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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_care_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_care_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early years care and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_care_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_schooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_schooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compulsory schooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_schooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Further education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_community_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_community_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adult community learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_community_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Governance</span> 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Elsewhere in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of education in Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in Wales</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Education and Skills (Wales)">Department for Education and Skills</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister for Education and the Welsh Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Miles" title="Jeremy Miles">Jeremy Miles</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2021/22)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£2,728.6 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data">National</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compulsory education Devolution</th><td class="infobox-data">1880<br /> 1999</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy (2003<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">99%</td></tr></tbody></table><p>This article provides an overview of <b>education in Wales</b> from <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood</a> to <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult skills</a>. Largely state-funded and freely accessible at a <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> level, education is compulsory for children in Wales between ages 5-16 years old. It differs to some extent in structure and content to other parts of the United Kingdom, in the later case particularly in relation to the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>. </p><p>State-funded nursery education is typically offered from age three. Children usually enter fulltime primary school at age four, enter secondary school at age eleven and take their <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSEs</a> at age 16. After that, young people have the option of staying at school to study <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-levels</a> or enrolling in <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a>. From the age of 18, they might enroll at university. </p><p>Formal education was originally a luxury, then provided by charity and later through the state. Universal primary education was established by the end of the 19th century and universal secondary education was reached by the mid 20th century. Attitudes to the Welsh language in education have varied overtime. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">History of education in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infants,_Llithfaen_school_(1887)_NLW3363304.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg/220px-Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg/330px-Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg/440px-Infants%2C_Llithfaen_school_%281887%29_NLW3363304.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infants class</a> at <a href="/wiki/Llithfaen" title="Llithfaen">Llithfaen</a> school (1887)</figcaption></figure> <p>Early forms of formal education were church or privately run and available to only a small segment of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th and 18th Centuries significant efforts were made, mainly by charitable causes, to expand access to basic education.<sup id="cite_ref-:44_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th Century a state education system developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the period education had become free and compulsory for children aged 5- to 12-years-old.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_school_leaving_age_in_England_and_Wales" title="Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales">increases to the school leaving age</a> and the development of a system of secondary schools led by the mid 20th century to universal secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate secondary schools for students of different academic abilities ended by 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control over education policy was placed under the control of the devolved Welsh government in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_care_and_education">Early years care and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years care and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_busy_hands_(November_2006)_4_second_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg/220px-My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg/330px-My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg/440px-My_busy_hands_%28November_2006%29_4_second_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>Numeracy activity completed in nursery class at Cwrt Rawlin Primary school, <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>From the start of the January, April or September (whichever comes soonest) following a child's third birthday they become eligible for a minimum of ten hours a week in publicly funded nursery education. Nursery lessons are focused on developing children's abilities in a variety of areas such as creativity, communication and general knowledge however, at this age, learning to read and write is not yet considered a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on their parents economic and employment status children in this age-range may be eligible for up to twenty additional hours of state-subsidised childcare each week.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to statistics for the 2021/2022 school year most state-funded primary schools in Wales and all separate <a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">infant schools</a> included nursery provision.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also eight separate nursery schools which are owned and run by the Local authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hours of state-funded childcare a child is entitled to can also be provided by other childcare facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2018 report, there were 4,012 such facilities registered in 2016, it also noted that "The majority of childcare providers are childminders (52%). The remaining childcare provision is delivered by sessional day care settings (20%), full day care settings (17%), out of school care settings (10%), open access play provision (1%) and crèches (0.5%)."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Welsh government is planning to introduce universal state funded childcare for two-year-old children by the mid-2020s. Currently, only the most disadvantaged toddlers in this age group and those in some more deprived areas are entitled to 12.5 hours of care provided by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_schooling">Compulsory schooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compulsory schooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Wales" title="Lists of schools in Wales">Lists of schools in Wales</a></div> <p>A child's age on 1 September determines the point of entry into the relevant stage of education.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is compulsory beginning with the term following the child's fifth birthday, but may take place at either <a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">home</a> or school. Most parents choosing to educate through school-based provision, however, enrol their children in the reception year in September of that school year, with most children thus beginning school at age four or four and a half.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This age was traditionally much earlier than in most other Western nations,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in recent years many European countries have lowered their age of compulsory education, usually by making one or more years of <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_(5450589413).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg/330px-Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg/440px-Celebrating_St_David%27s_Day_in_Barmouth_%285450589413%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Primary school pupils in 1960, in <a href="/wiki/Barmouth" title="Barmouth">Barmouth</a>, celebrating <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's Day">St David's Day</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_Wales" title="Primary education in Wales">Primary education in Wales</a></div> <p>In 2014/15, there were 1,330 primary schools in Wales with 273,400 pupils and 12,240 full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers. The teacher/pupil ratio was 1:22 and the average class size was 26 pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015/16, there were 276,950 pupils in 1,310 primary schools – a rise of 3,550 since 2014/15.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014/15, there were 435 Welsh-medium primary schools with 65,460 pupils, rising from 64,366 in 2013/14, but the number of Welsh-medium primary schools decreased from 444,<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due primarily to the closure of small rural schools. </p><p>Universal free school meals were introduced in Wales for children in the first year of primary school in September 2022. They are planned to be rolled out for all primary school children by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Wales" title="Secondary education in Wales">Secondary education in Wales</a></div> <p>Children typically transfer from primary to secondary school between schools years <a href="/wiki/Year_6" title="Year 6">six</a> and <a href="/wiki/Year_7" title="Year 7">seven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when they are 11 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In school year <a href="/wiki/Year_9" title="Year 9">nine</a> (or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Year_8" title="Year 8">eight</a>), pupils receive a chose of what subjects to continue their studies in, options must be available across multiple fields but vary between schools. Maths, English, Science and Welsh as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first</a> or <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> language are compulsory whilst some schools may also make other subjects compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pupils in secondary school take part in the compulsory <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> and the non-compulsory <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-level</a> or <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a> qualifications at ages 15/16 and 17/18 respectively. Since 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Baccalaureate_Qualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification">Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification</a> has also been available as an option although it was ungraded until 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014/15 there were 207 secondary schools (a drop of six since 2013/14) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers (a drop of 310 since 2013/14). The pupil/teacher ratio was 17:1, which has remained largely the same since 2000/01.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015/16, there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools – a drop of 3,700 since 2014/15.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same report found that in 2015/16, there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools, 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools, and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units. </p><p>In 2014/15, there were 50 Welsh-medium secondary (a drop of 2 since 2013/14) schools with 36,485 pupils, dropping from 37,400 in 2013/14. In the same year, there were 4 Welsh-medium middle schools (a rise of 2 since 2013/14) with 2,448 pupils, a rise from 1,577 in 2013/14.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, 60.3% of Year 11 pupils (aged 16) achieved the Level 2 inclusive threshold (Level 2 including a grade A*-C in English or Welsh first language and Mathematics). 35.6% of pupils eligible for FSM (free school meals) achieved the L2 inclusive threshold. 66.9% of pupils achieved A*-C in maths. 70.4% of pupils achieved A*-C in either English or Welsh first language.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales has often performed poorly in <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA</a> results, which compare the academic abilities of adolescents around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2018 tests saw Wales' results improving but remaining the weakest of the four education systems of the UK in all subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_education">Further education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Wales" title="List of further education colleges in Wales">List of further education colleges in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg/220px-Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg/330px-Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg/440px-Www-darrenrees-co-uk-reference-000005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A further education college in <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a> (FE) includes full- and part-time learning for people over compulsory school age, excluding higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young people often enrol in FE as an alternative to staying at school after the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FE and publicly funded training in Wales is provided by 15 FE institutions in 2014/15 and a range of public, private and voluntary sector training providers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Educational_Association" title="Workers' Educational Association">Workers' Educational Association</a>. Colleges vary in size and mission, and include general FE, tertiary and specialist institutions, including one <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Sixth Form College and a residential <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a> college. Many colleges offer leisure learning and training programmes designed to meet the needs of business.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014/15 there were 263,315 FE students in Wales spanning the entire availability of FE at multiple placements, including FE, HE (higher education), LA (local authority) Community, and work-based learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_community_learning">Adult community learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adult community learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult Community learning</a> is a form of adult education or <a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">lifelong learning</a> delivered and supported by local authorities in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programmes can be formal or <a href="/wiki/Nonformal_learning" title="Nonformal learning">informal</a>, non-accredited or accredited, and vocational, academic or leisure orientated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018–2019, there were 23,970 learners in Local Authority Community Learning.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">List of universities in Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">Tuition fees in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg/240px-Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg/360px-Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg/480px-Cardiff_University_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Main Building of Cardiff University</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uwlsdb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Uwlsdb.jpg/240px-Uwlsdb.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Uwlsdb.jpg/360px-Uwlsdb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Uwlsdb.jpg/480px-Uwlsdb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>St David's building of the University of Wales Lampeter – Wales' oldest University</figcaption></figure> <p>Students normally enter higher education (HE) from 18 onwards. Undergraduate students contribute £9,000 a year in fees, and are generally entitled to student loans and grants depending on their family's economic situation for maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state does not control syllabi, but it does influence admission procedures and monitors standards through the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_Wales" title="Higher Education Funding Council for Wales">Higher Education Funding Council for Wales</a>. </p><p>In England, Wales and Northern Ireland all qualifications can be compared on a scale beginning with entry level and then followed by eight numbered levels, 1 is the equivalent of a weaker pass grade at GCSE and 8 the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undergraduate degrees typically the first higher education qualifications available are usually level 4, 5 or 6. Students will generally need <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-Levels</a> or an equivalent at a certain grade to enroll on them but may be able to do a foundation year prior to starting if their grades are weaker. There are various types of undergraduate degree but the most common is a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> which generally takes three years to complete and involves studying one or sometimes two subjects in detail. It is a level 6 qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A postgraduate degree is a level 7 or 8 qualification. It can typically only be completed after an undergraduate degree has been completed. It is generally focused on a more specific topic rather than the more general subject taught at undergraduate level. These generally come in two types the "taught" degree which conducted more in the style of an undergraduate degree and "research" degree where the student directs their own study of a self-chosen question in a more independent manner. A <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> is the highest level of qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014/15 there were 145,735 enrolments at HE institutions in Wales, including 97,900 first degree and other undergraduates and 27,780 postgraduates. Welsh HE institutions had a total of 10,140 full-time and part-time staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_Education_Statistics_2009_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_Education_Statistics_2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_administration_and_individual_schools">Local administration and individual schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Local administration and individual schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in England, where state schools are increasingly run in an <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy</a> model where they are funded directly by the central government, state schools in Wales are overseen by <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">local authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local authority funded or maintained schools come in various different models. The Community school is owned and run by the local authority, the Voluntary controlled schools are owned by a charity with close oversight from the local authority, the Voluntary aided schools are owned by a charity with a greater degree of self-governance and the Foundation school is owned by a governing body or charity organisation with limited local authority oversight. In the second and third case the charity is usually a religious organisation, typically the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curriculum being rolled out in Wales from 2022 onwards is intended to give individual schools more control over the instruction they provide and the autonomy to develop their own curricula within a basic set of guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Local authorities in Wales </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Anglesey_County_Council" title="Isle of Anglesey County Council">Isle of Anglesey County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_County_Borough_Council" title="Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council">Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgend_County_Borough_Council" title="Bridgend County Borough Council">Bridgend County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough_Council" title="Caerphilly County Borough Council">Caerphilly County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Council" title="Cardiff Council">Cardiff Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire_County_Council" title="Carmarthenshire County Council">Carmarthenshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceredigion_County_Council" title="Ceredigion County Council">Ceredigion County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough_Council" title="Conwy County Borough Council">Conwy County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denbighshire_County_Council" title="Denbighshire County Council">Denbighshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flintshire_County_Council" title="Flintshire County Council">Flintshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd_Council" title="Gwynedd Council">Gwynedd Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil_County_Borough_Council" title="Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council">Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_County_Council" title="Monmouthshire County Council">Monmouthshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neath_Port_Talbot_County_Borough_Council" title="Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council">Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_City_Council" title="Newport City Council">Newport City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire_County_Council" title="Pembrokeshire County Council">Pembrokeshire County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powys_County_Council" title="Powys County Council">Powys County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhondda_Cynon_Taf_County_Borough_Council" title="Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council">Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City and County of Swansea council">City and County of Swansea council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torfaen_County_Borough_Council" title="Torfaen County Borough Council">Torfaen County Borough Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council" title="Vale of Glamorgan Council">Vale of Glamorgan Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough_Council" title="Wrexham County Borough Council">Wrexham County Borough Council</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_Consortia">Education Consortia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education Consortia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, there were four formal education consortia in Wales covering: </p> <ul><li>North Wales (<b>GwE</b>) (Flintshire, Conwy, Wrexham, Gwynedd, Isle of Anglesey, Denbighshire)</li> <li>South West and Mid Wales (<b>ERW</b>) (Swansea, Neath Port Talbot, Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire, Powys, Ceredigion)</li> <li>Central South Wales (<b>CSC</b>) (Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Vale of Glamorgan)</li> <li>South East Wales (<b>EAS</b>) (Caerphilly, Monmouthshire, Newport, Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen)</li></ul> <p>The role of Education Consortia is to assist in school improvement in their respective regions. This includes areas such as the effectiveness of schools leadership, the quality of their teaching and pupils results. The South West and Mid Wales Consortia partially broke down in 2020 with Powys, Ceredigion and Neath Port Talbot all leaving. The former two councils then formed an informal partnership whilst Neath Port Talbot remained outside the Consortia system as of March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh_government_oversight_and_Wales-wide_institutions">Welsh government oversight and Wales-wide institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Welsh government oversight and Wales-wide institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The governance of education has been devolved in Wales since the creation of the Welsh assembly in 1999 along with other related policy areas such as Welsh language policy and local government.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the creation of a somewhat distinctive education system.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales has its own education inspectorate,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> qualifications regulator<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_government_role_and_UK-wide_institutions">UK government role and UK-wide institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: UK government role and UK-wide institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The money the Welsh government has to spend in devolved areas is broadly pegged to money the UK government spends in equivalent areas in England through a system called the <a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolved administrations</a> are not obliged to spend the money they receive in the same policy area as it was spent in England (e.g. the equivalent to money spent on health in England could be spent on education in Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly Wales's and the other UK education systems are all influenced by their interactions with <a href="/wiki/Reserved_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved Matters">reserved matters</a> and coexistence within the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_language">Welsh language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Welsh language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_in_Wales#Language_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Education in Wales">History of Education in Wales § Language usage</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school,_Cardiff_(5204674676).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg/220px-Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg/330px-Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg/440px-Crwys_Road_Welsh-medium_infants_school%2C_Cardiff_%285204674676%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Children at Crwys Road infants school, an early Welsh-medium school in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> (1951)</figcaption></figure><p>In the 19th century Welsh was often repressed by schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century the language gradually gained a more prominent role in the education system.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:102_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant minority of students in Wales are educated largely through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: in 2014/15, 15.7% of children and young people received Welsh-medium education – a drop from the 15.9% in 2010/11.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 10% attended schools in which significant portion of the curriculum is bilingual.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the Welsh language is available to all age groups through nurseries,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> schools,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> colleges,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and universities,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in adult education. Though, involvement is fairly limited above secondary school level.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the language is compulsory for all pupils in State Schools until the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educational institutions have flexibility over how much English children are taught prior to the age of seven.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in order to allow Welsh medium schools and nurseries to immerse young children in the language as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later years of primary school, the curriculum at Welsh medium schools continues to be mostly (70% or more) taught in Welsh whilst at secondary level all subjects other than English are taught in Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as they get older, students in Welsh medium education are required to work towards the same tests and qualifications in the English language as their counterparts who were primarily educated in English.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_articles_by_country" title="List of education articles by country">List of education articles by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects">Aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Home education in the United Kingdom">Home education in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_Wales" title="Primary education in Wales">Primary education in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Wales" title="Secondary education in Wales">Secondary education in Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_the_UK">Elsewhere in the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education in Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimate for the United Kingdom, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">United Kingdom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221834/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-kingdom/">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:43_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "Monasticism to Puritanism, c.410-1670". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monasticism+to+Puritanism%2C+c.410-1670&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:44-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:44_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "Monasticism to Puritanism, c.410-1670". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monasticism+to+Puritanism%2C+c.410-1670&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "The Religious Motive Redefined, 1670-1847". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Motive+Redefined%2C+1670-1847&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd" class="citation web cs1">Lloyd, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gale.com/binaries/content/assets/gale-us-en/primary-sources/intl-gps/intl-gps-essays/full-ghn-contextual-essays/ghn_essay_bln_lloyd3_website.pdf">"Education, Literacy and the Reading Public"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gale Primary Sources</i>. University of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105182507/https://www.gale.com/binaries/content/assets/gale-us-en/primary-sources/intl-gps/intl-gps-essays/full-ghn-contextual-essays/ghn_essay_bln_lloyd3_website.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale+Primary+Sources&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Literacy+and+the+Reading+Public&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.com%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fgale-us-en%2Fprimary-sources%2Fintl-gps%2Fintl-gps-essays%2Ffull-ghn-contextual-essays%2Fghn_essay_bln_lloyd3_website.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/school/overview/1870educationact/">"The 1870 Education Act"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=The+1870+Education+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Ftransformingsociety%2Flivinglearning%2Fschool%2Foverview%2F1870educationact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "The State and the Nation, 1870-1902". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State+and+the+Nation%2C+1870-1902&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:92_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "Defiance and Depression, 1902-1939". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defiance+and+Depression%2C+1902-1939&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "War and Relative Peace, 1939-1965". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatsWales+%28Welsh+government%29&rft.atitle=Schools+by+local+authority%2C+region+and+type+of+school&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FEducation-and-Skills%2FSchools-and-Teachers%2FSchools-Census%2FPupil-Level-Annual-School-Census%2FSchools%2Fschools-by-localauthorityregion-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.gov.wales/schools-maintained-local-authorities">"Schools maintained by local authorities | Law Wales"</a>. <i>law.gov.wales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730153529/https://law.gov.wales/schools-maintained-local-authorities">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Schools+maintained+by+local+authorities+%7C+Law+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.gov.wales%2Fschools-maintained-local-authorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-type">"Schools by local authority, region and type of school"</a>. <i>StatsWales (Welsh government)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173418/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-type">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatsWales+%28Welsh+government%29&rft.atitle=Schools+by+local+authority%2C+region+and+type+of+school&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FEducation-and-Skills%2FSchools-and-Teachers%2FSchools-Census%2FPupil-Level-Annual-School-Census%2FSchools%2Fschools-by-localauthorityregion-type&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-07/180110-review-childcare-sector-en.pdf">"Review of the Childcare Sector in Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Welsh Government</i>. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331221405/https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-07/180110-review-childcare-sector-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Government&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+Childcare+Sector+in+Wales&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics-and-research%2F2019-07%2F180110-review-childcare-sector-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2021" class="citation web cs1">Albert, Angeline (14 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daynurseries.co.uk/news/article.cfm/id/1660372/Free-childcare">"Free childcare for all two-year-olds in Wales must be 'fully costed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>daynurseries.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124235022/https://www.daynurseries.co.uk/news/article.cfm/id/1660372/Free-childcare">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daynurseries.co.uk&rft.atitle=Free+childcare+for+all+two-year-olds+in+Wales+must+be+%27fully+costed%27&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Angeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daynurseries.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%2Fid%2F1660372%2FFree-childcare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-59378951">"Wales: Free primary school meals and childcare pledges"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125000524/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-59378951">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wales%3A+Free+primary+school+meals+and+childcare+pledges&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-59378951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClatchey2011" class="citation news cs1">McClatchey, Caroline (1 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15490760">"Summer-born struggle: Why August children suffer at school"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035629/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15490760">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+UK+%E2%80%93+Education+%E2%80%93+Is+five+too+soon+to+start+school%3F&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F7234578.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145616/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raffe%2C+D.+and+Byrne%2C+D.+%282005%29+Policy+Learning+From+%27Home+International%27+Comparisons.+Centre+for+Educational+Sociology+briefing.&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.ed.ac.uk%2FPDF%2520Files%2FBrief034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Treason" and its Aftermath, c.1847 - 1879". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708318089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708318089"><bdi>978-0708318089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Treason%22+and+its+Aftermath%2C+c.1847+-+1879&rft.btitle=History+of+Education+in+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0708318089&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft.au=Roderick%2C+Gordon+Wynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:63_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRoderick2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003). 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"Comprehensive change, 1965-1979". <i>History of Education in Wales</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Cymru+Fyw&rft.atitle=Comisiynydd%3A+Nifer+y+plant+mewn+addysg+Gymraeg+yn+%27sioc%27&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcymrufyw%2F36974022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Megan (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/27029/1/16-048-english-web.pdf">"Welsh-medium education and Welsh as a subject"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Assembly for Wales (research service)</i>. pp. 5 to 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601063524/https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/27029/1/16-048-english-web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Assembly+for+Wales+%28research+service%29&rft.atitle=Welsh-medium+education+and+Welsh+as+a+subject&rft.pages=5+to+7&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdera.ioe.ac.uk%2F27029%2F1%2F16-048-english-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814160216/https://www.meithrin.cymru/creo_files/upload/downloads/terfynol_saes_adroddiad_blynyddol_18-19_llai.pdf">"Mudiad Meithrin Annual Report: 2018-2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mudia Meithrin</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mudia+Meithrin&rft.atitle=Mudiad+Meithrin+Annual+Report%3A+2018-2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meithrin.cymru%2Fcreo_files%2Fupload%2Fdownloads%2Fterfynol_saes_adroddiad_blynyddol_18-19_llai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-02/welsh-in-education-action-plan-2017%E2%80%9321.pdf#:~:text=Welsh%20was%20included%20in%20the%20national%20curriculum%20following,all%20learners%20across%20Wales%20at%20Key%20Stage%204.">"Welsh in education: Action Plan 2017–2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. 2017. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822103422/https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-02/welsh-in-education-action-plan-2017%E2%80%9321.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+in+education%3A+Action+Plan+2017%E2%80%932021&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F2018-02%2Fwelsh-in-education-action-plan-2017%25E2%2580%259321.pdf%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWelsh%2520was%2520included%2520in%2520the%2520national%2520curriculum%2520following%2Call%2520learners%2520across%2520Wales%2520at%2520Key%2520Stage%25204.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Post-16-Education-and-Training/Further-Education-and-Work-Based-Learning/Learners/Further-Education/learningactivitiesfurthereducationinstitutions-by-subject-mediumofdelivery">"Learning activities at further education institutions by subject and medium of delivery"</a>. <i>statswales.gov.wales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907124118/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Post-16-Education-and-Training/Further-Education-and-Work-Based-Learning/Learners/Further-Education/learningactivitiesfurthereducationinstitutions-by-subject-mediumofdelivery">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statswales.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Learning+activities+at+further+education+institutions+by+subject+and+medium+of+delivery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FEducation-and-Skills%2FPost-16-Education-and-Training%2FFurther-Education-and-Work-Based-Learning%2FLearners%2FFurther-Education%2Flearningactivitiesfurthereducationinstitutions-by-subject-mediumofdelivery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/welsh-language-higher-education-september-2020-august-2021">"Welsh language in higher education: September 2020 to August 2021"</a>. <i>GOV.WALES</i>. 28 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809105843/https://gov.wales/welsh-language-higher-education-september-2020-august-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.WALES&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+in+higher+education%3A+September+2020+to+August+2021&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-higher-education-september-2020-august-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-51267393">"School curriculum overhaul for Wales published"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531205727/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-51267393">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=School+curriculum+overhaul+for+Wales+published&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-51267393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47059169">"Curriculum worry over compulsory English in Welsh nurseries"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531205729/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47059169">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Curriculum+worry+over+compulsory+English+in+Welsh+nurseries&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-47059169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-08/national-reading-and-numeracy-test-results-2019-083.pdf">"National Reading and Numeracy Test Results: 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 28 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524184933/https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/statistics-and-research/2019-08/national-reading-and-numeracy-test-results-2019-083.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Reading+and+Numeracy+Test+Results%3A+2019&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics-and-research%2F2019-08%2Fnational-reading-and-numeracy-test-results-2019-083.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careerswales.gov.wales/courses-and-training/year-8-and-9-subject-options">"Year 8 and 9 subject options | Careers Wales"</a>. <i>careerswales.gov.wales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117170210/https://careerswales.gov.wales/courses-and-training/year-8-and-9-subject-options">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=careerswales.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Year+8+and+9+subject+options+%7C+Careers+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareerswales.gov.wales%2Fcourses-and-training%2Fyear-8-and-9-subject-options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwb.gov.wales/">Hwb</a> - Homepage of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh government</a>'s website on education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/219167/v01-2012ukes.pdf">EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UK</a> - 2013 <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a> document covering education across the UK. Includes detailed information related to Wales. May now be somewhat out of date.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senedd.wales/how-we-work/history-of-devolution/">History of devolution</a> - <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Welsh Parliament</a> website page covering the history of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh Devolution</a> and governing arrangements for Wales more generally.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcahmw.gov.uk">Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales</a> in English and Welsh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202092428/http://www.lifelonglearninguk.org/nationsregions/wales_links.html">Welsh FE Colleges</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Wales" title="Template:Education in Wales"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Wales" title="Template talk:Education in Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Education in Wales</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression steps</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression step 1</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery school">Nursery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-school_playgroup" title="Pre-school playgroup">Playgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_(school)" title="Reception (school)">Reception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression step 2</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_One_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Year One (education)">Year One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Two">Year Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Three" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Three">Year Three</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression step 3</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Four">Year Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Five">Year Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Six">Year Six</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_3" title="Key Stage 3"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 3</span></a>/<span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression step 4</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Seven">Year Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Eight">Year Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Nine" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Nine">Year Nine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_4" title="Key Stage 4"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Key Stage 4</span></a>/<span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Progression step 5</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Ten">Year Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Eleven">Year Eleven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Further_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Further Education"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Further Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Form">Sixth Form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_Twelve" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Twelve">Year Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Thirteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Thirteen">Year Thirteen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Education_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Further Education college">Further Education college</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Wales" title="List of further education colleges in Wales">List of further education colleges in Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University" title="University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Undergraduate Degree <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's Degree">Bachelor's Degree</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postgraduate Degree <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_Degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's Degree">Master's Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">List of universities in Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">School type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Funding and Governance arrangements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State-funded schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Community school (England and Wales)">Community school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_controlled_school" title="Voluntary controlled school">Voluntary controlled school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school" title="Voluntary aided school">Voluntary aided school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_school" title="Foundation school">Foundation school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Private schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Age group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_Wales" title="Primary education in Wales">Primary Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school#United_Kingdom" title="Primary school">Primary school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Wales" title="Secondary education in Wales">Secondary Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensive school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Exams and qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-Level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Baccalaureate" title="Welsh Baccalaureate">Welsh Baccalaureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Pedagogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)">Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)</a></li> <li>Language of instruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-medium_education" title="English-medium education">English-medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_of_Welsh_history" title="Teaching of Welsh history">Teaching of Welsh history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Education_(Wales)" title="Cabinet Secretary for Education (Wales)">Cabinet Secretary for Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estyn" title="Estyn">Estyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJEC_(exam_board)" title="WJEC (exam board)">WJEC</a> (among other <a href="/wiki/Examination_board#England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Examination board">exam boards</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualifications_Wales" title="Qualifications Wales">Qualifications Wales</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_Council_for_Wales" title="Curriculum Council for Wales">Curriculum Council for Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualifications,_Curriculum_and_Assessment_Authority_for_Wales" title="Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales">Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Overview</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales_before_1701" title="History of education in Wales before 1701">before 1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales_(1701%E2%80%931870)" title="History of education in Wales (1701–1870)">1701–1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales_(1870%E2%80%931939)" title="History of education in Wales (1870–1939)">1870–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales_(1939%E2%80%93present)" title="History of education in Wales (1939–present)">after 1939</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Blue_Books" title="Treachery of the Blue Books">Treachery of the Blue Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_boards_in_England_and_Wales" title="School boards in England and Wales">School boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_school_leaving_age_in_England_and_Wales" title="Raising of school leaving age in England and Wales">Raising of school leaving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_Wales_(2008%E2%80%932026)" title="National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026)">National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Defunct school types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_school" title="Charity school">Charity school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_and_Welsh_endowed_schools_(19th_century)" title="List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)">Endowed schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_school" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Foreign school">British and Foreign school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">National school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Elementary school (England and Wales)">Elementary school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_school" title="Central school">Central school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_technical_school" title="Secondary technical school">Secondary technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_modern_school" title="Secondary modern school">Secondary modern school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Major legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">Elementary Education Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1880" title="Elementary Education Act 1880">Elementary Education Act 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889" title="Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889">Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act 1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1918" title="Education Act 1918">Education Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1944" title="Education Act 1944">Education Act 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988" title="Education Reform Act 1988">Education Reform Act 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_and_Higher_Education_Act_1998" title="Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998">Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_and_Assessment_(Wales)_Act_2021" title="Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021">Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#0558A1; color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Office" title="Welsh Office">Welsh Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Scotland" title="History of education in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Wales" title="History of education in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Comprehensive school (England and Wales)">Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade inflation in the United Kingdom">Grade inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar schools</a></li> <li>Languages of instruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="English medium education">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_medium_education_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic medium education in Scotland">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland#Education" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mathematics education in the United Kingdom">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">UTCs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Wales" title="Template:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">List of companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="State-owned enterprises of the United Kingdom">State-owned companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Court" title="Companies Court">Companies Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_fiscal_balance" title="Welsh fiscal balance">Welsh fiscal balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Wales" title="Taxation in Wales">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_rates_in_Wales" title="Business rates in Wales">Business rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_Cambria" title="Banc Cambria">Banc Cambria</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Wales" title="Development Bank of Wales">Development Bank of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_Bank" title="Hodge Bank">Hodge Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_Building_Society" title="Monmouthshire Building Society">Monmouthshire Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_Building_Society" title="Principality Building Society">Principality Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Building_Society" title="Swansea Building Society">Swansea Building Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_banks_of_Wales" title="Category:Defunct banks of Wales">Defunct banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Other commercial banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-wide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">UK-wide Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">UK Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgages_in_English_law" title="Mortgages in English law">Mortgages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_property_law" title="English property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_torts_in_English_law" title="Economic torts in English law">Economic torts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ownership_within_England_and_Wales" title="Business ownership within England and Wales">Business ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_devolved_matters_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of devolved matters in Wales">Devolved policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Economy_(Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for the Economy (Wales)">Minister for the Economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revenue_Authority" title="Welsh Revenue Authority">Welsh Revenue Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Wales" title="Audit Wales">Audit Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_for_Wales" title="Auditor General for Wales">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Development_Agency" title="Welsh Development Agency">Welsh Development Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technium" title="Technium">Technium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Localised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">Regional economic deals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Capital_Region" title="Cardiff Capital Region">Cardiff Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales#Growth_deal" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambition_North_Wales" title="Ambition North Wales">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_City_Region" title="Swansea Bay City Region">Swansea Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Economy of Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Economy of Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li>Business schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Business_School" title="Cardiff Business School">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Business_School" title="South Wales Business School">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Business_School" title="Swansea Business School">Swansea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">UK Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">UK equality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">UK Minimum wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_innovations_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh innovations and discoveries">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wales" title="Energy in Wales">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_industry_of_Wales" title="Food and drink industry of Wales">Food and drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh beer">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_England_and_Wales" title="Water privatisation in England and Wales">Water privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming_in_Wales" title="Sheep farming in Wales">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woollen_industry_in_Wales" title="Woollen industry in Wales">Wool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Wales" title="Manufacturing in Wales">Manufacturing</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_for_Wales" title="National Forest for Wales">Re-forestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Wales" title="Mining in Wales">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_the_Nantlle_Valley" title="Slate industry in the Nantlle Valley">Nantlle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_operations_on_the_Welsh_Highland_Railway" title="Slate operations on the Welsh Highland Railway">WHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slate_mines_in_Wales" title="Category:Slate mines in Wales">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ironworks_in_Wales" title="List of ironworks in Wales">Ironworks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Wales" title="Science and technology in Wales">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Wales">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Wales" title="Architecture of Wales">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Wales" title="Visit Wales">Visit Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:centre">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic impacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economic autonomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_fiscal_autonomy_for_Scotland_and_Wales" title="Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales">Full fiscal autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence#Fiscal_balance" title="Welsh independence">Full independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dividend" title="Union dividend">Union dividend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Wales" title="Category:Economy of Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Europe">Education in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" 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