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/13_Peking_University.jpg/220px-13_Peking_University.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/13_Peking_University.jpg/330px-13_Peking_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/13_Peking_University.jpg/440px-13_Peking_University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Beijing's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peking_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rankings of universities in China">top-ranked universities in China</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-512">[489]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-513">[490]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Compulsory education in China comprises <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primary_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle school">junior secondary school</a>, which together last for nine years from the age of 6 and 15.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-514">[491]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaokao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a>, China's national university entrance exam, is a prerequisite for entrance into most higher education institutions. Vocational education is available to students at the secondary and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertiary_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a> level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ministry_of_Edu_China-2022-515">[492]</a> More than 10 million Chinese students graduated from vocational colleges every year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-516">[493]</a> In 2023, about 91.8 percent of students continued their education at a three-year senior secondary school, while 60.2 percent of secondary school graduates were enrolled in higher education.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-517">[494]</a> China has the largest education system in the world,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UNICEF-2021-518">[495]</a> with about 291 million students and 18.92 million full-time teachers in over 498,300 schools in 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-519">[496]</a> Annual education investment went from less than US$50 billion in 2003 to more than US$817 billion in 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-520">[497]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-521">[498]</a> However, there remains an inequality in education spending. In 2010, the annual education expenditure per secondary school student in Beijing totalled ¥20,023, while in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guizhou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">poorest provinces</a>, only totalled ¥3,204.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-522">[499]</a> China's literacy rate has grown dramatically, from only 20% in 1949 and 65.5% in 1979,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-523">[500]</a> to 97% of the population over age 15 in 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-524">[501]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China has over 3,074 universities, with over 47.6 million students enrolled in mainland China, giving China the largest higher education system in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-525">[502]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-526">[503]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, China had the world's highest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rankings of universities in China">number of top universities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-527">[504]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:112-528">[505]</a> Currently, China trails only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of representation on lists of the top 200 universities according to the 2023 Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities, a composite ranking system of three world-most followed university rankings (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>+<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a>+ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-529">[506]</a> China is home to two of the highest-ranking universities (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsinghua_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peking_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emerging_market?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emerging market">emerging economies</a>, according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-530">[507]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-531">[508]</a> These universities are members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C9_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C9 League">C9 League</a>, an alliance of elite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">Chinese universities</a> offering comprehensive and leading education.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-532">[509]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Health">Health</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health in China">Health in China</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medicine_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medicine in China">Medicine in China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceutical industry in China</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:China,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/250px-China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="295"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/250px-China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" data-width="250" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/375px-China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/China%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chart showing the rise of China's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Development_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> from 1970 to 2010 </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Health_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a>, together with its counterparts in the local commissions, oversees the health needs of the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-533">[510]</a> An emphasis on public health and preventive medicine has characterized Chinese health policy since the early 1950s. The Communist Party started the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriotic_Health_Campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriotic Health Campaign">Patriotic Health Campaign</a>, which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as treating and preventing several diseases. Diseases such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cholera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typhoid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scarlet_fever?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, which were previously rife in China, were nearly eradicated by the campaign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-534">[511]</a> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> began instituting economic reforms in 1978, the health of the Chinese public improved rapidly because of better nutrition, although many of the free public health services provided in the countryside disappeared. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Healthcare_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Healthcare in China">Healthcare in China</a> became mostly privatized, and experienced a significant rise in quality. In 2009, the government began a three-year large-scale healthcare provision initiative worth US$124 billion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-535">[512]</a> By 2011, the campaign resulted in 95% of China's population having basic health insurance coverage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-536">[513]</a> By 2022, China had established itself as a key producer and exporter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medication">pharmaceuticals</a>, producing around 40 percent of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Active_ingredient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Active ingredient">active pharmaceutical ingredients</a> in 2017.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-537">[514]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the life expectancy at birth exceeds 78 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-538">[515]</a>: 163 As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_mortality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate is 5 per thousand.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-539">[516]</a> Both have improved significantly since the 1950s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-542">[v]</a> Rates of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stunted_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stunted growth">stunting</a>, a condition caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, have declined from 33.1% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-543">[519]</a> Despite significant improvements in health and the construction of advanced medical facilities, China has several emerging public health problems, such as respiratory illnesses caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_pollution_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution in China">widespread air pollution</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FT-china-pollution-544">[520]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smoking_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smoking in China">hundreds of millions of cigarette smokers</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-545">[521]</a> and an increase in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obesity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obesity">obesity</a> among urban youths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcy-546">[522]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcz-547">[523]</a> In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-548">[524]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mental_health_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mental health in China">Chinese mental health</a> services are inadequate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-549">[525]</a> China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> in 2003, although this has since been largely contained.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcda-550">[526]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> was first identified in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in December 2019;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto12-551">[527]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-552">[528]</a> pandemic led the government to enforce <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zero-COVID?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zero-COVID">strict public health measures</a> intended to completely eradicate the virus, a goal that was eventually abandoned in December 2022 after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">protests against the policy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-553">[529]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-554">[530]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">Culture of the People's Republic of China</a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Temple_of_Heaven,_Beijing,_China_-_010_edit.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The Temple of Heaven, a center of heaven worship and an UNESCO World Heritage site, symbolizes the Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind."> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg/1000px-Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9027" data-file-height="1945"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg/1000px-Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg/1500px-Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg/2000px-Temple_of_Heaven%2C_Beijing%2C_China_-_010_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Temple_of_Heaven,_Beijing,_China_-_010_edit.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Temple of Heaven, Beijing, China - 010 edit.jpg"> </a> </div>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a>, a center of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese theology">heaven worship</a> and an UNESCO <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage site</a>, symbolizes the Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-555">[531]</a> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg/220px-%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg/220px-%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg/330px-%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg/440px-%E7%98%A6%E8%A5%BF%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B12017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_gate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon gate">moon gate</a> in a Chinese garden </figcaption> </figure> Since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient times</a>, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Chinese culture, in turn, has heavily influenced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-556">[532]</a> For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_examination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a>, which have their origins in the Han dynasty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-557">[533]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese literature">literary emphasis</a> of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese painting">painting</a> were higher forms of art than dancing or drama. Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChinaFuture-558">[534]</a> Examinations and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meritocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meritocracy">culture of merit</a> remain greatly valued in China today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-559">[535]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fenghuang_old_town.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/220px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/220px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/330px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Fenghuang_old_town.JPG/440px-Fenghuang_old_town.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fenghuang_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fenghuang County">Fenghuang County</a>, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-560">[536]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Today, the Chinese government has accepted numerous elements of traditional Chinese culture as being integral to Chinese society. With the rise of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> and the end of the Cultural Revolution, various forms of traditional Chinese art, literature, music, film, fashion and architecture have seen a vigorous revival,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcdef-561">[537]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcdeg-562">[538]</a> and folk and variety art in particular have sparked interest nationally and even worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcdeh-563">[539]</a> Access to foreign media remains heavily restricted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-564">[540]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a> has developed over millennia in China and has remained a vestigial source of perennial influence on the development of East Asian architecture,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-565">[541]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-566">[542]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-567">[543]</a> including in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese architecture">Japan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean architecture">Korea</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_of_Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cartwright-2023-568">[544]</a> and minor influences on the architecture of Southeast and South Asia including the countries of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, Thailand, Laos, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambodia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnamese architecture">Vietnam</a> and the Philippines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-569">[545]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-570">[546]</a> Chinese architecture is characterized by bilateral symmetry, use of enclosed open spaces, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feng_shui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a> (e.g. directional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hierarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a>),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-571">[547]</a> a horizontal emphasis, and an allusion to various cosmological, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myth">mythological</a> or in general symbolic elements. Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagodas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagodas">pagodas</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_palace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese palace">palaces</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-It%C5%8D-2017-572">[548]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cartwright-2023-568">[544]</a> Chinese architecture varies widely based on status or affiliation, such as whether the structures were constructed for emperors, commoners, or for religious purposes. Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in vernacular styles associated with different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography">geographic</a> regions and different ethnic heritages, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stilt_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stilt house">stilt houses</a> in the south, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yaodong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yaodong">Yaodong buildings</a> in the northwest, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yurt">yurt buildings</a> of nomadic people, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siheyuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siheyuan">Siheyuan buildings</a> in the north.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-573">[549]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/220px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/220px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/330px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG/440px-Pekin_przedstawienie_tradycjnego_teatru_chinskiego_7.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The stories in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journey_to_the_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a> are common themes in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peking_opera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Chinese literature has its roots in the Zhou dynasty's literary tradition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-574">[550]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese classics">classical texts of China</a> encompass a wide range of thoughts and subjects, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_texts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Chinese military texts">military</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_herbology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese herbology">herbology</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese geography">geography</a>, as well as many others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-575">[551]</a> Among the most significant early works are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/I_Ching?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="I Ching">I Ching</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classic_of_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of History">Shujing</a>, which are part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books and Five Classics</a>. These texts were the cornerstone of the Confucian curriculum sponsored by the state throughout the dynastic periods. Inherited from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Chinese_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Chinese poetry">classical Chinese poetry</a> developed to its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floruit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floruit">floruit</a> during the Tang dynasty. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Li_Bai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Du_Fu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> opened the forking ways for the poetic circles through romanticism and realism respectively. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a> began with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shiji?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shiji">Shiji</a>, the overall scope of the historiographical tradition in China is termed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a>, which set a vast stage for Chinese fictions along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_folklore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese folklore">folklore</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-576">[552]</a> Pushed by a burgeoning citizen class in the Ming dynasty, Chinese classical fiction rose to a boom of the historical, town and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gods and demons fiction">gods and demons fictions</a> as represented by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Great Classical Novels">Four Great Classical Novels</a> which include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_Margin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journey_to_the_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of the Red Chamber</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-577">[553]</a> Along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuxia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a> fictions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jin_Yong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liang_Yusheng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liang Yusheng">Liang Yusheng</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-578">[554]</a> it remains an enduring source of popular culture in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinosphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinosphere">Chinese sphere of influence</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-579">[555]</a> In the wake of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Culture_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> after the end of the Qing dynasty, Chinese literature embarked on a new era with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> for ordinary citizens. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hu_Shih?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lu_Xun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a> were pioneers in modern literature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-580">[556]</a> Various literary genres, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misty_poetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty poetry">misty poetry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scar_literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scar literature">scar literature</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Young_adult_fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult fiction</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xungen_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xungen movement">xungen literature</a>, which is influenced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magic_realism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-581">[557]</a> emerged following the Cultural Revolution. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mo_Yan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a>, a xungen literature author, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-582">[558]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music">Music</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of China">Music of China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C-pop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C-pop">C-pop</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_opera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> </div> Chinese music covers a highly diverse range of music from traditional music to modern music. Chinese music dates back before the pre-imperial times. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_musical_instruments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese musical instruments">Traditional Chinese musical instruments</a> were traditionally grouped into eight categories known as bayin (八音). Traditional Chinese opera is a form of musical theatre in China originating thousands of years and has regional style forms such as Beijing and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantonese_opera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-583">[559]</a> Chinese pop (C-Pop) includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandopop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandopop">mandopop</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantopop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantopop">cantopop</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese hip hop</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong_hip_hop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong hip hop">Hong Kong hip hop</a> have become popular.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-584">[560]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_clothing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanfu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a> is the historical clothing of the Han people in China. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheongsam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheongsam">qipao</a> or cheongsam is a popular Chinese female dress.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-585">[561]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanfu_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanfu movement">hanfu movement</a> has been popular in contemporary times and seeks to revitalize Hanfu clothing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-586">[562]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Fashion_Week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Fashion Week">China Fashion Week</a> is the country's only national-level fashion festival.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-587">[563]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinema_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinema of China">Cinema of China</a> </div> Cinema was first introduced to China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dingjun_Mountain_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dingjun Mountain (film)">Dingjun Mountain</a>, was released in 1905.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-588">[564]</a> China has the largest number of movie screens in the world since 2016;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hr-589">[565]</a> China became the largest cinema market in 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-590">[566]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-591">[567]</a> The top three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">highest-grossing films in China</a> as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a> were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Battle at Lake Changjin">The Battle at Lake Changjin</a> (2021), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolf_Warrior_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolf Warrior 2">Wolf Warrior 2</a> (2017), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hi,_Mom_(2021_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hi, Mom (2021 film)">Hi, Mom</a> (2021).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Alltimedomestic-592">[568]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cuisines_of_China.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/220px-Cuisines_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/220px-Cuisines_of_China.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/330px-Cuisines_of_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuisines_of_China.png/440px-Cuisines_of_China.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map showing major regional cuisines of China </figcaption> </figure> Chinese cuisine is highly diverse, drawing on several millennia of culinary history and geographical variety, in which the most influential are known as the "Eight Major Cuisines", including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jiangsu_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jiangsu cuisine">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shandong_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunan_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunan cuisine">Hunan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anhui_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anhui cuisine">Anhui</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhejiang_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhejiang cuisine">Zhejiang</a> cuisines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-593">[569]</a> Chinese cuisine is known for its breadth of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_cooking_techniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese cooking techniques">cooking methods</a> and ingredients.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-594">[570]</a> China's staple food is rice in the northeast and south, and wheat-based breads and noodles in the north. Bean products such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tofu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tofu">tofu</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soy_milk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> remain a popular source of protein. Pork is now the most popular meat in China, accounting for about three-fourths of the country's total meat consumption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-595">[571]</a> There is also the vegetarian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist cuisine</a> and the pork-free <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a>. Chinese cuisine, due to the area's proximity to the ocean and milder climate, has a wide variety of seafood and vegetables. Offshoots of Chinese food, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong cuisine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Chinese cuisine">American Chinese cuisine</a>, have emerged in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_diaspora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in China">Sport in China</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China at the Olympics">China at the Olympics</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_at_the_Paralympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China at the Paralympics">China at the Paralympics</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FloorGoban.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/220px-FloorGoban.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1101"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/220px-FloorGoban.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/330px-FloorGoban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FloorGoban.JPG/440px-FloorGoban.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go_(game)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go (game)">Go</a> is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent, and which was invented in China more than 2,500 years ago. </figcaption> </figure> China has one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in China">oldest sporting cultures</a>. There is evidence that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archery">archery</a> (shèjiàn) was practiced during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Zhou dynasty">Western Zhou dynasty</a>. Swordplay (jiànshù) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuju?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuju">cuju</a>, a sport loosely related to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">association football</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-596">[572]</a> date back to China's early dynasties as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-597">[573]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physical_fitness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a> is widely emphasized in Chinese culture, with morning exercises such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qigong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qigong">qigong</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tai_chi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a> widely practiced,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-598">[574]</a> and commercial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gym">gyms</a> and private fitness clubs are gaining popularity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-599">[575]</a> Basketball is the most popular spectator sport in China.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-600">[576]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Basketball Association">Chinese Basketball Association</a> and the American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Basketball_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> also have a huge national following amongst the Chinese populace, with native-born and NBA-bound Chinese players and well-known national household names such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yao_Ming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yao Ming">Yao Ming</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yi_Jianlian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yi Jianlian">Yi Jianlian</a> being held in high esteem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beech2003-601">[577]</a> China's professional football league, known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Super_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Super League">Chinese Super League</a>, is the largest football market in East Asia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-602">[578]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Table_tennis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badminton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swimming_(sport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snooker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snooker">snooker</a>. China is home to a huge number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycling">cyclists</a>, with an estimated 470 million bicycles as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-470MBikes-603">[579]</a> China has the world's largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esports">esports</a> market.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-604">[580]</a> Many more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_games_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traditional games of China">traditional sports</a>, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dragon_boat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dragon boat">dragon boat</a> racing, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian-style wrestling</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horse_racing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> are also popular.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcden-605">[581]</a> China has <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China at the Olympics">participated in the Olympic Games</a> since 1932, although it has only participated as the PRC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China at the 1952 Summer Olympics">since 1952</a>. China hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in Beijing, where its athletes received 48 gold medals – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2008 Summer Olympics medal table">highest number of any participating nation that year</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcdeo-606">[582]</a> China also won the most medals at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a>, with 231 overall, including 95 gold.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-607">[583]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-608">[584]</a> In 2011, Shenzhen hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011_Summer_Universiade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011 Summer Universiade">2011 Summer Universiade</a>. China hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013_East_Asian_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013 East Asian Games">2013 East Asian Games</a> in Tianjin and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics">2014 Summer Youth Olympics</a> in Nanjing, the first country to host both regular and Youth Olympics. Beijing and its nearby city <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhangjiakou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a> collaboratively hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>, making Beijing the first dual Olympic city by holding both the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-609">[585]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-610">[586]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outline_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> The size of Chonqging Municipality is about that of the country of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than a city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBCHowdoyoumeasure-1">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount_leader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a> of China, who holds the titles of: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of China">President of China</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> While not an upper house of the legislature, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference</a> exists as an advisory body. However, much of the parliamentary functions are held by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> when ordinary congress is not in session.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> UN figure for mainland China, which excludes Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UN_Stat-10">[6]</a> It also excludes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> (5,180 km2 (2,000 sq mi)), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aksai_Chin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> (38,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi)) and other territories in dispute with India. The total area of China is listed as 9,572,900 km2 (3,696,100 sq mi) by the Encyclopædia Britannica.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica-11">[7]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> GDP figures exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau.</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> is used in Hong Kong and Macau, while the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macanese_pataca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a> is used in Macau only.</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 中国; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhōngguó</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 中华人民共和国; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pinyin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> China's border with Pakistan is disputed by India, which claims the entire <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashmir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region as its territory. China is tied with Russia as having the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_number_of_land_borders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and territories by number of land borders">most land borders of any country</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> The total area ranking relative to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a> depends on the measurement of the total areas of both countries. See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">list of countries and dependencies by area</a> for more information. The following two primary sources represent the range of estimates of China's and the United States' total areas. <ol> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> lists China as world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica-11">[7]</a> and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,525,067 km2.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States-24">[14]</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> lists China as the fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada and the United States) with a total area of 9,596,960 km2,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a> and the United States as the third-largest at 9,833,517 km2.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[15]</a></li> </ol> Both sources exclude both Taiwan and coastal and territorial waters from the area of China. However, the CIA World Factbook includes the United States coastal and territorial waters, while Encyclopædia Britannica excludes them. Notably, the Encyclopædia Britannica specifies the United States' area (excluding coastal and territorial waters) as 9,525,067 km2, which is less than either source's figure given for China's area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-United_States-24">[14]</a> Therefore, it is unclear which country has a larger area including coastal and territorial waters. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a>'s figure for the United States is 9,833,517 km2 (3,796,742 sq mi) and China is 9,596,961 km2 (3,705,407 sq mi). These closely match the CIA World Factbook figures and similarly include coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but exclude coastal and territorial waters for China.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:TERSE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERSE">excessive detail?</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> Excluding the disputed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan Province</a>. See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administrative_divisions">§ Administrative divisions</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> "... Next into this, is found the great China, whose king is thought to be the greatest prince in the world, and is named Santoa Raia".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[18]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> "... The Very Great Kingdom of China".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[19]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portuguese_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: ... O Grande Reino da China ...).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[20]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> Its earliest extant use is on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ritual_bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual bronze">ritual bronze</a> vessel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/He_zun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="He zun">He zun</a>, where it apparently refers to only the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>'s immediate demesne conquered by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[26]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> Its meaning "Zhou's royal demesne" is attested from the 6th-century BC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classic_of_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic of History">Classic of History</a>, which states "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tian_(god)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian (god)">Huangtian</a> bestowed the lands and the peoples of the central state to the ancestors" (皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[27]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> Owing to Qin Shi Huang's earlier policy involving the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">burning of books and burying of scholars</a>", the destruction of the confiscated copies at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a> was an event similar to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Library_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Library of Alexandria">destructions</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> in the west. Even those texts that did survive had to be painstakingly reconstructed from memory, luck, or forgery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[53]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Texts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Texts">Old Texts</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Classics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Classics">Five Classics</a> were said to have been found hidden in a wall at the Kong residence in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qufu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mei_Ze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mei Ze">Mei Ze</a>'s "rediscovered" edition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Documents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yan_Ruoqu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yan Ruoqu">only shown to be a forgery in the Qing dynasty</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-191">^</a> According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the total area of the United States, at 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi), is slightly smaller than that of China. Meanwhile, the CIA World Factbook states that China's total area was greater than that of the United States until the coastal waters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Lakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> was added to the United States' total area in 1996. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land area plus inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (with the Great Lakes areas and the coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added).</li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> China's border with Pakistan and part of its border with India falls in the disputed region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kashmir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. The area under Pakistani administration is claimed by India, while the area under Indian administration is claimed by Pakistan.</li> <li id="cite_note-TaiwanClaim-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TaiwanClaim_223-0">^</a> The People's Republic of China claims the islands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penghu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>, which it does not control, as its disputed 23rd province, i.e. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan Province</a>; along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kinmen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matsu_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a> as part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fujian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fujian">Fujian Province</a>. These are controlled by the Taipei-based <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (ROC). See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administrative_divisions">§ Administrative divisions</a> for more details.</li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-380">^</a> Some of the chips used were not domestically developed until <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunway TaihuLight">Sunway TaihuLight</a> in 2016. China <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TOP500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Large_machines_not_on_the_list" title="TOP500">has not submitted</a> newer entries to TOP500 amid tensions with the United States.</li> <li id="cite_note-542"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-542">^</a> The national life expectancy at birth rose from about 31 years in 1949 to 75 years in 2008,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-540">[517]</a> and infant mortality decreased from 300 per thousand in the 1950s to around 33 per thousand in 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ref_abcu-541">[518]</a></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBCHowdoyoumeasure-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBCHowdoyoumeasure_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16761784">"The world's biggest cities: How do you measure them?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+biggest+cities%3A+How+do+you+measure+them%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16761784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Adamson_&_Feng-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Adamson_&_Feng_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Adamson_&_Feng_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonFeng2021" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Bob; Feng, Anwei (27 December 2021). Multilingual China: National, Minority and Foreign Languages. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0004-8702-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0004-8702-2"><bdi>978-1-0004-8702-2</bdi></a>. <q>Despite not being defined as such in the Constitution, Putonghua enjoys de facto status of the official language in China and is legislated as the standard form of Chinese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingual+China%3A+National%2C+Minority+and+Foreign+Languages&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.isbn=978-1-0004-8702-2&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Feng%2C+Anwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">"Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census"</a>. Stats.gov.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511031334/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2021-07-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Main+Data+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-religion2023-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-religion2023_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-religion2023_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-religion2023_5-2">c</a> 2023 approximations of the statistics from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Family_Panel_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Family Panel Studies">China Family Panel Studies</a> (CFPS) of the year 2018, as contained in the following analyses: <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2023/08/PF_2023.08.30_religion-china_REPORT.pdf">"Measuring Religion in China"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. 30 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909075729/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2023/08/PF_2023.08.30_religion-china_REPORT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Religion+in+China&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2023%2F08%2FPF_2023.08.30_religion-china_REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/measuring-religion-in-china/">"Measuring Religions in China"</a>. 30 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930132002/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/08/30/measuring-religion-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Religions+in+China&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2023%2F08%2F30%2Fmeasuring-religion-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> A compilation of statistics from reliable surveys held throughout the 2010s and early 2020s, with an emphasis on the CFPS 2018.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzel-Teuber2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/2023/RCTC_2023-2.18-44_Wenzel-Teuber_-_Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_People%25E2%2580%2599s_Republic_of_China_%25E2%2580%2593_Update_for_the_Year_2022.pdf">"Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2022"</a> (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. XIII. China Zentrum: 18–44. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-9289">2192-9289</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623210716/https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/2023/RCTC_2023-2.18-44_Wenzel-Teuber_-_Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_People%25E2%2580%2599s_Republic_of_China_%25E2%2580%2593_Update_for_the_Year_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions+%26+Christianity+in+Today%27s+China&rft.atitle=Statistics+on+Religions+and+Churches+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+%E2%80%93+Update+for+the+Year+2022&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=18-44&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2192-9289&rft.aulast=Wenzel-Teuber&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-zentrum.de%2Ffileadmin%2FPDF-Dateien%2FE-Journal_RCTC%2F2023%2FRCTC_2023-2.18-44_Wenzel-Teuber_-_Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_People%25E2%2580%2599s_Republic_of_China_%25E2%2580%2593_Update_for_the_Year_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLuHe2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Chunni; Lu, Yunfeng; He, Sheng (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20220323/20220323092720_6133.pdf">"Exploring Chinese folk religion: Popularity, diffuseness, and diversities"</a> (PDF). Chinese Journal of Sociology. 7 (4). SAGE Publications: 575–592. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F2057150X211042687">10.1177/2057150X211042687</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-150X">2057-150X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015040713/http://www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20220323/20220323092720_6133.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Exploring+Chinese+folk+religion%3A+Popularity%2C+diffuseness%2C+and+diversities&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-592&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2057150X211042687&rft.issn=2057-150X&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Chunni&rft.au=Lu%2C+Yunfeng&rft.au=He%2C+Sheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shehui.pku.edu.cn%2Fupload%2Feditor%2Ffile%2F20220323%2F20220323092720_6133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_9-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_9-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china">"China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 2013-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2013.zip">(Archived 2013 edition.)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Stat-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UN_Stat_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UN_Stat_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224063215/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">"Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> (PDF). UN Statistics. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2007/Table03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2010-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook%E2%80%94Table+3%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.pub=UN+Statistics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2007%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-britannica_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-britannica_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/China">"China"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727034401/https://www.britannica.com/place/China">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-27. Retrieved 2017-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/totalarea.htm">"Total surface area as of 19 January 2007"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Total+surface+area+as+of+19+January+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fenvironment%2Ftotalarea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster2024" class="citation news cs1">Master, Farah (17 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-population-drops-2nd-year-raises-long-term-growth-concerns-2024-01-17">"China's population drops for second year, with record low birth rate"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 2024-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-United_States-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-United_States_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States">"United States"</a>. 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Retrieved 2017-12-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+States&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUnited-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <noscript> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states">"United States"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F31735%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1995-7315-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-1995-7315-8">0-1995-7315-8</a></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Eden_(translator)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Eden (translator)">Eden, Richard</a> (1555), Decades of the New World, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/511?page%3Droot;size%3D125;vid%3D4616;view%3Dtext">p. 230</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811170243/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/a20032.0001.001/511?page%3Droot;size%3D125;vid%3D4616;view%3Dtext">Archived</a> 11 August 2023 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1984" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Henry Allen (1984). 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London: Asian Educational Services. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DedzW9fuOF-cC%26pg%3DPA211">211</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-0451-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-0451-3"><bdi>978-8-1206-0451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Duarte+Barbosa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-8-1206-0451-3&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Duarte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa1946" class="citation book cs1">Barbosa, Duarte (1946). Augusto Reis Machado (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20081022202824/http://purl.pt/435">Livro em que dá Relação do que Viu e Ouviu no Oriente</a>. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://purl.pt/435">the original</a> on 2008-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livro+em+que+d%C3%A1+Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+que+Viu+e+Ouviu+no+Oriente&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Ag%C3%AAncia+Geral+das+Col%C3%B3nias&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Duarte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.pt%2F435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988">. (in Portuguese)</li> <li id="cite_note-AmHer-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AmHer_35-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc%3D2888">China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921131850/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/China?qsrc%3D2888">Archived</a> 21 September 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin.</li> <li id="cite_note-wade-36">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wade_36-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wade_36-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wade_36-2">c</a> Wade, Geoff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf">The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117222125/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a>, No. 188, May 2009, p. 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-Martini-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Martini_37-0">^</a> Martino, Martin, Novus Atlas Sinensis, Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-Bodde-1978-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bodde-1978_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodde1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derk_Bodde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derk Bodde">Bodde, Derk</a> (1986). "The state and empire of Ch'in". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denis_Twitchett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denis Twitchett">Denis Twitchett</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Loewe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Loewe">Michael Loewe</a> (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCHOL9780521243278.003">10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.003</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-4327-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-4327-8"><bdi>978-0-5212-4327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+state+and+empire+of+Ch%27in&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Ch%27in+and+Han+Empires%2C+221+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+220&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243278.003&rft.isbn=978-0-5212-4327-8&rft.aulast=Bodde&rft.aufirst=Derk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Yule-1866-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yule-1866_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1866" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DSAqgAb41ifIC%26pg%3DPA3">3–7</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-1966-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1206-1966-1"><bdi>978-8-1206-1966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1866&rft.isbn=978-8-1206-1966-1&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chen Zhi (9 November 2004). "From Exclusive Xia to Inclusive Zhu-Xia: The Conceptualisation of Chinese Identity in Early China". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a>. 14 (3): 185–205. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS135618630400389X">10.1017/S135618630400389X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188470">25188470</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162643600">162643600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=From+Exclusive+Xia+to+Inclusive+Zhu-Xia%3A+The+Conceptualisation+of+Chinese+Identity+in+Early+China&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-205&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162643600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS135618630400389X&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Zhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%25E5%25B0%259A%25E6%259B%25B8" class="extiw" title="s:zh:尚書">《尚書》</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%25E5%25B0%259A%25E6%259B%25B8/%25E6%25A2%2593%25E6%259D%2590" class="extiw" title="s:zh:尚書/梓材">梓材</a>. (in Chinese)</li> <li id="cite_note-wilx-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wilx_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph No. 52. Harvard University Asia Center. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DERnrQq0bsPYC%26pg%3DPA132">132</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-0249-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-0249-4"><bdi>978-0-6740-0249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.series=Harvard-Yenching+Institute+Monograph+No.+52&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-0249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Tang-2010-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tang-2010_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangGuoGuo2010" class="citation book cs1">Tang, Xiaoyang; Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2010). Greater China in an Era of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D4n8u0HG-iYEC%26pg%3DPA52">52–53</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3534-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3534-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-3534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+China+in+an+Era+of+Globalization&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3534-1&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoyang&rft.au=Guo%2C+Sujian&rft.au=Guo%2C+Baogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-49585512">"Two 'Chinese' flags in Chinatown 美國唐人街兩面「中國」國旗之爭"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202000227/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world-49585512">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+%27Chinese%27+flags+in+Chinatown+%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%97%E5%85%A9%E9%9D%A2%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%8D%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fworld-49585512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dw.com/en/chou-hsi-wei-on-conflict-zone/av-49624866">"Chou Hsi-wei on Conflict Zone"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416094447/https://www.dw.com/en/chou-hsi-wei-on-conflict-zone/av-49624866">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2020-11-05. <q>So-called 'China', we call it 'Mainland', we are 'Taiwan'. Together we are 'China'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chou+Hsi-wei+on+Conflict+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fchou-hsi-wei-on-conflict-zone%2Fav-49624866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-relations">"China-Taiwan Relations"</a>. 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Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzdwpAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108">108</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1350-8822-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1350-8822-4"><bdi>978-1-1350-8822-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Journeys+from+Past+to+Present&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1350-8822-4&rft.aulast=Goucher&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft.au=Walton%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152800/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nsong/hd_nsong.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-10. 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Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2022-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Qing+dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FQing-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John M. (1997). A Short History of the World. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCHOL9780521214476.003">10.1017/CHOL9780521214476.003</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5477-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1390-5477-5"><bdi>978-1-1390-5477-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch%27ing+Inner+Asia+c.+1800&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521214476.003&rft.isbn=978-1-1390-5477-5&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2015" class="citation book cs1">Deng, Kent (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64492/1/WP219.pdf">China's Population Expansion and Its Causes during the Qing Period, 1644–1911</a> (PDF). p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309224404/https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64492/1/WP219.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-09. Retrieved 2023-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Population+Expansion+and+Its+Causes+during+the+Qing+Period%2C+1644%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F64492%2F1%2FWP219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2010" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William (2010). China's Last Empire – The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKN7Awmzx2PAC">123</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674054554?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780674054554"><bdi>9780674054554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Last+Empire+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Qing&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674054554&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">中国通史·明清史</bdi>. 九州出版社. 2010. pp. 104–112. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5108-0062-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5108-0062-7"><bdi>978-7-5108-0062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%C2%B7%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=104-112&rft.pub=%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-5108-0062-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">中华通史·第十卷</bdi>. 花城出版社. 1996. p. 71. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5360-2320-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5360-2320-8"><bdi>978-7-5360-2320-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%C2%B7%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%8D%B7&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=%E8%8A%B1%E5%9F%8E%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-7-5360-2320-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbreeGluck1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ainslie_Embree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carol_Gluck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carol Gluck">Gluck, Carol</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains">Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M.E._Sharpe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. 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Sharpe</a>. p. 597. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5632-4265-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-5632-4265-6"><bdi>1-5632-4265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+Western+and+World+History%3A+A+Guide+for+Teaching&rft.pages=597&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-5632-4265-6&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie&rft.au=Gluck%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasiainwesternwor00ains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546176/Sino-Japanese-War">"Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920171344/https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Sino-Japanese-War-1894-1895">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2022-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sino-Japanese+War+%281894%E2%80%931895%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F546176%2FSino-Japanese-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2004-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lee2004_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnhan_(李恩涵)2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Enhan (李恩涵), Li (2004). <bdi lang="zh">近代中國外交史事新研</bdi>. 臺灣商務印書館. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DcA8OBkr-JmMC%26pg%3DPA78">78</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-5705-1891-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-5705-1891-7"><bdi>978-9-5705-1891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%8B%E6%96%B0%E7%A0%94&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9-5705-1891-7&rft.aulast=Enhan+%28%E6%9D%8E%E6%81%A9%E6%B6%B5%29&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/3/U8480E/U8480E05.htm">"Dimensions of need – People and populations at risk"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030150743/https://www.fao.org/3/U8480E/U8480E05.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2013-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+need+%E2%80%93+People+and+populations+at+risk&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2FU8480E%2FU8480E05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-xb1-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-xb1_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaobing2007" class="citation book cs1">Xiaobing, Li (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 13, 26–27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2438-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2438-4"><bdi>978-0-8131-2438-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Chinese+Army&rft.pages=13%2C+26-27&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2438-4&rft.aulast=Xiaobing&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-abdicate-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-abdicate_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/abdication-emperor-puyi-1912/">"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)"</a>. Chinese Revolution. 4 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410202346/https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/abdication-emperor-puyi-1912/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+abdication+decree+of+Emperor+Puyi+%281912%29&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fchineserevolution%2Fabdication-emperor-puyi-1912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> Tamura, Eileen (1997) China: Understanding Its Past. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1923-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1923-3">0-8248-1923-3</a> p.146</li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Haw, Stephen (2006). Beijing: A Concise History. Taylor & Francis. p. 143. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4153-9906-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-4153-9906-8"><bdi>0-4153-9906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-4153-9906-8&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElleman2001" class="citation book cs1">Elleman, Bruce (2001). Modern Chinese Warfare. Routledge. p. 149. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4152-1474-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-4152-1474-2"><bdi>0-4152-1474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Warfare&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-4152-1474-2&rft.aulast=Elleman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchings2003" class="citation book cs1">Hutchings, Graham (2003). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+China%27s+May+Fourth+Movement&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Panda&rft.aufirst=Ankit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fthe-legacy-of-chinas-may-fourth-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrow2005" class="citation book cs1">Zarrow, Peter (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge. p. 230. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4153-6447-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-4153-6447-7"><bdi>0-4153-6447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+War+and+Revolution%2C+1895%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-4153-6447-7&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeutner2002" class="citation book cs1">Leutner, M. (2002). The Chinese Revolution in the 1920s: Between Triumph and Disaster. Routledge. p. 129. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1690-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1690-4"><bdi>0-7007-1690-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Revolution+in+the+1920s%3A+Between+Triumph+and+Disaster&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1690-4&rft.aulast=Leutner&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTien1972" class="citation book cs1">Tien, Hung-Mao (1972). Government and Politics in Kuomintang China, 1927–1937. Vol. 53. Stanford University Press. pp. 60–72. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0812-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0812-6"><bdi>0-8047-0812-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+in+Kuomintang+China%2C+1927%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=60-72&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8047-0812-6&rft.aulast=Tien&rft.aufirst=Hung-Mao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2000" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2000). China and Democracy: Reconsidering the Prospects for a Democratic China. Routledge. p. 43. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4159-2694-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-4159-2694-7"><bdi>0-4159-2694-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Democracy%3A+Reconsidering+the+Prospects+for+a+Democratic+China&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-4159-2694-7&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApterSaich1994" class="citation book cs1">Apter, David Ernest; Saich, Tony (1994). Revolutionary Discourse in Mao's Republic. Harvard University Press. p. 198. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6747-6780-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-6747-6780-2"><bdi>0-6747-6780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Discourse+in+Mao%27s+Republic&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-6747-6780-2&rft.aulast=Apter&rft.aufirst=David+Ernest&rft.au=Saich%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml">"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128194317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2013-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Power%3A+The+End+of+the+War+Against+Japan&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuclear_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">"Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804062413/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). November 1948. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume%3D1946-47%26page%3D38">"The Moscow Declaration on general security"</a>. Yearbook of the United Nations 1946–1947. United Nations. 1947. p. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243471225">243471225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074504/http://www.unmultimedia.org/searchers/yearbook/page.jsp?volume%3D1946-47%26page%3D38">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Moscow+Declaration+on+general+security&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+the+United+Nations+1946%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243471225&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmultimedia.org%2Fsearchers%2Fyearbook%2Fpage.jsp%3Fvolume%3D1946-47%26page%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations">"Declaration by United Nations"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120058/http://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2015-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+by+United+Nations&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fhistory-united-nations-charter%2F1942-declaration-united-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley FDR and the Creation of the U.N. 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Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesorig0000gadd/page/24">24</a>–25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-2239-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2311-2239-9"><bdi>978-0-2311-2239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-2311-2239-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesorig0000gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-118">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_118-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTien1991" class="citation book cs1">Tien, Hung-mao (1991). 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215045839/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=They+were+born+at+the+start+of+Communist+China.+70+years+later%2C+their+country+is+unrecognizable&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lee%2C+Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F09%2F29%2Fasia%2Fchina-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid%3D1817%26dat%3D19500509%26id%3DFUw_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3627,3301880">"Red Capture of Hainan Island"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Tuscaloosa News">The Tuscaloosa News</a>. 9 May 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810125935/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid%3D1817%26dat%3D19500509%26id%3DFUw_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3627,3301880">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Red+Capture+of+Hainan+Island&rft.date=1950-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19500509%26id%3DFUw_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3627%2C3301880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016102314/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf">"The Tibetans"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Southern_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tibetans&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FLAS%2Fir%2Fcews%2Fdatabase%2FTibet%2Ftibet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1997" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (1997). The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZNCghCIbyVAC%26pg%3DPA169">169</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0025-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-0025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-American+alliance%3A+Nationalist+China+and+American+Cold+War+strategy+in+Asia&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2002" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald (2002). Communism in History and Theory. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQ6b0j1VINWgC">11</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-7733-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2759-7733-7"><bdi>978-0-2759-7733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+History+and+Theory&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-2759-7733-7&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/item/87600493">"A Country Study: China"</a>. loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612025703/https://www.loc.gov/item/87600493">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2017-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=A+Country+Study%3A+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F87600493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Madelyn (2008). Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews. McFarland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlJK-GRriJAoC">185</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3288-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3288-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-3288-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students+and+teachers+of+the+new+China%3A+thirteen+interviews&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3288-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Madelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nyt_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky2012" class="citation news cs1">Mirsky, Jonathan (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html?nl%3Dbooks%26emc%3Dedit_bk_20121207">"Unnatural Disaster"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211072252/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html?nl%3Dbooks%26emc%3Dedit_bk_20121207">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2012-12-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unnatural+Disaster&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Ftombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html%3Fnl%3Dbooks%26emc%3Dedit_bk_20121207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2009" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Leslie (2009). Communism: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-5154-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-5154-5"><bdi>978-0-1995-5154-5</bdi></a>. <q>Most estimates of the number of Chinese dead are in the range of 15 to 30 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-5154-5&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/228244.htm">"1964: China's first atomic bomb explodes"</a>. china.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322065350/http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/228244.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=1964%3A+China%27s+first+atomic+bomb+explodes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fcongress%2F228244.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKao1988" class="citation book cs1">Kao, Michael Y. M. (1988). "Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification". In Feldman, Harvey; Kao, Michael Y. M.; Kim, Ilpyong J. (eds.). Taiwan in a Time of Transition. Paragon House. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+and+Beijing%27s+Campaigns+for+Unification&rft.btitle=Taiwan+in+a+Time+of+Transition&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kao&rft.aufirst=Michael+Y.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hamrin-1995-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hamrin-1995_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamrinZhao1995" class="citation book cs1">Hamrin, Carol Lee; Zhao, Suisheng (15 January 1995). Decision-making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders. M.E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMySp8yumuJ4C%26q%3Dboluan%2Bfanzheng%26pg%3DPA32">32</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3694-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3694-2"><bdi>978-0-7656-3694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision-making+in+Deng%27s+China%3A+Perspectives+from+Insiders&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3694-2&rft.aulast=Hamrin&rft.aufirst=Carol+Lee&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_e-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ref_e_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-LandsbergBurkett2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart-Landsberg, Martin; Burkett, Paul (March 2005). China and Socialism: Market Reforms and Class Struggle. Monthly Review Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5836-7123-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5836-7123-8"><bdi>978-1-5836-7123-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Socialism%3A+Market+Reforms+and+Class+Struggle&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2005-03&rft.isbn=978-1-5836-7123-8&rft.aulast=Hart-Landsberg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Burkett%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm">"Review"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monthly_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. 28 February 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105220123/http://monthlyreview.org/chinaandsocialism.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2008-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Review&rft.date=2001-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monthlyreview.org%2Fchinaandsocialism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988">)</li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/prc_constitution.pdf">"Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE ' S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1982)"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Source+Document+with+Questions+%28DBQs%29+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+PEOPLE+%27+S+REPUBLIC+OF+CHINA+%281982%29&rft.pub=Columbia+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fps%2Fchina%2Fprc_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1990" class="citation web cs1">Harding, Harry (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404193656/http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id%3D73">"The Impact of Tiananmen on China's Foreign Policy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Asian_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Bureau of Asian Research">National Bureau of Asian Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id%3D73">the original</a> on 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2013-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Tiananmen+on+China%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Asian+Research&rft.date=1990-12&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbr.org%2Fpublications%2Felement.aspx%3Fid%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-APs-2022-135">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-APs-2022_135-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-APs-2022_135-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-APs-2022_135-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-APs-2022_135-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a">"Jiang Zemin, who guided China's economic rise, dies"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 30 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403160544/https://apnews.com/article/china-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2022-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin%2C+who+guided+China%27s+economic+rise%2C+dies&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-beijing-hong-kong-obituaries-jiang-zemin-4ee4c5dcaf567e02efa3c5c7186af30a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html">"China Gets Down to Business at Party Congress"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 13 September 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018190108/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=China+Gets+Down+to+Business+at+Party+Congress&rft.date=1997-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-sep-13-mn-31787-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ezra_Vogel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra Vogel">Vogel, Ezra</a> (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Belknap Press. p. 682. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6747-2586-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6747-2586-7"><bdi>978-0-6747-2586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.pages=682&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-6747-2586-7&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlik2012" class="citation news cs1">Orlik, Tom (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao">"Charting China's Economy: A Decade Under Hu Jintao"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221121820/http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/11/16/charting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2023-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Charting+China%27s+Economy%3A+A+Decade+Under+Hu+Jintao&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.aulast=Orlik&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fchinarealtime%2F2012%2F11%2F16%2Fcharting-chinas-economy-10-years-under-hu-jintao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterCoxBurgessAigner2007" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Shan; Cox, Amanda; Burgess, Joe; Aigner, Erin (26 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html">"China's Environmental Crisis"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116170904/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/08/26/world/asia/20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2012-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Environmental+Crisis&rft.date=2007-08-26&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Shan&rft.au=Cox%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Joe&rft.au=Aigner%2C+Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2007%2F08%2F26%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F20070826_CHINA_GRAPHIC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2004" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Daniel (16 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4913622.stm">"China worried over pace of growth"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118160813/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4913622.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-18. Retrieved 2006-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+worried+over+pace+of+growth&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4913622.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_k-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ref_k_141-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id%3D3166">China: Migrants, Students, Taiwan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227094542/https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id%3D3166">Archived</a> 27 December 2016 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UC_Davis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Davis">UC Davis</a> Migration News January 2006</li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCody2006" class="citation news cs1">Cody, Edward (28 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html">"In Face of Rural Unrest, China Rolls Out Reforms"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065549/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/27/AR2006012701588.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Face+of+Rural+Unrest%2C+China+Rolls+Out+Reforms&rft.date=2006-01-28&rft.aulast=Cody&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F27%2FAR2006012701588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769">"China's anti-corruption campaign expands with new agency"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924060145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-43453769">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2019-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+anti-corruption+campaign+expands+with+new+agency&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-43453769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Marquis-2022b-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Marquis-2022b_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Marquis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-6883-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-6883-6"><bdi>978-0-3002-6883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-3002-6883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingfield-Hayes2022" class="citation news cs1">Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (23 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277">"Xi Jinping's party is just getting started"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317004249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63225277">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2022-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+party+is+just+getting+started&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=Wingfield-Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-63225277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8608913.stm">"Nepal and China agree on Mount Everest's height"</a>. BBC News. 8 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712190003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8608913.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+and+China+agree+on+Mount+Everest%27s+height&rft.date=2010-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8608913.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm">"Lowest Places on Earth"</a>. National Park Service. 28 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207222858/http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/lowest-places-on-earth.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2013-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lowest+Places+on+Earth&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2015-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fdeva%2Fnaturescience%2Flowest-places-on-earth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Franklin_Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Franklin Wood">Wood, Eric F.</a> (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062">"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"</a>. Scientific Data. 5: 180214. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSD...580214B">2018NatSD...580214B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fsdata.2018.214">10.1038/sdata.2018.214</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062">6207062</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30375988">30375988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+maps+at+1-km+resolution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=180214&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30375988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSD...580214B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hylke+E.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Niklaus+E.&rft.au=McVicar%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Vergopolan%2C+Noemi&rft.au=Berg%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Wood%2C+Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Regional Climate Studies of China. 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NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023184210/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27894721/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-23. 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Energy Foundation China. December 2020. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-lceg-20201210/Full-Report_Synthesis-Report-2020-on-Chinas-Carbon-Neutrality_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-04-16. 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Retrieved 2023-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-9-2513-8262-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_2009a-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ref_2009a_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Jann (10 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">"Biodiversity Theme Report"</a>. Environment.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045957/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2010-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment.gov.au&rft.atitle=Biodiversity+Theme+Report&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsoe%2F2001%2Fpublications%2Ftheme-reports%2Fbiodiversity%2Fbiodiversity01-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm">Countries with the Highest Biological Diversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326060253/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03highest_biodiversity.htm">Archived</a> 26 March 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mongabay.com. 2004 data. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbd.int/countries/?country%3Dcn">"Country Profiles – China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209085157/https://www.cbd.int/countries/?country%3Dcn">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2012-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Country+Profiles+%E2%80%93+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fcountries%2F%3Fcountry%3Dcn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cn/cn-nbsap-v2-zh.pdf">"translation: China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Years 2011–2030"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cn/cn-nbsap-v2-zh.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2012-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=translation%3A+China+Biodiversity+Conservation+Strategy+and+Action+Plan.+Years+2011%E2%80%932030&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fdoc%2Fworld%2Fcn%2Fcn-nbsap-v2-zh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns">IUCN Initiatives – Mammals – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512150801/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/mammals/analysis/geographic-patterns">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IUCN. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Data does not include species in Taiwan.</li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm">Countries with the most bird species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152146/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03birds.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mongabay.com. 2004 data. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm">Countries with the most reptile species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216152129/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03reptiles.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mongabay.com. 2004 data. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns%23diversity">IUCN Initiatives – Amphibians – Analysis of Data – Geographic Patterns 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512145131/http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/amphibians/analysis/geographic-patterns">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. IUCN. Retrieved 24 April 2013. Data does not include species in Taiwan.</li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species">Top 20 countries with most endangered species IUCN Red List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424182826/http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/infographic-top-20-countries-with-most-endangered-species">Archived</a> 24 April 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm">"Nature Reserves"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115063105/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Brief/193257.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2013-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Internet+Information+Center&rft.atitle=Nature+Reserves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2FBrief%2F193257.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurvey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Turvey, Samuel (2013). "Holocene survival of Late Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a>. 76: 156–166. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013QSRv...76..156T">2013QSRv...76..156T</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2013.06.030">10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Holocene+survival+of+Late+Pleistocene+megafauna+in+China%3A+a+critical+review+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=156-166&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2013.06.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013QSRv...76..156T&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanderBrunson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lander, Brian; Brunson, Katherine (2018). "Wild Mammals of Ancient North China". The Journal of Chinese History. 2 (2). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 291–312. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252Fjch.2017.45">10.1017/jch.2017.45</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90662935">90662935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Wild+Mammals+of+Ancient+North+China&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-312&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2017.45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90662935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Brunson%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurvey2008" class="citation book cs1">Turvey, Samuel (2008). Witness to Extinction: How we failed to save the Yangtze River dolphin. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+to+Extinction%3A+How+we+failed+to+save+the+Yangtze+River+dolphin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm">Countries with the most vascular plant species</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112001508/http://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm">Archived</a> 12 January 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mongabay.com. 2004 data. Retrieved 24 April 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-rough_guide-173">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rough_guide_173-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rough_guide_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">China (3 ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rough_Guides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. 2003. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DdA_QbQiZkB4C%26pg%3DPA1213">1213</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-3019-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8435-3019-0"><bdi>978-1-8435-3019-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.pages=1213&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8435-3019-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics. John Wiley & Sons. 2013. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOeqjKhDml6wC%26pg%3DPA208">208</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1186-7981-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1186-7981-4"><bdi>978-1-1186-7981-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+Biology%3A+Voices+from+the+Tropics&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1186-7981-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ma2002-175"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ma2002_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaOrtalano2000" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Xiaoying; Ortalano, Leonard (2000). Environmental Regulation in China. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeQTbZRWgC74C%26pg%3DPA1">1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9399-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9399-3"><bdi>978-0-8476-9399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Regulation+in+China&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9399-3&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xiaoying&rft.au=Ortalano%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21545868">"China acknowledges 'cancer villages'"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321002451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21545868">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-21. Retrieved 2013-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+acknowledges+%27cancer+villages%27&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-21545868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoekov2012" class="citation news cs1">Soekov, Kimberley (28 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20114306">"Riot police and protesters clash over China chemical plant"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410202328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20114306">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Riot+police+and+protesters+clash+over+China+chemical+plant&rft.date=2012-10-28&rft.aulast=Soekov&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-20114306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chinapower.csis.org/air-quality">"Is air quality in China a social problem?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>. ChinaPower Project. 15 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326081416/https://chinapower.csis.org/air-quality">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-26. Retrieved 2020-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+air+quality+in+China+a+social+problem%3F&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinapower.csis.org%2Fair-quality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928165031/http://www.who.int/phe/publications/air-pollution-global-assessment/en/">"Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.who.int/phe/publications/air-pollution-global-assessment/en/">the original</a> on 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2018-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Ambient+air+pollution%3A+A+global+assessment+of+exposure+and+burden+of+disease&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fphe%2Fpublications%2Fair-pollution-global-assessment%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChestney2013" class="citation news cs1">Chestney, Nina (10 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iea-emissions-idUSBRE95908S20130610">"Global carbon emissions hit record high in 2012"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reuters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119111939/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/10/us-iea-emissions-idUSBRE95908S20130610">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Global+carbon+emissions+hit+record+high+in+2012&rft.date=2013-06-10&rft.aulast=Chestney&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iea-emissions-idUSBRE95908S20130610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-UCS-2020-181">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UCS-2020_181-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UCS-2020_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions">"Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a>. August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015184639/https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.atitle=Each+Country%27s+Share+of+CO2+Emissions&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fresources%2Feach-countrys-share-co2-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chinawaterrisk.org/resources/analysis-reviews/2023-state-of-ecology-environment-report-review/">"2023 State of Ecology & Environment Report Review"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China_Water_Risk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China Water Risk">China Water Risk</a>. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 2024-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Water+Risk&rft.atitle=2023+State+of+Ecology+%26+Environment+Report+Review&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinawaterrisk.org%2Fresources%2Fanalysis-reviews%2F2023-state-of-ecology-environment-report-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayaramKayMurtaugh2022" class="citation news cs1">Jayaram, Kripa; Kay, Chris; Murtaugh, Dan (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/china-s-clean-air-campaign-is-bringing-down-global-pollution">"China Reduced Air Pollution in 7 Years as Much as US Did in Three Decades"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bloomberg_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107054008/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-14/china-s-clean-air-campaign-is-bringing-down-global-pollution">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2024-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=China+Reduced+Air+Pollution+in+7+Years+as+Much+as+US+Did+in+Three+Decades&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.aulast=Jayaram&rft.aufirst=Kripa&rft.au=Kay%2C+Chris&rft.au=Murtaugh%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-06-14%2Fchina-s-clean-air-campaign-is-bringing-down-global-pollution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CAT-2020-184">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CAT-2020_184-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CAT-2020_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://climateactiontracker.org/press/china-carbon-neutral-before-2060-would-lower-warming-projections-by-around-2-to-3-tenths-of-a-degree">"China going carbon neutral before 2060 would lower warming projections by around 0.2 to 0.3 degrees C"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_Action_Tracker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate Action Tracker">Climate Action Tracker</a>. 23 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211205338/https://climateactiontracker.org/press/china-carbon-neutral-before-2060-would-lower-warming-projections-by-around-2-to-3-tenths-of-a-degree">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-11. Retrieved 2020-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Action+Tracker&rft.atitle=China+going+carbon+neutral+before+2060+would+lower+warming+projections+by+around+0.2+to+0.3+degrees+C&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateactiontracker.org%2Fpress%2Fchina-carbon-neutral-before-2060-would-lower-warming-projections-by-around-2-to-3-tenths-of-a-degree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Schonhardt-2023-185">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schonhardt-2023_185-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schonhardt-2023_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonhardt2023" class="citation news cs1">Schonhardt, Sara (30 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-invests-546-billion-in-clean-energy-far-surpassing-the-u-s/%23:~:text%3DThe%2520country%2520spent%2520%2524546%2520billion,billion%2520in%2520clean%2520energy%2520investments.">"China Invests $546 Billion in Clean Energy, Far Surpassing the U.S."</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_American?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519125528/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-invests-546-billion-in-clean-energy-far-surpassing-the-u-s/%23:~:text%3DThe%2520country%2520spent%2520%2524546%2520billion,billion%2520in%2520clean%2520energy%2520investments.">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-19. 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Retrieved 2018-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+to+plow+%24361+billion+into+renewable+fuel+by+2020&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Meng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-energy-renewables%2Fchina-to-plow-361-billion-into-renewable-fuel-by-2020-idUSKBN14P06P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2022" class="citation news cs1">Maguire, Gavin (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-track-hit-new-clean-dirty-power-records-2022-maguire-2022-11-23">"Column: China on track to hit new clean & dirty power records in 2022"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reuters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416175101/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/china-track-hit-new-clean-dirty-power-records-2022-maguire-2022-11-23">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Column%3A+China+on+track+to+hit+new+clean+%26+dirty+power+records+in+2022&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fchina-track-hit-new-clean-dirty-power-records-2022-maguire-2022-11-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/major-countries-and-regions">"Global Electricity Review 2024: Analysis of key power sector emitters in 2023"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ember_(non-profit_organisation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ember (non-profit organisation)">Ember</a>. 8 May 2024. 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Retrieved 2022-08-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decoding+China&rft.atitle=Democracy&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecodingchina.eu%2Fdemocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingen2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stein_Ringen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stein Ringen">Ringen, Stein</a> (2016). The Perfect Dictatorship: China in the 21st Century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8882-0893-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8882-0893-7"><bdi>978-9-8882-0893-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Dictatorship%3A+China+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-8882-0893-7&rft.aulast=Ringen&rft.aufirst=Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianXiaoMozurCardia2022" class="citation news cs1">Qian, Isabelle; Xiao, Muyi; Mozur, Paul; Cardia, Alexander (21 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/world/asia/china-surveillance-investigation.html">"Four Takeaways From a Times Investigation Into China's Expanding Surveillance State"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116110333/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/world/asia/china-surveillance-investigation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2022-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Takeaways+From+a+Times+Investigation+Into+China%27s+Expanding+Surveillance+State&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Muyi&rft.au=Mozur%2C+Paul&rft.au=Cardia%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-surveillance-investigation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-freedomhouse-209">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-freedomhouse_209-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-freedomhouse_209-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-freedomhouse_209-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://freedomhouse.org/country/china/freedom-world/2024">"Freedom in the World 2024: China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2024%3A+China&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fchina%2Ffreedom-world%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/02/14/four-lessons-from-the-2023-democracy-index">"Where democracy is most at risk"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Economist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 14 February 2024. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214222019/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2024/02/14/four-lessons-from-the-2023-democracy-index">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-14. Retrieved 2024-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Where+democracy+is+most+at+risk&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fgraphic-detail%2F2024%2F02%2F14%2Ffour-lessons-from-the-2023-democracy-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3881-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3881-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-3881-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3881-5&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ruwitch-2022-212">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ruwitch-2022_212-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ruwitch-2022_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuwitch2022" class="citation news cs1">Ruwitch, John (13 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/13/1124553497/china-communist-party-congress-xi-jinping">"China's major party congress is set to grant Xi Jinping a 3rd term. And that's not all"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NPR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014193045/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/13/1124553497/china-communist-party-congress-xi-jinping">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=China%27s+major+party+congress+is+set+to+grant+Xi+Jinping+a+3rd+term.+And+that%27s+not+all&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft.aulast=Ruwitch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F10%2F13%2F1124553497%2Fchina-communist-party-congress-xi-jinping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2017" class="citation news cs1">Hernández, Javier C. (25 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025074641/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html">"China's 'Chairman of Everything': Behind Xi Jinping's Many Titles"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html">the original</a> on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2020-01-14. <q>Mr. Xi's most important title is general secretary, the most powerful position in the Communist Party. In China's one party system, this ranking gives him virtually unchecked authority over the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+%27Chairman+of+Everything%27%3A+Behind+Xi+Jinping%27s+Many+Titles&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Javier+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PhillipsGuardian2-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PhillipsGuardian2_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2017" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution">"Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024053607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2017-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+becomes+most+powerful+leader+since+Mao+with+China%27s+change+to+constitution&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F24%2Fxi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceLee2021" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Susan V.; Lee, Mari Y. (24 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46977">"China's Political System in Charts: A Snapshot Before the 20th Party Congress"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616104006/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46977">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2022-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=China%27s+Political+System+in+Charts%3A+A+Snapshot+Before+the+20th+Party+Congress&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Susan+V.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mari+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FR%2FR46977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:12-216">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_216-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2021" class="citation news cs1">Ma, Josephine (17 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3133672/why-chinas-communist-party-inseparable-state">"Party-state relations under China's Communist Party: separation of powers, control over government and reforms"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528070726/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3133672/why-chinas-communist-party-inseparable-state">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Party-state+relations+under+China%27s+Communist+Party%3A+separation+of+powers%2C+control+over+government+and+reforms&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3133672%2Fwhy-chinas-communist-party-inseparable-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2009-217">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_News-2009_217-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_News-2009_217-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/7.stm">"How China is Ruled: National People's Congress"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413113056/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/7.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2009-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+China+is+Ruled%3A+National+People%27s+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2Fchina_politics%2Fgovernment%2Fhtml%2F7.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-2021-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HRW-2021_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/china/china009-01.htm">"China: Nipped In The Bud – Background"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135228/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/china/china009-01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=China%3A+Nipped+In+The+Bud+%E2%80%93+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2000%2Fchina%2Fchina009-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiezzi2021" class="citation news cs1">Tiezzi, Shannon (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/what-is-the-cppcc-anyway">"What Is the CPPCC Anyway?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Diplomat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328020922/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/what-is-the-cppcc-anyway">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-28. Retrieved 2022-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+CPPCC+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.aulast=Tiezzi&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F03%2Fwhat-is-the-cppcc-anyway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-220">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_220-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_220-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_220-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_220-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_220-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keyu_Jin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keyu Jin">Jin, Keyu</a> (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. Viking. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1"><bdi>978-1-9848-7828-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+China+Playbook%3A+Beyond+Socialism+and+Capitalism&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Keyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Heilmann">Heilmann, Sebastian</a> (2018). Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press">The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-6299-6827-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-6299-6827-4"><bdi>978-9-6299-6827-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Swan%3A+How+Unorthodox+Policy-Making+Facilitated+China%27s+Rise&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-6299-6827-4&rft.aulast=Heilmann&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:44-222">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:44_222-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:44_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrussee2023" class="citation book cs1">Brussee, Vincent (2023). Social Credit: The Warring States of China's Emerging Data Empire. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-8199-2188-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-8199-2188-1"><bdi>978-9-8199-2188-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Credit%3A+The+Warring+States+of+China%27s+Emerging+Data+Empire&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-9-8199-2188-1&rft.aulast=Brussee&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873401.htm">"Administrative Division"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>. 26 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709144054/http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/china_abc/2014/08/27/content_281474983873401.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2022-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=Administrative+Division&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.www.gov.cn%2Farchive%2Fchina_abc%2F2014%2F08%2F27%2Fcontent_281474983873401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2015" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Bi-yu (2015). Place, Identity, and National Imagination in Post-war Taiwan. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhgaUBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D9781317658122%26pg%3DPA58">35–40, 46–60</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3176-5812-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3176-5812-2"><bdi>978-1-3176-5812-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place%2C+Identity%2C+and+National+Imagination+in+Post-war+Taiwan&rft.pages=35-40%2C+46-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3176-5812-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Bi-yu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2013-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brown2013_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Kerry (2013). Contemporary China. Macmillan International Higher Education – University of Sydney. p. 7. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1372-8159-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1372-8159-3"><bdi>978-1-1372-8159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education+%E2%80%93+University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1372-8159-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_ranking">"Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lowy_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225223052/https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Global+Diplomacy+Index+%E2%80%93+Country+Rank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountry_ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_r-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ref_r_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2004" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Eddy (22 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806100002/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/08/22/2003199768">"Perseverance will pay off at the UN"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Taipei_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Taipei Times">The Taipei Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/08/22/2003199768">the original</a> on 2007-08-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Perseverance+will+pay+off+at+the+UN&rft.date=2004-08-22&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Feditorials%2Farchives%2F2004%2F08%2F22%2F2003199768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.g20.org/en/about-g20">"About G20"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G20">G20</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825160730/https://www.g20.org/en/about-g20">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G20&rft.atitle=About+G20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.g20.org%2Fen%2Fabout-g20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/world/riyadh-joins-shanghai-cooperation-organization-ties-with-beijing-grow-2023-03-29">"Riyadh joins Shanghai Cooperation Organization as ties with Beijing grow"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reuters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 29 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011070851/https://www.reuters.com/world/riyadh-joins-shanghai-cooperation-organization-ties-with-beijing-grow-2023-03-29">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Riyadh+joins+Shanghai+Cooperation+Organization+as+ties+with+Beijing+grow&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Friyadh-joins-shanghai-cooperation-organization-ties-with-beijing-grow-2023-03-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13076229">"Bric summit ends in China with plea for more influence"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225211238/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13076229">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2011-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bric+summit+ends+in+China+with+plea+for+more+influence&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-13076229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eastasiasummit.asean.org/eas-participating-country">"EAS Participating Countries"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Asia_Summit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923192301/https://eastasiasummit.asean.org/eas-participating-country">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-07-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Summit&rft.atitle=EAS+Participating+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastasiasummit.asean.org%2Feas-participating-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec">"About APEC"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>. September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321185610/https://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-21. 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Retrieved 2019-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=China+says+communication+with+other+developing+countries+at+Copenhagen+summit+transparent&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90883%2F6847341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Drun-2017-235">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Drun-2017_235-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Drun-2017_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrun2017" class="citation web cs1">Drun, Jessica (28 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2017/12/29/one-china-multiple-interpretations">"One China, Multiple Interpretations"</a>. 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Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=China+says+US+arms+sales+to+Taiwan+could+threaten+wider+relations&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fchina-says-us-arms-sales-to-taiwan-could-threaten-wider-relations-pl2j2pdn667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2021" class="citation news cs1">Hale, Erin (25 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on">"Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190345/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Taiwan+taps+on+United+Nations%27+door%2C+50+years+after+departure&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F25%2Fchinas-un-seat-50-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Keith-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Keith_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Ronald C. China from the inside out – fitting the People's republic into the world. 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+University+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=China%27s+Human+Rights+Footprint+in+Africa&rft.pages=628+and+638&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.au=Timothy+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.case.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1619%26context%3Dfaculty_publications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2012" class="citation news cs1">Martel, William C. (29 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045110/https://thediplomat.com/2012/06/an-authoritarian-axis-rising">"An Authoritarian Axis Rising?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Diplomat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thediplomat.com/2012/06/an-authoritarian-axis-rising">the original</a> on 2013-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=An+Authoritarian+Axis+Rising%3F&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fan-authoritarian-axis-rising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Siow2021" class="citation web cs1">Maria Siow (27 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3127236/could-myanmars-ethnic-armed-groups-turn-tide-against-junta">"Could Myanmar's ethnic armed groups turn the tide against the junta, with a little help from Beijing?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20231127152703/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3127236/could-myanmars-ethnic-armed-groups-turn-tide-against-junta">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Could+Myanmar%27s+ethnic+armed+groups+turn+the+tide+against+the+junta%2C+with+a+little+help+from+Beijing%3F&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft.au=Maria+Siow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3127236%2Fcould-myanmars-ethnic-armed-groups-turn-tide-against-junta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVID_BREWSTER2022" class="citation web cs1">DAVID BREWSTER (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-india-bangladesh-could-be-drawn-myanmar-s-conflict">"How China, India and Bangladesh could be drawn into Myanmar's conflict"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lowy_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224140842/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-india-bangladesh-could-be-drawn-myanmar-s-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-24. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=How+China%2C+India+and+Bangladesh+could+be+drawn+into+Myanmar%27s+conflict&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft.au=DAVID+BREWSTER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fhow-china-india-bangladesh-could-be-drawn-myanmar-s-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2022" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Helen (16 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/16/how-close-are-china-and-russia-and-where-does-beijing-stand-on-ukraine">"How close are China and Russia and where does Beijing stand on Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322172321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/16/how-close-are-china-and-russia-and-where-does-beijing-stand-on-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2023-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+close+are+China+and+Russia+and+where+does+Beijing+stand+on+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F16%2Fhow-close-are-china-and-russia-and-where-does-beijing-stand-on-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18327632">"Energy to dominate Russia President Putin's China visit"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214152040/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-18327632">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-14. 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The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/middleeast/russia-and-china-veto-un-sanctions-against-syria.html">the original</a> on 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2012-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Friction+at+the+U.N.+as+Russia+and+China+Veto+Another+Resolution+on+Syria+Sanctions&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F20%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Frussia-and-china-veto-un-sanctions-against-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21911842">"Xi Jinping: Russia-China ties 'guarantee world peace'"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120144520/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-21911842">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-20. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8436">the original</a> on 2007-07-15. 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Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002082249/https://qz.com/1973067/china-dethroned-the-us-as-europes-top-trade-partner-in-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2021-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=China+dethroned+the+US+as+Europe%27s+top+trade+partner+in+2020&rft.date=2021-02-15&rft.aulast=Timsit&rft.aufirst=Annabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1973067%2Fchina-dethroned-the-us-as-europes-top-trade-partner-in-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2023" class="citation web cs1">Wolff, Stefan (24 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theconversation.com/how-china-is-increasing-its-influence-in-central-asia-as-part-of-global-plans-to-offer-an-alternative-to-the-west-206035">"How China is increasing its influence in central Asia as part of global plans to offer an alternative to the west"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303040833/http://theconversation.com/how-china-is-increasing-its-influence-in-central-asia-as-part-of-global-plans-to-offer-an-alternative-to-the-west-206035">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=How+China+is+increasing+its+influence+in+central+Asia+as+part+of+global+plans+to+offer+an+alternative+to+the+west&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-china-is-increasing-its-influence-in-central-asia-as-part-of-global-plans-to-offer-an-alternative-to-the-west-206035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_GreeneChristoph_Bluth2024" class="citation web cs1">Owen Greene; Christoph Bluth (9 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theconversation.com/chinas-increasing-political-influence-in-the-south-pacific-has-sparked-an-international-response-222105">"China's increasing political influence in the south Pacific has sparked an international response"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303175200/https://theconversation.com/chinas-increasing-political-influence-in-the-south-pacific-has-sparked-an-international-response-222105">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=China%27s+increasing+political+influence+in+the+south+Pacific+has+sparked+an+international+response&rft.date=2024-02-09&rft.au=Owen+Greene&rft.au=Christoph+Bluth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fchinas-increasing-political-influence-in-the-south-pacific-has-sparked-an-international-response-222105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ASYB_2022_423.pdf">"ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2022"</a> (PDF). ASEAN. December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516144951/https://www.aseanstats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ASYB_2022_423.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-16. Retrieved 2023-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASEAN&rft.atitle=ASEAN+Statistical+Yearbook+2022&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aseanstats.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F04%2FASYB_2022_423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence">"The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes"</a>. Time. 4 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123844/https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america-influence">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2021-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+and+China+Are+Battling+for+Influence+in+Latin+America%2C+and+the+Pandemic+Has+Raised+the+Stakes&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5936037%2Fus-china-latin-america-influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2020" class="citation news cs1">Garrison, Cassandra (14 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-usa-china-insight/in-latin-america-a-biden-white-house-faces-a-rising-china-idUSKBN28O18R">"In Latin America, a Biden White House faces a rising China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reuters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108025932/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-latam-usa-china-insight/in-latin-america-a-biden-white-house-faces-a-rising-china-idUSKBN28O18R">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2021-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+Latin+America%2C+a+Biden+White+House+faces+a+rising+China&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-latam-usa-china-insight%2Fin-latin-america-a-biden-white-house-faces-a-rising-china-idUSKBN28O18R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollar2020" class="citation web cs1">Dollar, David (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/10/01/seven-years-into-chinas-belt-and-road">"Seven years into China's Belt and Road"</a>. Brookings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530150820/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/10/01/seven-years-into-chinas-belt-and-road">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2020-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Seven+years+into+China%27s+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2020-10&rft.aulast=Dollar&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Forder-from-chaos%2F2020%2F10%2F01%2Fseven-years-into-chinas-belt-and-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai" class="citation web cs1">Cai, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative">"Understanding China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lowy_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901063800/http://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2020-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Understanding+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fpublications%2Funderstanding-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyngeSun2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Kynge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Kynge">Kynge, James</a>; Sun, Yu (30 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5a3192be-27c6-4fe7-87e7-78d4158bd39b">"China faces wave of calls for debt relief on 'Belt and Road' projects"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ft.com/content/5a3192be-27c6-4fe7-87e7-78d4158bd39b">the original</a> on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+faces+wave+of+calls+for+debt+relief+on+%27Belt+and+Road%27+projects&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Kynge&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5a3192be-27c6-4fe7-87e7-78d4158bd39b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadman2007" class="citation book cs1">Broadman, Harry G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7186">Africa's Silk Road: China and India's New Economic Frontier</a>. World Bank. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10986%252F7186">10986/7186</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6835-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6835-0"><bdi>978-0-8213-6835-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160049/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ba2454cc-7c86-58e3-b0ad-c9b0968b70eb">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-28. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Silk+Road%3A+China+and+India%27s+New+Economic+Frontier&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F7186&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-6835-0&rft.aulast=Broadman&rft.aufirst=Harry+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10986%2F7186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf_D._HartmannWolfgang_MaennigRun_Wang2017" class="citation book cs1">Wolf D. Hartmann; Wolfgang Maennig; Run Wang (2017). Chinas neue Seidenstraße Kooperation statt Isolation - der Rollentausch im Welthandel. Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch. p. 59. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9560-1224-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9560-1224-2"><bdi>978-3-9560-1224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinas+neue+Seidenstra%C3%9Fe+Kooperation+statt+Isolation+-+der+Rollentausch+im+Welthandel&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Buch&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-9560-1224-2&rft.au=Wolf+D.+Hartmann&rft.au=Wolfgang+Maennig&rft.au=Run+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernig2018" class="citation book cs1">Hernig, Marcus (2018). Die Renaissance der Seidenstrasse : der Weg des chinesischen Drachens ins Herz Europas. FinanzBuch Verlag (FBV). p. 112. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9597-2138-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9597-2138-7"><bdi>978-3-9597-2138-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Renaissance+der+Seidenstrasse+%3A+der+Weg+des+chinesischen+Drachens+ins+Herz+Europas&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=FinanzBuch+Verlag+%28FBV%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-9597-2138-7&rft.aulast=Hernig&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Wilt2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Wilt, Harry (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024445/https://www.worldcargonews.com/news/news/is-one-belt-one-road-a-china-crisis-for-north-sea-main-ports-63544">"Is 'One Belt, One Road' a China Crisis for North Sea Main Ports?"</a>. World Cargo News. 17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcargonews.com/news/news/is-one-belt-one-road-a-china-crisis-for-north-sea-main-ports-63544">the original</a> on 2023-10-18. Retrieved 2023-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Cargo+News&rft.atitle=Is+%27One+Belt%2C+One+Road%27+a+China+Crisis+for+North+Sea+Main+Ports%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.aulast=de+Wilt&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcargonews.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fis-one-belt-one-road-a-china-crisis-for-north-sea-main-ports-63544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantevecchi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Santevecchi, Guido (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.informazione.it/a/F44F3D8B-F9F0-4058-B30F-8799E0A22A01/Di-Maio-e-la-Via-della-Seta-Faremo-i-conti-nel-2020-siglato-accordo-su-Trieste">"Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste"</a>. Corriere della Sera. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024550/https://www.informazione.it/a/F44F3D8B-F9F0-4058-B30F-8799E0A22A01/Di-Maio-e-la-Via-della-Seta-Faremo-i-conti-nel-2020-siglato-accordo-su-Trieste">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-18. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810040902/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/05/china/china-world-biggest-navy-intl-hnk-ml-dst/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2022-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+China+has+built+the+world%27s+largest+navy.+Now+what%27s+Beijing+going+to+do+with+it%3F&rft.date=2021-03-06&rft.aulast=Lendon&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fchina%2Fchina-world-biggest-navy-intl-hnk-ml-dst%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI-20202-270"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-SIPRI-20202_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf%23page%3D2">"Trends in Military Expenditure 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515230851/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf%23page%3D2">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-15. 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Retrieved 2022-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Society&rft.atitle=What+China%27s+New+Central+Military+Commission+Tells+Us+About+Xi%27s+Military+Strategy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Fpolicy-institute%2Fwhat-chinas-new-central-military-commission-tells-us-about-xis-military-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty-2023-273">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Amnesty-2023_273-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Amnesty-2023_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/east-asia/china">"China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515180810/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/east-asia/china">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flocation%2Fasia-and-the-pacific%2Feast-asia%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-books.google-274"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-books.google_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorman2008" class="citation book cs1">Sorman, Guy (2008). Empire of Lies: The Truth About China in the Twenty-First Century. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encounter_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaRaLevXMZf4C%26pg%3DPA46">46, 152</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5940-3284-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5940-3284-4"><bdi>978-1-5940-3284-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Lies%3A+The+Truth+About+China+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=46%2C+152&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-5940-3284-4&rft.aulast=Sorman&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/china-and-tibet">"China: Events of 2021"</a>. World Report 2022: China. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517074437/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/china-and-tibet">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%3A+Events+of+2021&rft.btitle=World+Report+2022%3A+China&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2022%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fchina-and-tibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-beijing-lgbt-center-rcna85528">"For China's LGBTQ community, safe spaces are becoming harder to find"</a>. NBC News. 13 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119214528/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-beijing-lgbt-center-rcna85528">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+China%27s+LGBTQ+community%2C+safe+spaces+are+becoming+harder+to+find&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fchina-beijing-lgbt-center-rcna85528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingPanRoberts2013" class="citation journal cs1">King, Gary; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E. (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/censored.pdf">"How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression"</a> (PDF). American Political Science Review. 107 (2): 326–343. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0003055413000014">10.1017/S0003055413000014</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53577293">53577293</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/censored.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2015-03-06. <q>Our central theoretical finding is that, contrary to much research and commentary, the purpose of the censorship program is not to suppress criticism of the state or the Communist Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=How+Censorship+in+China+Allows+Government+Criticism+but+Silences+Collective+Expression&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-343&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055413000014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53577293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Pan%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Margaret+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgking.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fgking%2Ffiles%2Fcensored.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://freedomhouse.org/country/china/freedom-net/2022">"Freedom on the Net: 2022"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123114002/https://freedomhouse.org/country/china/freedom-net/2022">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Freedom+on+the+Net%3A+2022&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fchina%2Ffreedom-net%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-279">^</a> Christian Göbel and Lynette H. Ong, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/1012ecran_gobelong.pdf">"Social unrest in China." 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Four+Takeaways+From+a+Times+Investigation+Into+China%27s+Expanding+Surveillance+State&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Muyi&rft.au=Mozur%2C+Paul&rft.au=Cardia%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-surveillance-investigation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2021-281"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_News-2021_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215">"Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20210208184814/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uighurs%3A+%27Credible+case%27+China+carrying+out+genocide&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-55973215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Morcom2018" class="citation journal cs1">Anna Morcom (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2348%26context%3Dhimalaya">"The Political Potency of Tibetan Identity in Pop Music and Dunglen"</a>. Himalaya. 38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002090307/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2348%26context%3Dhimalaya">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-02. Retrieved 2021-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalaya&rft.atitle=The+Political+Potency+of+Tibetan+Identity+in+Pop+Music+and+Dunglen&rft.volume=38&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Anna+Morcom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2348%26context%3Dhimalaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15617026">"Dalai Lama hits out over burnings"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 7 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103141911/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15617026">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-03. 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Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Technologically+Sophisticated+Genocide+Is+Happening+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Asat&rft.aufirst=Rayhan&rft.au=Yonah+Diamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2Fuighur-genocide-xinjiang-china-surveillance-sterilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton2013" class="citation news cs1">Hatton, Celia (27 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23081653">"China 'moves two million Tibetans'"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229053404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23081653">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-29. Retrieved 2013-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+%27moves+two+million+Tibetans%27&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-23081653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23112177">"Fresh unrest hits China's Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120125125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23112177">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2013-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fresh+unrest+hits+China%27s+Xinjiang&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-23112177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-Harrison-2019-287"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Graham-Harrison-2019_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-HarrisonGarside2019" class="citation news cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma; Garside, Juliette (24 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/china-cables-leak-no-escapes-reality-china-uighur-prison-camp">"'Allow no escapes': leak exposes reality of China's vast prison camp network"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314114513/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/china-cables-leak-no-escapes-reality-china-uighur-prison-camp">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-14. Retrieved 2020-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Allow+no+escapes%27%3A+leak+exposes+reality+of+China%27s+vast+prison+camp+network&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Garside%2C+Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F24%2Fchina-cables-leak-no-escapes-reality-china-uighur-prison-camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Khatchadourian-2021-288"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Khatchadourian-2021_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatchadourian2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Khatchadourian, Raffi (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang">"Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_Yorker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20210410193233/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/12/surviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2023-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+Crackdown+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Khatchadourian&rft.aufirst=Raffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F04%2F12%2Fsurviving-the-crackdown-in-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/04/887239225/china-suppression-of-uighur-minorities-meets-u-n-definition-of-genocide-report-s">"China Suppression Of Uighur Minorities Meets U.N. 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Retrieved 2022-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Says+China+May+Have+Committed+%27Crimes+Against+Humanity%27+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Cumming-Bruce&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Ramzy%2C+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F31%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fun-china-xinjiang-uyghurs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838">"Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528153554/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2022-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+national+security+law%3A+What+is+it+and+is+it+worrying%3F&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-52765838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2019/07/15/middle-east-still-home-to-highest-levels-of-restrictions-on-religion-although-levels-have-declined-since-2016">"3. Middle East still home to highest levels of restrictions on religion, although levels have declined since 2016"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 15 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106181144/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2019/07/15/middle-east-still-home-to-highest-levels-of-restrictions-on-religion-although-levels-have-declined-since-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=3.+Middle+East+still+home+to+highest+levels+of+restrictions+on+religion%2C+although+levels+have+declined+since+2016&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2019%2F07%2F15%2Fmiddle-east-still-home-to-highest-levels-of-restrictions-on-religion-although-levels-have-declined-since-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/11/29/small-changes-in-median-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-in-2020">"3. Small changes in median scores for government restrictions, social hostilities involving religion in 2020"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 29 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106181143/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/11/29/small-changes-in-median-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-in-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-06. Retrieved 2024-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=3.+Small+changes+in+median+scores+for+government+restrictions%2C+social+hostilities+involving+religion+in+2020&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2022%2F11%2F29%2Fsmall-changes-in-median-scores-for-government-restrictions-social-hostilities-involving-religion-in-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706152456/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/china/">"China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a>. 2016. 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Retrieved 2018-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Slavery+Index&rft.atitle=China&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2Fcountry%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://laogairesearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/33-Laogai-Handbook-2007-08.pdf">"Laogai Handbook: 2007–2008"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laogai_Research_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laogai Research Foundation">Laogai Research Foundation</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225055906/https://laogairesearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/33-Laogai-Handbook-2007-08.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2024-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laogai+Research+Foundation&rft.atitle=Laogai+Handbook%3A+2007%E2%80%932008&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaogairesearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2F33-Laogai-Handbook-2007-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060248/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-52919430.html">"China sounds alarm over fast growing gap between rich and poor"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 11 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-52919430.html">the original</a> on 2014-06-10. Retrieved 2013-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+sounds+alarm+over+fast+growing+gap+between+rich+and+poor&rft.date=2002-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-52919430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy. Stanford University Press. p. 163. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollewe2011" class="citation news cs1">Kollewe, Justin McCurry Julia (14 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/14/china-second-largest-economy">"China overtakes Japan as world's second-largest economy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719223048/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/14/china-second-largest-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2019-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+overtakes+Japan+as+world%27s+second-largest+economy&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft.aulast=Kollewe&rft.aufirst=Justin+McCurry+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fchina-second-largest-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">"GDP PPP (World Bank)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072932/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?locations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2019-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+PPP+%28World+Bank%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD%3Flocations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-2023-300"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF-2023_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413194731/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2023&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview">"Overview"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930014300/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchina%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end%3D2016%26locations%3DCN%26start%3D1961%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">"GDP growth (annual %) – China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531173009/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end%3D2016%26locations%3DCN%26start%3D1961%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2018-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+growth+%28annual+%25%29+%E2%80%93+China&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG%3Fend%3D2016%26locations%3DCN%26start%3D1961%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations%3DCN">"GDP (current US$) – China"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906052638/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations%3DCN">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2023-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29+%E2%80%93+China&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Flocations%3DCN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">"GDP PPP (World Bank)"</a>. World Bank. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902074129/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2019-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+PPP+%28World+Bank%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD%3Flocations%3DCN-US%26start%3D2000%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500">"Global 500"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_Global_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116163740/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-16. Retrieved 2023-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune+Global+500&rft.atitle=Global+500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Franking%2Fglobal500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-306"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-6690-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-6690-0"><bdi>978-0-3002-6690-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=978-0-3002-6690-0&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angus_Maddison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 379. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-4758-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-4758-1"><bdi>978-0-1916-4758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contours+of+the+World+Economy+1%E2%80%932030+AD%3A+Essays+in+Macro-Economic+History&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1916-4758-1&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf">"Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Development Centre Studies"</a> (PDF). p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. 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Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=China+lifting+800+million+people+out+of+poverty+is+historic%3A+World+Bank&rft.date=2017-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Finternational%2Fchina-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead. World Bank Publications. 2022. p. ix. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1878-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1878-3"><bdi>978-1-4648-1878-3</bdi></a>. <q>By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Decades+of+Poverty+Reduction+in+China%3A+Drivers%2C+Insights+for+the+World%2C+and+the+Way+Ahead&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1878-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chinapower.csis.org/poverty">"Is China Succeeding at Eradicating Poverty?"</a>. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Announces+Plan+to+Land+Astronauts+on+Moon+by+2030&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-space-moon-2030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AJ-06Mar2022-401"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AJ-06Mar2022_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew (6 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.space.com/china-reusable-rockets-for-astronaut-launches">"China wants its new rocket for astronaut launches to be reusable"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Space.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=spacenews.com&rft.atitle=China+sets+out+preliminary+crewed+lunar+landing+plan&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchina-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-AJ_FI-20230425-403"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AJ_FI-20230425_403-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2023" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andrew [@AJ_FI] (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://x.com/AJ_FI/status/1650832520978526208">"China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. 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JMP (WHO and UNICEF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-Update-report-2015_English.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. 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Retrieved 2022-05-31. <q>Chengdu and Chongqing are now two of the only four cities (the other two are Beijing and Shanghai) in China with populations of more than 20 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=global.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=China%27s+inland+rides+waves+of+innovation%2C+new+opportunities&rft.au=%E5%AD%99%E8%BF%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F202205%2F27%2FWS62902a26a310fd2b29e5f516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Demographia2013-472"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Demographia2013_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemographia2013" class="citation book cs1">Demographia (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501024602/http://demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">Demographia World Urban Areas</a> (PDF) (9th ed.). 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Chongqing News. 28 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cq.cqnews.net/html/2016-01/28/content_36292655.htm">the original</a> on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E5%B8%B8%E4%BD%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A33016.55%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA+%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%AD%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E6%80%81%E5%8A%BF&rft.pub=Chongqing+News&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcq.cqnews.net%2Fhtml%2F2016-01%2F28%2Fcontent_36292655.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_abce-475"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ref_abce_475-0">^</a> Francesco Sisci. "China's floating population a headache for census". 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Retrieved 2023-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+China%27s+Ethnic+Groups&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft.aulast=Lilly&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F08%2FAR2009070802718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chinasgeographyg0000unse">China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman & Littlefield Publishers">Rowman & Littlefield Publishers</a>. 2011. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/chinasgeographyg0000unse/page/102">102</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6784-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6784-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-6784-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Geography%3A+Globalization+and+the+Dynamics+of+Political%2C+Economic%2C+and+Social+Change&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6784-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasgeographyg0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDruijvenStrijker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Bo; Druijven, Peter; Strijker, Dirk (17 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08873631.2017.1375779">"A tale of three cities: negotiating ethnic identity and acculturation in northwest China"</a>. Journal of Cultural Geography. 35 (1). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Groningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>: 44–74. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F08873631.2017.1375779">10.1080/08873631.2017.1375779</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-3631">0887-3631</a>. <q>The major Muslim groups in Linxia are the Hui and the Dongxiang, accounting for 31.6% and 26.0% of the population, respectively, while the Han group makes up 39.7% (The Sixth National Census).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Geography&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+three+cities%3A+negotiating+ethnic+identity+and+acculturation+in+northwest+China&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-74&rft.date=2017-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2017.1375779&rft.issn=0887-3631&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Druijven%2C+Peter&rft.au=Strijker%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2017.1375779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cases.open.ubc.ca/ecosystem-services-and-management-of-long-forest-created-by-dai-indigenous-people-in-xishuangbanna-china">"Ecosystem services and management of Long Forest created by Dai Indigenous People in Xishuangbanna, China"</a>. Open Case Studies. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. Retrieved 2024-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Case+Studies&rft.atitle=Ecosystem+services+and+management+of+Long+Forest+created+by+Dai+Indigenous+People+in+Xishuangbanna%2C+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcases.open.ubc.ca%2Fecosystem-services-and-management-of-long-forest-created-by-dai-indigenous-people-in-xishuangbanna-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817193.html">"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 8)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 11 May 2021. 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Retrieved 2013-06-21. <q>For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+the+Standard+Spoken+and+Written+Chinese+Language+%28Order+of+the+President+No.+37%29&rft.pub=Central+People%27s+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Flaws%2F2005-09%2F19%2Fcontent_64906.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. 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East-West Center Washington. pp. 43–44. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9327-2828-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9327-2828-6"><bdi>978-1-9327-2828-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Xinjiang+Conflict%3A+Uyghur+Identity%2C+Language+Policy%2C+and+Political+Discourse&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=East-West+Center+Washington&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-9327-2828-6&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-map1-494"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-map1_494-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumortier2002" class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumortier, Brigitte (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135523/http://img.webme.com/pic/g/geographie-ville-en-guerre/religions-chine.jpg">"Religions en Chine"</a> (Map). Atlas des religions. Croyances, pratiques et territoires. Atlas/Monde (in French). Autrement. p. 34. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7467-0264-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/2-7467-0264-9"><bdi>2-7467-0264-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://img.webme.com/pic/g/geographie-ville-en-guerre/religions-chine.jpg">the original</a> on 2017-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religions+en+Chine&rft.btitle=Atlas+des+religions.+Croyances%2C+pratiques+et+territoires&rft.series=Atlas%2FMonde&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Autrement&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2-7467-0264-9&rft.aulast=Dumortier&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.webme.com%2Fpic%2Fg%2Fgeographie-ville-en-guerre%2Freligions-chine.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-map2-495"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-map2_495-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135600/http://cybergeo.revues.org/docannexe/image/23808/img-3.jpg">"Religions in China"</a> (Map). Narody Vostochnoi Asii [Ethnic Groups of East Asia]. 1965. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135641/http://refbook.img.cnki.net/CRFDPIC/r200608092/r200608092.006.76507a.jpg">"Religions in China"</a> (Map). <bdi lang="zh">中国少数民族史大辞典</bdi> [Chinese Dictionary of Minorities' History] (in Chinese). Jilin Education Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://refbook.img.cnki.net/CRFDPIC/r200608092/r200608092.006.76507a.jpg">the original</a> on 2017-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religions+in+China&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=Jilin+Education+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frefbook.img.cnki.net%2FCRFDPIC%2Fr200608092%2Fr200608092.006.76507a.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-map4-497"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-map4_497-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYinLiGuo1991" class="citation map cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Xin Haishan (殷海山); Li Yaozong (李耀宗); Guo Jie (郭洁), eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135713/http://refbook.img.cnki.net/CRFDPIC/r200606014/r200606014.0652.288333.jpg">"Religions in China"</a> (Map). <bdi lang="zh">中国少数民族艺术词典</bdi> [Chinese Minorities' Arts Dictionary] (in Chinese). National Publishing House (民族出版社). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://refbook.img.cnki.net/CRFDPIC/r200606014/r200606014.0652.288333.jpg">the original</a> on 2017-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religions+in+China&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=National+Publishing+House+%28%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%29&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frefbook.img.cnki.net%2FCRFDPIC%2Fr200606014%2Fr200606014.0652.288333.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sara.gov.cn/"><bdi lang="zh">国家宗教事务局</bdi></a> [National Religious Affairs Administration] (in Chinese). Chinese Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E5%B1%80&rft.pub=Chinese+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sara.gov.cn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Yao2011-499">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yao2011_499-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yao2011_499-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYao2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xinzhong_Yao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xinzhong Yao">Yao, Xinzhong</a> (2010). Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. pp. 9–11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8470-6475-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8470-6475-2"><bdi>978-1-8470-6475-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religion%3A+A+Contextual+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-8470-6475-2&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Xinzhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James (2006). Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9626-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9626-8"><bdi>978-1-8510-9626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religions+in+Contemporary+Societies&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-8510-9626-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-501">^</a> Tam Wai Lun, "Local Religion in Contemporary China", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXie2006" class="citation book cs1">Xie, Zhibin (2006). Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf">"The Spirits of Chinese Religion"</a> (PDF). In Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (ed.). Religions of China in Practice. 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Extracts in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm">The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Laliberte2011-503">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Laliberte2011_503-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Laliberte2011_503-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaliberté2011" class="citation journal cs1">Laliberté, André (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jcca/article/view/415/413">"Religion and the State in China: The Limits of Institutionalization"</a>. 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"Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China". In Dikötter, Frank (ed.). The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. 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Retrieved 2024-02-23. <q>Bedanya lagi, Yugur memeluk agama Buddha Tibet, sedangkan Uighur beragama Islam. 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Retrieved 2011-11-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=China%3A+Folk+and+Variety+Arts&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bcn0138%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-564"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-564">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2013" class="citation news cs1">Kuo, Lily (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514072402/http://qz.com/62717/why-china-is-letting-django-unchained-slip-through-its-censorship-regime/">"Why China is letting 'Django Unchained' slip through its censorship regime"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartz_(publication)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://qz.com/62717/why-china-is-letting-django-unchained-slip-through-its-censorship-regime/">the original</a> on 2013-05-14. 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Retrieved 2012-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London2012.com&rft.atitle=Medal+Count&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london2012.com%2Fparalympics%2Fmedals%2Fmedal-count%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-608"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-608">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/story/2012/09/9/china-dominates-medals-us-falls-short-at-paralympics/57719222/1">"China dominates medals; U.S. falls short at Paralympics"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USA_Today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. 9 September 2012. 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Retrieved 2018-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing+2022+Winter+Games+Olympics+%E2%80%93+results+%26+video+highlights&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fbeijing-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details%3Dcc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a>, FAO, FAO. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliography_of_Chinese_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliography of Chinese history">Bibliography of Chinese history</a> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about China <hr> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DChina">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st%3Dwp%26su%3DChina%26library%3D0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">China at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/China" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/China">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" class="extiw" title="c:中华人民共和国">Media</a> from Commons</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="q:China">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/China" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/China">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/China" class="extiw" title="voy:China">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://english.gov.cn/">The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China</a> (in English)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General_information">General information</h3> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html">China at a Glance</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Daily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803">China</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877">Country profile – China</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">China</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609183901/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm">China, People's Republic of</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://maps.google.com/maps?q%3DChina%26ll%3D30.600094,103.710938%26spn%3D64.10009,177.1875%26om%3D1">Google Maps—China</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the People's Republic of China">Wikimedia Atlas of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/270056">China</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenStreetMap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DChina%26params%3D35_N_103_E_type:country">35°N 103°E / 35°N 103°E / 35; 103</a>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChina%26oldid%3D1259105434">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=1259105434</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=China&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 11:25 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cineu" title="Cineu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cineu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%258A%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2596%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%258D" title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутей Жылэ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25BB%25E1%258B%25AD%25E1%258A%2593" title="ቻይና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_seo_Folclice_Cynewise" title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cina seo Folclice Cynewise" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B8" title="Китаи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Китаи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular_de_China" title="Republica Popular de China – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Popular de China" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A9%25DC%2598%25DC%259B%25DC%25A2%25DC%259D%25DC%2598%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590_%25DC%25A5%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A1%25DC%259D%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590_%25DC%2595%25DC%25A8%25DC%259D%25DC%25A2" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2589%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="Չինաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A8publica_popul%25C3%25A8ra_de_China" title="Rèpublica populèra de China – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rèpublica populèra de China" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="চীন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25ADna_Tetar%25C3%25A3_Ret%25C3%25A3" title="Chína Tetarã Retã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chína Tetarã Retã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markani_Republika_China" title="Markani Republika China – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Markani Republika China" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587in" title="Çin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="চীন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ripublik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-h%25C3%25B4a_J%25C3%25AEn-b%25C3%25AEn_Ki%25C5%258Dng-h%25C3%25B4-kok" title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-hôa Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Republik Rakyat Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Republik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25A0%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%25A1_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай Халыҡ Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Кітай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Кітай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaena" title="Jaena – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jaena" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2580%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A7%25E0%25BE%25AD%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%25A4%25E0%25BE%25B1%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2590%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BE%2592%25E0%25BE%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2581%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Pobl_Sina" title="Republik Pobl Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Pobl Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4" title="Хитад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="República Popular de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Popular de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Китай Халăх Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай Халăх Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangmasang_Republika_sa_Tsina" title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pangmasang Republika sa Tsina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258C%25C3%25ADna" title="Čína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B4%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7" title="الشينوا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%25C3%25A1" title="Kiinná – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinná" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscheine" title="Tscheine – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Tscheine" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2590%25DE%25A9%25DE%2582%25DE%25AA%25DE%2586%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25A6" title="ސީނުކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނުކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsii%25CA%25BCyishbizh%25C3%25AD_Dine%25CA%25BC%25C3%25A9_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinska_ludowa_republika" title="Chinska ludowa republika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinska ludowa republika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="चीन देश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चीन देश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2580%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2580%25E0%25BD%25BC" title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀྲུང་ཀོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina" title="Hiina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1" title="Κίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Китаень Раськень Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень Раськень Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Popular_China" title="República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Popular China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2588inio" title="Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Herri Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciina" title="Ciina – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ciina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_(st%25C3%25A2t)" title="Cine (stât) – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cine (stât)" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daon-Phoblacht_na_S%25C3%25ADne" title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daon-Phoblacht na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deynphobblaght_y_%25C3%2587heen" title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Deynphobblaght y Çheen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitay_Halk_Respublikas%25C4%25B1" title="Kitay Halk Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kitay Halk Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluagh-phoblachd_na_S%25C3%25ACne" title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sluagh-phoblachd na Sìne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Popular_da_China" title="República Popular da China – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Popular da China" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D1%258C%25D0%25B5" title="Ченкехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ченкехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" title="中華人民共和國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="چين – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259A%25E0%25AB%2580%25E0%25AA%25A8" title="ચીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B0" title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌹𐌸𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25BBng-f%25C3%25A0_Ng%25C3%25ACn-m%25C3%25ACn_Khiung-f%25C3%25B2-koet" title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-fà Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2581_%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Китдин Улус Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Китдин Улус Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A4%2591%25ED%2599%2594%25EC%259D%25B8%25EB%25AF%25BC%25EA%25B3%25B5%25ED%2599%2594%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="중화인민공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2589%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="Չինաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF" title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popul-Republiko_Chinia" title="Popul-Republiko Chinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Popul-Republiko Chinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="গণচীন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণচীন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2593%25B4%25E1%2590%2583%25E1%2593%2587" title="ᓴᐃᓇ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25ADna" title="Kína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C_%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%259F" title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה העממית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini" title="Siini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF_%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25B0_%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B2%25A3%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF" title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಜನರ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldang_Republika_ning_Tsina" title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Maldang Republika ning Tsina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258A%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Къытай Халкъ Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай Халкъ Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="ჩინეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2596%25D9%2586" title="چیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%25C5%2584sk%25C3%25B4_L%25C3%25ABdow%25C3%25B4_Rep%25C3%25B9blika" title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chińskô Lëdowô Repùblika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%259A%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Қытай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Werin_China" title="Repoblek Werin China – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Werin China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushinwa" title="Ubushinwa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubushinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_China" title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa China" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinia" title="Sinia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sinia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin" title="Chin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachin" title="Lachin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lachin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587%25C3%25AEn" title="Çîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Кытай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Popular_Kina" title="Repuvlika Popular Kina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika Popular Kina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2588%25E0%25BA%25B5%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ປະເທດຈີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B6%25C4%25ABna" title="Ķīna – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_popularis_Sinarum" title="Res publica popularis Sinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica popularis Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B6%25C4%25ABna" title="Ķīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleksrepublik_China" title="Volleksrepublik China – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Volleksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublika" title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-a" title="Cinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25ADna" title="Sína – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sína" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_prenu_gubyseltru" title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jungo ke prenu gubyseltru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayina" title="Cayina – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Cayina" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25ADna" title="Kína – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जनबादी गणतन्त्र चीन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Народна Република Кина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Народна Република Кина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Entim-Bahoakan%2527_i_Sina" title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Entim-Bahoakan' i Sina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%2588%25E0%25B4%25A8" title="ചൈന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258Aina" title="Ċina – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haina" title="Haina – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="ჩინეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="الصين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2588%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%2580%25EA%25AF%25A4_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A9%25EA%25AF%2584%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%259B" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyaik_Cino" title="Republik Rakyaik Cino – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Rakyaik Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2586ng-hu%25C3%25A0_%25C3%258Cng-m%25C3%25ACng_G%25C3%25AA%25CC%25A4%25E1%25B9%25B3ng-hu%25C3%25B2-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4" title="Хятад – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%258A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25B9%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ပြည်သူ့သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaina_(matanitu)" title="Jaina (matanitu) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jaina (matanitu)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="चीन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चीन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="中華人民共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Цийн Халкъан Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн Халкъан Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Kina" title="Folkerepublikken Kina – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkerepublikken Kina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9publyique_du_Peupl%2527ye_d%2527la_Chinne" title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Républyique du Peupl'ye d'la Chinne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populen_Republike_de_China" title="Populen Republike de China – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Populen Republike de China" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Populara de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259A%25E0%25AD%2580%25E0%25AC%25A8" title="ଚୀନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚୀନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayinaa" title="Chaayinaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayinaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy" title="Xitoy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%25A8" title="ਚੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ya_Too_na_Jhina" title="Republika ya Too na Jhina – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Republika ya Too na Jhina" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခယ်ႏခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="چين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piiplz_Ripoblik_a_Chaina" title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Piiplz Ripoblik a Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Кина – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2585%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2593" title="ចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9publike_popul%25C3%25A9re_Kine" title="Républike populére Kine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Républike populére Kine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin-a" title="Cin-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailiku" title="Tailiku – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Tailiku" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Manmeri_Ripablik_bilong_Saina" title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol Manmeri Ripablik bilong Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Volksrepubliek China" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%25C5%2584ska_Republika_Ludowa" title="Chińska Republika Ludowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińska Republika Ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1" title="Κίνα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κίνα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%25C4%25B1tay" title="Qıtay – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587in" title="Çin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinit%25C5%258D" title="Tinitō – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%25C4%2583_Chinez%25C4%2583" title="Republica Populară Chineză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Populara_da_la_China" title="Republica Populara da la China – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Republica Populara da la China" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Runallaqta_Ripuwlika" title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa Runallaqta Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Кітайска Народна Републіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайска Народна Републіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9_%25D0%2594%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D3%25A8%25D1%2580%25D3%25A9%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D2%25AF%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B1%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BB%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BA%25D1%258D%25D1%2582%25D1%258D" title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай Дьон Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong-kow" title="Cong-kow – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cong-kow" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="चीनदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25AEn%25C3%25A4" title="Sînä – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sînä" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25AA%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25B1" title="ᱪᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzina" title="Tzina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_the_Fowk_o_Cheena" title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o the Fowk o Cheena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikuku" title="Cikuku – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cikuku" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulksrepublik_China" title="Foulksrepublik China – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Foulksrepublik China" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhina" title="Xhina – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Xhina" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C5%25A1haena" title="Tšhaena – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Tšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A0%25E0%25B7%2593%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="චීනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%2527s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Republic of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="چين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShayina" title="IShayina – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShayina" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258C%25C3%25ADna" title="Čína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_republika_Kitajska" title="Ljudska republika Kitajska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudska republika Kitajska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D1%25A3%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25EA%2599%2597%25D0%25BD%25D1%2594" title="Срѣдинꙗнє – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдинꙗнє" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%25C5%2584sk%25C5%258F_Ludow%25C5%258F_Republika" title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ Ludowŏ Republika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinaha" title="Shiinaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shiinaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneysa" title="Sneysa – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sneysa" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Кина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9publik_Rakyat_Cina" title="Républik Rakyat Cina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik Rakyat Cina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiina" title="Kiina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kina" title="Kina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BE" title="சீனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccinwa" title="Ccinwa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Popolare_Cinese" title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Repubbleche Popolare Cinese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258B%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Кытай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B6%25E1%2582%2584%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyukoku" title="Cyukoku – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Cyukoku" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B1%2588%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B0%25BE" title="చైనా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xina" title="Xina – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xina" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2599" title="ประเทศจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25BB%25E1%258B%25AD%25E1%258A%2593" title="ቻይና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቻይና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B6%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D2%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Мардумии Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaina" title="Siaina – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siaina" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%2593%25E1%258E%25B6%25E1%258F%2582%25E1%258E%25A8%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258F%259B" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_(People%2527s_Republic_of_China)" title="China (People's Republic of China) – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="China (People's Republic of China)" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B3%2580%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BE" title="ಚೀನಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಚೀನಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587in" title="Çin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%25C3%25BD" title="Hytaý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caina" title="Caina – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caina" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258B%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Кыдат – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9" title="Китай – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BF%25D1%2583%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Китайська Народна Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська Народна Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25DB%2587%25DA%25AD%25D8%25AE%25DB%2587%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25AE%25DB%2595%25D9%2584%25D9%2582_%25D8%25AC%25DB%2587%25D9%2585%25DA%25BE%25DB%2587%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25D9%2589%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589" title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunghvaz_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz" title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%25C3%25B9blega_Popo%25C5%2582are_Cineze" title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Popołare Cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitai" title="Kitai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%25E1%25BB%2591c" title="Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin%25C3%25A4n" title="Tsyinän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyinän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_Rahvavabariik" title="Hiina Rahvavabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina Rahvavabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" title="Chine – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chine" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" title="中華人民共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Katawhan_Republika_han_Tsina" title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9ewum_Popileer_bu_Siin" title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Popileer bu Siin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="中华人民共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayina" title="Chayina – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chayina" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A2" title="כינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%25C3%25ADl%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580-%25C3%25A8d%25C3%25A8_Ol%25C3%25B3m%25C3%25ACnira_%25C3%25A0w%25E1%25BB%258Dn_Ar%25C3%25A1_il%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2580_%25E1%25B9%25A2%25C3%25A1%25C3%25ADn%25C3%25A0" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira àwọn Ará ilẹ̀ Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E8%258F%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%258B" title="中華人民共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中華人民共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%25C3%25AA_%25C5%259Eari%25C3%25AA_%25C3%2587ini" title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Şariê Çini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrippebliek_China" title="Volksrippebliek China – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Volksrippebliek China" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C4%2597n%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597s_Liaud%25C4%2597is_Respobl%25C4%2597ka" title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėjės Liaudėis Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%2585%25B1%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25BD" title="中华人民共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina" title="Sina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cino" title="Cino – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Cino" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Cina" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25AB%25E1%25A5%2592%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2591%25E1%25A5%25A5%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥥᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXR" title="CXR – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="CXR" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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