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id="toc-Basic_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simple table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-dimensional_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-dimensional_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Multi-dimensional table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-dimensional_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Generic representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specific uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Natural sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Software applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Software development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_relationship_to_furniture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_relationship_to_furniture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical relationship to furniture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_relationship_to_furniture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Table (information)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جدول (معلومات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدول (معلومات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Табліца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Табліца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_(informaci%C3%B3)" title="Taula (informació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula (informació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulka_(informace)" title="Tabulka (informace) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tabulka (informace)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tabel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelle" title="Tabelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tabel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_(informaci%C3%B3n)" title="Tabla (información) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla (información)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabelo" title="Tabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_(informazioa)" title="Taula (informazioa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula (informazioa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جدول (اطلاعات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول (اطلاعات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableau_(statistique)" title="Tableau (statistique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tableau (statistique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taabyl" title="Taabyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Taabyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C" title="표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Աղյուսակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղյուսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सारणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सारणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_(informasi)" title="Tabel (informasi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tabel (informasi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabella" title="Tabella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tabella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טבלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Кестелеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кестелеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tabel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB_(%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1)" title="テーブル (情報) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テーブル (情報)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tabell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tabell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadval" title="Jadval – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jadval" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tabell" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela" title="Tabela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tabela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela" title="Tabela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel" title="Tabel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tabel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachuchasqa" title="Wachuchasqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wachuchasqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Таблица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Table (information)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu%C4%BEka" title="Tabuľka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulukko_(esitysmuoto)" title="Taulukko (esitysmuoto) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taulukko (esitysmuoto)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabell" title="Tabell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tabell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வரிசைப் பட்டியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரிசைப் பட்டியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ตาราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตาราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Таблиця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таблиця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_(th%C3%B4ng_tin)" title="Bảng (thông tin) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng (thông tin)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="טאבעלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאבעלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="表格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="表格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="表格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="表格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q496946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For sortable tables in Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Sorting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Help:Sorting (disambiguation)">Help:Sorting (disambiguation)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For information on table syntax in Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Help:Table</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif/300px-Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif/450px-Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Table-sample-appearance-default-params-values-01.gif 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>An example table <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine#Layout,_style,_and_rendering" title="Browser engine">rendered</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> using <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>table</b> is an arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> or <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, typically in rows and columns, or possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables vary depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use.<sup id="cite_ref-Fink000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fink000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mcnabb000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcnabb000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robey000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robey000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielinski000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information or data conveyed in table form is said to be in <b>tabular</b> format (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tabular#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:tabular">adjective</a>). In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned <a href="/wiki/Floating_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating block">floating blocks</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_description">Basic description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A table consists of an ordered arrangement of <b>rows</b> and <b>columns</b>. This is a simplified description of the most basic kind of table. Certain considerations follow from this simplified description: </p> <ul><li>the term <b><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></b> has several common synonyms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">record</a>, k-<a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuple</a>, n-tuple, vector);</li> <li>the term <b><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></b> has several common synonyms (e.g., field, parameter, property, attribute, stanchion);</li> <li>a column is usually identified by a name;</li> <li>a column name can consist of a word, phrase or a numerical index;</li> <li>the intersection of a row and a column is called a <a href="/wiki/Table_cell" title="Table cell">cell</a>.</li></ul> <p>The elements of a table may be grouped, segmented, or arranged in many different ways, and even nested <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursively</a>. Additionally, a table may include <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annotations" class="mw-redirect" title="Annotations">annotations</a>, a header,<sup id="cite_ref-header_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-header-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">footer</a> or other ancillary features.<sup id="cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zielinski000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_table">Simple table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following illustrates a simple table with four columns and nine rows. The first row is not counted, because it is only used to display the column names. This is called a "header row". </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Age table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>First name</th> <th>Last name</th> <th>Age</th> <th>Gender </th></tr> <tr> <td>Jimmy</td> <td>toewasher</td> <td>7</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td>Javier</td> <td>Zapata</td> <td>28</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lily</td> <td>McGarrett</td> <td>18</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td>Olatunkbo</td> <td>Chijiaku</td> <td>22</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adrienne</td> <td>Anthoula</td> <td>22</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Axelia</td> <td>Athanasios</td> <td>22</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jon-Kabat</td> <td>Zinn</td> <td>22</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thabang</td> <td>Mosoa</td> <td>15</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhian</td> <td>Ellis</td> <td>12</td> <td>M </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-dimensional_table">Multi-dimensional table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multi-dimensional table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollup_table.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/220px-Rollup_table.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/330px-Rollup_table.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rollup_table.png/440px-Rollup_table.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>An example of a table containing rows with summary information. The summary information consists of subtotals that are combined from previous rows within the same column.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of <b>dimension</b> is also a part of basic terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any "simple" table can be represented as a "multi-dimensional" table by <a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">normalizing</a> the data values into ordered <a href="/wiki/Hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchies">hierarchies</a>. A common example of such a table is a <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_table" title="Multiplication table">multiplication table</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption style="white-space:nowrap">Multiplication table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>×</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>3</td> <td>6</td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In multi-dimensional tables, each cell in the body of the table (and the value of that cell) relates to the values at the beginnings of the column (i.e. the header), the row, and other structures in more complex tables. This is an <a href="/wiki/Injective_function" title="Injective function">injective relation</a>: each combination of the values of the headers row (row 0, for lack of a better term) and the headers column (column 0 for lack of a better term) is related to a unique cell in the table: </p> <ul><li>Column 1 and row 1 will only correspond to cell (1,1);</li> <li>Column 1 and row 2 will only correspond to cell (2,1) etc.</li></ul> <p>The first column often presents information dimension description by which the rest of the table is navigated. This column is called "stub column". Tables may contain three or multiple dimensions and can be classified by the number of dimensions. Multi-dimensional tables may have super-rows - rows that describe additional dimensions for the rows that are presented below that row and are usually grouped in a tree-like structure. This structure is typically visually presented with an appropriate number of white spaces in front of each stub's label.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In literature tables often present numerical values, cumulative statistics, categorical values, and at times parallel descriptions in form of text.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can condense large amount of information to a limited space and therefore they are popular in scientific literature in many fields of study. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu&page=60" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-220px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-330px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-440px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Auzout" title="Adrien Auzout">Adrien Auzout</a>'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions/Volume_1/Number_4#56" class="extiw" title="s:Philosophical Transactions/Volume 1/Number 4">a 1665 article</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generic_representation">Generic representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Generic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a communication tool, a table allows a form of <a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">generalization</a> of information from an unlimited number of different social or scientific contexts. It provides a familiar way to convey information that might otherwise not be obvious or readily understood. </p><p>For example, in the following diagram, two alternate representations of the same information are presented side by side. On the left is the NFPA 704 standard "<a href="/wiki/Fire_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire diamond">fire diamond</a>" with example values indicated and on the right is a simple table displaying the same values, along with additional information. Both representations convey essentially the same information, but the tabular representation is arguably more comprehensible to someone who is not familiar with the NFPA 704 standard. The tabular representation may not, however, be ideal for every circumstance (for example because of space limitations, or safety reasons). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Fire_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire diamond">Fire diamond</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard Representation </th> <th>Tabular Representation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_953a9591cdee1806" /></span><map name="ImageMap_953a9591cdee1806"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption style="white-space:nowrap">Risk levels of hazardous materials in this facility </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Health Risk</th> <th>Flammability</th> <th>Reactivity</th> <th>Special </th></tr> <tr> <td>Level 3</td> <td>Level 2</td> <td>Level 1</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_uses">Specific uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specific uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several specific situations in which tables are routinely used as a matter of custom or formal convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cross-reference (<a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_table" title="Mathematical table">Mathematical table</a></div> <ul><li>Arithmetic (<a href="/wiki/Multiplication_table" title="Multiplication table">Multiplication table</a>)</li> <li>Logic (<a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">Truth table</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_sciences">Natural sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Natural sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>)</li> <li>Oceanography (<a href="/wiki/Tide_table" title="Tide table">tide table</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software_applications">Software applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Software applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern software applications give users the ability to generate, format, and edit tables and tabular data for a wide variety of uses, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a> applications;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> applications;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation software">presentation software</a>;</li> <li>tables specified in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software_development">Software development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Software development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tables have uses in software development for both high-level specification and low-level implementation. Usage in software specification can encompass ad hoc inclusion of simple <a href="/wiki/Decision_table" title="Decision table">decision tables</a> in textual documents through to the use of tabular specification methodologies, examples of which include Software Cost Reduction<sup id="cite_ref-Heitmeyer000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heitmeyer000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Statestep.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of tabular techniques, among whom <a href="/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a> is prominent, emphasize their understandability, as well as the quality and cost advantages of a format allowing systematic inspection,<sup id="cite_ref-Janicki000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janicki000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while corresponding shortcomings experienced with a graphical notation were cited in motivating the development of at least two tabular approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leveson000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leveson000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a programming level, software may be implemented using constructs generally represented or understood as tabular, whether to store data (perhaps to <a href="/wiki/Memoization" title="Memoization">memoize</a> earlier results), for example, in <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">arrays</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash tables</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Control_table" title="Control table">control tables</a> determining the flow of program execution in response to various events or inputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases">Databases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Database systems often store data in structures called tables; in which <a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">columns</a> are data fields and <a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">rows</a> represent data records. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_relationship_to_furniture">Historical relationship to furniture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical relationship to furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Counting_house" title="Counting house">counting houses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Table_(furniture)" title="Table (furniture)">tables</a> were covered with a piece of <a href="/wiki/Check_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Check (fabric)">checkered</a> cloth, to count money.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a></i> is an archaic term for the English institution which accounted for money owed to the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Checkerboard" title="Checkerboard">checkerboard</a> tables of stacks of coins are a concrete realization of this <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">Abstract data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">Column (database)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Information graphics">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_table" title="Reference table">Reference table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">Row (database)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">Table (database)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Tables" title="HTML element">Table (HTML)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">Dependent and independent variables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_striping" title="Zebra striping">Zebra striping</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fink000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fink000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFink2005" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Arlene (2005). <i>How to Conduct Surveys</i>. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-1423-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-1423-X"><bdi>1-4129-1423-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Conduct+Surveys&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4129-1423-X&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Arlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcnabb000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mcnabb000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNabb2002" class="citation book cs1">McNabb, David (2002). <i>Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management</i>. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0957-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0957-6"><bdi>0-7656-0957-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Methods+in+Public+Administration+and+Nonprofit+Management&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7656-0957-6&rft.aulast=McNabb&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, George (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spssforintroduct0000unse"><i>Spss for Introductory Statistics</i></a></span>. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-4789-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-4789-8"><bdi>0-8058-4789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spss+for+Introductory+Statistics&rft.place=Hillsdale&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8058-4789-8&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspssforintroduct0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robey000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robey000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobey2000" class="citation book cs1">Robey, David (2000). <i>Sound and Structure in the Divine Comedy</i>. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818498-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818498-0"><bdi>0-19-818498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Structure+in+the+Divine+Comedy&rft.place=Oxford+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-818498-0&rft.aulast=Robey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zielinski000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zielinski000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZielinski2006" class="citation book cs1">Zielinski, Krzysztof (2006). <i>Software Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies</i>. Amsterdam: IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58603-559-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58603-559-2"><bdi>1-58603-559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering%3A+Evolution+and+Emerging+Technologies&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58603-559-2&rft.aulast=Zielinski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-header-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-header_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g., <a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Page header</a> or <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">Header (computing)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept of "dimension" is often applied to tables in different contexts and with different meanings. For example, what is described as a "Simple Table" in this article is alternatively described as a "two dimensional array". This is distinct from "multi-dimensional table" as presented in this article.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilosevicGregsonHernandezNenadic2016" class="citation journal cs1">Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/41051279/Disentangling_the_Structure_of_Tables_in_Scientific_Literature.pdf">"Disentangling the Structure of Tables in Scientific Literature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2016)</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. <b>9612</b>: 162–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-41754-7_14">10.1007/978-3-319-41754-7_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-41753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-41753-0"><bdi>978-3-319-41753-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19538141">19538141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+21st+International+Conference+on+Applications+of+Natural+Language+to+Information+Systems+%28NLDB+2016%29&rft.atitle=Disentangling+the+Structure+of+Tables+in+Scientific+Literature&rft.volume=9612&rft.pages=162-174&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19538141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-41754-7_14&rft.isbn=978-3-319-41753-0&rft.aulast=Milosevic&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Gregson%2C+C&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+R&rft.au=Nenadic%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F41051279%2FDisentangling_the_Structure_of_Tables_in_Scientific_Literature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilosevicGregsonHernandezNenadic2019" class="citation journal cs1">Milosevic N, Gregson C, Hernandez R, Nenadic G (February 2019). "A framework for information extraction from tables in biomedical literature". <i>International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 55–78. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10031">1902.10031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10032-019-00317-0">10.1007/s10032-019-00317-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62880746">62880746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Document+Analysis+and+Recognition&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+information+extraction+from+tables+in+biomedical+literature&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-78&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1902.10031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62880746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10032-019-00317-0&rft.aulast=Milosevic&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Gregson%2C+C&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+R&rft.au=Nenadic%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heitmeyer000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heitmeyer000_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitmeyer2002" class="citation web cs1">Heitmeyer, Constance L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312075923/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA465161">"Software Cost Reduction"</a>. Washington D.C.: Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA465161">the original</a> on March 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+Cost+Reduction&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Naval+Research+Laboratory&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Heitmeyer&rft.aufirst=Constance+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DADA465161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breen000_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen000_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbreen.com/experience.pdf">"Experience of using a lightweight formal specification method for a commercial embedded system product line"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Requirements Engineering Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00766-004-0209-1">10.1007/s00766-004-0209-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16928695">16928695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Requirements+Engineering+Journal&rft.atitle=Experience+of+using+a+lightweight+formal+specification+method+for+a+commercial+embedded+system+product+line&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00766-004-0209-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16928695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbreen.com%2Fexperience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janicki000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janicki000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanickiParnasZucker1997" class="citation book cs1">Janicki, Ryszard; Parnas, David Lorge; Zucker, Jeffery (1997). "Tabular representations in relational documents". In Brink, C.; Kahl, W.; Schmidt, G. (eds.). <i>Relational Methods in Computer Science</i>. Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-211-82971-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-211-82971-7"><bdi>3-211-82971-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tabular+representations+in+relational+documents&rft.btitle=Relational+Methods+in+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-211-82971-7&rft.aulast=Janicki&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft.au=Parnas%2C+David+Lorge&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leveson000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leveson000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesonHeimdahlReese1999" class="citation book cs1">Leveson, Nancy G.; Heimdahl, Mats P. E.; Reese, Jon Damon (1999). "Designing Specification Languages for Process-Control Systems: Lessons Learned and Steps to the Future". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsec.umn.edu/sites/all/files/publications/draft4.pdf"><i>Seventh ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations on Software Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1687. pp. 127–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-48166-4_9">10.1007/3-540-48166-4_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F217294">11299/217294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66538-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-66538-0"><bdi>978-3-540-66538-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Designing+Specification+Languages+for+Process-Control+Systems%3A+Lessons+Learned+and+Steps+to+the+Future&rft.btitle=Seventh+ACM+SIGSOFT+Symposium+on+the+Foundations+on+Software+Engineering&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=127-146&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F217294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-48166-4_9&rft.isbn=978-3-540-66538-0&rft.aulast=Leveson&rft.aufirst=Nancy+G.&rft.au=Heimdahl%2C+Mats+P.+E.&rft.au=Reese%2C+Jon+Damon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsec.umn.edu%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fdraft4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1989" class="citation journal cs1">Baxter, W. T. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40697984">"Early Accounting: The Tally and Checkerboard"</a>. <i>The Accounting Historians Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 43–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2308%2F0148-4184.16.2.43">10.2308/0148-4184.16.2.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-4184">0148-4184</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40697984">40697984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Accounting+Historians+Journal&rft.atitle=Early+Accounting%3A+The+Tally+and+Checkerboard&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-83&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0148-4184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40697984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2308%2F0148-4184.16.2.43&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40697984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.blog.gov.uk/2013/08/14/the-exchequer-a-chequered-history/">"The Exchequer: a chequered history? - History of government"</a>. <i>history.blog.gov.uk</i>. 14 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.blog.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Exchequer%3A+a+chequered+history%3F+-+History+of+government&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.blog.gov.uk%2F2013%2F08%2F14%2Fthe-exchequer-a-chequered-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATable+%28information%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Table_(information)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software 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<li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. 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