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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概要" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概要"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概要</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概要-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>理论</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-理论-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关理论子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-牛顿的绝对时空概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#牛顿的绝对时空概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>牛顿的绝对时空概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-牛顿的绝对时空概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-绝对时空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#绝对时空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>绝对时空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-绝对时空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伽利略相对性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伽利略相对性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>伽利略相对性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伽利略相对性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-致命的问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#致命的问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>致命的问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-致命的问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-麦克斯韦方程组" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#麦克斯韦方程组"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>麦克斯韦方程组</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-麦克斯韦方程组-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-爱因斯坦的相对时空观念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱因斯坦的相对时空观念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>爱因斯坦的相对时空观念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱因斯坦的相对时空观念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-狭义相对论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#狭义相对论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>狭义相对论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-狭义相对论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-闵可夫斯基时空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#闵可夫斯基时空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>闵可夫斯基时空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-闵可夫斯基时空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-广义相对论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#广义相对论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>广义相对论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-广义相对论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宇宙之演化中的整体性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宇宙之演化中的整体性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>宇宙之演化中的整体性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宇宙之演化中的整体性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量子理论对时空的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子理论对时空的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>量子理论对时空的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子理论对时空的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-量子理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>量子理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>真空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弱作用左右对称性等的破坏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弱作用左右对称性等的破坏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>弱作用左右对称性等的破坏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弱作用左右对称性等的破坏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-暗能量和宇宙常数" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#暗能量和宇宙常数"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>暗能量和宇宙常数</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-暗能量和宇宙常数-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">时空</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。89种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtetyd" title="Ruimtetyd – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtetyd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumzeit" title="Raumzeit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Raumzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمكان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زمكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سبيس-تايم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبيس-تايم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaciu-tiempu" title="Espaciu-tiempu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espaciu-tiempu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99kan-zaman" title="Məkan-zaman – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məkan-zaman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فضازامان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فضازامان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Прастора-час – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прастора-час" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Пространство-време – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пространство-време" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="काल-अवकाश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काल-अवकाश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="স্থান-কাল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থান-কাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostorvrijeme" title="Prostorvrijeme – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prostorvrijeme" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaitemps" title="Espaitemps – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espaitemps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%DB%8E" title="کاتجێ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاتجێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casoprostor" title="Časoprostor – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Časoprostor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85-%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%82" title="Уçлăх-вăхăт – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уçлăх-вăхăт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofod-amser" title="Gofod-amser – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gofod-amser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumtid" title="Rumtid – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumtid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumzeit" title="Raumzeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raumzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χωροχρόνος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωροχρόνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Spacetime" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spactempo" title="Spactempo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spactempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio-tiempo" title="Espacio-tiempo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espacio-tiempo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegruum" title="Aegruum – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aegruum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazio-denbora" title="Espazio-denbora – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espazio-denbora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فضازمان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضازمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aika-avaruus" title="Aika-avaruus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aika-avaruus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espace-temps" title="Espace-temps – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espace-temps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCmtidj" title="Rümtidj – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rümtidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1s-am" title="Spás-am – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spás-am" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espazo-tempo" title="Espazo-tempo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espazo-tempo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%91-%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מרחב-זמן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרחב-זמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="दिक्-काल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिक्-काल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostorvrijeme" title="Prostorvrijeme – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prostorvrijeme" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rid%C5%91" title="Téridő – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Téridő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Տարածաժամանակ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարածաժամանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatiotempore" title="Spatiotempore – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Spatiotempore" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang_waktu" title="Ruang waktu – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruang waktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADmar%C3%BAm" title="Tímarúm – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tímarúm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaziotempo" title="Spaziotempo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spaziotempo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="時空 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="時空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94-%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="სივრცე-დრო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სივრცე-დრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Уақыт-кеңістік – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уақыт-кеңістік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%84" title="시공간 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시공간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatitempus" title="Spatitempus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spatitempus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເວລາອາວະກາດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເວລາອາວະກາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdv%C4%97laikis" title="Erdvėlaikis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erdvėlaikis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiktelpa" title="Laiktelpa – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laiktelpa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Време-простор – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Време-простор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4" title="സ്ഥൂലകാലത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥൂലകാലത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="काल-अवकाश – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काल-अवकाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang-masa" title="Ruang-masa – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ruang-masa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အာကာသအချိန် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသအချိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtetijd" title="Ruimtetijd – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtetijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidrom" title="Tidrom – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tidrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidrom" title="Tidrom – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacitemps" title="Espacitemps – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espacitemps" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam-yeroo" title="Sam-yeroo – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sam-yeroo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸਪੇਸਟਾਈਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੇਸਟਾਈਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasoprzestrze%C5%84" title="Czasoprzestrzeń – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasoprzestrzeń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سپیس ٹائیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیس ٹائیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="تشيال وخت – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تشيال وخت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o-tempo" title="Espaço-tempo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espaço-tempo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha" title="Pacha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa%C8%9Biu-timp" title="Spațiu-timp – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spațiu-timp" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Пространство-время – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пространство-время" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostorvreme" title="Prostorvreme – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prostorvreme" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="අවකාශ කාලය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අවකාශ කාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spacetime" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopriestor" title="Časopriestor – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Časopriestor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostor-%C4%8Das" title="Prostor-čas – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prostor-čas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%ABsir%C3%AB-koha" title="Hapësirë-koha – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hapësirë-koha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Простор-време – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Простор-време" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumtid" title="Rumtid – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rumtid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெளிநேரம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெளிநேரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фазо-замон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фазо-замон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="ปริภูมิ-เวลา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปริภูมิ-เวลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espasyo-panahon" title="Espasyo-panahon – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espasyo-panahon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzayzaman" title="Uzayzaman – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzayzaman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4za-waq%C4%B1t" title="Fäza-waqıt – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Fäza-waqıt" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Простір-час – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Простір-час" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="زمان و مکاں – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمان و مکاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazo-vaqt" title="Fazo-vaqt – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fazo-vaqt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A0siotenpo" title="Spàsiotenpo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spàsiotenpo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng%E2%80%93th%E1%BB%9Di_gian" title="Không–thời gian – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Không–thời gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalarakan-oras" title="Kalarakan-oras – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalarakan-oras" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" title="时空 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="时空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ოფირჩა-ბორჯი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოფირჩა-ბორჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="時空 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="時空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133327#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">时空</a>系列</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPB_circling_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/240px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/360px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/GPB_circling_earth.jpg/480px-GPB_circling_earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">艺术家构想的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8B" title="引力探测器B">引力探测器B</a>绕地球运行，并测量时空（時空是对宇宙的四维描述，包括高度、宽度、长度和时间）</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">时空概念</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">时空流形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="等效原理">等效原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="洛伦兹变换">洛伦兹变换</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%94%E8%80%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="閔考斯基時空">閔考斯基時空</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">廣義相對論</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="廣義相對論入門">廣義相對論入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="廣義相對論中的數學入門">廣義相對論中的數學入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%BA%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="爱因斯坦场方程">爱因斯坦场方程</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">经典引力</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity">Introduction to gravitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="万有引力定律">万有引力定律</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">相关数学</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" title="四維矢量">四維矢量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勞侖茲變換的推導" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Derivations of the Lorentz transformations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E5%B0%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞侖茲變換的推導（页面不存在）">勞侖茲變換的推導</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivations_of_the_Lorentz_transformations" class="extiw" title="en:Derivations of the Lorentz transformations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Derivations of the Lorentz transformations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B5%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%BE" title="闵可夫斯基图">闵可夫斯基图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="微分几何">微分几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="弯曲空间">弯曲空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="廣義相對論中的數學">廣義相對論中的數學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="時空拓樸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spacetime topology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA%E6%8B%93%E6%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時空拓樸（页面不存在）">時空拓樸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime_topology" class="extiw" title="en:Spacetime topology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spacetime topology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:物理">物理主题</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" title="Category:时空">分类</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spacetime" title="Template:Spacetime"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Spacetime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Spacetime（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Spacetime" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Spacetime"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/400px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/600px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>图示地球造成的时空弯曲</figcaption></figure> <p>在物理学中，<b>时空</b>（英語：<span lang="en">spacetime</span>）又稱<b>時空連續體</b>（<span lang="en">space-time continuum</span>）、<b>时空连续统</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是一<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="数学模型">数学模型</a>，其将空间的三个维度和时间的一个维度合并成一个四维<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="流形">流形</a>。<b>时空连续性</b>是指时空无限可分性。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA%E5%9C%96" class="mw-disambig" title="時空圖">时空图</a>则用来可视化<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">相对论效应</a>，例如为什么不同的观察者对事件于何处与何时发生有不同的感知。时空是一種基本概念，分别屬于<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空間物理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>。并且也是这几个学科最重要的最基本的概念之一。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="空间">空间</a>在力学和物理学上，是描述物体以及其运动的位置、形状和方向等抽象概念；而时间则是描述运动之持续性，事件发生之顺序等。时空的特性，主要就是通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="物体">物体</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a>以及与其他物体的相互作用之间的各种关系之汇总。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概要"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.A6.81"></span>概要</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概要"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>时间和空间是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="人类文明">人类文明</a>最为古老的概念之一。可追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="远古时期">远古时期</a>，人类的耕作、放牧等日常劳动都需要测量土地、顺天时，这就产生了最基础的时空概念以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F" title="度量">度量</a>方法。古代就有“上下四方謂之宇，往古來今謂之宙”的说法。这里的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>”也就是时空的理念。这也就是诞生了最原始的一维<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>和三维<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="空间 (物理)">空间</a>，并发展同宇宙产生联系。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>近代科学，无处不涉及时空的概念和测量方法，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>以来，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a>、物理学和天文学在对时空的认知上基本可以分为两条不同但相交的线索： </p> <dl><dd>其一，以牛顿和麦克斯韦的重要理论——经典力学和经典<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a>为代表的时间-空间概念，经历爱因斯坦的狭义、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="广义相对论">广义相对论</a>，再到现代宇宙论。</dd> <dd>其二，从牛顿力学经过<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="量子理论">量子理论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场理论</a>，再到<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%BC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="超弦">超弦</a>或<a href="/wiki/M%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="M理论">M理论</a>。</dd></dl> <p>但物理学对于时空的认识还存在不少基本问题尚待解决，还需要进一步完善和发展。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="理论"><span id=".E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>理论</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="牛顿的绝对时空概念"><span id=".E7.89.9B.E9.A1.BF.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.9D.E5.AF.B9.E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>牛顿的绝对时空概念</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：牛顿的绝对时空概念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="绝对时空"><span id=".E7.BB.9D.E5.AF.B9.E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA"></span>绝对时空</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：绝对时空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="欧几里得几何">欧几里得几何</a>，测量出长方体的长、宽和高，便能算出其体积。也即是选择一个可以忽略大小的静止的参照物，只要得知需要计算物体与其的上下、左右和前后距离，就可以利用欧几里得几何计算出。 </p><p>在描述运动上，需要得知瞬时的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>和所处位置，这就抽象出一维时间和三维空间的坐标系概念。所以要描述物体的运动，就需要选择一个可供参考的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="坐标系">坐标系</a>，为此，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>就创造出四维绝对时空的概念，绝对时间均匀流逝，绝对空间符合三维欧几里得几何。绝对时空的本性与任何具体物体以及运动状态无关。选择相对于绝对空间的静止或匀速直线运动为参照所得出坐标，就是惯性参考系。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伽利略相对性"><span id=".E4.BC.BD.E5.88.A9.E7.95.A5.E7.9B.B8.E5.AF.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>伽利略相对性</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：伽利略相对性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在经典力学中，任意一个物体对于不同的惯性坐标系的空间坐标量和时间坐标量之间满足<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="伽利略变换">伽利略变换</a>。在此之下，物体的位置和速度都是相对的；而空间位移，时间间隔以及加速度却是绝对不变的。因为绝对时间的同时性不变，所以相对于同一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%AF%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="惯性参照系">惯性参照系</a>的两个事件同时发生与否也是不变的。而两个同时发生的事件在其他惯性参照系下也是同时的，这就是绝对同时性。牛顿力学的所有规律（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="万有引力定律">万有引力定律</a>）在内，在伽利略变换下也都是不变的，这即是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略相对性原理">伽利略相对性原理</a>。 </p><p>同时，不变性与守恒定律也有着很高相关度。运动状态在伽利略变换下的时间平移不变性就对应了物体的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="能量守恒">能量守恒</a>；而空间平移不变性也就与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="动量守恒">动量守恒</a>相关联，以及空间转动不变性更对应了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="角动量守恒">角动量守恒</a>。上述的不变性，就使得绝对时空概念受到了质疑。 </p><p>这是显而易见的，因为物体在绝对空间中的运动是可以观测的，这就有力学运动定律中需要有绝对速度这个概念，但牛顿力学中却没有绝对速度一说。即，牛顿力学定律的正确性并不要求存在绝对空间。 </p><p>虽然不断有人对牛顿的绝对空间概念提出异议，并且实际上也没有存在绝对时空的证据。但是牛顿力学和万有引力等规律是这样的成功，以至于牛顿的绝对时空的理念，也一直主导着当时的自然科学和哲学界。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="致命的问题"><span id=".E8.87.B4.E5.91.BD.E7.9A.84.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>致命的问题</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：致命的问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>牛顿体系推广到宇宙中则具有局限性。它无法描述一个简单的宇宙图像。可以近似描述的宇宙图像是：在无穷长和无限大的绝对时空中，无数多的星体大致上是静止的，而且平均光度也是均匀的。然而万有引力却让这个宇宙极为不稳定，甚至无法解答<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%AF%E8%AC%AC" title="奧伯斯佯謬">夜晚的天空为什么是黑的</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="麦克斯韦方程组"><span id=".E9.BA.A6.E5.85.8B.E6.96.AF.E9.9F.A6.E6.96.B9.E7.A8.8B.E7.BB.84"></span>麦克斯韦方程组</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：麦克斯韦方程组"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19世纪的物理学有一个重大成就，那就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>总结前人的电磁学理论，得出来的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>，这里面出现了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>c，而后又发现<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>。 </p><p>但是依旧受到牛顿的绝对时空概念所支配的物理学家们，自然也认为存在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">光以太</a>这种物质。所以，麦克斯韦方程组仅仅只是在绝对空间的惯性参考系中成立，与此类似，电磁波也只是光以太的波动现象而已。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爱因斯坦的相对时空观念"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E5.9B.A0.E6.96.AF.E5.9D.A6.E7.9A.84.E7.9B.B8.E5.AF.B9.E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA.E8.A7.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>爱因斯坦的相对时空观念</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：爱因斯坦的相对时空观念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="狭义相对论"><span id=".E7.8B.AD.E4.B9.89.E7.9B.B8.E5.AF.B9.E8.AE.BA"></span>狭义相对论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：狭义相对论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>就在物理学家认为物理的“大厦”即将完工时，两朵“乌云”却让整个物理体系动摇，更让人类对时空的认识发生了巨大的改变。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>在1905年提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a>，拓展了伽利略相对性原理，使得包括力学和电磁学在内的所有物理定律在不同惯性参照系也要具有相同的形式。 </p><p>但是当时的爱因斯坦还假定惯性参考系中单程光速C是不变的。据此，不同惯性系的时间-空间坐标之间不再遵从伽利略变换，而是遵从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="洛伦兹变换">洛伦兹变换</a>。 </p><p>据此，时间间隔（钟的走动）和空间长度（尺子的长）都成变化的，而且相对于“静止的”而言，越是高速运动，时钟就越是变慢，尺子就越是变短。至此，绝对的同时性不存在，也就是说，在一个参照系中同时发生的两个事件，在另一个高速运动的参照系就不再是同时发生了。 </p><p>狭义相对论中，因为光速是定量，所以时间-空间间隔（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="时空间隔（页面不存在）">时空间隔</a>）就成了不变量。因此，一些惯性系之间，除了对应于时间和空间平移的不变性之能量和动量守恒以外，还存在时空平移不变性。理所当然的，根据能量和动量守恒定律，爱因斯坦推导出他的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%83%BD%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="质能关系式">质量-能量关系式</a>（即是众所周知的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"></span>）。这个是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="原子物理">原子物理</a>中最为基本的。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="闵可夫斯基时空"><span id=".E9.97.B5.E5.8F.AF.E5.A4.AB.E6.96.AF.E5.9F.BA.E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA"></span>闵可夫斯基时空</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：闵可夫斯基时空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>狭义相对论不仅判定光以太不存在，它确定电磁波是一种波动，就得出场是一种与“实实在在”的物体不一样的物质。也判定牛顿的绝对时空不存在，并将一维时间和三维空间联系在一起，组成四维时空。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%97%B5%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔曼·闵可夫斯基">赫尔曼·闵可夫斯基</a>最先发现这一点，即<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B5%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="闵可夫斯基时空">闵可夫斯基时空</a>。而由此所产生的几何也成为具有度规张量的欧几里得几何，其符合<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="洛伦兹协变性">洛伦兹协变性</a>，也就是闵可夫斯基度规。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="广义相对论"><span id=".E5.B9.BF.E4.B9.89.E7.9B.B8.E5.AF.B9.E8.AE.BA"></span>广义相对论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：广义相对论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/220px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/330px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/440px-Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>时空曲率 </figcaption></figure> <p>但狭义相对论也有一个缺陷，它无法让引力定律满足任何参照系都具有同样形式。就此，爱因斯坦提出广义相对论。依据广义相对论，在宇宙中就不存在大范围的惯性参照系，而是只在任意时空点存在局部的惯性系，而不同的惯性系之间就通过惯性力或<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>让其相互联系。 </p><p>就此，惯性力的时空仍然是平直的四维闵克夫斯基时空，反之，引力的时空就是弯曲的四维时空。要描述这样的四维时空，只能用黎曼几何来描述。而要想得知时空的弯曲程度，需要知道物质及其<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F-%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="能量-動量張量">能量-动量张量</a>，再通过爱因斯坦引力场方程来确定。 </p><p>此时，时空不再是物质（物体或者场）的“运动场”，弯曲的时空就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="引力场">引力场</a>，其性质与在其中运动的物质之性质存在关联；而<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="空间">空间</a>是物质的存在形式，既没有脱离物质的时空，也没有脱离时空的物质<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>所以，其一，物质的运动所产生的能量-动量作为引力场的源头，通过场方程确定引力场的强度，即时空的弯曲度；其二，弯曲时空的几何特性也同样决定着物质运动的性质。 </p><p>例如在太阳系中，太阳作为这个引力场的源头，它的质量使得整个太阳系的时空发生弯曲。而越靠近太阳，其运动性质受到影响就越大。所以，水星的运动轨迹就受到太阳的影响。而其他恒星所发出的光线在经过太阳边缘时也发生了偏转等。实际观测也证明了广义相对论的正确。 </p><p>但广义相对论也存在着挑战，20世纪中期的研究表明，就是在特定的条件下，广义相对论会让时空出现“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9" title="引力奇点">奇点</a>”。在奇点处会让引力场失去意义。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宇宙之演化中的整体性"><span id=".E5.AE.87.E5.AE.99.E4.B9.8B.E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.95.B4.E4.BD.93.E6.80.A7"></span>宇宙之演化中的整体性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：宇宙之演化中的整体性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人类对时空认识一直都与宇宙密切相关，而宇宙学原理和爱因斯坦引力场方程就是现代认识宇宙的基础。宇宙学原理认定宇宙是一个整体的，它在时间上是不断变化的，即时间箭头，而在空间上却是均匀的。 </p><p>20世纪中期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙大爆炸">宇宙大爆炸</a>的模型成功的解释了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%96%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="河外星系">河外星系</a>红移，也解释了夜晚的天空是黑色的，这就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙微波背景辐射">宇宙微波背景辐射</a>。计算预测出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>的演化、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>的形成、轻元素的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a>等在天文观测上也是大体一致的。便解决牛顿体系没有给出宇宙图像的问题。 </p><p>虽然认识到宇宙是在演化中的一个整体，但是，那个奇点却处在宇宙大爆炸的起始、星系或<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>的中心。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子理论对时空的影响"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA.E5.AF.B9.E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>量子理论对时空的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：量子理论对时空的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="量子理论"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>量子理论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：量子理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物理学从牛顿的经典力学到20世纪初的量子理论，对人类认识时空也起着剧烈的变化，更引发物理学的震荡。 </p><p>量子力学描述了这样一个事实，也就是系统的空间位置与动量无法同时精确测量，同样的，时间与能量之间也是如此。他们满足<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性原理</a>；经典轨道在此刻也不再有精确的意义，如何理解量子力学以及有关测量的实质，一直处于争论中。但在20世纪末，有关量子的几个重要发现更是引发新的疑虑，这就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%A0%E7%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="量子纠缠">量子纠缠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9A%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%82%B3%E6%85%8B" title="量子隱形傳態">量子隐形传态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="量子信息">量子信息</a>等，在对其研究表明了时空亦有因果性和定域性。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="真空"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E7.A9.BA"></span>真空</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：真空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>量子力学与狭义相对论结合产生出<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="量子电动力学">量子电动力学</a>、量子场论以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱统一理论">电弱统一模型</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強作用力">强作用</a>下的量子色动力学等标准模型。即使巨大的成功也无法掩盖其中所隐含的原则问题。比如真空与否，存在着<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%82%B9%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="零点能量">零点能</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%BC%B2%E8%90%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="真空漲落">真空涨落</a>等，让人们对什么是真正的“真空”产生了新的认识。 </p><p>以上述为基础的产生以下几个忧虑：量子电动力学的微扰论计算可给出与实验精密符合的结果，然而这个微扰展开却是不合理的。 </p><p>对称性破缺的机制使传递<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弱作用力">弱作用</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中间玻色子">中间玻色子</a>获得质量，然而<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格斯机制">黑格斯场</a>的真空期望值和前面提到的零点能（相当于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙常數">宇宙常数</a>），其数值却比实际观测到的宇宙常数更大，而且还是惊人的，上百个<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%A7" title="数量级">数量级</a>。 </p><p>而量子色动力学描述<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="胶子">胶子</a>之间的相互作用，但是被禁闭在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%AD%90" title="强子">强子</a>内的夸克和胶子如何才能获得自由，这个问题却是物理学的疑点。 </p><p>再者，量子论预言到，在<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-33}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>33</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-33}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e46593b18128b3de04ec5d449ff205c214bb9085" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-33}}"></span>厘米和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-43}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>43</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-43}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06546fa9f5cd4e078ff26cf64e5199ddc5905543" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-43}}"></span>秒这样小的时空尺度上，时空的经典概念将不再适用。为解决这个难题，就须要在理论上建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B4%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="自洽">自洽</a>的量子引力理论，即是量子时空理论。然而，量子理论和广义相对论如何结合一直没有解决。 </p><p>一个可能的解决方法就是超弦理论或M理论。然而，这个理论却只有在一维时间-九维空间或一维时间-十维空间上实现。 </p><p>这里又出现了问题，尖锐的矛盾，如何将高维时空应用在低维时空上，也就是人类所熟知的四维时空观。人们所认知的时空是四维的，也就是说“宇宙”或许就是高维时空中的“一个泡沫”（通常称为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="膜宇宙學">膜</a>”）。 </p><p>从高维时空回到四维时空显然有很多种方法。那么，在“膜”宇宙以外，是否可能存在其他的“膜”宇宙？在产生宇宙大爆炸之前，是否还会有其他的阶段等。这些问题，或许与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙常數">宇宙常数</a>等问题都有着密切的联系。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="弱作用左右对称性等的破坏"><span id=".E5.BC.B1.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.B7.A6.E5.8F.B3.E5.AF.B9.E7.A7.B0.E6.80.A7.E7.AD.89.E7.9A.84.E7.A0.B4.E5.9D.8F"></span>弱作用左右对称性等的破坏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：弱作用左右对称性等的破坏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>力学与电磁学规律把惯性系从左手系变为右手系是不会变的，同样时间反转亦是不变的。这就是说把时空<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%BC%94" title="反演">反演</a>不变的规律与时空本身存在密切关联。 </p><p>同时，还存在与这些对称性相联系的正反<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>对称性。但是在微观状态下，在弱作用当中，时空反演不变与正反电荷反演不变这类规律不成立。这就是20世纪中期<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道">李政道</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%8C%AF%E5%AE%81" title="杨振宁">杨振宁</a>提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92" title="宇称不守恒">宇称不守恒</a>。这也得到实验的验证，不过其中更为深刻的本质尚待物理学家研究。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="暗能量和宇宙常数"><span id=".E6.9A.97.E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.87.E5.AE.99.E5.B8.B8.E6.95.B0"></span>暗能量和宇宙常数</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：暗能量和宇宙常数"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪末，天文学的重大进展，特别是太空观测的拓展，让更多“隐藏”的物体都显露出来。经过测算基本确定，人类目前还看不见的暗物质占据宇宙总物质20%以上，与此类似，与通常的能量完全不同的暗能量占据宇宙中总能量70%，且宇宙常数为正，约为<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-52}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>52</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-52}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3478c0ee298434886daa8053097ce7d53abb360" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-52}}"></span><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle cm^{-2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle cm^{-2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a52403b41102e84841c35e4b53f198b5af3cf7b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.38ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle cm^{-2}}"></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>这样的宇宙时空就不会是平坦的，而是呈现出正的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%9B%B2%E7%8E%87" title="常曲率">常曲率</a>时空。但这个正的常曲率时空，不仅仅在超弦理论或M理论上有着原则性的差别，就连通常意义的量子场论、量子力学，更甚至连经典力学也都出现了疑难。这是因为在理论上没有一个可公认的方法自洽地定义物理上的可观测量。而且宇宙常数为什么这样小，也是一大难题。<sup id="cite_ref-dabaike_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dabaike-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" title="四維矢量">四維矢量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%94%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="閔可夫斯基時空">閔可夫斯基時空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB%E6%8B%96%E6%8B%BD" title="参考系拖拽">参考系拖拽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E7%A9%B4%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="空穴論證">空穴論證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="流形">流形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="洛伦兹协变性">洛伦兹协变性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="廣義相對論中的數學">广义相对论中的数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="度量空间">度量空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82" title="相對同時">相對同時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="数学宇宙假说">数学宇宙假说</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83"></span>参考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a 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Lecture Notes in Physics. 2006, (653): 141–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA&rft.atitle=Dark+Matter+and+Dark+Energy&rft.aufirst=Sahni&rft.aulast=Varun&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=653&rft.jtitle=Lecture+Notes+in+Physics&rft.pages=141-180&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fpdf%2Fastro-ph%2F0403324&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22px_維度_22px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BCDEFC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6" title="Template:维度"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6" title="Template talk:维度"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:维度"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px_維度_22px" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypercube.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hypercube.svg/22px-Hypercube.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hypercube.svg/33px-Hypercube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hypercube.svg/44px-Hypercube.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="453" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="維度">維度</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypercubeorder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hypercubeorder.svg/22px-Hypercubeorder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hypercubeorder.svg/33px-Hypercubeorder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hypercubeorder.svg/44px-Hypercubeorder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;">數字維度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E7%B6%AD%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="負維空間">負維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E7%B6%AD%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="零維空間">零维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="一维空间">一维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="二维空间">二维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%AD%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="三維空間">三维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="四维空间">四维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="五维空间">五维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="六维空间">六维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="七维空间">七维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="八维空间">八维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="九维空间">九维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="維度">維度</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="多维空间">多维空间</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesseract.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tesseract.gif/123px-Tesseract.gif" decoding="async" width="123" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tesseract.gif/185px-Tesseract.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tesseract.gif/246px-Tesseract.gif 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimension_levels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dimension_levels.svg/222px-Dimension_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dimension_levels.svg/333px-Dimension_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dimension_levels.svg/444px-Dimension_levels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="129" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;">空間維度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E6%95%B0" title="向量空间的维数">向量空間的維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="欧几里得空间">欧几里得空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E5%B0%84%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="仿射空间">仿射空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E5%BD%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="射影空间">射影空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%A8%A1" title="自由模">自由模</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="流形">流形</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代數簇的維數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dimension of an algebraic variety"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%B0%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%AD%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代數簇的維數（页面不存在）">代數簇的維數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_of_an_algebraic_variety" class="extiw" title="en:Dimension of an algebraic variety"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dimension of an algebraic variety</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">时空</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;">其它維度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E6%95%B0" title="克鲁尔维数">克魯爾維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E7%B6%AD%E6%95%B8" title="拓撲維數">拓撲維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD%E6%95%B8" title="歸納維數">歸納維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB%E7%BB%B4%E6%95%B0" title="豪斯多夫维数">豪斯多夫维数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%9B%92%E7%BB%B4%E6%95%B0" title="计盒维数">計盒維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BD%A2%E7%BB%B4%E6%95%B0" title="分形维数">分形維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="自由度">自由度</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%83%9E%E5%BD%A2" title="多胞形">多胞形</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" title="超平面">超平面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%9B%B2%E9%9D%A2" title="超曲面">超曲面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="超方形">超方形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E7%BB%B4%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2" title="N维球面">N維球面</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="長菱體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperrectangle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E8%8F%B1%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長菱體（页面不存在）">長菱體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperrectangle" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperrectangle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperrectangle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%8D%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="超半方形">超半方形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%BD%B4%E5%BD%A2" title="正轴形">正軸形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%BA%AF%E5%BD%A2" title="单纯形">单纯形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%94%E8%BE%B9%E5%BD%A2%E5%BD%A2" title="类五边形形">類五邊形形</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="类二十面体形">类二十面体形</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超金字塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperpyramid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超金字塔（页面不存在）">超金字塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyramid" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperpyramid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperpyramid</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E7%8B%80" title="形狀">形狀</a>組成</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%9D%A2#負一維面" title="維面">極小面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E9%BB%9E_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="頂點 (幾何)">頂點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="邊 (幾何)">邊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" title="面 (幾何)">面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E_(%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B)" title="胞 (結構)">胞</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="維峰">維峰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%84%8A" title="维脊">維脊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E9%9D%A2" title="維面">維面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94_(%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95)" class="mw-redirect" title="體 (幾何)">體</a>（極大面）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DCECFC;">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="超空間">超空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%98%E7%B6%AD%E6%95%B8" title="餘維數">餘維數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%B0%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6%E3%80%81%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%BF%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="內射維度、投射維度與同調維度">內射維度、投射維度與同調維度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="正圖形列表">正圖形列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#CDEFFC;"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="Category:維度">分類</a>、</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="相对论" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Relativity" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="相对论" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="相对性原理">相对性原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="狭义相对论入门">狭义相对论入门</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="运动学">相對運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="参考系">参考系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">公式化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="伽利略变换">伽利略变换</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="洛伦兹变换">洛伦兹变换</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">結果</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="時間膨脹">時間膨脹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="狹義相對論中的質量">狹義相對論中的質量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9" title="长度收缩">长度收缩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%99%82" title="相對同時">相對同時</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="相對論性多普勒效應">相對論性多普勒效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%80%B2%E5%8B%95" title="湯瑪斯進動">湯馬斯進動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%AC" title="特勒尔旋转">特勒尔旋转</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">时空</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%94%E8%80%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" title="閔考斯基時空">閔可夫斯基時空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF" title="世界线">世界线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B5%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%BE" title="闵可夫斯基图">闵可夫斯基图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%94%A5" title="光锥">光锥</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_curvature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/200px-Spacetime_curvature.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/300px-Spacetime_curvature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spacetime_curvature.png/400px-Spacetime_curvature.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="廣義相對論入門">廣義相對論入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="廣義相對論中的數學">廣義相對論中的數學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%95%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="等效原理">等效原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="马赫原理">马赫原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%9B%BC%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" title="黎曼几何">黎曼几何</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現象</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="广义相对论中的开普勒问题">广义相对论中的开普勒问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="引力透镜效应">引力透镜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB%E6%8B%96%E6%8B%BD" title="参考系拖拽">参考系拖拽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%BA%BF%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="测地线效应">测地线效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E8%A6%96%E7%95%8C" title="事件視界">事件視界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9" title="引力奇点">引力奇点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方程式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="線性化重力">線性化重力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AB%96" title="後牛頓形式論">參數化後牛頓重力形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%BA%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="爱因斯坦场方程">爱因斯坦场方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%BA%BF" title="测地线">測地線方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="弗里德曼方程">弗里德曼方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="ADM質量">ADM質量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="BSSN形式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="BSSN formalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BSSN%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BSSN形式（页面不存在）">BSSN形式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSSN_formalism" class="extiw" title="en:BSSN formalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">BSSN formalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF-%E9%9B%85%E5%8F%AF%E6%AF%94-%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="哈密顿-雅可比-爱因斯坦方程">哈密顿-雅可比-爱因斯坦方程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">進階理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%AD%AF%E6%89%8E-%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="卡魯扎-克萊因理論">卡魯扎-克萊因理論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廣義相對論的精確解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Exact solutions in general relativity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣義相對論的精確解（页面不存在）">特殊解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="en:Exact solutions in general relativity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Exact solutions in general relativity</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F" title="史瓦西度規">史瓦西度規</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凱斯納度規" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kasner metric"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%8D%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凱斯納度規（页面不存在）">凱斯納度規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasner_metric" class="extiw" title="en:Kasner metric"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kasner metric</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%8D-%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%A7%86%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F" title="萊斯納-諾德斯特洛姆度規">萊斯納-諾德斯特洛姆度規</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哥德爾度規" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gödel metric"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥德爾度規（页面不存在）">哥德爾度規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" class="extiw" title="en:Gödel metric"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gödel metric</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F" title="克爾度規">克爾度規</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94-%E7%BA%BD%E6%9B%BC%E5%BA%A6%E8%A7%84" title="克尔-纽曼度规">克尔-纽曼度规</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B8%83-NUT%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F" title="托布-NUT度規">托布-NUT度規</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="米尔恩模型">米尔恩模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC-%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9-%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E9%80%8A-%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%A6%E8%A7%84" title="弗里德曼-勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克度规">弗里德曼-勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克度规</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="pp時空波" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pp-wave spacetime"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pp%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pp時空波（页面不存在）">pp時空波</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pp-wave_spacetime" class="extiw" title="en:pp-wave spacetime"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pp-wave spacetime</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凡斯塔格度規" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Van Stockum dust"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC%E5%BA%A6%E8%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凡斯塔格度規（页面不存在）">凡斯塔格度規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" class="extiw" title="en:Van Stockum dust"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Van Stockum dust</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科學家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹">亨德里克·洛伦兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·希尔伯特">大卫·希尔伯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">儒勒·昂利·庞加莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="卡爾·史瓦西">卡爾·史瓦西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·德西特">威廉·德西特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%B3" title="汉斯·赖斯纳">汉斯·赖斯纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8A%AA%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%A6" title="贡纳尔·努德斯特伦">贡纳尔·努德斯特伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·外尔">赫尔曼·魏尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF" title="亚瑟·爱丁顿">亚瑟·爱丁顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="亞歷山大·弗里德曼">亞歷山大·弗里德曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%81%A9" title="愛德華·亞瑟·米爾恩">愛德華·亞瑟·米爾恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E8%8C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA" title="弗里茨·茨维基">弗里茨·兹威基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·勒梅特">乔治·勒梅特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="库尔特·哥德尔">库尔特·哥德尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92" title="約翰·惠勒">約翰·惠勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E9%80%8A" title="霍华德·P·罗伯逊">霍华德·P·罗伯逊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%81" title="詹姆斯·M·巴丁">詹姆斯·麥克斯威·巴丁</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿瑟·杰弗裡·沃克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Geoffrey Walker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E8%A3%A1%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿瑟·杰弗裡·沃克（页面不存在）">阿瑟·杰弗裡·沃克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Geoffrey Walker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Geoffrey Walker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE" title="羅伊·克爾">羅伊·克爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1" title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡">苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="于尔根·埃勒斯">于尔根·埃勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯">羅傑·潘洛斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金">史蒂芬·霍金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="约瑟夫·泰勒">约瑟夫·泰勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="拉塞尔·赫尔斯">拉塞尔·赫尔斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·雅各·凡斯塔格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Willem Jacob van Stockum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·雅各·凡斯塔格（页面不存在）">威廉·雅各·凡斯塔格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Jacob_van_Stockum" class="extiw" title="en:Willem Jacob van Stockum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Willem Jacob van Stockum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞伯拉罕·哈斯克爾·托布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abraham H. Taub"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞伯拉罕·哈斯克爾·托布（页面不存在）">亞伯拉罕·哈斯克爾·托布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_H._Taub" class="extiw" title="en:Abraham H. Taub"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abraham H. Taub</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="以斯拉·T·紐曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ezra T. Newman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%C2%B7T%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以斯拉·T·紐曼（页面不存在）">以斯拉·T·紐曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_T._Newman" class="extiw" title="en:Ezra T. Newman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ezra T. Newman</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E6%88%90%E6%A1%90" title="丘成桐">丘成桐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%81%A9" title="基普·索恩">基普·索恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%AF" title="莱纳·魏斯">莱纳·魏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E8%BF%AA" title="赫爾曼·邦迪">赫爾曼·邦迪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%90%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="唐·佩吉 (物理學家)">唐·佩奇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廣義相對論之貢獻者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contributors to general relativity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B9%8B%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廣義相對論之貢獻者列表（页面不存在）"><i>其他</i></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributors_to_general_relativity" class="extiw" title="en:Contributors to general relativity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contributors to general relativity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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