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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cliff</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krans" title="Krans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Krans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%81_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="جرف (جغرافيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرف (جغرافيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantil" title="Cantil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cantil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkung" title="Pangkung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pangkung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khe%E2%81%BF-kh%C3%A0m" title="Kheⁿ-khàm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kheⁿ-khàm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84" title="Кліф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кліф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84" title="Кліф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кліф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB" title="क्लिफ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्लिफ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Клиф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клиф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornaod" title="Tornaod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tornaod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penya-segat" title="Penya-segat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penya-segat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ates" title="Útes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Útes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe_(geologi)" title="Klippe (geologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klippe (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klippe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank_(geoloogia)" title="Pank (geoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pank (geoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantilado" title="Acantilado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acantilado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klifo" title="Klifo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klifo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amildegi_(geologia)" title="Amildegi (geologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amildegi (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="پرتگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempart_montagneux" title="Rempart montagneux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rempart montagneux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aill" title="Aill – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aill" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaynin" title="Eaynin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eaynin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantil" title="Cantil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cantil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%B2%BD" title="절벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litica" title="Litica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Litica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangato" title="Pangato – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pangato" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klifo" title="Klifo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klifo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebing" title="Tebing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tebing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falesia" title="Falesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7" title="צוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಡಿಬಂಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಿಬಂಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კლიფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლიფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Клиф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клиф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilfos" title="Kilfos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kilfos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A8z" title="Falèz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Falèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klints" title="Klints – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klints" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klifas" title="Klifas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klifas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კლიფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლიფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%96" title="崖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="崖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klippe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klippe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau%C3%A7" title="Bauç – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bauç" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoya" title="Qoya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klint" title="Klint – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klint" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fal%C3%A9sia" title="Falésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jartas" title="Jartas – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jartas" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falez%C4%83" title="Faleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Faleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Клиф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клиф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cliff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ates" title="Útes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Útes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaw_(buur)" title="Qaw (buur) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaw (buur)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Литица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Литица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klif" title="Klif – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klif" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawir" title="Gawir – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gawir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyrk%C3%A4nne" title="Jyrkänne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jyrkänne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klint_(landform)" title="Klint (landform) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klint (landform)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangin" title="Bangin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="செங்குத்துப்பாறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செங்குத்துப்பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C9%A3ulid" title="Aɣulid – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aɣulid" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2" title="หน้าผา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้าผา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7urum" title="Uçurum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uçurum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84" title="Кліф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ch_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Vách đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vách đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ngin" title="Bángin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bángin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E5%B4%96" title="悬崖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="悬崖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E5%B4%96" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tall, near vertical rock face</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Precipice" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Precipice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Precipice (disambiguation)">Precipice (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Rockface" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rockface_(TV_series)" title="Rockface (TV series)"><i>Rockface</i> (TV series)</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cliff_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cliff (disambiguation)">Cliff (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/250px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/330px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG/500px-White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover" title="White Cliffs of Dover">White Cliffs of Dover</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trango_Towers_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trango_Towers_2.jpg/250px-Trango_Towers_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trango_Towers_2.jpg/330px-Trango_Towers_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Trango_Towers_2.jpg/500px-Trango_Towers_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Trango Towers</a> in Pakistan. Their vertical faces are the world's tallest cliffs. Trango Tower center; Trango Monk center left; Trango II far left; Great Trango right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg/170px-Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg/255px-Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg/340px-Troll_Wall_in_shadow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Europe's highest cliff, <a href="/wiki/Troll_Wall" title="Troll Wall">Troll Wall</a> in Norway, a famous <a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> location for jumpers from around the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>At all geography and geology, a <b>cliff</b> or <b>rock face</b> is an area of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> which has a general angle defined by the vertical, or nearly vertical. Cliffs are formed by the processes of <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, with the effect of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> and along rivers. Cliffs are usually composed of rock that is resistant to weathering and erosion. The <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> that are most likely to form cliffs include <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rocks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> also often form cliffs. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> (or scarp) is a type of cliff formed by the movement of a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic fault">geologic fault</a>, a landslide, or sometimes by rock slides or falling rocks which change the differential erosion of the rock layers. </p><p>Most cliffs have some form of <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a> slope at their base. In arid areas or under high cliffs, they are generally exposed jumbles of fallen rock. In areas of higher moisture, a soil slope may obscure the <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">talus</a>. Many cliffs also feature tributary waterfalls or <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a>. Sometimes a cliff peters out at the end of a ridge, with <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_rock" title="Mushroom rock">mushroom rocks</a> or other types of rock columns remaining. Coastal erosion may lead to the formation of sea cliffs along a receding coastline. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> distinguishes between around most cliffs (continuous line along the topper edge with projections down the face) and outcrops (continuous lines along lower edge). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Areas_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Areas_40.jpg/220px-Northern_Areas_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Areas_40.jpg/330px-Northern_Areas_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Northern_Areas_40.jpg/440px-Northern_Areas_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The far southwestern aspect of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>'s Rupal face, highest cliff (rock wall/mountain face) in the world. The steepest part of the face is 2 km to the northeast. Cliffs are very common in areas where there are river banks and oceans.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cliff comes from the Old English word <i>clif</i> of essentially the same meaning, cognate with Dutch, Low German, and Old Norse <i>klif</i> 'cliff'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may in turn all be from a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> loanword into Primitive Germanic that has its origins in the Latin forms <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clivu" class="extiw" title="wikt:clivu">clivus</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clevus" class="extiw" title="wikt:clevus">clevus</a></i></span></i> ("slope" or "hillside").<sup id="cite_ref-Buchmüller-Pfaff_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchmüller-Pfaff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pfister_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfister-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large_and_famous_cliffs">Large and famous cliffs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Large and famous cliffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cliff" title="Special:EditPage/Cliff">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vihren_North_face.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vihren_North_face.JPG/170px-Vihren_North_face.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vihren_North_face.JPG/255px-Vihren_North_face.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vihren_North_face.JPG/340px-Vihren_North_face.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vihren" title="Vihren">Vihren</a>’s 460 m north face seen from <a href="/wiki/Golemiya_Kazan" title="Golemiya Kazan">Golemiya Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg/220px-TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg/330px-TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg/440px-TalusConesIsfjorden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs along the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Isfjord_(Svalbard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfjord (Svalbard)">Isfjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, Norway.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nos_Kaliakra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nos_Kaliakra.jpg/250px-Nos_Kaliakra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nos_Kaliakra.jpg/330px-Nos_Kaliakra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nos_Kaliakra.jpg/500px-Nos_Kaliakra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a> cape cliffs, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg/220px-Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg/330px-Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg/440px-Matengai_of_Kuniga_Coast_in_Oki_Island_Shimane_pref600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>The Matengai in <a href="/wiki/Oki_Islands" title="Oki Islands">Oki Islands</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg/220px-Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg/330px-Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg/440px-Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher" title="Cliffs of Moher">Cliffs of Moher</a> in Ireland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg/220px-Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg/330px-Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg/440px-Baffin_Island_Northeast_Coast_1997-08-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5208" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs on the western shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ford_Fjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Ford Fjord">Sam Ford Fjord</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskeala_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruskeala_park.jpg/220px-Ruskeala_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruskeala_park.jpg/330px-Ruskeala_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ruskeala_park.jpg/440px-Ruskeala_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Cliffs near <a href="/wiki/Sortavala" title="Sortavala">Sortavala</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miranda_scarp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miranda_scarp.jpg/250px-Miranda_scarp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miranda_scarp.jpg/330px-Miranda_scarp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Miranda_scarp.jpg/500px-Miranda_scarp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1002" /></a><figcaption>Close-up view of <a href="/wiki/Verona_Rupes" title="Verona Rupes">Verona Rupes</a>, a 20 km high <a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">fault scarp</a> on <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, a moon of Uranus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vratsata_gorge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vratsata_gorge.JPG/220px-Vratsata_gorge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vratsata_gorge.JPG/330px-Vratsata_gorge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vratsata_gorge.JPG/440px-Vratsata_gorge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Vratsata gorge, Vrachanski <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Given that a cliff does not need to be exactly vertical, there can be ambiguity about whether a given <a href="/wiki/Slope_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slope (land)">slope</a> is a cliff or not and also about how much of a certain slope to count as a cliff. For example, given a truly vertical rock wall above a very steep slope, one could count just the rock wall or the combination. Listings of cliffs are thus inherently uncertain. </p><p>Some of the largest cliffs on Earth are found underwater. For example, an 8,000 m drop over a 4,250 m span can be found at a ridge sitting inside the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec Trench</a>. </p><p>According to some sources, the highest cliff in the world, about 1,340 m high, is the east face of <a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Great Trango</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> mountains of northern Pakistan. This uses a fairly stringent notion of cliff, as the 1,340 m figure refers to a nearly vertical headwall of two stacked pillars; adding in a very steep approach brings the total drop from the East Face precipice to the nearby Dunge Glacier to nearly 2,000 m. </p><p>The location of the world's highest sea cliffs depends also on the definition of 'cliff' that is used. <i>Guinness World Records</i> states it is <a href="/wiki/Kalaupapa,_Hawaii" title="Kalaupapa, Hawaii">Kalaupapa, Hawaii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 1,010 m high. Another contender is the north face of <a href="/wiki/Mitre_Peak,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre Peak, New Zealand">Mitre Peak</a>, which drops 1,683 m to <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a>, New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are subject to a less stringent definition, as the average slope of these cliffs at Kaulapapa is about 1.7, corresponding to an angle of 60 degrees, and Mitre Peak is similar. A more vertical drop into the sea can be found at Maujit Qaqarssuasia (also known as the '<a href="/wiki/Thumbnail_(cliff)" title="Thumbnail (cliff)">Thumbnail</a>') which is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Torsukattak_Strait" title="Torsukattak Strait">Torssukátak</a> fjord area at the very tip of South Greenland and drops 1,560 m near-vertically.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering a truly vertical drop, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a> in Arctic Canada is often considered the highest at 1370 m (4500 ft) high in total (the top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging), and is said to give it the longest vertical drop on Earth at 1,250 m (4,100 ft). However, other cliffs on Baffin Island, such as <a href="/wiki/Polar_Sun_Spire" title="Polar Sun Spire">Polar Sun Spire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sam_Ford_Fjord" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Ford Fjord">Sam Ford Fjord</a>, or others in remote areas of Greenland may be higher. </p><p>The highest cliff in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> may be <a href="/wiki/Verona_Rupes" title="Verona Rupes">Verona Rupes</a>, an approximately 20 km (12 mi) high <a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">fault scarp</a> on <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>, a moon of Uranus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cliffs_by_continent" title="List of cliffs by continent">List of cliffs by continent</a></div> <p>The following is an incomplete list of cliffs of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Above Sea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macizo_de_Anaga" title="Macizo de Anaga">Anaga's Cliffs</a>, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, 592 m (1,942 ft) above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Hangklip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Hangklip">Cape Hangklip</a>, Western Cape, South Africa, 453.1 m (1,487 ft) above False Bay, Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Point" title="Cape Point">Cape Point</a>, Western Cape, South Africa, 249 m (817 ft) above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman%27s_Peak" title="Chapman's Peak">Chapman's Peak</a>, Western Cape, South Africa, 596 m (1,955 ft) above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbonkelberg" title="Karbonkelberg">Karbonkelberg</a>, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 653 m (2,142 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Hout_Bay" title="Hout Bay">Hout Bay</a>, Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogelberg" title="Kogelberg">Kogelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, South Africa, 1,289 m (4,229 ft) above <a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gigantes" title="Los Gigantes">Los Gigantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands, Spain, 637 m (2,090 ft) above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, Western Cape, South Africa, 1,086 m (3,563 ft) above Atlantic Ocean</li></ul> <p><b>Above Land</b> </p> <ul><li>Innumerable peaks in the <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> mountains of South Africa are considered cliff formations. The Drakensberg Range is regarded, together with Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Simien_Mountains" title="Simien Mountains">Simien Mountains</a>, as one of the two finest erosional mountain ranges on Earth. Because of their near-unique geological formation, the range has an extraordinarily high percentage of cliff faces making up its length, particularly along the highest portion of the range.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This portion of the range is virtually uninterrupted cliff faces, ranging from 600 m (2,000 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in height for almost 250 km (160 mi). Of all, the "Drakensberg Amphitheatre" (mentioned above) is most well known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other notable cliffs include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trojan_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trojan Wall (page does not exist)">Trojan Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleft_Peak_(South_Africa)" title="Cleft Peak (South Africa)">Cleft Peak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Injisuthi_Triplets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injisuthi Triplets (page does not exist)">Injisuthi Triplets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Peak_(South_Africa)" title="Cathedral Peak (South Africa)">Cathedral Peak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monk%27s_Cowl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monk's Cowl (page does not exist)">Monk's Cowl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnweni_Buttress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnweni Buttress (page does not exist)">Mnweni Buttress</a>, etc. The cliff faces of the <a href="/wiki/Blyde_River_Canyon" title="Blyde River Canyon">Blyde River Canyon</a>, technically still part of the Drakensberg, may be over 800 m (2,600 ft), with the main face of the Swadini Buttress approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) tall. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre_(Drakensberg)" title="Amphitheatre (Drakensberg)">Drakensberg Amphitheatre</a>, South Africa 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above base, 5 km (3.1 mi) long. The <a href="/wiki/Tugela_Falls" title="Tugela Falls">Tugela Falls</a>, the world's second tallest waterfall, falls 948 m (3,110 ft) over the edge of the cliff face.</li></ul></li> <li>Karambony, Madagascar, 380 m (1,250 ft) above base.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru,_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Meru, Tanzania">Mount Meru, Tanzania</a> Caldera Cliffs, 1,500 m (4,900 ft)</li> <li>Tsaranoro, Madagascar, 700 m (2,300 ft) above base</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="America">America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North">North</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Thor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mount_Thor.jpg/220px-Mount_Thor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mount_Thor.jpg/330px-Mount_Thor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mount_Thor.jpg/440px-Mount_Thor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, Canada, commonly regarded as the highest vertical drop on Earth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg/220px-Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg/330px-Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg/440px-Yosemite_El_Capitan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Southwest face of El Capitan from <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NotchPeakSunset.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NotchPeakSunset.JPG/250px-NotchPeakSunset.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NotchPeakSunset.JPG/330px-NotchPeakSunset.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NotchPeakSunset.JPG/500px-NotchPeakSunset.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The face of <a href="/wiki/Notch_Peak" title="Notch Peak">Notch Peak</a> at sunset</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketil_West.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ketil_West.JPG/220px-Ketil_West.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ketil_West.JPG/330px-Ketil_West.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ketil_West.JPG/440px-Ketil_West.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ketil_(mountain)" title="Ketil (mountain)">Ketil's</a> west face in <a href="/wiki/Tasermiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasermiut">Tasermiut</a>, Greenland</figcaption></figure> <p>Several big granite faces in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> region vie for the title of 'highest vertical drop on Earth', but reliable measurements are not always available. The possible contenders include (measurements are approximate): </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thor" title="Mount Thor">Mount Thor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, Canada; 1,370 m (4,500 ft) total; top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging. This is commonly regarded as being the largest vertical drop on Earth <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://iana.org">[1]</a><sup id="cite_ref-Buchmüller-Pfaff_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchmüller-Pfaff-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>ot:leapyear at 1,250 m (4,100 ft). </p> <ol><li>The sheer north face of <a href="/wiki/Polar_sun_spire" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar sun spire">Polar Sun Spire</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">§</a>74:MTAtoFa</li></ol> <p>of <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, rises 4,300 ft above the flat frozen fjord, although the lower portion of the face breaks from the vertical wall with a series of ledges and buttresses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_(mountain)" title="Ketil (mountain)">Ketil's</a> and its neighbor <a href="/wiki/Ulamertorsuaq" title="Ulamertorsuaq">Ulamertorsuaq</a>'s west faces in <a href="/wiki/Tasermiut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasermiut">Tasermiut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> have been reported as over 1,000 m high.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another relevant cliff in Greenland is <a href="/wiki/Agdlerussakasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Agdlerussakasit">Agdlerussakasit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail_(cliff)" title="Thumbnail (cliff)">Thumbnail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other notable cliffs include: </p> <ul><li>Ättestupan Cliff, northern side of <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_Fjord" title="Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord">Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord</a>, Greenland 1,300 m (4,300 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-cat_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_Mountain" title="Big Sandy Mountain">Big Sandy Mountain</a>, east face buttress, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 550 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_State_Park" title="Calvert Cliffs State Park">Calvert Cliffs</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> in Maryland, U.S. 25 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_%C3%89ternit%C3%A9" title="Cap Éternité">Cap Éternité</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay River</a>, Quebec, Canada, 347 m</li> <li>All faces of <a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a>, Wyoming, United States, 195 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_Peak" title="Doublet Peak">Doublet Peak</a>, southwest face, <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a>, Wyoming, United States, 370 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>, California, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton" title="Grand Teton">Grand Teton</a>, north face <a href="/wiki/Teton_Range" title="Teton Range">Teton Range</a>, Wyoming 760 m (2,490 ft)</li> <li>Northwest Face of <a href="/wiki/Half_Dome" title="Half Dome">Half Dome</a>, near El Capitan, California, United States; 1,444 m (4,737 ft) total, vertical portion about 610 m (2,000 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longs_Peak" title="Longs Peak">Longs Peak</a> Diamond, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States, 400 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Asgard" title="Mount Asgard">Mount Asgard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, Canada; vertical drop of about 1,200 m (4,000 ft).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Siyeh" title="Mount Siyeh">Mount Siyeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park (U.S.)</a> north face, 1,270 m (4,170 ft)</li> <li>The North Face of <a href="/wiki/North_Twin_Peak" title="North Twin Peak">North Twin Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, Alberta, Canada, 1,200 m</li> <li>The west face of <a href="/wiki/Notch_Peak" title="Notch Peak">Notch Peak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_Range" title="House Range">House Range</a> of southwestern Utah, U.S.; a <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate rock</a> pure vertical drop of about 670 m (2,200 ft), with 4,450 feet (1,356 m) from the top of the cliff to valley floor (bottom of the canyon below the notch)</li> <li>Painted Wall in <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park</a>, Colorado, United States; 685 m (2,250 ft)</li> <li>Raftsmen's Acropolis, a rock face of the <a href="/wiki/Montagne_des_%C3%89rables" title="Montagne des Érables">Montagne des Érables</a>, Quebec, Canada, 800 m</li> <li>Rockwall, <a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a>, British Columbia, Canada, 30 km of mostly unbroken cliffs up to 900 m <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gorge" title="Royal Gorge">Royal Gorge</a> cliffs, Colorado, United States, 350 m</li> <li>Faces of <a href="/wiki/Shiprock" title="Shiprock">Shiprock</a>, New Mexico, United States, 400 m</li> <li>All walls of the <a href="/wiki/Stawamus_Chief" title="Stawamus Chief">Stawamus Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squamish,_British_Columbia" title="Squamish, British Columbia">Squamish</a>, British Columbia, Canada, up to 500 m</li> <li>Temple Peak, east face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 400 m</li> <li>Temple Peak East, north face, Wind River Range, Wyoming, 450 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroweap_Overlook" title="Toroweap Overlook">Toroweap (a.k.a. Tuweep)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, Arizona, United States; 900 m (3,000 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompahgre_Peak" title="Uncompahgre Peak">Uncompahgre Peak</a>, northeast face, <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Juan Range (page does not exist)">San Juan Range</a>, Colorado, 275 m (550 m rise above surrounding plateau)</li> <li>East face of the West Temple in <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a>, Utah, United States believed to be the tallest sandstone cliff in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 670 m</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South">South</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG/250px-Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG/330px-Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG/500px-Salto_Angel_from_Raton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salto_Angel" class="mw-redirect" title="Salto Angel">Salto Angel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Isla_Rat%C3%B3n" title="Isla Ratón">Isla Ratón</a>, Venezuela.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>All faces of <a href="/wiki/Auyan_Tepui" class="mw-redirect" title="Auyan Tepui">Auyan Tepui</a>, along with all other <a href="/wiki/Tepuis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepuis">Tepuis</a>, Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana, Auyan Tepui is about 1,000 m (location of <a href="/wiki/Angel_Falls" title="Angel Falls">Angel Falls</a>) (the falls are 979 m, the highest in the world)</li> <li>All faces of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Chalten" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerro Chalten">Cerro Chalten</a> (Fitz Roy), Patagonia, Argentina-Chile, 1200 m</li> <li>All faces of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Torre" title="Cerro Torre">Cerro Torre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, Chile-Argentina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pão de Açúcar">Pão de Açúcar</a>/Sugar Loaf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 395 m</li> <li>Pared de <a href="/wiki/Gocta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gocta">Gocta</a>, Peru, 771 m</li> <li>Pared Sur Cerro Aconcagua. <a href="/wiki/Las_Heras,_Mendoza" title="Las Heras, Mendoza">Las Heras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza</a>, Argentina, 2,700 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedra_Azul" title="Pedra Azul">Pedra Azul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Azul_State_Park" title="Pedra Azul State Park">Pedra Azul State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, Brazil, 540 m</li> <li>Scratched Stone (Pedra Riscada), <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_do_Divino/MG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="São José do Divino/MG (page does not exist)">São José do Divino/MG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil, 1,480 m</li> <li>Faces of the <a href="/wiki/Torres_del_Paine" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres del Paine">Torres del Paine</a> group, Patagonia, Chile, up to 900 m</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Above Sea</b> </p> <ul><li>Mont Lesquin, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_l%27Est" title="Île de l'Est">Île de l'Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 1012 m above <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingshui_Cliff" title="Qingshui Cliff">Qingshui Cliff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiulin,_Hualien" title="Xiulin, Hualien">Xiulin Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hualien_County" title="Hualien County">Hualien County</a>, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2408 m directly from the Pacific Ocean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Sajir" title="Ra's Sajir">Ra's Sajir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, 900 m (3,000 ft) above the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoprosopon" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoprosopon">Theoprosopon</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Chekka" title="Chekka">Chekka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selaata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selaata (page does not exist)">Selaata</a> in north Lebanon jutting into the Mediterranean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Djinb%C5%8D" title="Tōjinbō">Tōjinbō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Fukui" title="Sakai, Fukui">Sakai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukui_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukui prefecture">Fukui prefecture</a>, Japan 25 m above Sea of Japan</li></ul> <p><b>Above Land</b> </p> <ul><li>Various cliffs in the Ak-Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan are high and steep.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baintha_Brakk" title="Baintha Brakk">Baintha Brakk</a> (The Ogre), <a href="/wiki/Panmah_Muztagh" title="Panmah Muztagh">Panmah Muztagh</a>, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyala_Peri" title="Gyala Peri">Gyala Peri</a>, southeast face, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAdog_County" title="Mêdog County">Mêdog County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet, China">Tibet, China</a>, 4,600 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_Peak" title="Hunza Peak">Hunza Peak</a> south face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,700 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> west face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2900m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latok" class="mw-redirect" title="Latok">The Latok Group</a>, Panmah Muztagh, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,800 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> northeast face, Mahalangur Himal, Nepal, 2900m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> south face, <a href="/wiki/Mahalangur_Himal" title="Mahalangur Himal">Mahalangur Himal</a>, Nepal, 3200 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_Peak" title="Meru Peak">Meru Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, India, 1200 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>, Rupal Face, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Kashmir, Pakistan">Azad Kashmir, Pakistan</a>, 4,600 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingshui_Cliff" title="Qingshui Cliff">Qingshui Cliff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiulin,_Hualien" title="Xiulin, Hualien">Xiulin Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hualien_County" title="Hualien County">Hualien County</a>, Taiwan averaging 800 m above Pacific Ocean. The tallest peak, Qingshui Mountain, rises 2408 meters directly from the Pacific Ocean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Crater">Ramon Crater</a>, Israel, 400 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shispare_Sar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shispare Sar">Shispare Sar</a> southwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 3,200 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spantik" title="Spantik">Spantik</a> northwest face, Karakoram, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 2,000 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Trango Towers</a>: East Face Great Trango Tower, <a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Muztagh" title="Baltoro Muztagh">Baltoro Muztagh</a>, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan, 1,340 m (near vertical headwall), 2,100 m (very steep overall drop from East Summit to Dunge Glacier). Northwest Face drops approximately 2,200 m to the Trango Glacier below, but with a taller slab topped out with a shorter overhanging headwall of approximately 1,000 m. The Southwest "Azeem" Ridge forms the group's tallest steep rise of roughly 2,286 m (7,500 ft) from the Trango Glacier to the Southwest summit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_Biaho" title="Uli Biaho">Uli Biaho Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Glacier" title="Baltoro Glacier">Baltoro Glacier</a>, Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultar_Sar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultar Sar">Ultar Sar</a> southwest face, Karakoram, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>, Pakistan, 3,000 m</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_End,_Sri_Lanka" title="World's End, Sri Lanka">World's End</a>, Horton Plains, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. It has a sheer drop of about 4000 ft (1200 m)</li> <li>Various cliffs in <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie_National_Forest_Park" title="Zhangjiajie National Forest Park">Zhangjiajie National Forest Park</a>, Hunan Province, China. The cliffs can get to around 1,000 ft (300 m).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Above Sea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Head" title="Beachy Head">Beachy Head</a>, England, 162 m above the English Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinisv%C3%B8r%C3%B0" title="Beinisvørð">Beinisvørð</a>, Faroe Islands, 470 m above North Atlantic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_Rocks" title="Belogradchik Rocks">Belogradchik Rocks</a>, Bulgaria - up to 200 m high <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> towers</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benwee_Head&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benwee Head (page does not exist)">Benwee Head</a> Cliffs, <a href="/wiki/Erris" title="Erris">Erris</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, Ireland, 304 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Gir%C3%A3o" title="Cabo Girão">Cabo Girão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira, Portugal">Madeira, Portugal</a>, 589 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Canaille" title="Cap Canaille">Cap Canaille</a>, France, 394 m above Mediterranean sea is the highest sea cliff in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Enniberg" title="Cape Enniberg">Cape Enniberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, 750 m above North Atlantic</li> <li>Conachair, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a>, Scotland 427 m above Atlantic Ocean, highest sea cliff in the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croaghaun" title="Croaghaun">Croaghaun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achill_Island" title="Achill Island">Achill Island</a>, Ireland, 688 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingli_Cliffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingli Cliffs">Dingli Cliffs</a>, Malta, 250 m above Mediterranean sea</li> <li>Dvuglav, <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> 460 m (south face)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tretat" title="Étretat">Étretat</a>, France, 84 m above the English Channel</li> <li>Faneque, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, Spain, 1027 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman_cliffs" title="Hangman cliffs">Hangman cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> 318 m above <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> is the highest sea cliff in England</li> <li>High Cliff, between <a href="/wiki/Boscastle" title="Boscastle">Boscastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Gennys" title="St Gennys">St Gennys</a>, 223 m above <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornelen" title="Hornelen">Hornelen</a>, Norway, 860 m above Skatestraumen</li> <li><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvanndalabjarg" class="extiw" title="is:Hvanndalabjarg">Hvanndalabjarg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafsfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ólafsfjörður">Ólafsfjörður</a>, Iceland, 630 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaizkibel" title="Jaizkibel">Jaizkibel</a>, Spain, 547 m above the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliakra" title="Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a> cliffs, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, more than 70 m above the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li>The Kame, <a href="/wiki/Foula" title="Foula">Foula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, 376 m above the North Atlantic, second highest sea cliff in the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Tr%C3%A9port" title="Le Tréport">Le Tréport</a>, France, 110 m above the English Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher" title="Cliffs of Moher">Cliffs of Moher</a>, Ireland, 217 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint" title="Møns Klint">Møns Klint</a>, Denmark, 143 m above Baltic Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Solaro" title="Monte Solaro">Monte Solaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capri,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capri, Italy">Capri, Italy</a>, 589 m above the Mediterranean Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontika" title="Ontika">Ontika</a> Limestone cliff, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, 55 m above Baltic Sea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preikestolen" title="Preikestolen">Preikestolen</a>, Norway, 604 m above <a href="/wiki/Lysefjorden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysefjorden">Lysefjorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slieve_League" title="Slieve League">Slieve League</a>, Ireland, 601 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Snake Island</a>, Ukraine, 41 m above the Black Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix%C3%ADa_Herbeira" title="Vixía Herbeira">Vixía Herbeira</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, Spain, 621 m above Atlantic Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_cliffs_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="White cliffs of Dover">White cliffs of Dover</a>, England, 100 m above the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a></li></ul> <p><b>Above Land</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_north_faces_of_the_Alps" title="Great north faces of the Alps">The six great north faces of the Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eiger" title="Eiger">Eiger</a> 1,500 m, <a href="/wiki/Matterhorn" title="Matterhorn">Matterhorn</a> 1,350 m, <a href="/wiki/Grandes_Jorasses" title="Grandes Jorasses">Grandes Jorasses</a> 1,100 m, <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Dru" title="Aiguille du Dru">Petit Dru</a> 1,000 m, and <a href="/wiki/Piz_Badile" title="Piz Badile">Piz Badile</a> 850 m, <a href="/wiki/Cima_Grande_di_Lavaredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cima Grande di Lavaredo">Cima Grande di Lavaredo</a> 450 m)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giewont" title="Giewont">Giewont</a> (north face), <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>, Poland, 852 m above <b>Polana Strążyska</b> <a href="/wiki/Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjerag" title="Kjerag">Kjerag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> 984 m.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99guszowiecki_Szczyt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mięguszowiecki Szczyt">Mięguszowiecki Szczyt</a> north face rises to 1,043 m above <a href="/wiki/Morskie_Oko" title="Morskie Oko">Morskie Oko</a> lake level, <a href="/wiki/High_Tatras" title="High Tatras">High Tatras</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_Wall" title="Troll Wall">Troll Wall</a>, Norway 1,100 m above base</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihren" title="Vihren">Vihren</a> peak north face, <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> 460 m to the (<a href="/wiki/Golemiya_Kazan" title="Golemiya Kazan">Golemiya Kazan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Cerredo" title="Torre Cerredo">Torre Cerredo</a> west face rises to 2,200 m above <a href="/wiki/Cares" title="Cares">Cares</a> river, <a href="/wiki/Picos_de_Europa" title="Picos de Europa">Picos de Europa</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranjo_de_Bulnes" title="Naranjo de Bulnes">Naranjo de Bulnes</a> west face rises 550 vertical metres above Vega Urriellu, <a href="/wiki/Picos_de_Europa" title="Picos de Europa">Picos de Europa</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A2rful_Co%C8%99tila,_Mun%C8%9Bii_Bucegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vârful Coștila, Munții Bucegi (page does not exist)">Vârful Coștila, Munții Bucegi</a> peretele Văii Albe, <a href="/wiki/Bucegi_Mountains" title="Bucegi Mountains">Bucegi Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> 450 m vertical cliff and 1,600 m above <a href="/wiki/Bu%C8%99teni" title="Bușteni">Bușteni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vratsata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vratsata (page does not exist)">Vratsata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrachanski_Balkan_Nature_Park" title="Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park">Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> 400 m <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Submarine</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouldnor_Cliff" title="Bouldnor Cliff">Bouldnor Cliff</a> - the waters of the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Above Sea</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball%27s_Pyramid" title="Ball's Pyramid">Ball's Pyramid</a>, a sea stack 562m high and only 200m across at its base</li> <li>The Elephant, New Zealand, has cliffs falling approx 1180m into Milford Sound, and a 900m drop in less than 300m horizontally</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaupapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaupapa">Kalaupapa</a>, Hawaii, 1,010 m above Pacific Ocean</li> <li>The Lion, New Zealand, 1,302 m above Milford Sound (drops from approx 1280m to sea level in a very short distance)</li> <li>Lovers Leap, Highcliff, and The Chasm, on <a href="/wiki/Otago_Peninsula" title="Otago Peninsula">Otago Peninsula</a>, New Zealand, all 200 to 300 m above the Pacific Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_Peak,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre Peak, New Zealand">Mitre Peak</a>, New Zealand, 1,683 m above <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_National_Park" title="Tasman National Park">Tasman National Park</a>, Tasmania, has 300m <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a> sea cliffs dropping directly to the ocean in columnar form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Apostles_(Victoria)" title="The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)">The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)</a>. A series of sea stacks in Australia, ranging from approximately 50 to 70 m above the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuytdorp_Cliffs" title="Zuytdorp Cliffs">Zuytdorp Cliffs</a> in Western Australia</li></ul> <p><b>Above Land</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Banks" title="Mount Banks">Mount Banks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_National_Park" title="Blue Mountains National Park">Blue Mountains National Park</a>, New South Wales, Australia: west of its saddle there is a 490 m fall within 100 M horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_habitat">As habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cliff landforms provide unique habitat <a href="/wiki/Niche_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche (ecology)">niches</a> to a variety of plants and animals, whose preferences and needs are suited by the vertical geometry of this landform type. For example, a number of birds have decided affinities for choosing cliff locations for nesting,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often driven by the defensibility of these locations as well as absence of certain predators. Humans have also inhabited <a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">cliff dwellings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the rare<i> <a href="/wiki/Borderea_chouardii" class="mw-redirect" title="Borderea chouardii">Borderea chouardii</a></i>, during 2012, existed only on two cliff habitats within western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of landforms">List of landforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steilhang" title="Steilhang">Steilhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink_(geology)" title="Chink (geology)">Chink (geology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchmüller-Pfaff-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buchmüller-Pfaff_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buchmüller-Pfaff_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://francia.digitale-sammlungen.de/Blatt_bsb00016294,00175.html">"Francia 18/1 (1991)"</a>. <i>francia.digitale-sammlungen.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129173209/http://francia.digitale-sammlungen.de/Blatt_bsb00016294,00175.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Geburtstag, Tübingen 1982, pp. 219 – 230, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87808-936-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-87808-936-8">3-87808-936-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521223224/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54819">"Natural world: the solar system: highest cliffs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainsport.dk/expe_exi.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grande+Muralha+da+Groenl%C3%A2ndia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainsport.dk%2Fexpe_exi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Roberts: <i>Agdlerussakasit (1750 m), east face, new route on east face; The Butler (900 m) and Mark (900 m), first ascents</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal" title="American Alpine Journal">American Alpine Journal</a> (AAJ) 2004, pp. 266–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cat_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D">"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland"</a>. Geological Survey of Denmark<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929020835/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/pn-np/bc/kootenay/activ/arrierepays-backcountry">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backpacking+-+Kootenay+National+Park&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fpn-np%2Fbc%2Fkootenay%2Factiv%2Farrierepays-backcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/zion/index.cfm">"Geology Fieldnotes"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147">the original</a> on 2011-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southwestcoastpath.com&rft.atitle=Home+-+South+West+Coast+Path&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestcoastpath.com%2Fmain%2Fsections%2Findex.cfm%3Ffsa%3DdspSectionDetail%26w_id%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pza.org.pl/download/147949.pdf">"BULGARIAN CLIMBING AND MOUNTAINEERING FEDERATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BULGARIAN+CLIMBING+AND+MOUNTAINEERING+FEDERATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pza.org.pl%2Fdownload%2F147949.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithMomberBatesGarwood2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Oliver; Momber, Gary; Bates, C Richard; Garwood, Paul; Fitch, Simon; Gaffney, Vincent; Allaby, Robin G (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/paper/1984240476/reference/search?q=Sedimentary%20DNA%20from%20a%20submerged%20site%20reveals%20wheat%20in%20the%20British%20Isles%208000%20years%20ago&qe=Or(Id%253D2116895571%252CId%253D1993435119%252CId%253D1979174656%252CId%253D2018483808%252CId%253D2945787902%252CId%253D1830428137%252CId%253D2169403284%252CId%253D2166818755%252CId%253D2091598883%252CId%253D2145263545%252CId%253D1480505396%252CId%253D2145911868%252CId%253D2150637445%252CId%253D2134943946%252CId%253D2072111616)&f=&orderBy=0">"Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>347</b> (6225). academic.microsoft.com: sciencemag: <span class="nowrap">998–</span>1001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347..998S">2015Sci...347..998S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2FSCIENCE.1261278">10.1126/SCIENCE.1261278</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10454%2F9405">10454/9405</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722413">25722413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1167101">1167101</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sedimentary+DNA+from+a+submerged+site+reveals+wheat+in+the+British+Isles+8000+years+ago&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6225&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E998-%3C%2Fspan%3E1001&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10454%2F9405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1167101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...347..998S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25722413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2FSCIENCE.1261278&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Momber%2C+Gary&rft.au=Bates%2C+C+Richard&rft.au=Garwood%2C+Paul&rft.au=Fitch%2C+Simon&rft.au=Gaffney%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Allaby%2C+Robin+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.microsoft.com%2Fpaper%2F1984240476%2Freference%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DSedimentary%2520DNA%2520from%2520a%2520submerged%2520site%2520reveals%2520wheat%2520in%2520the%2520British%2520Isles%25208000%2520years%2520ago%26qe%3DOr%28Id%25253D2116895571%25252CId%25253D1993435119%25252CId%25253D1979174656%25252CId%25253D2018483808%25252CId%25253D2945787902%25252CId%25253D1830428137%25252CId%25253D2169403284%25252CId%25253D2166818755%25252CId%25253D2091598883%25252CId%25253D2145263545%25252CId%25253D1480505396%25252CId%25253D2145911868%25252CId%25253D2150637445%25252CId%25253D2134943946%25252CId%25253D2072111616%29%26f%3D%26orderBy%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mount Wilson 1:25000 Map</i>. NSW Govt. May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Wilson+1%3A25000+Map&rft.pub=NSW+Govt&rft.date=2014-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608071757/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461">"Abiotic factor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Abiotic_factor?topic=49461">the original</a> on 2013-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abiotic+factor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FAbiotic_factor%3Ftopic%3D49461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezBegoñaEspadalerOlesen2012" class="citation journal cs1">González, García; Begoña, María; Espadaler, X; Olesen, Jens M (12 September 2012). Bente Jessen Graae (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440335">"Extreme Reproduction and Survival of a True Cliffhanger: The Endangered Plant Borderea chouardii (Dioscoreaceae)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (9). digital.csic.es: <a href="/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Library of Science">Public Library of Science</a>: e44657. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...744657G">2012PLoSO...744657G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044657">10.1371/journal.pone.0044657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F56308">10261/56308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3440335">3440335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22984539">22984539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Extreme+Reproduction+and+Survival+of+a+True+Cliffhanger%3A+The+Endangered+Plant+Borderea+chouardii+%28Dioscoreaceae%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e44657&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440335%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...744657G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22984539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044657&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F56308&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Bego%C3%B1a%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Espadaler%2C+X&rft.au=Olesen%2C+Jens+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3440335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Cliff"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Cliff">"Cliff" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cliff&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACliff" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/250px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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