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Government Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Government_Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._Plantations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._Plantations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2. Plantations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._Plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._Residential_Homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._Residential_Homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>3. Residential Homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._Residential_Homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>4. Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5._Public_Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5._Public_Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>5. Public Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5._Public_Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6._Other_Notable_Structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6._Other_Notable_Structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>6. Other Notable Structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6._Other_Notable_Structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Further Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Variations_in_Antebellum_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Variations_in_Antebellum_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional Variations in Antebellum Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Variations_in_Antebellum_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In modern society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antebellum architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Neoclassical architectural style characteristic of the 19th-century Southern United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pre-war_architecture" title="Pre-war architecture">Pre-war architecture</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrington_Hall_North.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barrington_Hall_North.JPG/300px-Barrington_Hall_North.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barrington_Hall_North.JPG/450px-Barrington_Hall_North.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Barrington_Hall_North.JPG/600px-Barrington_Hall_North.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Hall_(Roswell,_Georgia)" title="Barrington Hall (Roswell, Georgia)">Barrington Hall</a> is one classic example of an antebellum home.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Antebellum architecture</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum South</a>, Latin for "pre-war") is the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> characteristic of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, from after the birth of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, to the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antebellum architecture is especially characterized by <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neo-classical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> style homes and <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansions</a>. These plantation houses were built in the southern American states during roughly the 30 years before the American Civil War; approximately between the 1830s to 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_features">Key features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlestonhome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charlestonhome.jpg/300px-Charlestonhome.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charlestonhome.jpg/450px-Charlestonhome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Charlestonhome.jpg/600px-Charlestonhome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A historic home on <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">the Battery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Antebellum style homes have their roots in Neoclassical architectural styles, several adaptations to were made to compensate for the hot subtropical climate of the southern United States. </p><p>The main exterior characteristics of antebellum architecture included huge pillars, a balcony that ran along the whole outside edge of the house creating a porch that offers shade and spot to enjoy a breeze, and a sitting area in the cooler evenings. The evenly spaced large windows ventilated the warm air outside. Most homes had big centered entrances at the front and rear of the house.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">hipped</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">gabled roof</a> are characteristics of antebellum architecture and often feature a <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fottler_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fottler_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A cupola is a dome-like structure on top of a building that provides ventilation and serves as decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) These mansions were also often surrounded by grand gardens with geometrically cut bushes that complemented the symmetry of the houses.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antebellum architectural structures often have multiple stories or levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interior of these mansions were just as extravagant as the outside. Common features included enormous foyers, sweeping open stairways, ballrooms, grand dining rooms, and detailed design work. The design work included intricate shapes and patterns made from plaster used to adorn walls and furniture. It was also used to create wood and floor designs. Designs additionally include <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Pier_glass" title="Pier glass">pier glasses</a>, and marble mantels.<sup id="cite_ref-Fottler_2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fottler_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek revival components apparent in antebellum architecture include doorways, often recessed and flanked by <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilastered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablatured</a> columns.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Georgian architecture is illustrated with highly decorated entrances featuring <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Lunette" title="Lunette">lunette</a> over the door.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_Antebellum_Architecture">Examples of Antebellum Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples of Antebellum Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House,_524_Greenville_Street,_La_Grange,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Herndon-Glanton-Reeves_House%2C_524_Greenville_Street%2C_La_Grange%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3698" data-file-height="4746" /></a><figcaption>The Herndon Glanton Reeves house, built in 1845 in <a href="/wiki/Troup_County,_Georgia" title="Troup County, Georgia">Troup County, Georgia</a>, was home to several prominent citizens and used as a hospital for both Confederate and Union soldiers during the Civil War. The detail on the staircase <a href="/wiki/Newel" title="Newel">newel</a> and on the wall are both common features of antebellum architecture.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._Government_Buildings">1. Government Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1. Government Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a> (Richmond, Virginia)</b> </p><p>Designed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, this building shows the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style. Its grand columns and symmetry are all examples of the Classical style, which was widely used in government buildings. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_Capitol" title="North Carolina State Capitol">North Carolina State Capitol</a> (Raleigh, North Carolina)</b> </p><p>Built in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> style, this building features a central dome and classical columns. The design falls largely under the classical indications of Antebellum Architecture with grand colums on the facade among other items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._Plantations">2. Plantations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2. Plantations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> (Charlottesville, Virginia)</b> </p><p>The home of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello blends <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a> styles, with its iconic dome and symmetrical design reflecting Jefferson's architectural vision. The plantation relied on enslaved labor for its operation, which is important in understanding its historical and architectural context. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Oak_Alley_Plantation" title="Oak Alley Plantation">Oak Alley Plantation</a> (Vacherie, Louisiana)</b> </p><p>Oak Alley is a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> mansion, recognized for its long avenue of oak trees leading up to the house. The building’s classical features, including columns and symmetry, reflect the style's influence in the Antebellum South. </p><p><b>Fruitland (Augusta, Georgia)</b> </p><p>Designed by James Monroe and incorporating both <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a> elements, Fruitland is a notable example of the architectural relationship between plantation estates and agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3._Residential_Homes">3. Residential Homes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3. Residential Homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rosedown_Plantation" title="Rosedown Plantation">The Rosedown Plantation</a> (St. Francisville, Louisiana)</b> </p><p>An example of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> residential architecture, Rosedown features large columns and symmetrical facades. The design is intended to reflect the wealth and status of the owners, which was largely tied to plantation economy. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a> (Nashville, Tennessee)</b> </p><p>Home to President Andrew Jackson, The Hermitage is a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style plantation house with distinctive elements like columns and a large portico. The architecture reflects Jackson's personal style and political power during the Antebellum period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4._Churches">4. Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4. Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/First_(Scots)_Presbyterian_Church" title="First (Scots) Presbyterian Church">First (Scots) Presbyterian Church</a> (Charleston, South Carolina)</b> </p><p>This church is an example of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> architecture, marked by its large columns and classical proportions. The design reflects the influence of classical architecture in religious buildings during the Antebellum period. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Church_(Charleston,_South_Carolina)" title="St. Philip's Church (Charleston, South Carolina)">St. Philip's Church</a> (Charleston, South Carolina)</b> </p><p>St. Philip's Church blends Georgian and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> styles, with its notable bell tower and use of other classical elements. The church is an example of how religious architecture during the Antebellum period often incorporated these popular architectural styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5._Public_Buildings">5. Public Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 5. Public Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Capitol" title="Louisiana State Capitol">The Louisiana State Capitol</a> (Baton Rouge, Louisiana)</b> </p><p>Though constructed after the Antebellum period, this Art Deco building reflects the continuing influence of classical design elements in the state’s architecture, including the use of grand columns and verticality somewhat falling under the umbrella of Antebellum Architecture. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Charleston_City_Hall" title="Charleston City Hall">Charleston City Hall</a> (Charleston, South Carolina)</b> </p><p>Built in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> style, this building features symmetry and formal design, which were common in government buildings during the Antebellum period, reflecting classical traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6._Other_Notable_Structures">6. Other Notable Structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 6. Other Notable Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Exchange_and_Provost" title="Exchange and Provost">The Exchange and Provost Dungeon</a> (Charleston, South Carolina)</b> </p><p>This building, part of Charleston’s commercial and military history, features both Georgian and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> design elements. It is a key example of Charleston's role as a major port city, involved in trade and slavery during the Antebellum era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_Examples">Further Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aduston_Hall" title="Aduston Hall">Aduston Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Alabama" title="Gainesville, Alabama">Gainesville, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arlington, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Hall_(Roswell,_Georgia)" title="Barrington Hall (Roswell, Georgia)">Barrington Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roswell,_Georgia" title="Roswell, Georgia">Roswell, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_Plantation_(Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana)" title="Belle Grove Plantation (Iberville Parish, Louisiana)">Belle Grove Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberville Parish, Louisiana">Iberville Parish, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Meade_Plantation" title="Belle Meade Plantation">Belle Meade Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belle_Meade,_Tennessee" title="Belle Meade, Tennessee">Belle Meade, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hill" title="Bermuda Hill">Bermuda Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prairieville,_Alabama" title="Prairieville, Alabama">Prairieville, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia" title="South Boston, Virginia">South Boston, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_Hall" title="Boone Hall">Boone Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulloch_Hall" title="Bulloch Hall">Bulloch Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roswell,_Georgia" title="Roswell, Georgia">Roswell, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnton_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnton Plantation">Carnton Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Plantation_(Wallace,_Louisiana)" title="Evergreen Plantation (Wallace, Louisiana)">Evergreen Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallace,_Louisiana" title="Wallace, Louisiana">Wallace, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamble_Plantation_Historic_State_Park" title="Gamble Plantation Historic State Park">Gamble Plantation Historic State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ellenton,_Florida" title="Ellenton, Florida">Ellenton, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Mary_Plantation" title="Glen Mary Plantation">Glen Mary Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sparta,_Georgia" title="Sparta, Georgia">Sparta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodman-LeGrand_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodman-LeGrand House">Goodman-LeGrand House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-Dawson_State_Historic_Site" title="Hunter-Dawson State Historic Site">Hunter-Dawson Home</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_(Natchez,_Mississippi)" title="Lansdowne (Natchez, Mississippi)">Lansdowne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_(Natchez,_Mississippi)" title="Longwood (Natchez, Mississippi)">Longwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millford_Plantation" title="Millford Plantation">Millford Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pinewood,_South_Carolina" title="Pinewood, South Carolina">Pinewood, South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monmouth Plantation">Monmouth Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtles_Plantation" title="Myrtles Plantation">Myrtles Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Francisville,_Louisiana" title="St. Francisville, Louisiana">St. Francisville, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_Plantation" title="Nottoway Plantation">Nottoway Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/White_Castle,_Louisiana" title="White Castle, Louisiana">White Castle, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orton_Plantation" title="Orton Plantation">Orton Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_County,_North_Carolina" title="Brunswick County, North Carolina">Brunswick County, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rippavilla_Plantation" title="Rippavilla Plantation">Rippavilla Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill,_Tennessee" title="Spring Hill, Tennessee">Spring Hill, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grove_Plantation" title="The Grove Plantation">The Grove Plantation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hall_(Georgetown,_Kentucky)" title="Ward Hall (Georgetown, Kentucky)">Ward Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Kentucky" title="Georgetown, Kentucky">Georgetown, Kentucky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The features associated with antebellum architecture were introduced by people of <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European descent</a> who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial period</a> and in U.S. territories after the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803 along with a wave of immigration from Europe in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great numbers of Europeans seeking economic opportunities emigrated to America after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s defeat and the end of the war of 1812. This new wave of entrepreneurs began to dominate not only the economy, but also the architecture of the first half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prime example of the influence of immigrants in antebellum architecture is <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Hall" title="Stanton Hall">Stanton Hall</a>. The Hall was built by Frederick Stanton, an immigrant from Ireland who made his fortune in trading cotton. The design was based on the Revival style. The Hall also goes to show the increasingly connected national and global economy in which antebellum architecture emerged. The house used mantel pieces from New York, gas-burning <a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">chandeliers</a> from Philadelphia, and mirrors from France. Similar to many antebellum homes, Stanton Hall was built using a fortune Stanton made trading cotton. During the Civil War, like many other plantation houses, the Hall was occupied by Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s home, <a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a>, is another prime example of both antebellum architecture and the social conditions in which it arose. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal Style</a> which, while losing favor in the more trendy East, was still popular in Western slave states like Tennessee. Later, renovations made the house more in line with contemporary styles, adding Doric columns and making it more Classical and Revivalist in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other homes of its time, the Hermitage was built in a symmetrical design with equal amounts of corridors and rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not just reflecting the cultural differences between the West and East in this time, the Hermitage also was part of the South's economy. The Hermitage was an active plantation which grew the period's dominant cash crop, cotton. </p><p>Antibellum Architecture holds numerous close ties with social and racial structures that existed throughout the Southern United States in the 19th century. Plantations and other grand Antebellum Architecture constructions stood as displays of wealth and power for white Southerners, reflecting the success of the plantation economies, which relied on enslaved labour. The design and placement of these buildings, often in the Greek Revival style, symbolized the control and dominance of the plantation economy. In contrast, enslaved laborers, who worked on these plantations, viewed these structures differently. They largely saw them as representations of oppression and subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Driskell and Trawalter (2021) explored how perception of Antebellum Architecture varied by race, with white Southerners viewing the buildings as symbols of identity and status, while Black individuals and enslaved people saw them largely as symbols of opression. These differing perspectives held a role in reinforcing the social structures of the time. The relationship between antebellum architecture and the social hierarchy of the 19th dentury continues to be studied, as modern views of these buildings address both their architectural beauty and their historical associations with slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_Governor%27s_Mansion_(Milledgeville,_Georgia)" title="Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)">Georgia's Old Governor's Mansion</a> is one of the finest examples of the High Greek Revival architecture of this period. The mansion, located in <a href="/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia" title="Milledgeville, Georgia">Milledgeville</a>, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Cluskey" title="Charles B. Cluskey">Charles Cluskey</a>, an Irish immigrant who emigrated to New York City in 1827 where he trained to be an architect under the firm <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Town and Davis">Town and Davis</a>, and was built by Timothy Porter in 1839. Like other antebellum homes, this mansion has Ionic columns, a covered porch, and symmetrically placed windows. For over thirty years, this mansion housed many Georgian chief executives such as <a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Brown" title="Joseph E. Brown">Joseph E. Brown</a>. It was used as a stage for their speeches, and a place to introduce important guests. This mansion also played a part in the Civil War; General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> headquartered in the building in 1864 and it was claimed as a prize in the "<a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">March to the Sea</a>." After the war, the mansion was abandoned when Georgia's government was moved to Atlanta.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Civil War, the upkeep of these homes was strained. Stanton Hall, for example, was owned by the descendants of Stanton for several decades after the Civil War, but eventually the financial burden was too much and it became the Stanton College for Young Ladies. </p><p>Today most antebellum buildings serve as museums. These museums, especially the museums located at former plantations, often attempt to show both sides of the architectural style. While celebrating the beauty of the buildings, they also tell the story of the slaves who worked the land. <a href="/wiki/Boone_Hall" title="Boone Hall">Boone Hall</a> is a prime example of modern antebellum museums. The museum uses nine of the original slave cabins built between 1790 and 1810 as part of its "Black History in America" exhibit. In the exhibit, each cabin presents different aspects of slave life on the plantation. While the style's history remains controversial, exhibits like these are important in exposing the public to America's history with slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_Variations_in_Antebellum_Architecture">Regional Variations in Antebellum Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional Variations in Antebellum Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antebellum Architecture in the Southern United States is largely associated with various buildings largely made up of the Greek Revival Style that fills much of the South. Regional variations can be found such as in Middle Georgia which reveal how variables such as local resources, climate, and numerous other factors can influence the architectual style. </p><p>The architecture of Middle Georgia, particularly in the Oconee region, is one example of this, with distinct adaptations to the local conditions. Aspects of the local architecture that diverge from the standard style include the materials used and other modifications reflecting the local climate. The iconic plantation homes of the antebellum style were largely faithful to the original design but incorporated locally sourced brick, which acted as an insulator against the hotter summer climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regional variations also differ due to local economic conditions, with the economy being primarily based on cotton cultivation and farming. The buildings were constructed as demonstrations of wealth and power, with these key aspects serving as central design elements. The buildings showcased the material success of local plantations, which were the primary examples of antebellum architecture in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_society">In modern society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In modern society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated 20% of antebellum mansions remain intact in the south today due to many being burned during the Civil War, natural disasters, and their neglect. Many antebellum homes are now museums; <a href="/wiki/Old_Governor%27s_Mansion_(Milledgeville,_Georgia)" title="Old Governor's Mansion (Milledgeville, Georgia)">Georgia's Old Governor's Mansion</a> is an example of this. The mansion belongs to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_College_%26_State_University" title="Georgia College & State University">Georgia College</a>, and is its most treasured structure. In 2001, the structure began its restoration, and now serves as a museum that exhibits artifacts and gardens that showcase its history. Tours are available today that focus on the history of the building, gardens, and artifacts. The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> struck Louisiana and Mississippi. Its effects damaged or destroyed many antebellum buildings throughout the South. This destruction once again raised the question of whether or not these buildings, as symbols of a wealthy society propped up by slavery, should be preserved. For example, <a href="/wiki/Grass_Lawn_(Gulfport,_Mississippi)" title="Grass Lawn (Gulfport, Mississippi)">Grass Lawn</a>, an antebellum mansion in <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport, Mississippi</a>, was totally destroyed by the hurricane. As the community began to raise funds to rebuild the mansion, it faced resistance from parts of the community who opposed the symbolism of the mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it eventually passed through city council, the bill funding the reconstruction was at first even voted down. </p><p>Many prime example of antebellum architecture did not receive the same support as Grass Lawn. In the wake of Katrina, cleanups of cities often did not follow the guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Preservation Act">National Historic Preservation Act</a>. Hundreds of properties were destroyed with little hope of being reconstructed or commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are movements however, to preserve these historic properties. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">FEMA</a> (Federal Emergency Management Agency) for example helps to preserve important architectural properties, especially those affected by Katrina.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-war_architecture" title="Pre-war architecture">Pre-war architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scudder_(builder)" title="John Scudder (builder)">John Scudder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antebellum_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nash, Gary B.; 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