CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Misleading graph - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8856000b-a321-46e8-a7c6-97d5be6ac286","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Misleading_graph","wgTitle":"Misleading graph","wgCurRevisionId":1245048826,"wgRevisionId":1245048826,"wgArticleId":36197584,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Misuse of statistics","Ethics and statistics"],"wgPageViewLanguage": "en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Misleading_graph","wgRelevantArticleId":36197584,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6875830", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Misleading graph - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_graph"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Misleading_graph rootpage-Misleading_graph skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Misleading+graph" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Misleading+graph" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Misleading+graph" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Misleading+graph" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Misleading_graph_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misleading_graph_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Misleading graph methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Misleading_graph_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Misleading graph methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Misleading_graph_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excessive_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excessive_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Excessive usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excessive_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biased_labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biased_labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Biased labeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biased_labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fabricated_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabricated_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Fabricated trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabricated_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pie_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pie_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pie chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pie_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparing_pie_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparing_pie_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Comparing pie charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparing_pie_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_Pie_chart_slice_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_Pie_chart_slice_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>3D Pie chart slice perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_Pie_chart_slice_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improper_scaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improper_scaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Improper scaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improper_scaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logarithmic_scaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logarithmic_scaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Logarithmic scaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logarithmic_scaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truncated_graph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truncated_graph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Truncated graph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truncated_graph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Axis changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>No scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improper_intervals_or_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improper_intervals_or_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Improper intervals or units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improper_intervals_or_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omitting_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omitting_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Omitting data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omitting_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>3D</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complexity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Complexity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Poor construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrapolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrapolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Extrapolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrapolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Measuring distortion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measuring_distortion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measuring distortion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measuring_distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lie_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lie_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lie factor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lie_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graph_discrepancy_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graph_discrepancy_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Graph discrepancy index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graph_discrepancy_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data-ink_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data-ink_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Data-ink ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-ink_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Data density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_finance_and_corporate_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_finance_and_corporate_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage in finance and corporate reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_finance_and_corporate_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Misleading graph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نمودار گیج‌کننده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمودار گیج‌کننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafico_fuorviante" title="Grafico fuorviante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafico fuorviante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E8%A7%A3%E3%82%92%E4%B8%8E%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95" title="誤解を与える統計グラフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="誤解を与える統計グラフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1fico_enganoso" title="Gráfico enganoso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gráfico enganoso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Оманливий графік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оманливий графік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6875830#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Misleading_graph" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Misleading_graph" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Misleading_graph" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&oldid=1245048826" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Misleading_graph&id=1245048826&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMisleading_graph"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMisleading_graph"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Misleading_graph&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Misleading_graphs" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6875830" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Graph that misrepresents data</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misusestatistics_0001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png/260px-Misusestatistics_0001.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png/390px-Misusestatistics_0001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Misusestatistics_0001.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Example of a truncated (left) vs full-scale graph (right), using the same data</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data and information visualization</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Major dimensions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive data visualization">Interactive data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Important figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wardley" title="Simon Wardley">Simon Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Albrecht" title="Kim Albrecht">Kim Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Osterwalder" title="Alexander Osterwalder">Alexander Osterwalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Hawkins_(climatologist)" title="Ed Hawkins (climatologist)">Ed Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bostock" title="Mike Bostock">Mike Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Ilyas" title="Ihab Ilyas">Ihab Ilyas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Information graphic types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_chart" title="Line chart">Line chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">Bar chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogram" title="Histogram">Histogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatter_plot" title="Scatter plot">Scatter plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_plot" title="Box plot">Box plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_chart" title="Pareto chart">Pareto chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_chart" title="Area chart">Area chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Tree map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_chart" title="Bubble chart">Bubble chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Stripe graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_chart" title="Control chart">Control chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_chart" title="Run chart">Run chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-and-leaf_display" title="Stem-and-leaf display">Stem-and-leaf display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_multiple" title="Small multiple">Small multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkline" title="Sparkline">Sparkline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_plot" title="Mosaic plot">Marimekko chart</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_model" title="Statistical model">Statistical model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misleading graph</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_visualization" title="Template:Data visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_visualization" title="Template talk:Data visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, a <b>misleading graph</b>, also known as a <b>distorted graph</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">graph</a> that misrepresents <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, constituting a <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics" title="Misuse of statistics">misuse of statistics</a> and with the result that an incorrect conclusion may be derived from it. </p><p>Graphs may be misleading by being excessively complex or poorly constructed. Even when constructed to display the characteristics of their data accurately, graphs can be subject to different interpretations, or unintended kinds of data can seemingly and ultimately erroneously be derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_p52_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk_p52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Misleading graphs may be created intentionally to hinder the proper interpretation of data or accidentally due to unfamiliarity with <a href="/wiki/List_of_information_graphics_software" title="List of information graphics software">graphing software</a>, misinterpretation of data, or because data cannot be accurately conveyed. Misleading graphs are often used in <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>. One of the first authors to write about misleading graphs was <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Huff" title="Darrell Huff">Darrell Huff</a>, publisher of the 1954 book <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Statistics" title="How to Lie with Statistics">How to Lie with Statistics</a></i>. </p><p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">data visualization</a> describes ways to present information that avoids creating misleading graphs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misleading_graph_methods">Misleading graph methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Misleading graph methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A misleading graph] is vastly more effective, however, because it contains no adjectives or adverbs to spoil the illusion of objectivity, there's nothing anyone can pin on you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Statistics" title="How to Lie with Statistics">How to Lie with Statistics</a></i> (1954)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are numerous ways in which a misleading graph may be constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan_pp_49–52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan_pp_49–52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excessive_usage">Excessive usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Excessive usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of graphs where they are not needed can lead to unnecessary confusion/interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_audit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas_audit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the more explanation a graph needs, the less the graph itself is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_audit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas_audit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphs do not always convey information better than tables.<sup id="cite_ref-TufteVDQI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TufteVDQI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biased_labeling">Biased labeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biased labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of biased or <a href="/wiki/Loaded_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loaded words">loaded words</a> in the graph's title, axis labels, or caption may inappropriately <a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">prime</a> the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-texas_audit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texas_audit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabricated_trends">Fabricated trends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fabricated trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly, attempting to draw trend lines through uncorrelated data may mislead the reader into believing a trend exists where there is none. This can be both the result of intentionally attempting to mislead the reader or due to the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Illusory_correlation" title="Illusory correlation">illusory correlation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pie_chart">Pie chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pie chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">Pie chart</a></div> <ul><li>Comparing pie charts of different sizes could be misleading as people cannot accurately read the comparative area of circles.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread_p150_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread_p150-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The usage of thin slices, which are hard to discern, may be difficult to interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread_p150_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread_p150-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The usage of percentages as labels on a pie chart can be misleading when the sample size is small.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Making a pie chart 3D or adding a slant will make interpretation difficult due to distorted effect of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread,_p._151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-charted pie graphs in which the height of the slices is varied may confuse the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread,_p._151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparing_pie_charts">Comparing pie charts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparing pie charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparing data on barcharts is generally much easier. In the image below, it is very hard to tell where the blue sector is bigger than the green sector on the piecharts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piecharts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Piecharts.svg/484px-Piecharts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="484" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Piecharts.svg/726px-Piecharts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Piecharts.svg/968px-Piecharts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Three sets of percentages, plotted as both piecharts and barcharts. Comparing the data on barcharts is generally much easier.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3D_Pie_chart_slice_perspective">3D Pie chart slice perspective</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 3D Pie chart slice perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>perspective</i> <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart#3-D_pie_chart" title="Pie chart">(3D) pie chart</a> is used to give the chart a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> look. Often used for aesthetic reasons, the third dimension does not improve the reading of the data; on the contrary, these plots are difficult to interpret because of the distorted effect of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspective</a> associated with the third dimension. The use of superfluous dimensions not used to display the data of interest is discouraged for charts in general, not only for pie charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Few1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Few1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 3D pie chart, the slices that are closer to the reader appear to be larger than those in the back due to the angle at which they're presented.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumsey_p156_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumsey_p156-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect makes readers less performant in judging the relative magnitude of each <i>slice</i> when using 3D than 2D <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of pie charts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Misleading pie chart </th> <th>Regular pie chart </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Misleading_Pie_Chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Misleading_Pie_Chart.png/325px-Misleading_Pie_Chart.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Misleading_Pie_Chart.png 1.5x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_Pie_Chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sample_Pie_Chart.png/325px-Sample_Pie_Chart.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sample_Pie_Chart.png 1.5x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Item C appears to be at least as large as Item A in the misleading pie chart, whereas in actuality, it is less than half as large. Item D looks a lot larger than item B, but they are the same size. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a>, a prominent American statistician, noted why tables may be preferred to pie charts in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Display_of_Quantitative_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="The Visual Display of Quantitative Information">The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-TufteVDQI_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TufteVDQI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Tables are preferable to graphics for many small data sets. A table is nearly always better than a dumb pie chart; the only thing worse than a pie chart is several of them, for then the viewer is asked to compare quantities located in spatial disarray both within and between pies – Given their low data-density and failure to order numbers along a visual dimension, pie charts should never be used. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improper_scaling">Improper scaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Improper scaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using pictograms in bar graphs should not be scaled uniformly, as this creates a perceptually misleading comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_p60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss_p60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of the pictogram is interpreted instead of only its height or width.<sup id="cite_ref-Utts_pp146-147_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utts_pp146-147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes the scaling to make the difference appear to be squared.<sup id="cite_ref-Utts_pp146-147_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utts_pp146-147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Improper scaling of 2D pictogram in a bar graph </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Improper scaling </th> <th>Regular </th> <th>Comparison </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/175px-Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/263px-Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/350px-Improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Picture_Graph.svg/175px-Picture_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Picture_Graph.svg/263px-Picture_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Picture_Graph.svg/350px-Picture_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/175px-Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/263px-Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg/350px-Comparison_of_properly_and_improperly_scaled_picture_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>In the improperly scaled pictogram bar graph, the image for B is actually 9 times as large as A. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>2D shape scaling comparison </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Square </th> <th>Circle </th> <th>Triangle </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_scaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Box_scaling.svg/150px-Box_scaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Box_scaling.svg/225px-Box_scaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Box_scaling.svg/300px-Box_scaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_scaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle_scaling.svg/150px-Circle_scaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle_scaling.svg/225px-Circle_scaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Circle_scaling.svg/300px-Circle_scaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangle_scaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Triangle_scaling.svg/150px-Triangle_scaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Triangle_scaling.svg/225px-Triangle_scaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Triangle_scaling.svg/300px-Triangle_scaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The perceived size increases when scaling. </p><p>The effect of improper scaling of pictograms is further exemplified when the pictogram has 3 dimensions, in which case the effect is cubed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg/150px-Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg/225px-Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg/300px-Graph_showing_improper_3D_pictogram_scaling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The graph of house sales (left) is misleading. It appears that home sales have grown eightfold in 2001 over the previous year, whereas they have actually grown twofold. Besides, the number of sales is not specified. </p><p>An improperly scaled pictogram may also suggest that the item itself has changed in size.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Misleading </th> <th>Regular </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg/200px-Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg/300px-Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg/400px-Pictograph_not_aligned_and_different_size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="281" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg/200px-Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg/300px-Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg/400px-Pictograph_aligned_and_similar_size.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="281" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Assuming the pictures represent equivalent quantities, the misleading graph shows that there are more bananas because the bananas occupy the most area and are furthest to the right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logarithmic_scaling">Logarithmic scaling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Logarithmic scaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logarithmic (or log) scales are a valid means of representing data. But when used without being clearly labeled as log scales or displayed to a reader unfamiliar with them, they can be misleading. Log scales put the data values in terms of a chosen number (the base of the log) to a particular power. The base is often <a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)">e</a> (2.71828...) or 10. For example, log scales may give a height of 1 for a value of 10 in the data and a height of 6 for a value of 1,000,000 (10<sup>6</sup>) in the data. Log scales and variants are commonly used, for instance, for the volcanic explosivity index, the Richter scale for earthquakes, the magnitude of stars, and the pH of acidic and alkaline solutions. Even in these cases, the log scale can make the data less apparent to the eye. Often the reason for the use of log scales is that the graph's author wishes to display vastly different scales on the same axis. Without log scales, comparing quantities such as 1000 (10<sup>3</sup>) versus 10<sup>9</sup> (1,000,000,000) becomes visually impractical. A graph with a log scale that was not clearly labeled as such, or a graph with a log scale presented to a viewer who did not know logarithmic scales, would generally result in a representation that made data values look of similar size, in fact, being of widely differing magnitudes. Misuse of a log scale can make vastly different values (such as 10 and 10,000) appear close together (on a base-10 log scale, they would be only 1 and 4). Or it can make small values appear to be negative due to how logarithmic scales represent numbers smaller than the base. </p><p>Misuse of log scales may also cause relationships between quantities to appear linear whilst those relationships are exponentials or power laws that rise very rapidly towards higher values. It has been stated, although mainly in a humorous way, that "anything looks linear on a log-log plot with thick marker pen" .<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of linear and logarithmic scales for identical data </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Linear scale </th> <th>Logarithmic scale </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Linear_scale.png/350px-Linear_scale.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Linear_scale.png/525px-Linear_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Linear_scale.png/700px-Linear_scale.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logarithmic_scale_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png/350px-Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png/525px-Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png/700px-Logarithmic_scale_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Both graphs show an identical exponential function of <i>f(x</i>) = 2<sup><i>x</i></sup>. The graph on the left uses a linear scale, showing clearly an exponential trend. The graph on the right, however uses a logarithmic scale, which generates a straight line. If the graph viewer were not aware of this, the graph would appear to show a linear trend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truncated_graph">Truncated graph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Truncated graph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>truncated graph</b> (also known as a <b>torn graph</b>) has a <i>y</i> axis that does not start at 0. These graphs can create the impression of important change where there is relatively little change. </p><p>While truncated graphs can be used to overdraw differences or to save space, their use is often discouraged. Commercial software such as MS Excel will tend to truncate graphs by default if the values are all within a narrow range, as in this example. To show relative differences in values over time, an index chart can be used. Truncated diagrams will always distort the underlying numbers visually. Several studies found that even if people were correctly informed that the y-axis was truncated, they still overestimated the actual differences, often substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Truncated bar graph </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Truncated bar graph </th> <th>Regular bar graph </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg/350px-Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg/525px-Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg/700px-Truncated_Bar_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bar_graph.svg/350px-Bar_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bar_graph.svg/525px-Bar_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bar_graph.svg/700px-Bar_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>These graphs display <i>identical data</i>; however, in the truncated bar graph on the left, the data <i>appear</i> to show significant differences, whereas, in the regular bar graph on the right, these differences are hardly visible. </p><p><br /> There are several ways to indicate <i>y</i>-axis breaks: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indicating a <i>y</i>-axis break </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_graph_break.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar_graph_break.svg/125px-Bar_graph_break.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar_graph_break.svg/188px-Bar_graph_break.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bar_graph_break.svg/250px-Bar_graph_break.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-axis_break.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Y-axis_break.svg/175px-Y-axis_break.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Y-axis_break.svg/263px-Y-axis_break.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Y-axis_break.svg/350px-Y-axis_break.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_changes">Axis changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Axis changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Changing <i>y</i>-axis maximum </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Original graph </th> <th>Smaller maximum </th> <th>Larger maximum </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/200px-Line_graph1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/300px-Line_graph1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/400px-Line_graph1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Line_graph3.svg/200px-Line_graph3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Line_graph3.svg/300px-Line_graph3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Line_graph3.svg/400px-Line_graph3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Line_graph2.svg/200px-Line_graph2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Line_graph2.svg/300px-Line_graph2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Line_graph2.svg/400px-Line_graph2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Changing the <i>y</i>-axis maximum affects how the graph appears. A higher maximum will cause the graph to appear to have less volatility, less growth, and a less steep line than a lower maximum. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Changing ratio of graph dimensions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Original graph </th> <th>Half-width, twice the height </th> <th>Twice width, half-height </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/200px-Line_graph1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/300px-Line_graph1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Line_graph1.svg/400px-Line_graph1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph1-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Line_graph1-3.svg/175px-Line_graph1-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Line_graph1-3.svg/263px-Line_graph1-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Line_graph1-3.svg/350px-Line_graph1-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="629" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_graph1-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Line_graph1-4.svg/200px-Line_graph1-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Line_graph1-4.svg/300px-Line_graph1-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Line_graph1-4.svg/400px-Line_graph1-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="235" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Changing the ratio of a graph's dimensions will affect how the graph appears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_scale">No scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: No scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scales of a graph are often used to exaggerate or minimize differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MooreNotz2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreNotz2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Misleading bar graph with no scale </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Less difference </th> <th>More difference </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg/120px-Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg/180px-Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg/240px-Example_truncated_bar_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg/120px-Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg/180px-Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg/240px-Bar_graph_missing_zero1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The lack of a starting value for the <i>y</i> axis makes it unclear whether the graph is truncated. Additionally, the lack of tick marks prevents the reader from determining whether the graph bars are properly scaled. Without a scale, the visual difference between the bars can be easily manipulated. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Misleading line graph with no scale </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Volatility </th> <th>Steady, fast growth </th> <th>Slow growth </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_scale_line_graph1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No_scale_line_graph1.svg/125px-No_scale_line_graph1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No_scale_line_graph1.svg/188px-No_scale_line_graph1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No_scale_line_graph1.svg/250px-No_scale_line_graph1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="65" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_scale_line_graph2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/No_scale_line_graph2.svg/125px-No_scale_line_graph2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/No_scale_line_graph2.svg/188px-No_scale_line_graph2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/No_scale_line_graph2.svg/250px-No_scale_line_graph2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="65" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No_scale_line_graph3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/No_scale_line_graph3.svg/125px-No_scale_line_graph3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/No_scale_line_graph3.svg/188px-No_scale_line_graph3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/No_scale_line_graph3.svg/250px-No_scale_line_graph3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="65" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Though all three graphs share the same data, and hence the actual <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">slope</a> of the (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>) data is the same, the way that the data is plotted can change the visual appearance of the angle made by the line on the graph. This is because each plot has a different scale on its vertical axis. Because the scale is not shown, these graphs can be misleading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improper_intervals_or_units">Improper intervals or units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Improper intervals or units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The intervals and units used in a graph may be manipulated to create or mitigate change expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumsey_p156_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumsey_p156-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omitting_data">Omitting data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Omitting data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graphs created with omitted data remove information from which to base a conclusion. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Scatter plot with missing categories </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Scatter plot with missing categories </th> <th>Regular scatter plot </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg/350px-Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg/525px-Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg/700px-Scatter_Plot_with_missing_categories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg/350px-A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg/525px-A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg/700px-A_scatter_plot_without_missing_categories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>In the scatter plot with missing categories on the left, the growth appears to be more linear with less variation. </p><p>In financial reports, negative returns or data that do not correlate with a positive outlook may be excluded to create a more favorable visual impression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D">3D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 3D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of a superfluous third dimension, which does not contain information, is strongly discouraged, as it may confuse the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread,_p._151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The third dimension may confuse readers.[9]"><img alt="The third dimension may confuse readers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg/121px-3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg/181px-3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg/242px-3D_confusing_in_bar_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The third dimension may confuse readers.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitbread,_p._151-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_bar_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The blue column in the front appears larger than the green column in the back due to perspective, despite having the same value."><img alt="The blue column in the front appears larger than the green column in the back due to perspective, despite having the same value." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/3D_bar_graph.svg/131px-3D_bar_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/3D_bar_graph.svg/197px-3D_bar_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/3D_bar_graph.svg/263px-3D_bar_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The blue column in the front appears larger than the green column in the back due to perspective, despite having the same value.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cube_scaling_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="When scaling in three dimensions, the effect of the change is cubed."><img alt="When scaling in three dimensions, the effect of the change is cubed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cube_scaling_comparison.svg/200px-Cube_scaling_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cube_scaling_comparison.svg/300px-Cube_scaling_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Cube_scaling_comparison.svg/400px-Cube_scaling_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">When scaling in three dimensions, the effect of the change is cubed.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complexity">Complexity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Complexity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graphs are designed to allow easier interpretation of statistical data. However, graphs with excessive complexity can obfuscate the data and make interpretation difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_construction">Poor construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Poor construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poorly constructed graphs can make data difficult to discern and thus interpret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrapolation">Extrapolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Extrapolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">Extrapolation</a></div> <p>Misleading graphs may be used in turn to <a href="/wiki/Extrapolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrapolate">extrapolate</a> misleading trends.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_distortion">Measuring distortion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Measuring distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several methods have been developed to determine whether graphs are distorted and to quantify this distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-gdi1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdi1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mather_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mather-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lie_factor">Lie factor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lie factor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Lie factor}}={\frac {\text{size of effect shown in graphic}}{\text{size of effect shown in data}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Lie factor</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>size of effect shown in graphic</mtext> <mtext>size of effect shown in data</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Lie factor}}={\frac {\text{size of effect shown in graphic}}{\text{size of effect shown in data}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a2dd853fab260271a7deaf734455cb9c448efe3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:43.793ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Lie factor}}={\frac {\text{size of effect shown in graphic}}{\text{size of effect shown in data}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{size of effect}}=\left|{\frac {{\text{second value}}-{\text{first value}}}{\text{first value}}}\right|.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>size of effect</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>second value</mtext> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>first value</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>first value</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{size of effect}}=\left|{\frac {{\text{second value}}-{\text{first value}}}{\text{first value}}}\right|.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7cf05195c40744a3ce15cb31375bc164b3b10f66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:43.896ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{size of effect}}=\left|{\frac {{\text{second value}}-{\text{first value}}}{\text{first value}}}\right|.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>A graph with a high lie factor (>1) would exaggerate change in the data it represents, while one with a small lie factor (>0, <1) would obscure change in the data.<sup id="cite_ref-Craven1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craven1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perfectly accurate graph would exhibit a lie factor of 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph_discrepancy_index">Graph discrepancy index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Graph discrepancy index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{graph discrepancy index}}=100\left({\frac {a}{b}}-1\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>graph discrepancy index</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{graph discrepancy index}}=100\left({\frac {a}{b}}-1\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/751fd16f29759c23c633e62dab87fdae398003b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:41.165ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{graph discrepancy index}}=100\left({\frac {a}{b}}-1\right),}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\text{percentage change depicted in graph}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>percentage change depicted in graph</mtext> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\text{percentage change depicted in graph}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e152306edceb4c3e1e9ef6c721e78fe0fe6a9e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.415ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\text{percentage change depicted in graph}},}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b={\text{percentage change in data}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>percentage change in data</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b={\text{percentage change in data}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f672cd8610e05d295d135f5a42e9aab406ca3448" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.777ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b={\text{percentage change in data}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The <b>graph discrepancy index</b>, also known as the <b>graph distortion index</b> (<b>GDI</b>), was originally proposed by Paul John Steinbart in 1998. GDI is calculated as a percentage ranging from −100% to positive infinity, with zero percent indicating that the graph has been properly constructed and anything outside the ±5% margin is considered to be distorted.<sup id="cite_ref-gdi1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdi1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research into the usage of GDI as a measure of graphics distortion has found it to be inconsistent and discontinuous, making the usage of GDI as a measurement for comparisons difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-gdi1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdi1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data-ink_ratio">Data-ink ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Data-ink ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{data-ink ratio}}={\frac {\text{“ink” used to display the data}}{\text{total “ink” used to display the graphic}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>data-ink ratio</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>“ink” used to display the data</mtext> <mtext>total “ink” used to display the graphic</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{data-ink ratio}}={\frac {\text{“ink” used to display the data}}{\text{total “ink” used to display the graphic}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9fef93ff849e6b0e18a4e447a861380d8f77aaa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:56.04ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{data-ink ratio}}={\frac {\text{“ink” used to display the data}}{\text{total “ink” used to display the graphic}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The data-ink ratio should be relatively high. Otherwise, the chart may have unnecessary graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-Craven1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craven1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_density">Data density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{data density}}={\frac {\text{number of entries in data matrix}}{\text{area of data graphic}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>data density</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>number of entries in data matrix</mtext> <mtext>area of data graphic</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{data density}}={\frac {\text{number of entries in data matrix}}{\text{area of data graphic}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d41529a4f13ac22a8ee49ac806819dae6731c718" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:48.872ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{data density}}={\frac {\text{number of entries in data matrix}}{\text{area of data graphic}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The data density should be relatively high, otherwise a table may be better suited for displaying the data.<sup id="cite_ref-Craven1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craven1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_finance_and_corporate_reports">Usage in finance and corporate reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Usage in finance and corporate reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graphs are useful in the summary and interpretation of financial data.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulkerson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulkerson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphs allow trends in large data sets to be seen while also allowing the data to be interpreted by non-specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulkerson_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulkerson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McNelis_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNelis-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graphs are often used in corporate <a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">annual reports</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">impression management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, graphs do not have to be audited, as they fall under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AU550.aspx">AU Section 550 Other Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several published studies have looked at the usage of graphs in corporate reports for different corporations in different countries and have found frequent usage of improper design, selectivity, and measurement distortion within these reports.<sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones1999-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penrose_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frownfelter-Lohrke_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frownfelter-Lohrke-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isa_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isa-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of misleading graphs in annual reports has led to requests for standards to be set.<sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eakin1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eakin1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinbart1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbart1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has found that while readers with poor levels of financial understanding have a greater chance of being misinformed by misleading graphs,<sup id="cite_ref-BeattieJones2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeattieJones2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even those with financial understanding, such as loan officers, may be misled.<sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academia">Academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The perception of graphs is studied in <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computational_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational vision">computational visions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frees_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frees-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics" title="Misuse of statistics">Misuse of statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox" title="Simpson's paradox">Simpson's paradox</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Statistics" title="How to Lie with Statistics">How to Lie with Statistics</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kirk_p52-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_p52_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huff, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolan_pp_49–52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nolan_pp_49–52_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, pp. 49–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texas_audit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texas_audit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texas_audit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texas_audit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402093134/http://www.sao.state.tx.us/Resources/Manuals/Method/data/12DECEPD.pdf">"Methodology Manual: Data Analysis: Displaying Data - Deception with Graphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Texas State Auditor's Office. Jan 4, 1996. Archived from the original on 2003-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodology+Manual%3A+Data+Analysis%3A+Displaying+Data+-+Deception+with+Graphs&rft.pub=Texas+State+Auditor%27s+Office&rft.date=1996-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sao.state.tx.us%2FResources%2FManuals%2FMethod%2Fdata%2F12DECEPD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TufteVDQI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TufteVDQI_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TufteVDQI_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte2006" class="citation book cs1">Tufte, Edward R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft/page/178"><i>The visual display of quantitative information</i></a> (4th print, 2nd ed.). Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780961392147" title="Special:BookSources/9780961392147"><bdi>9780961392147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+visual+display+of+quantitative+information&rft.place=Cheshire%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=4th+print%2C+2nd&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780961392147&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualdisplayofq00tuft%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keller, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitbread_p150-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread_p150_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread_p150_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitbread, p. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoderstrom2008" class="citation cs2">Soderstrom, Irina R. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XUfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Introductory Criminal Justice Statistics</i></a>, Waveland Press, p. 17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478610342" title="Special:BookSources/9781478610342"><bdi>9781478610342</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Criminal+Justice+Statistics&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781478610342&rft.aulast=Soderstrom&rft.aufirst=Irina+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XUfAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitbread,_p._151-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbread,_p._151_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitbread, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Few1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Few1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFew2007" class="citation web cs1">Few, Stephen (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/08-21-07.pdf">"Save the Pies for Dessert"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visual Business Intelligence Newsletter</i>. Perceptual Edge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Business+Intelligence+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Save+the+Pies+for+Dessert&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Few&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perceptualedge.com%2Farticles%2F08-21-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumsey_p156-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rumsey_p156_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rumsey_p156_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rumsey, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegrist1996" class="citation journal cs1">Siegrist, Michael (1996). "The use or misuse of three-dimensional graphs to represent lower-dimensional data". <i>Behaviour & Information Technology</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 96–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F014492996120300">10.1080/014492996120300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behaviour+%26+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=The+use+or+misuse+of+three-dimensional+graphs+to+represent+lower-dimensional+data&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-100&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F014492996120300&rft.aulast=Siegrist&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss_p60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_p60_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiss, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utts_pp146-147-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utts_pp146-147_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utts_pp146-147_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Utts, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurley_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hurley, pp. 565–566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huff, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/old_site/academics/akins_laws.html">"Akin's Laws of Spacecraft Design"</a>. <i>spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu&rft.atitle=Akin%27s+Laws+of+Spacecraft+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacecraft.ssl.umd.edu%2Fold_site%2Facademics%2Fakins_laws.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanelMaioManstead2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hanel, Paul H.P.; Maio, Gregory R.; Manstead, Antony S. R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6428189">"A New Way to Look at the Data: Similarities Between Groups of People Are Large and Important"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>116</b> (4): 541–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspi0000154">10.1037/pspi0000154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6428189">6428189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30596430">30596430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+New+Way+to+Look+at+the+Data%3A+Similarities+Between+Groups+of+People+Are+Large+and+Important&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541-562&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6428189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30596430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fpspi0000154&rft.aulast=Hanel&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.P.&rft.au=Maio%2C+Gregory+R.&rft.au=Manstead%2C+Antony+S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6428189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Karl J. (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLGgjtvKDvwC&pg=PA472"><i>Mathematics: Its Power and Utility</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-57742-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-57742-1"><bdi>978-1-111-57742-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics%3A+Its+Power+and+Utility&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-111-57742-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLGgjtvKDvwC%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreNotz2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreNotz2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreNotz2005" class="citation book cs1">Moore, David S.; Notz, William (9 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irBeIsO8wZgC&pg=PA187"><i>Statistics: Concepts And Controversies</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 189–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-8636-8"><bdi>978-0-7167-8636-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+Concepts+And+Controversies&rft.pages=189-190&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-8636-8&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Notz%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirBeIsO8wZgC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Charles Hugh (29 Mar 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/beware-of-extrapolating-trends-2011-3">"Extrapolating Trends Is Exciting But Misleading"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Extrapolating+Trends+Is+Exciting+But+Misleading&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbeware-of-extrapolating-trends-2011-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdi1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gdi1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gdi1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gdi1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatherMather,_Paul_R.Ramsay,_Alan_L.2003" class="citation news cs1">Mather, Dineli R.; Mather, Paul R.; Ramsay, Alan L. (July 2003). "Is the Graph Discrepancy Index (GDI) a Robust Measure?". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.556833">10.2139/ssrn.556833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+the+Graph+Discrepancy+Index+%28GDI%29+a+Robust+Measure%3F&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.556833&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Dineli+R.&rft.au=Mather%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Alan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mather-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mather_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatherMather,_PaulRamsay,_Alan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mather, Dineli; Mather, Paul; Ramsay, Alan (1 June 2005). "An investigation into the measurement of graph distortion in financial reports". <i>Accounting and Business Research</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 147–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00014788.2005.9729670">10.1080/00014788.2005.9729670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154136880">154136880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+and+Business+Research&rft.atitle=An+investigation+into+the+measurement+of+graph+distortion+in+financial+reports&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-160&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00014788.2005.9729670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154136880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Dineli&rft.au=Mather%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craven1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craven1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craven1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craven1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven2000" class="citation web cs1">Craven, Tim (November 6, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624071907/http://publish.uwo.ca/~craven/504/504gra.htm">"LIS 504 - Graphic displays of data"</a>. <i>Faculty of Information and Media Studies</i>. London, Ontario: University of Western Ontario. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.uwo.ca/~craven/504/504gra.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Information+and+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=LIS+504+-+Graphic+displays+of+data&rft.date=2000-11-06&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublish.uwo.ca%2F~craven%2F504%2F504gra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulkerson-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulkerson_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulkerson_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulkersonMarshall_K._PitmanCynthia_Frownfelter-Lohrke1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fulkerson, Cheryl Linthicum; Marshall K. Pitman; Cynthia Frownfelter-Lohrke (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cpajournal.com/1999/0699/features/f28699.html">"Preparing financial graphics: principles to make your presentations more effective"</a>. <i>The CPA Journal</i>. <b>69</b> (6): 28–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+CPA+Journal&rft.atitle=Preparing+financial+graphics%3A+principles+to+make+your+presentations+more+effective&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=1999-06&rft.aulast=Fulkerson&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Linthicum&rft.au=Marshall+K.+Pitman&rft.au=Cynthia+Frownfelter-Lohrke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cpajournal.com%2F1999%2F0699%2Ffeatures%2Ff28699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNelis-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNelis_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNelis2000" class="citation journal cs1">McNelis, L. Kevin (June 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-63609717">"Graphs, An Underused Information Presentation Technique"</a>. <i>The National Public Accountant</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 28–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Public+Accountant&rft.atitle=Graphs%2C+An+Underused+Information+Presentation+Technique.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=28-30&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.aulast=McNelis&rft.aufirst=L.+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-63609717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattieJones1999-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones1999_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones1999" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (June 1, 1999). "Financial graphs: True and Fair?". <i>Australian CPA</i>. <b>69</b> (5): 42–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+CPA&rft.atitle=Financial+graphs%3A+True+and+Fair%3F&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=42-44&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattieJones1992-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones1992_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones1992" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (1 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/796/1/Beattieaccbusres1992.pdf">"The Use and Abuse of Graphs in Annual Reports: Theoretical Framework and Empirical Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Accounting and Business Research</i>. <b>22</b> (88): 291–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00014788.1992.9729446">10.1080/00014788.1992.9729446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+and+Business+Research&rft.atitle=The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Graphs+in+Annual+Reports%3A+Theoretical+Framework+and+Empirical+Study&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=291-303&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00014788.1992.9729446&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F796%2F1%2FBeattieaccbusres1992.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrose-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2008" class="citation journal cs1">Penrose, J. M. (1 April 2008). "Annual Report Graphic Use: A Review of the Literature". <i>Journal of Business Communication</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 158–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021943607313990">10.1177/0021943607313990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141123410">141123410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Communication&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+Graphic+Use%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-180&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021943607313990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141123410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frownfelter-Lohrke-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frownfelter-Lohrke_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrownfelter-LohrkeFulkerson,_C._L.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Frownfelter-Lohrke, Cynthia; Fulkerson, C. L. (1 July 2001). "The Incidence and Quality of Graphics in Annual Reports: An International Comparison". <i>Journal of Business Communication</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 337–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002194360103800308">10.1177/002194360103800308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167454827">167454827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Communication&rft.atitle=The+Incidence+and+Quality+of+Graphics+in+Annual+Reports%3A+An+International+Comparison&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-357&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002194360103800308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167454827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frownfelter-Lohrke&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Fulkerson%2C+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isa-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isa_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohd_Isa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mohd Isa, Rosiatimah (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815090929/http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/uitm.ir.3284">"The incidence and faithful representation of graphical information in corporate annual report: a study of Malaysian companies"</a>. <i>Technical Report</i>. Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malrep.uum.edu.my/rep/Record/uitm.ir.3284">the original</a> on 2016-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Report&rft.atitle=The+incidence+and+faithful+representation+of+graphical+information+in+corporate+annual+report%3A+a+study+of+Malaysian+companies&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mohd+Isa&rft.aufirst=Rosiatimah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalrep.uum.edu.my%2Frep%2FRecord%2Fuitm.ir.3284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span> Also published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohd_Isa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mohd Isa, Rosiatimah (2006). "Graphical Information in Corporate Annual Report: A Survey of Users and Preparers Perceptions". <i>Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 39–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F19852510680001583">10.1108/19852510680001583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Financial+Reporting+and+Accounting&rft.atitle=Graphical+Information+in+Corporate+Annual+Report%3A+A+Survey+of+Users+and+Preparers+Perceptions&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-59&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F19852510680001583&rft.aulast=Mohd+Isa&rft.aufirst=Rosiatimah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattieJones1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones1997_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones1997" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (1 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/788/1/Jo_Int_FinManAcc_8%281%2933-68.pdf">"A Comparative Study of the Use of Financial Graphs in the Corporate Annual Reports of Major U.S. and U.K. Companies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 33–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-646X.00016">10.1111/1467-646X.00016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Financial+Management+and+Accounting&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Use+of+Financial+Graphs+in+the+Corporate+Annual+Reports+of+Major+U.S.+and+U.K.+Companies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-68&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-646X.00016&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F788%2F1%2FJo_Int_FinManAcc_8%25281%252933-68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattieJones2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/5954/">"Corporate reporting using graphs: a review and synthesis"</a>. <i>Journal of Accounting Literature</i>. <b>27</b>: 71–110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4607">0737-4607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Accounting+Literature&rft.atitle=Corporate+reporting+using+graphs%3A+a+review+and+synthesis&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=71-110&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0737-4607&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F5954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christensen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenAlbert_Larkin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, David S.; Albert Larkin (Spring 1992). "Criteria For High Integrity Graphics". <i>Journal of Managerial Issues</i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a>: 130–153. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40603924">40603924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Managerial+Issues&rft.atitle=Criteria+For+High+Integrity+Graphics&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-153&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40603924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Albert+Larkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eakin1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eakin1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakinTimothy_LouwersStephen_Wheeler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Eakin, Cynthia Firey; Timothy Louwers; Stephen Wheeler (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224205121/http://www.bus.lsu.edu/accounting/faculty/lcrumbley/jfia/Articles/FullText/2009v1n2a5.pdf">"The Role of the Auditor in Managing Public Disclosures: Potentially Misleading Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting</i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2165-3755">2165-3755</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bus.lsu.edu/accounting/faculty/lcrumbley/jfia/Articles/FullText/2009v1n2a5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+%26+Investigative+Accounting&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Auditor+in+Managing+Public+Disclosures%3A+Potentially+Misleading+Information+in+Documents+Containing+Audited+Financial+Statements&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=2165-3755&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Firey&rft.au=Timothy+Louwers&rft.au=Stephen+Wheeler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bus.lsu.edu%2Faccounting%2Ffaculty%2Flcrumbley%2Fjfia%2FArticles%2FFullText%2F2009v1n2a5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinbart1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinbart1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbart1989" class="citation journal cs1">Steinbart, P. (September 1989). "The Auditor's Responsibility for the Accuracy of Graphs in Annual Reports: Some Evidence for the Need for Additional Guidance". <i>Accounting Horizons</i>: 60–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+Horizons&rft.atitle=The+Auditor%27s+Responsibility+for+the+Accuracy+of+Graphs+in+Annual+Reports%3A+Some+Evidence+for+the+Need+for+Additional+Guidance&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=1989-09&rft.aulast=Steinbart&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattieJones2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeattieJones2002_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones2002" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/772/1/Acc_AudAcc_Jo_15%284%29546-564.pdf">"Measurement distortion of graphs in corporate reports: an experimental study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 546–564. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09513570210440595">10.1108/09513570210440595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting%2C+Auditing+%26+Accountability+Journal&rft.atitle=Measurement+distortion+of+graphs+in+corporate+reports%3A+an+experimental+study&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546-564&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09513570210440595&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F772%2F1%2FAcc_AudAcc_Jo_15%25284%2529546-564.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frees-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frees_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreesRobert_B_Miller1998" class="citation journal cs1">Frees, Edward W; Robert B Miller (Jan 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216175256/http://www.soa.org/library/journals/north-american-actuarial-journal/1998/april/naaj9804_3.pdf">"Designing Effective Graphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>North American Actuarial Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 53–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10920277.1998.10595699">10.1080/10920277.1998.10595699</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Actuarial+Journal&rft.atitle=Designing+Effective+Graphs&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53-76&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10920277.1998.10595699&rft.aulast=Frees&rft.aufirst=Edward+W&rft.au=Robert+B+Miller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soa.org%2Flibrary%2Fjournals%2Fnorth-american-actuarial-journal%2F1998%2Fapril%2Fnaaj9804_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuff1954" class="citation book cs1">Huff, Darrell (1954). <i>How to lie with statistics</i>. pictures by Irving Geis (1st ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393052648" title="Special:BookSources/0393052648"><bdi>0393052648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+lie+with+statistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0393052648&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley2000" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Patrick J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseintroduct00hurl"><i>A Concise Introduction to Logic</i></a></span>. Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534520069" title="Special:BookSources/9780534520069"><bdi>9780534520069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Introduction+to+Logic&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780534520069&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseintroduct00hurl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2011" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Gerald (2011). <i>Statistics for Management and Economics</i> (abbreviated, 9th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111527327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111527327"><bdi>978-1111527327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+for+Management+and+Economics&rft.place=Mason%2C+OH&rft.edition=abbreviated%2C+9th&rft.pub=South-Western&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1111527327&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2007" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Roger E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4t9Nfgk03AC&pg=PA52"><i>Statistics: An Introduction</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-56478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-56478-0"><bdi>978-0-534-56478-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-534-56478-0&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4t9Nfgk03AC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolanHeinzen2011" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Susan; Heinzen, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9EFyK79F76EC&pg=PA49"><i>Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3265-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3265-4"><bdi>978-1-4292-3265-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+for+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-3265-4&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Heinzen%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9EFyK79F76EC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumsey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_J._Rumsey" title="Deborah J. Rumsey">Rumsey, Deborah</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBmsVY0p7YkC&pg=PA155"><i>Statistics Essentials For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-61839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-61839-4"><bdi>978-0-470-61839-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+Essentials+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-61839-4&rft.aulast=Rumsey&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBmsVY0p7YkC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1993" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Neil A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ro4XAQAAMAAJ"><i>Elementary statistics</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-56640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-56640-6"><bdi>978-0-201-56640-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+statistics&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-201-56640-6&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dro4XAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte1997" class="citation book cs1">Tufte, Edward (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualexplanatio00tuft"><i>Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative</i></a>. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0961392123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0961392123"><bdi>978-0961392123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Explanations%3A+Images+and+Quantities%2C+Evidence+and+Narrative&rft.place=Cheshire%2C+CT&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0961392123&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualexplanatio00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtts2005" class="citation book cs1">Utts, Jessica M. (2005). <i>Seeing through statistics</i> (3rd ed.). Belmont: Thomson, Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534394028" title="Special:BookSources/9780534394028"><bdi>9780534394028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+through+statistics&rft.place=Belmont&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Thomson%2C+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780534394028&rft.aulast=Utts&rft.aufirst=Jessica+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainer2000" class="citation book cs1">Wainer, Howard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcEb3dxbnrsC&pg=PA52"><i>Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception From Napoleon Bonaparte To Ross Perot</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3878-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3878-7"><bdi>978-0-8058-3878-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Revelations%3A+Graphical+Tales+of+Fate+and+Deception+From+Napoleon+Bonaparte+To+Ross+Perot&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-3878-7&rft.aulast=Wainer&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcEb3dxbnrsC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitbread2001" class="citation book cs1">Whitbread, David (2001). <i>The design manual</i> (2nd ed.). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0868406589" title="Special:BookSources/0868406589"><bdi>0868406589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+design+manual&rft.place=Sydney&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0868406589&rft.aulast=Whitbread&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627145759/http://wserver.scc.losrios.edu/~harbism/discussion.pdf">A discussion of misleading graphs</a>, Mark Harbison, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_City_College" title="Sacramento City College">Sacramento City College</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_B._Robbins" title="Naomi B. Robbins">Robbins, Naomi B.</a> (2005). <i>Creating more effective graphs</i>. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471698180" title="Special:BookSources/9780471698180"><bdi>9780471698180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+more+effective+graphs&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780471698180&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Naomi+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurbin_CG2004" class="citation journal cs1">Durbin CG, Jr (October 2004). "Effective use of tables and figures in abstracts, presentations, and papers". <i>Respiratory Care</i>. <b>49</b> (10): 1233–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15447809">15447809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Care&rft.atitle=Effective+use+of+tables+and+figures+in+abstracts%2C+presentations%2C+and+papers.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1233-7&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15447809&rft.aulast=Durbin+CG&rft.aufirst=Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoundar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goundar, Nadesa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/1250/fulltext.pdf">"Impression Management in Financial Reports Surrounding CEO Turnover"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Masters Dissertation</i>. Unitec Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10652%2F1250">10652/1250</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masters+Dissertation&rft.atitle=Impression+Management+in+Financial+Reports+Surrounding+CEO+Turnover&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10652%2F1250&rft.aulast=Goundar&rft.aufirst=Nadesa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funitec.researchbank.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10652%2F1250%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffGeis1993" class="citation book cs1">Huff, Darrell; Geis, Irving (17 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oSU5PepogEC"><i>How to Lie With Statistics</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31072-6"><bdi>978-0-393-31072-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Lie+With+Statistics&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993-10-17&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31072-6&rft.aulast=Huff&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft.au=Geis%2C+Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oSU5PepogEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bracey, Gerald (2003). "Seeing Through Graphs". <i>Understanding and using education statistics: it's easier than you think</i>. Educational Research Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931762267" title="Special:BookSources/9781931762267"><bdi>9781931762267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seeing+Through+Graphs&rft.btitle=Understanding+and+using+education+statistics%3A+it%27s+easier+than+you+think.&rft.pub=Educational+Research+Service&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781931762267&rft.aulast=Bracey&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation web cs1">Harvey, J. Motulsky (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050530/http://graphpad.com/faq/file/1487logaxes.pdf">"The Use and Abuse of Logarithmic Axes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. GraphPad Software Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Logarithmic+Axes&rft.pub=GraphPad+Software+Inc.&rft.date=2009-06&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=J.+Motulsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraphpad.com%2Ffaq%2Ffile%2F1487logaxes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandarCollier,_D.Miranti,_P.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chandar, N.; Collier, D.; Miranti, P. (15 February 2012). "Graph standardization and management accounting at AT&T during the 1920s". <i>Accounting History</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 35–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1032373211424889">10.1177/1032373211424889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155069927">155069927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting+History&rft.atitle=Graph+standardization+and+management+accounting+at+AT%26T+during+the+1920s&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-62&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1032373211424889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155069927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chandar&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Collier%2C+D.&rft.au=Miranti%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatherRamsay,_AlanSteen,_Adam2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mather, Paul; Ramsay, Alan; Steen, Adam (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709004020/http://arrow.monash.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/monash:2109/DOC">"The use and representational faithfulness of graphs in Australian IPO prospectuses"</a>. <i>Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 65–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F09513570010316144">10.1108/09513570010316144</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arrow.monash.edu.au/vital/access/services/Download/monash:2109/DOC">the original</a> on 2012-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounting%2C+Auditing+%26+Accountability+Journal&rft.atitle=The+use+and+representational+faithfulness+of+graphs+in+Australian+IPO+prospectuses&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-83&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F09513570010316144&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+Alan&rft.au=Steen%2C+Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farrow.monash.edu.au%2Fvital%2Faccess%2Fservices%2FDownload%2Fmonash%3A2109%2FDOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones1996" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (1996). <i>Financial graphs in corporate annual reports: a review of practice in six countries</i>. London: Institute of Chartered Accounants in England and Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853557071" title="Special:BookSources/9781853557071"><bdi>9781853557071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+graphs+in+corporate+annual+reports%3A+a+review+of+practice+in+six+countries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Chartered+Accounants+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781853557071&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliat2005" class="citation web cs1">Galliat, Tobias (Summer 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104023712/http://www.fbi.fh-koeln.de/institut/personen/galliat/Material/ss05/Visualisierung_von_Informationsraeumen_V2_2005.pdf">"Visualisierung von Informationsräumen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fachhochschule Köln, University of Applied Sciences Cologne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fbi.fh-koeln.de/institut/personen/galliat/Material/ss05/Visualisierung_von_Informationsraeumen_V2_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visualisierung+von+Informationsr%C3%A4umen&rft.pub=Fachhochschule+K%C3%B6ln%2C+University+of+Applied+Sciences+Cologne&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Galliat&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.fh-koeln.de%2Finstitut%2Fpersonen%2Fgalliat%2FMaterial%2Fss05%2FVisualisierung_von_Informationsraeumen_V2_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoMcMillan,_Michael_D.1992" class="citation web cs1">Carvalho, Clark R.; McMillan, Michael D. (September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258989.pdf">"Graphic Representation in Managerial Decision Making: The Effect of Scale Break on the Dependent Axis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423003434/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a258989.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graphic+Representation+in+Managerial+Decision+Making%3A+The+Effect+of+Scale+Break+on+the+Dependent+Axis&rft.pub=AIR+FORCE+INST+OF+TECH+WRIGHT-PATTERSON+AFB+OH&rft.date=1992-09&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Clark+R.&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa258989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRoemmich,_R.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, R. Rice; Roemmich, R. (October 1980). "Pictures that Lie: The Abuse of Graphs in Annual Reports". <i>Management Accounting</i>: 50–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Accounting&rft.atitle=Pictures+that+Lie%3A+The+Abuse+of+Graphs+in+Annual+Reports&rft.pages=50-56&rft.date=1980-10&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=R.+Rice&rft.au=Roemmich%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Alan J. (1 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000305154852/http://siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v33n3/contributions/davis.html">"Bad graphs, good lessons"</a>. <i>ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 35–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F330572.330586">10.1145/330572.330586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31491676">31491676</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v33n3/contributions/davis.html">the original</a> on 2000-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGGRAPH+Computer+Graphics&rft.atitle=Bad+graphs%2C+good+lessons&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=35-38&rft.date=1999-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F330572.330586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31491676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiggraph.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletter%2Fv33n3%2Fcontributions%2Fdavis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwersRadtke,_RPitman,_M.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Louwers, T.; Radtke, R; Pitman, M. (May–June 1999). "Please Pass the Salt: A Look at Creative Reporting in Annual Reports". <i>Today's CPA</i>: 20–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+CPA&rft.atitle=Please+Pass+the+Salt%3A+A+Look+at+Creative+Reporting+in+Annual+Reports&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=1999-05%2F1999-06&rft.aulast=Louwers&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Radtke%2C+R&rft.au=Pitman%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieJones2001" class="citation journal cs1">Beattie, Vivien; Jones, Michael John (May 2001). "A six-country comparison of the use of graphs in annual reports". <i>The International Journal of Accounting</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 195–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7063%2801%2900094-2">10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00094-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Accounting&rft.atitle=A+six-country+comparison+of+the+use+of+graphs+in+annual+reports&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-222&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-7063%2801%2900094-2&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainer1984" class="citation journal cs1">Wainer, Howard (1984). "How to Display Data Badly". <i>The American Statistician</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 137–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00031305.1984.10483186">10.1080/00031305.1984.10483186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Statistician&rft.atitle=How+to+Display+Data+Badly&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-147&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00031305.1984.10483186&rft.aulast=Wainer&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneSándor,_Anikó2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, David M.; Sándor, Anikó (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lane/papers/designing_better_graphs.pdf">"Designing better graphs by including distributional information and integrating words, numbers, and images"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychological Methods</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 239–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0016620">10.1037/a0016620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19719360">19719360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Methods&rft.atitle=Designing+better+graphs+by+including+distributional+information+and+integrating+words%2C+numbers%2C+and+images.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=239-257&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0016620&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19719360&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=S%C3%A1ndor%2C+Anik%C3%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~lane%2Fpapers%2Fdesigning_better_graphs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Mary Pat (Feb 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423003434/https://www.soa.org/library/journals/actuarial-practice-forum/2010/february/apf-2010-02-campbell.aspx">"Spreadsheet Issues: Pitfalls, Best Practices, and Practical Tips"</a>. <i>Actuarial Practice Forum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soa.org/library/journals/actuarial-practice-forum/2010/february/apf-2010-02-campbell.aspx">the original</a> on 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actuarial+Practice+Forum&rft.atitle=Spreadsheet+Issues%3A+Pitfalls%2C+Best+Practices%2C+and+Practical+Tips&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Mary+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soa.org%2Flibrary%2Fjournals%2Factuarial-practice-forum%2F2010%2Ffebruary%2Fapf-2010-02-campbell.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArocha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Arocha, Carlos (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423003433/https://www.soa.org/library/newsletters/stepping-stone/2011/may/stp-2011-iss42-arocha.aspx">"Words or Graphs?"</a>. <i>The Stepping Stone</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soa.org/library/newsletters/stepping-stone/2011/may/stp-2011-iss42-arocha.aspx">the original</a> on 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stepping+Stone&rft.atitle=Words+or+Graphs%3F&rft.date=2011-05&rft.aulast=Arocha&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soa.org%2Flibrary%2Fnewsletters%2Fstepping-stone%2F2011%2Fmay%2Fstp-2011-iss42-arocha.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaschkeSteinbart,_Paul_John2008" class="citation journal cs1">Raschke, Robyn L.; Steinbart, Paul John (1 September 2008). "Mitigating the Effects of Misleading Graphs on Decisions by Educating Users about the Principles of Graph Design". <i>Journal of Information Systems</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 23–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2308%2Fjis.2008.22.2.23">10.2308/jis.2008.22.2.23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Mitigating+the+Effects+of+Misleading+Graphs+on+Decisions+by+Educating+Users+about+the+Principles+of+Graph+Design&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-52&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2308%2Fjis.2008.22.2.23&rft.aulast=Raschke&rft.aufirst=Robyn+L.&rft.au=Steinbart%2C+Paul+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMisleading+graph" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103200952/http://www.datavis.ca/gallery/index.php">Gallery of Data Visualization The Best and Worst of Statistical Graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Misuse_of_statistics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Misuse_of_statistics" title="Template:Misuse of statistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Misuse_of_statistics" title="Template talk:Misuse of statistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misuse_of_statistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misuse of statistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Misuse_of_statistics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics" title="Misuse of statistics">Misuse of statistics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_analysis" title="Circular analysis">Circular analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">Correlation does not imply causation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Statistics" title="How to Lie with Statistics">How to Lie with Statistics</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lies,_damned_lies,_and_statistics" title="Lies, damned lies, and statistics">Lies, damned lies, and statistics</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&oldid=1245048826">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&oldid=1245048826</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Misuse_of_statistics" title="Category:Misuse of statistics">Misuse of statistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics_and_statistics" title="Category:Ethics and statistics">Ethics and statistics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2023">Articles with dead external links from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 September 2024, at 18:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Misleading_graph&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kmvjg","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.939","walltime":"1.165","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3881,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158344,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2506,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":211602,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 873.871 1 -total"," 35.86% 313.371 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.67% 189.339 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.29% 124.836 7 Template:Cite_web"," 11.88% 103.797 1 Template:Data_Visualization"," 11.21% 97.924 1 Template:Sidebar"," 11.13% 97.266 18 Template:Cite_book"," 8.99% 78.600 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.78% 50.514 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.37% 46.940 1 Template:Misuse_of_statistics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.573","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6555901,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-t7vv5","timestamp":"20241122145930","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Misleading graph","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Misleading_graph","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6875830","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6875830","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-06-20T15:39:39Z","dateModified":"2024-09-10T18:21:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Misusestatistics_0001.png","headline":"graph that misrepresents data"}</script> </body> </html>