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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="سهل طيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سهل طيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="कीच तट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कीच तट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B3)" title="Вати (бряг) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вати (бряг)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plana_de_marea" title="Plana de marea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plana de marea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattov%C3%A9_pob%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Wattové pobřeží – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wattové pobřeží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vade" title="Vade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_(K%C3%BCste)" title="Watt (Küste) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Watt (Küste)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanura_de_marea" title="Llanura de marea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Llanura de marea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vado" title="Vado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پهنه گلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهنه گلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasi%C3%A8re" title="Vasière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vasière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waad" title="Waad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Waad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ile%C3%A1n_l%C3%A1ibe" title="Réileán láibe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réileán láibe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%AF%EB%B2%8C" title="갯벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갯벌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="पंक तट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंक तट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataran_lumpur" title="Dataran lumpur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dataran lumpur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piana_di_marea" title="Piana di marea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piana di marea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wad" title="Wad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rap%C3%A1lys%C3%ADks%C3%A1g" title="Árapálysíkság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árapálysíkság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukup" title="Kukup – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kukup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83ng-d%C3%B9" title="Tăng-dù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tăng-dù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wad_(zeegebied)" title="Wad (zeegebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wad (zeegebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%BD%9F" title="干潟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="干潟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waas" title="Waas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudderflate" title="Mudderflate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mudderflate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudderflate" title="Mudderflate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mudderflate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattlar" title="Vattlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vattlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" title="Watt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Watt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_(geografia)" title="Watt (geografia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Watt (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ватты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ватты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="குக்குப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குக்குப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelgit_d%C3%BCzl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Gelgit düzlüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gelgit düzlüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Вати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A3i_b%C3%B9n" title="Bãi bùn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bãi bùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%81%98" title="泥灘 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泥灘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%BB%A9" title="泥滩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泥滩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png/320px-Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png/480px-Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png/640px-Tidal_flat_general_sketch.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>General sketch-map of a tidal plain, showing the typical tripartition in <a href="/wiki/Supratidal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Supratidal zone">supratidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtidal">subtidal</a> zones. The most apparent character of the area is the development of tidal channels, affecting mainly the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. In this case, the tidal flat is protected seaward by a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">beach barrier</a>, but in many cases (low-energy <a href="/wiki/Water_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Water waves">waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longshore_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshore currents">longshore currents</a>) the tidal flats may directly pass into a shallow marine environment.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mudflats</b> or <b>mud flats</b>, also known as <b>tidal flats</b> or, in Ireland, <b>slob</b> or <b>slobs</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Coastal_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal wetland">coastal wetlands</a> that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> or <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. A global analysis published in 2019 suggested that tidal flat ecosystems are as extensive globally as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, covering at least 127,921 km<sup>2</sup> (49,391 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found in sheltered areas such as <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>; they are also seen in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salty lakes</a> (or inland seas) alike, wherein many rivers and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creeks</a> end. Mudflats may be viewed <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a> as exposed layers of <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>, resulting from deposition of <a href="/wiki/Estuarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine">estuarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> and aquatic animal <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, and thus the flat is submerged and exposed approximately twice daily. </p><p>A recent global <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> analysis estimated that approximately 50% of the global extent of tidal flats occurs within eight countries (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) and that 44% of the world's tidal flats occur within Asia (56,051 km<sup>2</sup> or 21,641 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 analysis of tidal wetland losses and gains estimates that global tidal flats experienced losses of 7,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700 sq mi) between 1999 and 2019, which were largely offset by global gains of 6,700 km<sup>2</sup> (2,600 sq mi) over the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_et_al._2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray_et_al._2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past tidal flats were considered unhealthy, economically unimportant areas and were often dredged and developed into agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mudflats can be extremely treacherous to walk on. For example, the mudflats surrounding <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>, are made from fine glacial-silt which does not easily separate out its water, and, although seemingly solid, can quickly gel and become like <a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">quicksand</a> when disturbed by stepping on it. Four people are known to have become stuck up to their waists and drowned when the tide came in, and many others are rescued from the Anchorage mudflats each year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in places, mudflats are exposed not by tidal action, but by wind-action driving water away from the shallows into the sea. This kind of wind-affected mudflat is called <i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i> in German.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudflat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg/220px-Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg/330px-Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg/440px-Stewart_Island_Oban_Mudflats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mudflats near <a href="/wiki/Oban,_New_Zealand" title="Oban, New Zealand">Oban</a> on <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island/Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island/Rakiura">Stewart Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tidal flats, along with intertidal <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests, are important <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually support a large population of wildlife,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are a key habitat that allows tens of millions of migratory <a href="/wiki/Shorebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebirds">shorebirds</a> to migrate from breeding sites in the northern hemisphere to non-breeding areas in the southern hemisphere. They are often of vital importance to <a href="/wiki/Migratory_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory bird">migratory birds</a>, as well as certain species of <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> mudflats have been classified as a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a> priority habitat. </p><p>The maintenance of mudflats is important in preventing coastal erosion. However, mudflats worldwide are under threat from predicted <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rises</a>, land claims for development, <a href="/wiki/Dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredge">dredging</a> due to shipping purposes, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">chemical pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, mudflats have been reclaimed for <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and industrial development. For example, around the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> region of East Asia, more than 65% of mudflats present in the early 1950s had been destroyed by the late 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that up to 16% of the world tidal flats have disappeared since the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mudflat sediment deposits are focused into the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> which is composed of a barren zone and marshes. Within these areas are various ratios of sand and mud that make up the sedimentary layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reineck_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associated growth of coastal sediment deposits can be attributed to rates of subsidence along with rates of deposition (example: silt transported via river) and changes in sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-Reineck_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barren zones extend from the lowest portion of the intertidal zone to the marsh areas. Beginning in close proximity to the tidal bars, sand dominated layers are prominent and become increasingly muddy throughout the tidal channels. Common bedding types include laminated sand, ripple bedding, and bay mud. <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a> also has a strong presence in barren zones. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">Marshes</a> contain an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a> while the sediment layers consist of thin sand and mud layers. <a href="/wiki/Mudcrack" title="Mudcrack">Mudcracks</a> are a common as well as wavy bedding planes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reineck_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshes are also the origins of coal/peat layers because of the abundant decaying plant life.<sup id="cite_ref-Reineck_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">Salt pans</a> can be distinguished in that they contain thinly laminated layers of clayey silt. The main source of the silt comes from rivers. Dried up mud along with wind erosion forms silt dunes. When flooding, rain or tides come in, the dried sediment is then re-distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-Reineck_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite view of the Kneiss Islands, Tunisia."><img alt="Satellite view of the Kneiss Islands, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg/177px-ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg/265px-ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg/353px-ISS013-E-75163_-_View_of_Tunisia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satellite view of the <a href="/wiki/Kneiss" title="Kneiss">Kneiss Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gulls feeding on mudflats in Skagit Bay, Washington, United States"><img alt="Gulls feeding on mudflats in Skagit Bay, Washington, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG/180px-Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG/270px-Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG/360px-Skagit_Bay_6308.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gulls feeding on mudflats in <a href="/wiki/Skagit_Bay" title="Skagit Bay">Skagit Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewster_mudflat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mudflats in in Brewster, Massachusetts, United States, extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. The line of Wrack (seaweed) and seashells in the foreground indicates the high-water mark."><img alt="Mudflats in in Brewster, Massachusetts, United States, extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. The line of Wrack (seaweed) and seashells in the foreground indicates the high-water mark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brewster_mudflat.jpg/160px-Brewster_mudflat.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brewster_mudflat.jpg/240px-Brewster_mudflat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Brewster_mudflat.jpg/320px-Brewster_mudflat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mudflats in in <a href="/wiki/Brewster,_Massachusetts" title="Brewster, Massachusetts">Brewster, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. The line of <a href="/wiki/Wrack_(seaweed)" title="Wrack (seaweed)">Wrack (seaweed)</a> and seashells in the foreground indicates the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">high-water mark</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_example_areas">Selected example areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudflat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selected example areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcachon_Bay" title="Arcachon Bay">Arcachon Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banc_d%27Arguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Banc d'Arguin">Banc d'Arguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamiza_Wetland" title="Chamiza Wetland">Chamiza Wetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhaven,_Scotland" title="Belhaven, Scotland">Belhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_Bay" title="Bridgwater Bay">Bridgwater Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_Bay" title="Cape Cod Bay">Cape Cod Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minas_Basin" title="Minas Basin">Minas Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Slob" title="North Slob">North Slob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneiss" title="Kneiss">Kneiss Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padilla_Bay" title="Padilla Bay">Padilla Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Bay" title="Plymouth Bay">Plymouth Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tacoma" title="Port of Tacoma">Port of Tacoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Susan" title="Port Susan">Port Susan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warm_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm Beach">Warm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_Bay" title="Skagit Bay">Skagit Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snettisham" title="Snettisham">Snettisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li>West coast of <a href="/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros, Bahamas">Andros Island, Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudflat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/48px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/64px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_cross_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Herringbone cross bed">Herringbone cross beds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudflat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askaboutireland.ie/enfo/irelands-environment/county-focus/wexford/wexford-sloblands/">"Sloblands"</a>. <i>www.askaboutireland.ie</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.askaboutireland.ie&rft.atitle=Sloblands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askaboutireland.ie%2Fenfo%2Firelands-environment%2Fcounty-focus%2Fwexford%2Fwexford-sloblands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche" class="citation news cs1">Roche, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/celebrating-the-slobs-1.48177">"Celebrating the Slobs"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span 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Surtida (Eds.), <i>Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture organized by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, January 11–15, 1999, Iloilo City, Philippines</i> (pp. 171–176). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/454">https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/npr/ramsar_wetland/pamph/manko_34.pdf">"Manko - Tidal Flat, Mangrove Forest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manko+-+Tidal+Flat%2C+Mangrove+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.go.jp%2Fen%2Fnature%2Fnpr%2Framsar_wetland%2Fpamph%2Fmanko_34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnonVerkuilMurray2012" class="citation cs2">MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140624015227/http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/"><i>IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)</i></a>, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782831712550" title="Special:BookSources/9782831712550"><bdi>9782831712550</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/">the original</a> on 2014-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IUCN+situation+analysis+on+East+and+Southeast+Asian+intertidal+habitats%2C+with+particular+reference+to+the+Yellow+Sea+%28including+the+Bohai+Sea%29&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland+and+Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Occasional+Paper+of+the+IUCN+Species+Survival+Commission+No.+47&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9782831712550&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Verkuil%2C+Y.I.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fasiancoastalwetlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014" class="citation cs2">Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf">"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>, <b>12</b> (5): 267–272, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F130260">10.1890/130260</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+rapid+loss+of+tidal+wetlands+in+the+Yellow+Sea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=267-272&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F130260&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Clemens%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Phinn%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F60169%2F1%2F130260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudflat" class="Z3988"></span>/</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reineck-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reineck_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reineck_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reineck_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reineck_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reineck_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReineckSingh1980" class="citation book cs1">Reineck, H. E.; Singh, I. B. (1980). <i>Depositional Sedimentary Environments</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 418–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-10189-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-10189-6"><bdi>0-387-10189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Depositional+Sedimentary+Environments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=418-428&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-387-10189-6&rft.aulast=Reineck&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rft.au=Singh%2C+I.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMudflat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudflat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C7D378;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" 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