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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Channel (geography)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearuw%C3%A6ter" title="Nearuwæter – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nearuwæter" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="قناة (جغرافيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناة (جغرافيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanol-vor" title="Kanol-vor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanol-vor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muronga" title="Muronga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muronga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_natural" title="Canal natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="کانال (جغرافیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانال (جغرافیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canle_(xeograf%C3%ADa)" title="Canle (xeografía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canle (xeografía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84_(%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC)" title="수도 (지리) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수도 (지리)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2)" title="सरिता (भूगोल) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरिता (भूगोल)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_air_(geografi)" title="Batang air (geografi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batang air (geografi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_(oceanografia)" title="Canale (oceanografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canale (oceanografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кеме қатынас каналдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеме қатынас каналдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soniwai" title="Soniwai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Soniwai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86)" title="水道 (地理) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水道 (地理)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_morski" title="Kanał morski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanał morski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(geografia)" title="Canal (geografia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Channel (geography)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%8Dna_struga" title="Rečna struga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rečna struga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ร่องน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ร่องน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Канал (географія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канал (географія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_natural" title="Canal natural – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canal natural" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Kênh nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kênh nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="水道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="水道 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Narrow body of water</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivari_Channel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vivari_Channel.jpg/280px-Vivari_Channel.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vivari_Channel.jpg/420px-Vivari_Channel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vivari_Channel.jpg/560px-Vivari_Channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vivari_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivari Channel">Vivari Channel</a> in Albania links Lake Butrint with the Straits of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, a <b>channel</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> on which a relatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> is situated, such as a <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a>. While <i>channel</i> typically refers to a natural formation, the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a></i> denotes a similar artificial structure. </p><p>Channels are important for the functionality of <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> and other bodies of water used for <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigability for shipping</a>. Naturally, channels will change their depth and capacity due to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> processes. Humans maintain navigable channels by <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> and other engineering processes. </p><p>By extension, the term also applies to fluids other than water, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lava_channel" title="Lava channel">lava channels</a>. The term is also traditionally used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Venusian_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusian channels">waterless surface features</a> on <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site is referred to as the channel head and it marks an important boundary between hillslope processes and fluvial processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The channel head is the most upslope part of a channel network and is defined by flowing water between defined identifiable banks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A channel head forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome erosion resistance of the ground surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channel heads are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Colluvium" title="Colluvium">colluvium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollow_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow (landform)">hollows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landslides" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslides">landslides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Overland_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland flow">Overland flow</a> is a primary factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to increase shear stress and begin channel incision.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overland flows converge in topographical depressions where channel initiation begins. Soil composition, vegetation, precipitation, and topography dictate the amount and rate of overland flow. The composition of a soil determines how quickly saturation occurs and cohesive strength retards the entrainment of material from overland flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation slows infiltration rates during precipitation events and plant roots anchor soil on hillslopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsurface flow destabilizes soil and resurfaces on hillslopes where channel heads are often formed. This often results in abrupt channel heads and landslides. Hollows form due to concentrated subsurface flows where concentrations of colluvium are in a constant flux.<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channel heads associated with hollows in steep terrain frequently migrate up and down hillslopes depending on sediment supply and precipitation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_channels">Natural channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Channel_(geography)" title="Special:EditPage/Channel (geography)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Natural channels are formed by <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> process and are found across the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. These are mostly formed by flowing <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycle</a>, though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> can form <a href="/wiki/Lava_channel" title="Lava channel">lava channels</a>. Channels also describe the deeper course through a <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar (landform)">sand bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>, or any shallow body of water. An example of a river running through a sand bar is the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Bar" title="Columbia Bar">Columbia Bar</a>—the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>. </p><p>A stream channel is the physical confine of a <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> (<a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a>) consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream bank">stream banks</a>. Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> movement. There is a difference between low <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">gradient</a> streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream <a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">channel types</a> can be distinguished (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided rivers</a>, wandering rivers, single-thread <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">sinuous</a> rivers etc.). During <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> bottom, <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drainage_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage area">drainage area</a>. </p><p>Examples of rivers that are trapped in their channels: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison</a>. </p><p>In a larger nautical context, as a geographical place name, the term <i>channel</i> is another word for <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a>, which is defined as a relatively narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. In this <a href="/wiki/Nautical" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical">nautical</a> context, the terms <i>strait</i>, <i>channel</i>, <i>sound</i>, and <i>passage</i> are synonymous and usually interchangeable. For example, in an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, the water between <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> is typically called a <i>channel</i> or <i>passage</i>. The <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> is the strait between England and France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterflow_channels">Waterflow channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Waterflow channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The channel form is described in terms of geometry (plan, cross-sections, profile) enclosed by the materials of its bed and banks. This form is under influence of two major forces: water discharge and sediment supply. For erodible channels the mutual dependence of its parameters may be qualitatively described by <b>Lane's Principle</b> (also known as <b>Lane's relationship</b>):<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the product of the sediment load and bed Bukhara size is proportional to the product of discharge and channel slope.<sup id="cite_ref-killgore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killgore-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nautical_channels">Nautical channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nautical channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">Navigability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation canal">Navigation canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairway_(navigation)" title="Fairway (navigation)">Fairway (navigation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_George_Channel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lake_George_Channel.jpg/220px-Lake_George_Channel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lake_George_Channel.jpg/330px-Lake_George_Channel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lake_George_Channel.jpg/440px-Lake_George_Channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Wooden pilings mark the navigable channel for vessels entering <a href="/wiki/Lake_George_(Florida)" title="Lake George (Florida)">Lake George</a> from the <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_River" title="St. Johns River">St. Johns River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A term "<b>navigable channel</b>" is used as a <a href="/wiki/Nautical_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical term">nautical term</a> to mean a lane for ship travel, frequently marked (cf. <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">Buoy</a>) and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredge">dredged</a>. Thoresen distinguishes few categories of channels, from A (suitable for day and night navigation with guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Fairway_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairway depth">fairway depth</a>) all the way to D with no navigational aids and only estimated depths provided to the <a href="/wiki/Shipmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipmaster">shipmaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, channels can be <i>unrestricted</i> (wide enough to accommodate 10 to 15 widths of a largest ship used in this channel, <i>semi-restricted</i> with limited dredging in shallow waters, and <i>fully restricted</i>, where the entire channel is dredged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter, entirely human-made, channel is frequently called a <i><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmyHekal202333_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmyHekal202333-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> providing an example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200379_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoresen200379-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term not only includes the <a href="/wiki/Dredge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredge">deep-dredged</a> <a href="/wiki/Navigable" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable">ship-navigable</a> parts of an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> or river leading to <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> facilities, but also to lesser channels accessing <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boat</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port-facilities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">marinas</a>. When dredged channels traverse <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a> or sandy bottoms, repeated dredging is often necessary because of the unstable subsequent movement of benthic soils.<sup id="cite_ref-usace-hist_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usace-hist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responsibility for monitoring navigability conditions of <i>navigation channels</i> to various port facilities varies, and the actual maintenance work is frequently performed by a third party. Storms, sea-states, flooding, and seasonal sedimentation adversely affect <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigability</a>. In the U.S., navigation channels are monitored and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> (USACE), although dredging operations are often carried out by private contractors (under USACE supervision). USACE also monitors water quality and some remediation. This was first established under the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899</a> and modified under acts of 1913, 1935, and 1938. For example, the USACE developed the <a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a>, and has the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_Division" title="Mississippi Valley Division">Mississippi Valley Division</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> from the Gulf to <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo, Illinois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Division" title="North Atlantic Division">North Atlantic Division</a> for New York Harbor and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division" title="South Pacific Division">South Pacific Division</a> for <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles" title="Port of Los Angeles">Port of Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach" title="Port of Long Beach">Port of Long Beach</a>. Waterways policing as well as some emergency spill response falls under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> jurisdiction, including inland channels serving <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> like <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">Saint Louis</a> hundreds of miles from any coast. The various state or local governments maintain lesser channels, for example former <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(rivers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelization (rivers)">Channelization (rivers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_transport_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology transport model">Hydrology transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_channel" title="Lava channel">Lava channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">Ship canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream flow">Stream flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bierman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierman, R. B, David R. Montgomery (2014). Key Concepts in Geomorphology. W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers. United States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, E.W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ponce.sdsu.edu/milestone_lane.html">The importance of fluvial morphology in hydraulic engineering</a>", Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers, 1955, vol. 81, paper 745, pp. 533–551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-killgore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-killgore_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdward_BeighleyKillgore2011" class="citation book cs1">Edward Beighley, R.; Killgore, Mark W. (23 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_u6VJslm0C&pg=PA500"><i>World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011</i></a>. American Society of Civil Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780784476628" title="Special:BookSources/9780784476628"><bdi>9780784476628</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624065030/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd_u6VJslm0C&pg=PA500">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Environmental+and+Water+Resources+Congress+2011&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.isbn=9780784476628&rft.aulast=Edward+Beighley&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Killgore%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKd_u6VJslm0C%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+%28geography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200378_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThoresen2003">Thoresen 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahmyHekal202333-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahmyHekal202333_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahmyHekal2023">Fahmy & Hekal 2023</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThoresen200379-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThoresen200379_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThoresen2003">Thoresen 2003</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usace-hist-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usace-hist_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/entire.pdf"><i>History of the Waterways of the Atlantic Coast of the United States</i></a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103054545/http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/nws83-10/entire.pdf">Archived</a> January 3, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/USACE" class="mw-redirect" title="USACE">USACE</a>, January 1983</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Channel_(geography)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThoresen2003" class="citation book cs1">Thoresen, Carl A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VL5OeMIkhXoC"><i>Port Designer's Handbook: Recommendations and Guidelines</i></a>. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3228-6"><bdi>978-0-7277-3228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Designer%27s+Handbook%3A+Recommendations+and+Guidelines&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3228-6&rft.aulast=Thoresen&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVL5OeMIkhXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+%28geography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFahmyHekal2023" class="citation journal cs1">Fahmy, Wael Ahmed; Hekal, Nasr Tawfik Hassan (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaet.journals.ekb.eg/article_208001_7e9f5dbeda376eecfbffd62d2924e0aa.pdf">"Upgrading the Navigable Channels along the River Nile within Egypt for Satisfying New Transportation Requirements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Advanced Engineering Trends</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21608%2Fjaet.2021.70109.1105">10.21608/jaet.2021.70109.1105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2682-2091">2682-2091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245210824">245210824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Engineering+Trends&rft.atitle=Upgrading+the+Navigable+Channels+along+the+River+Nile+within+Egypt+for+Satisfying+New+Transportation+Requirements&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245210824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2682-2091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21608%2Fjaet.2021.70109.1105&rft.aulast=Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Wael+Ahmed&rft.au=Hekal%2C+Nasr+Tawfik+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjaet.journals.ekb.eg%2Farticle_208001_7e9f5dbeda376eecfbffd62d2924e0aa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChannel+%28geography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/250px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>24 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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