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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamehameha_dynasty_(1795–1874)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamehameha_dynasty_(1795–1874)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamehameha_dynasty_(1795–1874)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_crisis_and_monarchical_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_crisis_and_monarchical_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Succession crisis and monarchical elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_crisis_and_monarchical_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalākaua_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalākaua_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kalākaua dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalākaua_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bayonet_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayonet_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Bayonet Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayonet_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liliʻuokalani's_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liliʻuokalani's_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Liliʻuokalani's Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liliʻuokalani's_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Overthrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic,_social_and_cultural_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic,_social_and_cultural_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economic, social and cultural transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic,_social_and_cultural_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Incident_(1839)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Incident_(1839)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>French Incident (1839)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Incident_(1839)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Invasions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Invasions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paulet_Affair_(1843)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paulet_Affair_(1843)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Paulet Affair (1843)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paulet_Affair_(1843)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_invasion_(1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_invasion_(1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>French invasion (1849)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_invasion_(1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-Franco_Proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Franco_Proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Anglo-Franco Proclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Franco_Proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princes_and_chiefs_who_were_eligible_to_be_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princes_and_chiefs_who_were_eligible_to_be_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princes_and_chiefs_who_were_eligible_to_be_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Territorial extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_estates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_estates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Royal estates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Royal_estates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Royal estates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Royal_estates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaces_and_royal_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces_and_royal_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Palaces and royal grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces_and_royal_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_Hawaii" title="Koninkryk Hawaii – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Cyning" title="Hawaii Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hawaii Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="مملكة هاواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة هاواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="হাওয়াই রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাওয়াই রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Hawaiʻi Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hawaiʻi Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Кралство Хаваи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Хаваи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Hawaii" title="Regne de Hawaii – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Havajské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Havajské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Hawai%27i" title="Teyrnas Hawai'i – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Hawai'i" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Hawai%E2%80%98i" title="Kongeriget Hawai‘i – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Hawai‘i" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Königreich Hawaiʻi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Kuningriik" title="Hawaii Kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hawaii Kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Χαβάης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Χαβάης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Haw%C3%A1i" title="Reino de Hawái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Hawái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaja_re%C4%9Dlando" title="Havaja reĝlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Havaja reĝlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiiko_Erresuma" title="Hawaiiko Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hawaiiko Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی جزایر هاوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی جزایر هاوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Hawa%C3%AF" title="Royaume d'Hawaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Hawa%C3%AF" title="Keninkryk Hawaï – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Hawai" title="Reino de Hawai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Hawai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="하와이 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하와이 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni_M%C5%8D%CA%BB%C4%AB_o_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հավայան թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավայան թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="हवाई राजशाही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाई राजशाही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hawaii" title="Kerajaan Hawaii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_delle_Hawaii" title="Regno delle Hawaii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno delle Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="ממלכת הוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת הוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaju_Karaliste" title="Havaju Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Havaju Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaj%C5%B3_karalyst%C4%97" title="Havajų karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Havajų karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hawaii" title="Kerajaan Hawaii – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Hawa%C3%AF" title="Koninkrijk Hawaï – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ハワイ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワイ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Hawaii" title="Kongeriket Hawaii – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_d%27Hawaii" title="Reiaume d'Hawaii – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume d'Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="ہوائی بادشاہی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوائی بادشاہی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_vun_de_K%C3%B6nigen_vun_Hawaii" title="List vun de Königen vun Hawaii – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="List vun de Königen vun Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Hawaj%C3%B3w" title="Królestwo Hawajów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Hawajów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_do_Hava%C3%AD" title="Reino do Havaí – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino do Havaí" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Hawaii" title="Regatul Hawaii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Королевство Гавайи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hawaiian Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Havajské kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Havajské kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Краљевина Хаваји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Хаваји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaijin_kuningaskunta" title="Havaijin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Havaijin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Hawaii" title="Kungariket Hawaii – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรฮาวาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรฮาวาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hawaii Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hawaii Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гавайське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гавайське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مملکت ہوائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت ہوائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Hawaii" title="Vương quốc Hawaii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="夏威夷王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏威夷王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="夏威夷王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏威夷王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sovereign state on the Hawaiian Islands from 1795 to 1893</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hawaiian Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Ke Aupuni Hawai‘i</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1795–1893</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hawaiʻi"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hawaiʻi"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hawaiʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg/85px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg/128px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg/170px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the Hawaiian Kingdom"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ua_Mau_ke_Ea_o_ka_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_i_ka_Pono" title="Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono">Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono</a></i></li><li>"The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/E_Ola_Ke_Alii_Ke_Akua" class="mw-redirect" title="E Ola Ke Alii Ke Akua">E Ola Ke Aliʻi Ke Akua</a></i></span> (Until 1866)</li><li><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/He_Mele_Lahui_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="He Mele Lahui Hawaii">He Mele Lāhui Hawaiʻi</a></i></span> (1866–1876)</li><li><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB" title="Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī">Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī</a></i></span> (1876–1898)</li></ul></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="Hawaiʻi_Ponoʻī_(1894-1898).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB_%281894-1898%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB_%281894-1898%29.ogg/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB_%281894-1898%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_on_the_globe_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Hawaii_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waikiki" title="Waikiki">Waikīkī</a> (1795–1796)<sup id="cite_ref-Kanahele1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanahele1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua-Kona">Kailua-Kona</a> (1796–1820)<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fryklund2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fryklund2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (1820-1823)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii" title="Lahaina, Hawaii">Lāhainā</a> (1823–1845)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RingWatson2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingWatson2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KirchBabineau1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KirchBabineau1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (1845–1893)<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cybriwsky2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cybriwsky2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Hawaii" title="Church of Hawaii">Church of Hawaii</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian people">Hawaiian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> (1795—1840)<br /><a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a> (1840—1887)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> (1887—1893)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_monarchs" title="List of Hawaiian monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1795–1819 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1891–1893 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kuhina_Nui" title="Kuhina Nui">Kuhina Nui</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1819–1832 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Kaʻahumanu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1863–1864 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kek%C5%ABana%C5%8D%CA%BBa" title="Kekūanaōʻa">Kekūanaōʻa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom#House_of_Nobles" title="Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom">House of Nobles</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom#House_of_Representatives" title="Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Inception </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May, 1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification of Hawaii</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March/April 1810<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1840_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Constitutional monarchy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 8, 1840</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Partial occupation by the United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 25 – July 31, 1843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Franco_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Franco Proclamation">Anglo-Franco Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 28, 1843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">Partial occupation by France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 22, 1849 – September 5, 1849</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Monarchy overthrown</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 17, 1893</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Forced abdication of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Lili%CA%BBuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Liliʻuokalani">Queen Liliʻuokalani</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 24, 1895</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Hawaiʻi">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1780 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000–800,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1800 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1832 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,313</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">89,990</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_dollar" title="Hawaiian dollar">Hawaiian dollar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hawaii_%281896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Category:Hawaiian sovereignty movement">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty<br />movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg/230px-Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg/345px-Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg/460px-Flag_of_Hawaii_Hawaiian_sovereignty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The inverted <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian flag">Hawaiian flag</a> represents the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Main issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Opposition to the overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_recognition_of_Native_Hawaiians" title="United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians">US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Governments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Historical conflicts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_rebellions_(1887%E2%80%931895)" title="Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)">Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889" title="Wilcox rebellion of 1889">Wilcox rebellion of 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week (Hawaii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">1895 Wilcox rebellion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Modern events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">2008 occupation of Iolani Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/125th_anniversary_of_the_overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="125th anniversary of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">125th anniversary of the overthrow</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Parties and organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Party" title="Aloha ʻĀina Party">Aloha ʻĀina Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Home Rule Party of Hawaii">Home Rule Party of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Hawaiian_Affairs" title="Office of Hawaiian Affairs">Office of Hawaiian Affairs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Documents and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Sovereignty Restoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">Blount Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_1893_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Proposed 1893 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">Apology Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaka_Bill" title="Akaka Bill">Akaka Bill</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid grey; border-bottom:1px solid grey; padding:1px;"> Books</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_Story_by_Hawaii%27s_Queen" title="Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen">Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Kaua Kuloko 1895</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hawaiian Kingdom</b>, also known as the <b>Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi</i></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> which existed from 1795 to 1893. It was established during the late 18th century when <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi_nui_of_Hawaii" title="Aliʻi nui of Hawaii">Aliʻi nui of Hawaii</a>, conquered the islands of <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻahu">Oʻahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moloka%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokaʻi">Molokaʻi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81na%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lānaʻi">Lānaʻi</a>, and unified them under one government. In 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were fully unified when the islands of <a href="/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauaʻi">Kauaʻi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ni%CA%BBihau" class="mw-redirect" title="Niʻihau">Niʻihau</a> voluntarily joined the Hawaiian Kingdom. Two major <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynastic families</a> ruled the kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">House of Kamehameha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">House of Kalākaua</a>. </p><p>The kingdom subsequently gained diplomatic recognition from European powers and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon began arriving to the kingdom, introducing diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, leading to the rapid decline of the <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian population</a>. In 1887, King <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a> was forced to accept a <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">new constitution</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Rifles" title="Honolulu Rifles">Honolulu Rifles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer military</a> unit recruited from American settlers. Queen <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to abrogate the new constitution. She was subsequently overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">1893 coup</a> engineered by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(Hawaii)" title="Committee of Safety (Hawaii)">Committee of Safety</a>, a group of Hawaiian subjects who were mostly of American descent, and supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee of Safety dissolved the kingdom and established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a>, intending for the U.S. to annex the islands, which it did on July 7, 1898, via the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a>. Hawaii became part of the U.S. as the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> until it became a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> in 1959. </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">Apology Resolution</a>, which acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and "the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through a plebiscite or referendum." Opposition to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii played a major role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a>, which calls for Hawaiian independence from American rule. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification of Hawaii</a></div> <p>Hawaii was originally settled by Polynesian voyagers, who arrived on the islands circa the 6th century. The islands were governed as independent chiefdoms. </p><p>In ancient Hawaiʻi, society was divided into multiple classes. Rulers came from the <i>aliʻi</i> class<sup id="cite_ref-Kanahele1993_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanahele1993-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with each island ruled by a separate <i>aliʻi nui</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HandyDavis2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandyDavis2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku" title="Papahānaumoku">Papa</a>, who became the earth mother goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wichman2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichman2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> was the first European to encounter the Hawaiian Islands, on his Pacific <a href="/wiki/Third_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Third voyage of James Cook">third voyage</a> (1776–1780). He was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_James_Cook" title="Death of James Cook">killed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kealakekua_Bay" title="Kealakekua Bay">Kealakekua Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi Island</a> in 1779 in a dispute over the taking of a longboat. Three years later the island passed to <a href="/wiki/Kalani%CA%BB%C5%8Dpu%CA%BBu" title="Kalaniʻōpuʻu">Kalaniʻōpuʻu</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABwala%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Kīwalaʻō">Kīwalaʻō</a>, while religious authority was passed to the ruler's nephew, Kamehameha. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22,_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago,_1819,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/170px-%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/255px-%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/340px-%22Aniheneho._L%27un_des_Premiers_Officiers_de_Tahmahamah%22%2C_pen_and_ink_wash_over_graphite_by_Jacques_Arago%2C_1819%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Hawaiian military officer, 1819 (by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arago" title="Jacques Arago">Jacques Arago</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The warrior chief who became <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamehameha the Great">Kamehameha the Great</a>, waged a military campaign lasting 15 years to unite the islands. He established the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1795 with the help of western weapons and advisors, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(advisor)" title="John Young (advisor)">John Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Davis_(advisor)" title="Isaac Davis (advisor)">Isaac Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although successful in attacking both <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu" title="Battle of Nuʻuanu">Oʻahu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, he failed to annex <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a>, hampered by a storm and a plague that decimated his army. In 1810 Kauaʻi's chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">ancient Hawaiian</a> society, transforming it into a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in the manner of European systems. The Kingdom thus became an early example of monarchies in Polynesian societies as contacts with Europeans increased.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar political developments occurred (for example) in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori King Movement">New Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamehameha_dynasty_(1795–1874)"><span id="Kamehameha_dynasty_.281795.E2.80.931874.29"></span>Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kamehameha dynasty (1795–1874)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">House of Kamehameha</a></div> <p>From 1810 to 1893 two major dynastic families ruled the Hawaiian Kingdom: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">House of Kamehameha</a> (1795 to 1874) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a> (1874–1893). Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government, each styled as <i>Kamehameha</i>, until 1872. <a href="/wiki/Lunalilo" title="Lunalilo">Lunalilo</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1873–1874</span>) was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho (<a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_II" title="Kamehameha II">Kamehameha II</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1819–1824</span>) and Kauikeaouli (<a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1825–1854</span>) were direct sons of Kamehameha the Great. </p><p>During Liholiho's (Kamehameha II) reign (1819–1824), the arrival of Christian missionaries and whalers accelerated changes in the kingdom. </p><p>Kauikeaouli's reign (1824–1854) as Kamehameha III, began as a young ward of the primary wife of Kamehameha the Great, <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Queen Kaʻahumanu</a>, who ruled as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Regent">Queen Regent</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kuhina_Nui" title="Kuhina Nui">Kuhina Nui</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> until her death in 1832. Kauikeaouli's rule of three decades was the longest in the monarchy's history. He enacted the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mahele" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mahele">Great Mahele</a> of 1848, promulgated the first Constitution (1840) and its successor (1852) and witnessed cataclysmic losses of his people through imported diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Liholiho, Kamehameha IV, (r. 1854–1863), introduced <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican</a> religion and royal habits to the kingdom. </p><p>Lot, Kamehameha V (r. 1863–1872), struggled to solidify Hawaiian nationalism in the kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_crisis_and_monarchical_elections">Succession crisis and monarchical elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Succession crisis and monarchical elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynastic rule by the Kamehameha family ended in 1872 with the death of Kamehameha V. On his deathbed, he summoned High Chiefess <a href="/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop" title="Bernice Pauahi Bishop">Bernice Pauahi Bishop</a> to declare his intentions of making her heir to the throne. Bernice refused the crown, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. </p><p>Bishop's refusal to take the crown forced the legislature to <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elect</a> a new monarch. From 1872 to 1873, several relatives of the Kamehameha line were nominated. In the monarchical election of 1873, a ceremonial popular vote and a unanimous legislative vote, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Lunalilo" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Lunalilo">William C. Lunalilo</a>, grandnephew of Kamehameha I, became Hawaiʻi's first of two <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elected monarchs</a>. His reign ended due to his early death from tuberculosis at age 39. </p><p>Upon Lunalilo's death, <a href="/wiki/David_Kalakaua" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kalakaua">David Kalakaua</a> defeated Kamehameha IV's widow, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Queen Emma</a>, in a contested election, beginning the second dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalākaua_dynasty"><span id="Kal.C4.81kaua_dynasty"></span>Kalākaua dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kalākaua dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg/220px-Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg/330px-Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg/440px-Kalakaua_Grant_state_visit_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7393" data-file-height="5440" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a> meeting U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>Like his predecessor, Lunalilo failed to name an heir to the throne. Once again, the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom held an election to fill the vacancy. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Queen Emma</a>, widow of Kamehameha IV, was nominated along with <a href="/wiki/David_Kal%C4%81kaua" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kalākaua">David Kalākaua</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Courthouse_riot" title="Honolulu Courthouse riot">1874 election</a> was a nasty campaign in which both candidates resorted to mudslinging and innuendo. Kalākaua became the second elected King of Hawaiʻi but without the ceremonial popular vote of Lunalilo. The choice was controversial, and U.S. and British troops were called upon to suppress rioting by Queen Emma's supporters, the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_Party" title="Queen Emma Party">Emmaites</a></i>. </p><p>Kalākaua officially proclaimed that his sister, Liliʻuokalani, would succeed to the throne upon his death. Hoping to avoid uncertainty, Kalākaua listed a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession">line of succession</a> in his will, so that after Liliʻuokalani the throne should succeed to Princess <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBiulani" title="Kaʻiulani">Victoria Kaʻiulani</a>, then to Queen Consort <a href="/wiki/Kapi%CA%BBolani" title="Kapiʻolani">Kapiʻolani</a>, followed by her sister Princess <a href="/wiki/Po%CA%BBomaikelani" title="Poʻomaikelani">Poʻomaikelani</a>, then Prince <a href="/wiki/David_La%CA%BBamea_Kaw%C4%81nanakoa" class="mw-redirect" title="David Laʻamea Kawānanakoa">David Laʻamea Kawānanakoa</a>, and finally Prince <a href="/wiki/Jonah_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Kalaniana%CA%BBole" title="Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole">Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the will was not a proper proclamation according to kingdom law. Protests objected to nominating lower ranking aliʻi who were not eligible to the throne while high ranking aliʻi were available who were eligible,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as High Chiefess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keka%CA%BBaniau" title="Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau">Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Queen Liliʻuokalani held the royal prerogative and she officially proclaimed her niece Princess Kaʻiulani as heir.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later <a href="/wiki/Proposed_1893_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Proposed 1893 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">proposed a new constitution in 1893</a>, but it was never ratified by the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalākaua's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Gibson" title="Walter M. Gibson">Walter M. Gibson</a> indulged the expenses of Kalākaua and attempted to establish a <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian Confederation">Polynesian Confederation</a>, sending the "homemade battleship" <a href="/wiki/Kaimiloa" title="Kaimiloa">Kaimiloa</a> to Samoa in 1887. It resulted in suspicion by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McBride_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBride-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bayonet_Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bayonet Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hawaiian in military coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg/170px-Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg/255px-Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg/340px-Kingdavidkalakaua_dust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="5208" /></a><figcaption>King Kalākaua</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a> was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston" title="Lorrin A. Thurston">Lorrin A. Thurston</a>, Minister of Interior under King Kalākaua. The constitution was proclaimed by the king after a meeting of 3,000 residents, including an armed militia demanded he sign or be deposed. The document created a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> like that of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the legislature and establishing a cabinet government. It became known as the "Bayonet Constitution" over the threat of force used to gain Kalākaua's cooperation. </p><p>The 1887 constitution empowered the citizenry to elect members of the House of Nobles (who had previously been appointed by the King). It increased the value of property a citizen must own to be eligible to vote above the previous Constitution of 1864. It also denied voting rights to Asians who comprised a large proportion of the population (a few Japanese and some Chinese who had previously become <a href="/wiki/Naturalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized">naturalized</a> lost voting rights). This limited the franchise to wealthy native Hawaiians and Europeans. The Bayonet Constitution continued allowing the monarch to appoint cabinet ministers, but took his power to dismiss them without approval from the Legislature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liliʻuokalani's_Constitution"><span id="Lili.CA.BBuokalani.27s_Constitution"></span>Liliʻuokalani's Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liliʻuokalani's Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliuokalani,_c._1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg/170px-Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg/255px-Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg/340px-Liliuokalani%2C_c._1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6820" data-file-height="8950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, Kalākaua died and his sister Liliʻuokalani assumed the throne. She came to power during an economic crisis precipitated in part by the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a>. By rescinding the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, the new tariff eliminated the previous advantage Hawaiian exporters enjoyed in trade to U.S. markets. Many Hawaiian businesses and citizens felt the lost revenue, and so Liliʻuokalani proposed a <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a> and opium licensing to bring in additional revenue. Her ministers and closest friends tried to dissuade her from pursuing the bills, and these controversial proposals were used against her in the looming constitutional crisis. </p><p>Liliʻuokalani wanted to restore power to the monarch by abrogating the 1887 Constitution. She launched a campaign resulting in a petition to proclaim a new Constitution. Many citizens and residents who in 1887 had forced Kalākaua to sign the "Bayonet Constitution" became alarmed when three of her cabinet members informed them that the queen was planning to unilaterally proclaim her new Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members were reported to have feared for their safety for not supporting her plans.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overthrow">Overthrow</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overthrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Boston_landing_force,_1893_(PP-36-3-002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg/220px-USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg/330px-USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg/440px-USS_Boston_landing_force%2C_1893_%28PP-36-3-002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS <i>Boston</i></a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow, January 1893<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1893, local businessmen and politicians, composed of six non-native Hawaiian Kingdom subjects, five American nationals, one British national, and one German national,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of whom were living in Hawaiʻi, overthrew the regime and took over the government. </p><p>Historians suggest that businessmen were in favor of overthrow and annexation to the U.S. in order to benefit from more favorable trade conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>United States Government Minister <a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">John L. Stevens</a> summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS <i>Boston</i></a> and two companies of U.S. sailors to Honolulu to take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893. This deployment was at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(Hawaii)" title="Committee of Safety (Hawaii)">Committee of Safety</a>, which claimed an "imminent threat to American lives and property." Stevens was accused of ordering the landing on his own authority and inappropriately using his discretion. Historian William Russ concluded that "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself."<sup id="cite_ref-russ_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 350">: 350 </span></sup> </p><p>On July 17, 1893, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a> and his committee took control of the government and declared itself the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> "to rule until annexation by the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-russ_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> The Provisional Government was reorganized as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> in 1894; Dole served was president of both. The committee and members of the former government both lobbied in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> for their respective positions. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> considered the overthrow to have been an illegal act of war; he refused to consider annexation and initially worked to restore the queen to her throne. Between December 14, 1893, and January 11, 1894, a standoff known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a> occurred between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> against the Provisional Government to pressure them into returning the Queen. This incident drove home the message that President Cleveland wanted Queen Liliʻuokalani's return to power. On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was requested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to wait for the end of President Cleveland's second term. While lobbying continued during 1894, the royalist faction amassed an army 600 strong led by former Captain of the Guard <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nowlein" title="Samuel Nowlein">Samuel Nowlein</a>. In 1895 they attempted the <a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">1895 Wilcox rebellion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a> was arrested when a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds. She was tried by a military tribunal of the Republic, convicted of treason, and placed under permanent house arrest. </p><p>On January 24, 1895, while under house arrest <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a> was forced to sign a five-page declaration as "Liliuokalani Dominis" in which she formally abdicated the throne in return for the release and commutation of the death sentences of her jailed supporters, including Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C4%81wah%C4%AB" title="Joseph Nāwahī">Joseph Nāwahī</a>, Prince Kawānanakoa, <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Wilcox" title="Robert William Wilcox">Robert William Wilcox</a> and Prince Jonah Kūhiō. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Before ascending the throne, for fourteen years, or since the date of my proclamation as heir apparent, my official title had been simply Liliuokalani. Thus I was proclaimed both Princess Royal and Queen. Thus it is recorded in the archives of the government to this day. The Provisional Government nor any other had enacted any change in my name. All my official acts, as well as my private letters, were issued over the signature of Liliuokalani. But when my jailers required me to sign ("Liliuokalani Dominis,") I did as they commanded. Their motive in this as in other actions was plainly to humiliate me before my people and before the world. I saw in a moment, what they did not, that, even were I not complying under the most severe and exacting duress, by this demand they had overreached themselves. There is not, and never was, within the range of my knowledge, any such a person as Liliuokalani Dominis.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Queen Liliuokalani, "Hawaii's Story By Hawaii's Queen"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898275_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898275-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Republic of Hawaii was dissolved and the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the United States by the Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic,_social_and_cultural_transformation"><span id="Economic.2C_social_and_cultural_transformation"></span>Economic, social and cultural transformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic, social and cultural transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="background-color: #FAFAFA; border: 1px solid #CCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <b><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" title="Category:History of Hawaii">a series</a></b> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #1874CD; padding:3px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii"><span style="color:#fff;">History of Hawaii</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Early history</a> (pre–1795)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1219–1266</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kealakekua_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kealakekua Bay">Battle of Kealakekua Bay</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1779</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Kamehameha dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1795–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I#Conquest_of_the_islands" title="Kamehameha I">Unification of Hawaii</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889" title="Wilcox rebellion of 1889">Rebellions and revolutions</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional</a> (1893–1894)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Counter-Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1898</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> (1898–1959)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920" title="Oahu sugar strike of 1920">Oahu sugar strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre" title="Hanapepe massacre">Hanapēpē Massacre</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1932</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honouliuli_National_Historic_Site" title="Honouliuli National Historic Site">Honouliuli Internment Camp</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a> (1959–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kalama_Valley_protests" title="Kalama Valley protests">Kalama Valley protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">State Constitutional Convention</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Xerox murders</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">Occupation of Iolani Palace</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_molasses_spill" title="Honolulu molasses spill">Honolulu molasses spill</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">TMT protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">False missile alert</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lane_(2018)" title="Hurricane Lane (2018)">Hurricane Lane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii" title="George Floyd protests in Hawaii">George Floyd protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_water_crisis" title="Red Hill water crisis">Red Hill water crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">Hawaii wildfires</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #C9E1F9;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Hawaii">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Honolulu" title="Timeline of Honolulu">Timeline of Honolulu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: #1874CD; color: #FFF;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-baseline mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/13px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><span style="color: #FFF;">Portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Hawaii"><span style="color: #FFF;">Commons</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands. Their consolidation opened international trade. Under Kamehameha (1795–1819), <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> was exported to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>. That led to the introduction of money and trade throughout the islands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Following Kamehameha's death, succession was overseen by his principal wife, <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Kaʻahumanu</a>, who was designated as regent over the new king, Liholiho, who was a minor. </p><p>Queen Kaʻahumanu eliminated various prohibitions (<a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">kapu</a>) governing women's behavior. She allowed men and women to eat together and women to eat bananas. She also overturned the old religion in favor of Christianity. The missionaries developed a written <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a>. That led to high levels of literacy in Hawaiʻi, above 90 percent in the latter half of the 19th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Writing aided in the consolidation of government. Written constitutions were developed. </p><p>In 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Great_M%C4%81hele" title="Great Māhele">Great Māhele</a> was promulgated by King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It instituted official property rights, formalizing the customary land tenure system in effect prior to this declaration. Ninety-eight percent of the land was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">aliʻi</a>, chiefs or nobles, with two percent to the commoners. No land could be sold, only transferred to a lineal descendant. </p><p>Contact with the outer world exposed the natives to a disastrous series of imported plagues such as smallpox. The native Hawaiian population fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 71,000 in 1853, reaching a low of 24,000 in 1920. Most lived in remote villages.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite by the mid-19th century. They provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elites promoted the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">industry</a>. Americans set up plantations after 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few natives were willing to work on them, so recruiters fanned out across Asia and Europe. As a result, between 1850 and 1900, some 200,000 contract laborers from <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and elsewhere worked in Hawaiʻi under fixed term contracts (typically for five years). Most returned home on schedule, but many settled there. By 1908 about 180,000 Japanese workers had arrived. No more were allowed in, but 54,000 remained permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-Beechert1985_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beechert1985-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hawaiian army and navy developed from the warriors of <a href="/wiki/Kona_District,_Hawaii" title="Kona District, Hawaii">Kona</a> under Kamehameha I. The army and navy used both traditional <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> and uniforms including helmets made of natural materials and <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloths</a> (called the <i>malo</i> ) as well as Western technology such as artillery cannons, muskets and ships and Western-style organization such as military uniforms and a military rank system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> European advisors were treated well and became Hawaiian citizens. When Kamehameha died in 1819 he left his son <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_II" title="Kamehameha II">Liholiho</a> a large arsenal with tens of thousands of soldiers and many warships. This helped put down the revolt at <a href="/wiki/Kuamoo_Burials" title="Kuamoo Burials">Kuamoʻo</a> later in 1819 and <a href="/wiki/Humehume" title="Humehume">Humehume</a>'s rebellion on Kauaʻi in 1824. </p><p>The military shrank with the population under the onslaught of disease, so by the end of the Kamehameha dynasty the Hawaiian navy was severely reduced, having a few outdated ships and the army consisted of a few hundred troops. After <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">a French invasion</a> that sacked <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> in 1849, Kamehameha III sought defense treaties with the United States and Britain. During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Kamehameha III declared Hawaiʻi a neutral state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States government put strong pressure on Kamehameha IV to trade exclusively with the United States, threatening to annex the islands. To counter this threat Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V pushed for alliances with other foreign powers, especially Great Britain. Hawaiʻi claimed uninhabited islands in the Pacific, including the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>, many of which conflicted with American claims. </p><p>The royal guards were disbanded under <a href="/wiki/Lunalilo" title="Lunalilo">Lunalilo</a> after a barracks revolt in September 1873. A small army was restored under King <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a> but failed to stop the 1887 Rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Hawaii)" title="Reform Party (Hawaii)">Missionary Party</a>. The U.S. maintained a policy of keeping at least one <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> in Hawaiʻi. On January 17, 1893, Liliʻuokalani, believing the U.S. military would intervene if she changed the constitution, waited for the <a href="/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)" title="USS Boston (1884)">USS <i>Boston</i></a> to leave port. Once it was known that Liliʻuokalani was revising the constitution, the <i>Boston</i> returned and assisted the Missionary Party in her overthrow. Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a>, the Kingdom's military was disarmed and disbanded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_Incident_(1839)"><span id="French_Incident_.281839.29"></span>French Incident (1839)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: French Incident (1839)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Queen Kaʻahumanu</a>'s rule, Catholicism was illegal in Hawaiʻi, and in 1831 <a href="/wiki/French_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Catholic">French Catholic</a> priests were deported. Native Hawaiian converts to Catholicism claimed to have been imprisoned, beaten and tortured after the expulsion of the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance toward the French Catholic missionaries continued under <a href="/wiki/Kuhina_Nui" title="Kuhina Nui">Kuhina Nui</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABna%CA%BBu" title="Kīnaʻu">Kaʻahumanu II</a>. </p><p>In 1839 <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Pierre_Th%C3%A9odore_Laplace" title="Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace">Captain Laplace</a> of the French frigate <i>Artémise</i> sailed to Hawaiʻi under orders to: </p> <dl><dd><i>Destroy the malevolent impression which you find established to the detriment of the French name; to rectify the erroneous opinion which has been created as to the power of France; and to make it well understood that it would be to the advantage of the chiefs of those islands of the Ocean to conduct themselves in such a manner as not to incur the wrath of France. You will exact, if necessary with all the force that is yours to use, complete reparation for the wrongs which have been committed, and you will not quit those places until you have left in all minds a solid and lasting impression.</i></dd></dl> <p>Under the threat of war, King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Toleration_(Hawaii)" title="Edict of Toleration (Hawaii)">Edict of Toleration</a> on July 17, 1839 agreeing to Laplace's demands. He paid $20,000 in compensation for deporting the priests and the incarceration and torture of converts. The kingdom proclaimed: </p> <dl><dd><i>That the Catholic worship be declared free, throughout all the dominions subject to the King of the Sandwich Islands; the members of this religious faith shall enjoy in them the privileges granted to Protestants.</i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu#Persecution" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu">Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu</a> returned and as reparation Kamehameha III donated land for a church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasions">Invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paulet_Affair_(1843)"><span id="Paulet_Affair_.281843.29"></span>Paulet Affair (1843)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paulet Affair (1843)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Paulet_(Royal_Navy_officer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="19th-century naval officer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg/170px-George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg/255px-George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg/340px-George_Paulet_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Lord George Paulet</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 13, 1843. <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Paulet" title="Lord George Paulet">Lord George Paulet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carysfort_(1836)" title="HMS Carysfort (1836)">HMS <i>Carysfort</i></a>, entered Honolulu Harbor and demanded that King Kamehameha III cede the islands to the British Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the frigate's guns, Kamehameha III surrendered to Paulet on February 25, writing: </p> <blockquote><p>"Where are you, chiefs, people, and commons from my ancestors, and people from foreign lands? </p><p>Hear ye! I make known to you that I am in perplexity by reason of difficulties into which I have been brought without cause, therefore I have given away the life of our land. Hear ye! but my rule over you, my people, and your privileges will continue, for I have hope that the life of the land will be restored when my conduct is justified. </p><p>Done at Honolulu, Oahu, this 25th day of February, 1843. </p><p>Kamehameha III </p><p> Kekauluohi"<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_P._Judd" title="Gerrit P. Judd">Gerrit P. Judd</a>, a missionary who had become the minister of finance for the Kingdom, secretly arranged for J.F.B. Marshall to be sent to the United States, France and Britain, to protest Paulet's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall, a commercial agent of Ladd & Co., conveyed the Kingdom's complaint to the vice consul of Britain in Tepec. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Darton_Thomas" title="Richard Darton Thomas">Richard Darton Thomas</a>, Paulet's commanding officer, arrived at Honolulu harbor on July 26, 1843, on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dublin_(1812)" title="HMS Dublin (1812)">HMS <i>Dublin</i></a> from <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Admiral Thomas apologized to Kamehameha III for Paulet's actions, and restored Hawaiian sovereignty on July 31, 1843. In his restoration speech, Kamehameha III declared that <i>"<a href="/wiki/Ua_Mau_ke_Ea_o_ka_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_i_ka_Pono" title="Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono">Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono</a>"</i> (The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness), the motto of the future State of Hawaii. The day was celebrated as <i>Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Restoration_Day" title="Sovereignty Restoration Day">Sovereignty Restoration Day</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_invasion_(1849)"><span id="French_invasion_.281849.29"></span>French invasion (1849)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French invasion (1849)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></div> <p>In August 1849, French admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tromelin" title="Louis Tromelin">Louis Tromelin</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Harbor" title="Honolulu Harbor">Honolulu Harbor</a> with the <i>La Poursuivante</i> and <i>Gassendi</i>. De Tromelin made ten demands to King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> on August 22, mainly that full religious rights be given to Catholics, (Catholics enjoyed only partial religious rights). On August 25 the demands had not been met. After a second warning, French troops overwhelmed the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_crew" title="Skeleton crew">skeleton force</a> and captured Honolulu Fort, spiked the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal guns</a> and destroyed all other weapons they found (mainly muskets and ammunition). They raided government buildings and general property in Honolulu, causing $100,000 in damage. After the raids the invasion force withdrew to the fort. De Tromelin eventually recalled his men and left Hawaiʻi on September 5. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anticipating foreign encroachment on Hawaiian territory, King Kamehameha III dispatched a delegation to the United States and Europe to secure recognition of Hawaiian independence. <a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BBalilio" title="Haʻalilio">Timoteo Haʻalilio</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Richards_(missionary)" title="William Richards (missionary)">William Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Simpson_(HBC_administrator)" title="George Simpson (HBC administrator)">Sir George Simpson</a> were commissioned as joint ministers plenipotentiary on April 8, 1842. Simpson went to Great Britain while Haʻalilio and Richards traveled to the United States. The Hawaiian delegation secured the assurance of Hawaiian independence by U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> on December 19, 1842. They then met Simpson in Europe to secure formal recognition by the United Kingdom and France. On March 17, 1843, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe of France">Louis Philippe of France</a> recognized Hawaiian independence at the urging of King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>. On April 1, 1843, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, assured the Hawaiian delegation, "Her Majesty's Government was willing and had determined to recognize the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Sandwich Islands</a> under their present sovereign." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Franco_Proclamation">Anglo-Franco Proclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anglo-Franco Proclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg/170px-La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg/255px-La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg/340px-La_Kuokoa_o_Hawaii_Nei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Flier for the 30th anniversary celebration of the 1843 treaty</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 28, 1843, at the Court of London, the British and French governments formally recognized Hawaiian independence. The "Anglo-Franco Proclamation", a joint declaration by France and Britain, signed by King Louis-Philippe and Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation: </p> <blockquote> <p>Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of the French, taking into consideration the existence in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) of a government capable of providing for the regularity of its relations with foreign nations, have thought it right to engage, reciprocally, to consider the Sandwich Islands as an Independent State, and never to take possession, neither directly or under the title of Protectorate, or under any other form, of any part of the territory of which they are composed. </p><p>The undersigned, Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, and the Ambassador Extraordinary of His Majesty the King of the French, at the Court of London, being furnished with the necessary powers, hereby declare, in consequence, that their said Majesties take reciprocally that engagement. </p><p>In witness whereof the undersigned have signed the present declaration, and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms. </p><p>Done in duplicate at London, the 28th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1843.<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">ABERDEEN</a>. [L.S.]<br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Beaupoil_de_Saint-Aulaire" title="Louis de Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire">ST. AULAIRE</a>. [L.S.]<sup id="cite_ref-503-517_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-503-517-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Hawaiʻi was the first non-European indigenous state whose independence was recognized by the major powers.<sup id="cite_ref-day_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States declined to join France and the United Kingdom in this statement, even though President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> had verbally recognized Hawaiian independence. In 1849 the United States formally recognized Hawaiian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-503-517_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-503-517-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>November 28, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Hawaii)" title="Independence Day (Hawaii)"><i>Lā Kūʻokoʻa</i></a> (Independence Day), became a Hawaiian national holiday to celebrate the recognition. The Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with most major countries and established over 90 legations and consulates.<sup id="cite_ref-day_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-day-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princes_and_chiefs_who_were_eligible_to_be_rulers">Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Princes and chiefs who were eligible to be rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1839, King Kamehameha III created the <a href="/wiki/Royal_School_(Hawaii)" title="Royal School (Hawaii)">Chief's Children's School</a> (Royal School) and selected of the 16 highest-ranking aliʻi to be eligible to rule and gave them the highest education and proper etiquette. They were required to attend boarding school under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Amos_Starr_Cooke" title="Amos Starr Cooke">Amos Starr Cooke</a> and his wife. The eligible princes and chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Moses_Kek%C5%AB%C4%81iwa" title="Moses Kekūāiwa">Moses Kekūāiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_IV" title="Kamehameha IV">Alexander Liholiho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_V" title="Kamehameha V">Lot Kamehameha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Kam%C4%81malu" title="Victoria Kamāmalu">Victoria Kamāmalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Emma Rooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunalilo" title="Lunalilo">William Lunalilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">David Kalākaua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Lydia Kamakaʻeha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernice_Pauahi_Bishop" title="Bernice Pauahi Bishop">Bernice Pauahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keka%CA%BBaniau" title="Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau">Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Loeau" title="Jane Loeau">Jane Loeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Maheha" title="Abigail Maheha">Abigail Maheha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kaeo" title="Peter Kaeo">Peter Young Kaeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Kaliokalani" title="James Kaliokalani">James Kaliokalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Pitt_Kinau" title="John William Pitt Kinau">John Pitt Kīnaʻu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Polly_Paaaina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Polly Paaaina">Mary Paʻaʻāina</a>, officially declared by King Kamehameha III in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_extent">Territorial extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Territorial extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom formed in 1795. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu" title="Battle of Nuʻuanu">Battle of Nuʻuanu</a> Kamehameha conquered <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a> had conquered Maui and Molokaʻi five years prior in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kepaniwai" title="Battle of Kepaniwai">Battle of Kepaniwai</a>. They were abandoned when the Big Island became at risk and later reconquered by the aged King <a href="/wiki/Kahekili_II" title="Kahekili II">Kahekili II</a> of Maui. His domain then comprised six of the major islands of the Hawaiian chain. With <a href="/wiki/Kaumuali%CA%BBi" title="Kaumualiʻi">Kaumualiʻi</a>'s peaceful surrender, Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_II" title="Kamehameha II">Kamehameha II</a> assumed de facto control of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau when he kidnapped Kaumualiʻi, ending his vassal rule over the islands. </p><p>In 1822, <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Queen Kaʻahumanu</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Kaumuali%CA%BBi" title="Kaumualiʻi">King Kaumualiʻi</a> traveled with Captain William Sumner to find <a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nīhoa</a>, as her generation had only known of it through songs and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">myths</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_IV" title="Kamehameha IV">Kamehameha IV</a> later sailed there to officially annex the island. Kamehameha IV and Kalākaua would later claim other islands in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Archipelago</a>, including Holoikauaua or <a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</a>, Mokumanamana or <a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker Island</a>, Kauō or <a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a>, Papa‘āpoho or <a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski Island</a>, Hōlanikū or <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a>, Kauihelani or <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>, Kānemilohaʻi or <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>, Nalukākala or <a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a> and Pūhāhonu or <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner Pinnacles</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several of these islands had been claimed by the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> of 1856. The Stewart Islands (<a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a> Atoll) near the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, were ceded to Hawaiʻi in 1856 by its residents, but the cession was never formalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_estates">Royal estates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Royal estates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_(PPWD-8-3-006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/220px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/330px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg/440px-Lowering_the_Hawaiian_flag_at_Annexation_ceremony_%28PPWD-8-3-006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>On August 12, 1898, the flag of the Hawaiian Kingdom over ʻIolani Palace was lowered to raise the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States flag</a> to signify annexation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg/170px-Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg/255px-Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg/340px-Kawaiaha%27o_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kawaiaha%CA%BBo_Church" title="Kawaiahaʻo Church">Kawaiahaʻo Church</a> is known as the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> of Hawaiʻi,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the site of coronations, royal christenings and funerals.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in its history, the Hawaiian Kingdom was governed from coastal towns on the islands of Hawaiʻi and Maui (<a href="/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii" title="Lahaina, Hawaii">Lāhainā</a>). During the reign of Kamehameha III a capital was established in Honolulu. </p><p>Kamehameha V decided to build a royal palace fitting the Hawaiian Kingdom's new-found prosperity and standing with the royals of other nations. He commissioned the building of the palace at <a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi%C5%8Dlani_Hale" title="Aliʻiōlani Hale">Aliʻiōlani Hale</a>. He died before it was completed. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Supreme Court of the State of Hawaiʻi</a> occupied the building. </p><p>David Kalākaua shared the dream of Kamehameha V to build a palace, and desired the trappings of European royalty. He commissioned the construction of <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace" title="ʻIolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a>. In later years, the palace served as his sister's makeshift prison, the site of the official raising of the U.S. flag during annexation, and then territorial governor's and legislature's offices, ultimately becoming a museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces_and_royal_grounds">Palaces and royal grounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Palaces and royal grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_royal_residences" title="List of Hawaiian royal residences">Hawaiian royal residences</a> remain extant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See 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href="/wiki/United_States_federal_recognition_of_Native_Hawaiians" title="United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians">United States federal recognition of Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Coat of Arms of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoamoa" title="Kamoamoa">Kamoamoa</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kanahele1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kanahele1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKanahele1995" class="citation book cs1">Kanahele, George S. (1995). "Kamehameha's First Capital". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I50tFaEnjSsC&pg=PA90"><i>Waikiki, 100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.: An Untold Story</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 90–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1790-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-1790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kamehameha%E2%80%99s+First+Capital&rft.btitle=Waikiki%2C+100+B.C.+to+1900+A.D.%3A+An+Untold+Story&rft.pages=90-102&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1790-9&rft.aulast=Kanahele&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI50tFaEnjSsC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Schultz2007" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Schultz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mtcrUg6HgGYC&pg=PA932"><i>1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die</i></a>. Workman Pub. p. 932. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-4738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7611-4738-1"><bdi>978-0-7611-4738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1%2C000+Places+to+See+in+the+USA+and+Canada+Before+You+Die&rft.pages=932&rft.pub=Workman+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7611-4738-1&rft.au=Patricia+Schultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmtcrUg6HgGYC%26pg%3DPA932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fryklund2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fryklund2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Fryklund2011" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Fryklund (January 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gszIhYIRnFYC&pg=PA81"><i>Hawaii: The Big Island</i></a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-637-5"><bdi>978-1-58843-637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii%3A+The+Big+Island&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-637-5&rft.au=Bryan+Fryklund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgszIhYIRnFYC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Q1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA14"><i>FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement</i></a>. 1991. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FAP-30+%28Honoapiilani+Highway%29+Realignment%2C+Puamana+to+Honokowai%2C+Lahaina+District%2C+Maui+County%3A+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6Q1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingWatson2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RingWatson2013_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2013" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (November 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTL_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25930-4"><bdi>978-1-134-25930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americas%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25930-4&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTL_AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KirchBabineau1996-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KirchBabineau1996_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Vinton_KirchThérèse_I._Babineau1996" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Vinton Kirch; Thérèse I. Babineau (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwENAQAAMAAJ"><i>Legacy of the landscape: an illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1816-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1816-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1816-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+the+landscape%3A+an+illustrated+guide+to+Hawaiian+archaeological+sites&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1816-6&rft.au=Patrick+Vinton+Kirch&rft.au=Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+I.+Babineau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwENAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shearer2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shearer2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_F._Shearer2004" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin F. Shearer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajuix3ByU94C&pg=PA296"><i>The Uniting States: Alabama to Kentucky</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33105-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33105-3"><bdi>978-0-313-33105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uniting+States%3A+Alabama+to+Kentucky&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33105-3&rft.au=Benjamin+F.+Shearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dajuix3ByU94C%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cybriwsky2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cybriwsky2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_Adrian_Cybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky (May 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352"><i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-248-9&rft.au=Roman+Adrian+Cybriwsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb6NAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kblMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Engineering Magazine</i></a>. Engineering Magazine Company. 1892. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Magazine&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Engineering+Magazine+Company&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkblMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Simpson_Kuykendall" title="Ralph Simpson Kuykendall">Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson</a> (1965) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en"><i>The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation</i></a>. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87022-431-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87022-431-X"><bdi>0-87022-431-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925214713/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Kingdom+1778%E2%80%931854%2C+Foundation+and+Transformation&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-87022-431-X&rft.aulast=Kuykendall&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fc%3Dkingdom1%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1895" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Thomas P. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kauakuloko-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&c=kauakuloko&cl=&d=D0.11&toc=1&exp=D0.11"><i>Kaua Kuloko 1895</i></a>. Honolulu: Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19662315">19662315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaua+Kuloko+1895&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=Papapai+Mahu+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19662315&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fe%3Dd-0kauakuloko-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin%26a%3Dd%26c%3Dkauakuloko%26cl%3D%26d%3DD0.11%26toc%3D1%26exp%3DD0.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2017" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Joy (2017). <i>Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. pp. 1–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803285897" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803285897"><bdi>978-0803285897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+by+Birth%3A+Missionary+Children%2C+Bicultural+Identity%2C+and+U.S.+Colonialism+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=1-238&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0803285897&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanahele1993-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kanahele1993_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Hu'eu_Kanahele1993" class="citation book cs1">George Hu'eu Kanahele (January 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndt4MZQ2kfEC&pg=PA399"><i>K_ Kanaka, Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1500-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K_+Kanaka%2C+Stand+Tall%3A+A+Search+for+Hawaiian+Values&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1500-4&rft.au=George+Hu%27eu+Kanahele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dndt4MZQ2kfEC%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandyDavis2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HandyDavis2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.S._Craighill_HandyDavis2012" class="citation book cs1">E.S. Craighill Handy; Davis (December 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoXQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>Ancient Hawaiian Civilization: A Series of Lectures Delivered at THE KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0438-9"><bdi>978-1-4629-0438-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Hawaiian+Civilization%3A+A+Series+of+Lectures+Delivered+at+THE+KAMEHAMEHA+SCHOOLS&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0438-9&rft.au=E.S.+Craighill+Handy&rft.au=Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoXQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichman2003-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wichman2003_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_B._Wichman2003" class="citation book cs1">Frederick B. Wichman (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Dfm-hieZNcC"><i>N_ Pua Aliì O Kauaì: Ruling Chiefs of Kauaì</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2638-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2638-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2638-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N_+Pua+Ali%C3%AC+O+Kaua%C3%AC%3A+Ruling+Chiefs+of+Kaua%C3%AC&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2638-3&rft.au=Frederick+B.+Wichman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Dfm-hieZNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1912" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Mary S. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQtlLhgWLLUC&pg=PA127"><i>Old Time Hawaiians and Their Works</i></a>. Gin and Company. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-146-32462-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-146-32462-5"><bdi>978-1-146-32462-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Time+Hawaiians+and+Their+Works&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Gin+and+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-1-146-32462-5&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Mary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQtlLhgWLLUC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanchiAdams1993" class="citation book cs1">Quanchi, Max; Adams, Ron, eds. (March 22, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9NC92s0rrAC"><i>Culture Contact in the Pacific: Essays on Contact, Encounter and Response</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521422840" title="Special:BookSources/9780521422840"><bdi>9780521422840</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The emergence of 'Polynesian kingdoms' during the early years of European contact in Tahiti and Hawaii has conventionally been attributed to European influence and manipulation [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Contact+in+the+Pacific%3A+Essays+on+Contact%2C+Encounter+and+Response&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993-03-22&rft.isbn=9780521422840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9NC92s0rrAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1989" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ian C. (January 1989). "Polynesia: European settlement and the later kingdoms". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex7jr346fZUC"><i>A History of the Pacific Islands</i></a>. UQP paperbacks. Berkeley: University of California Press (published 1989). p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520069015" title="Special:BookSources/9780520069015"><bdi>9780520069015</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2020</span>. <q>The establishment of the Polynesian kingdoms was the culmination of pre-European stresses in island society, in conjunction with the needs and opportunities presented by contact with Europeans. Political centralization satisfied individual ambitions but also simplified the developing relationship with Europeans, both visitors and settlers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polynesia%3A+European+settlement+and+the+later+kingdoms&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=UQP+paperbacks&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989-01&rft.isbn=9780520069015&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ian+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEx7jr346fZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, Vol.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuykendall, THK, Vol. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18910318.2.57&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Daily Alta California 18 March 1891 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"</a>. <i>cdnc.ucr.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055911/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18910318.2.57&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdnc.ucr.edu&rft.atitle=Daily+Alta+California+18+March+1891+%E2%80%94+California+Digital+Newspaper+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDAC18910318.2.57%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1891" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (March 31, 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1891-03-31/ed-1/seq-2/">"The Hawaiian gazette. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865–1918, March 31, 1891, Image 2"</a>. <i>The Hawaiian Gazette</i>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-1392">2157-1392</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730173004/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1891-03-31/ed-1/seq-2/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hawaiian+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Hawaiian+gazette.+%28Honolulu+%5BOahu%2C+Hawaii%5D%29+1865%E2%80%931918%2C+March+31%2C+1891%2C+Image+2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1891-03-31&rft.issn=2157-1392&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83025121%2F1891-03-31%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papakilodatabase.com/pdnupepa/?a=d&d=N18740203-01.2.9&srpos=52&e=-------en-20--41--txt-txIN%7CtxNU%7CtxTR-------">"Nuhou 3 February 1874 — Papakilo Database"</a>. <i>www.papakilodatabase.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207120411/https://www.papakilodatabase.com/pdnupepa/?a=d&d=N18740203-01.2.9&srpos=52&e=-------en-20--41--txt-txIN%7CtxNU%7CtxTR-------">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.papakilodatabase.com&rft.atitle=Nuhou+3+February+1874+%E2%80%94+Papakilo+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papakilodatabase.com%2Fpdnupepa%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DN18740203-01.2.9%26srpos%3D52%26e%3D-------en-20--41--txt-txIN%257CtxNU%257CtxTR-------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1891" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (March 24, 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1891-03-24/ed-1/seq-5/">"The Hawaiian gazette. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865–1918, March 24, 1891, Image 5"</a>. <i>The Hawaiian Gazette</i>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-1392">2157-1392</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730173003/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1891-03-24/ed-1/seq-5/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hawaiian+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Hawaiian+gazette.+%28Honolulu+%5BOahu%2C+Hawaii%5D%29+1865%E2%80%931918%2C+March+24%2C+1891%2C+Image+5&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1891-03-24&rft.issn=2157-1392&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83025121%2F1891-03-24%2Fed-1%2Fseq-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/queen-lili-uokalani.htm">"Queen Lili'uokalani"</a>. <i>U.S. National Park Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Queen+Lili%27uokalani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2F000%2Fqueen-lili-uokalani.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBride-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McBride_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride" class="citation web cs1">McBride, Spencer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=mphs">"Mormon Beginnings in Samoa: Kimo Belio, Samuela Manoa and Walter Murray Gibson"</a>. Brigham Young University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629204416/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=mphs">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mormon+Beginnings+in+Samoa%3A+Kimo+Belio%2C+Samuela+Manoa+and+Walter+Murray+Gibson&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1214%26context%3Dmphs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii-7.html">Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Appendix A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821210657/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii-7.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The three ministers left Mr. Parker to try to dissuade me from my purpose; and in the meantime they all (Peterson, Cornwell, and Colburn) went to the government building to inform Thurston and his part of the stand I took."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=804-805">Morgan Report, p804-805</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044326/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=804-805">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Every one knows how quickly Colburn and Peterson, when they could escape from the palace, called for help from Thurston and others, and how afraid Colburn was to go back to the palace."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h56000/h56555c.htm">"U.S. Navy History site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304174100/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h56000/h56555c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Navy+History+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fphotos%2Fimages%2Fh56000%2Fh56555c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/blount/br0588.php">"Annexation of Hawaii | University of Hawaii at Manoa Library"</a>. <i>libweb.hawaii.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526113822/https://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/blount/br0588.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libweb.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Annexation+of+Hawaii+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibweb.hawaii.edu%2Fdigicoll%2Fannexation%2Fblount%2Fbr0588.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinzer, Stephen. (2006). <i>Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, Sylvester K. (1968) <i>American Expansion in Hawaii, 1842–1898</i>. New York: Russell & Russell. (p. 228)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dougherty, Michael. (1992). <i>To Steal a Kingdom: Probing Hawaiian History</i>. (p. 167-168)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Croix, Sumner and Christopher Grandy. (March 1997). "The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom" in <i>The Journal of Economic History</i> 57:161–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russ-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss,_William_Adam1992" class="citation book cs1">Russ, William Adam (1992) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AeTAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94)</i></a>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-43-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945636-43-4"><bdi>978-0-945636-43-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Revolution+%281893%E2%80%9394%29&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-945636-43-4&rft.au=Russ%2C+William+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AeTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898275-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiliuokalani1898275_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiliuokalani1898">Liliuokalani 1898</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, July 7, 1898; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress; General Records of the United States Government, 1778-1992; Record Group 11; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/joint-resolution-for-annexing-the-hawaiian-islands">National Archives</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyke2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Dyke, Jon (2008). <i>Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?</i>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 30–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824832117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824832117"><bdi>978-0824832117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Owns+the+Crown+Lands+of+Hawai%CA%BBi%3F&rft.pages=30-44&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0824832117&rft.aulast=Van+Dyke&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_DyeEric_Komori1992" class="citation book cs1">Tom Dye; Eric Komori (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/482/1/JL28007.pdf"><i>Pre-censal Population History of Hawai'i</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NA. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102060502/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/482/1/JL28007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-censal+Population+History+of+Hawai%27i&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=NA&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Tom+Dye&rft.au=Eric+Komori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10524%2F482%2F1%2FJL28007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_T._Takaki1984" class="citation book cs1">Ronald T. Takaki (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LD94ovK6Ej0C&pg=PA22"><i>Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835–1920</i></a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pau+Hana%3A+Plantation+Life+and+Labor+in+Hawaii%2C+1835%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Ronald+T.+Takaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLD94ovK6Ej0C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold W. Bradley, <i>The American frontier in Hawaii: the pioneers, 1789–1843</i> (Stanford university press, 1942).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Flynn Siler, <i>Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure</i> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beechert1985-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beechert1985_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_D._Beechert1985" class="citation book cs1">Edward D. Beechert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tf5CI8Db-egC&pg=PA146"><i>Working in Hawaii: A Labor History</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0890-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-0890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+in+Hawaii%3A+A+Labor+History&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0890-7&rft.au=Edward+D.+Beechert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTf5CI8Db-egC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/hawn-territory.shtml">"Hawaiian Territory"</a>. Hawaiian Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007065526/http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/hawn-territory.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Territory&rft.pub=Hawaiian+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiiankingdom.org%2Fhawn-territory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tikiroom.com/tikicentral/bb/viewtopic.php?topic=15181&forum=13">"Kamehameha III issues the Edict of Toleration, June 17, 1839 – Tiki Central"</a>. <i>Tiki Central</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326140155/http://www.tikiroom.com/tikicentral/bb/viewtopic.php?topic=15181&forum=13">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tiki+Central&rft.atitle=Kamehameha+III+issues+the+Edict+of+Toleration%2C+June+17%2C+1839+%E2%80%93+Tiki+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tikiroom.com%2Ftikicentral%2Fbb%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ftopic%3D15181%26forum%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii.htm">"The US Navy and Hawaii-A Historical Summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408164216/http://www.history.navy.mil/docs/wwii/pearl/hawaii.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+US+Navy+and+Hawaii-A+Historical+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdocs%2Fwwii%2Fpearl%2Fhawaii.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marshall_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._B._Marshall1883" class="citation magazine cs1">James F. B. Marshall (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-4UCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA511">"An unpublished chapter of Hawaiian History"</a>. <i>Harper's magazine</i>. Vol. 67. pp. 511–520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+magazine&rft.atitle=An+unpublished+chapter+of+Hawaiian+History&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=511-520&rft.date=1883&rft.au=James+F.+B.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-4UCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alohaquest.com/arbitration/news_polynesian_0011b.htm">"Lā Kūʻokoʻa: Events Leading to Independence Day, November 28, 1843"</a>. <i>The Polynesian</i>. Vol. XXI, no. 3. November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515014111/http://www.alohaquest.com/arbitration/news_polynesian_0011b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polynesian&rft.atitle=L%C4%81+K%C5%AB%CA%BBoko%CA%BBa%3A+Events+Leading+to+Independence+Day%2C+November+28%2C+1843&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alohaquest.com%2Farbitration%2Fnews_polynesian_0011b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-503-517-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-503-517_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-503-517_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=503-517#XVI._Also_the_following_extracts_from_the_history_of_the_hawaiian_islands.2C_by_james_jackson_jarves.2C_published_in_1846.">"503–517"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317064208/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=503-517#XVI._Also_the_following_extracts_from_the_history_of_the_hawaiian_islands.2C_by_james_jackson_jarves.2C_published_in_1846.">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=503%E2%80%93517&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmorganreport.org%2Fmediawiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D503-517%23XVI._Also_the_following_extracts_from_the_history_of_the_hawaiian_islands.2C_by_james_jackson_jarves.2C_published_in_1846.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-day-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-day_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-day_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keanu_Sai2006" class="citation web cs1">David Keanu Sai (November 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html">"Hawaiian Independence Day"</a>. <i>Hawaiian Kingdom Independence web site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602010908/http://www.hawaiiankingdom.info/C1126750129/E20061128121009/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaiian+Kingdom+Independence+web+site&rft.atitle=Hawaiian+Independence+Day&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=David+Keanu+Sai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiiankingdom.info%2FC1126750129%2FE20061128121009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1844" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (July 20, 1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/">"Polynesian. [volume] (Honolulu [Oahu], Hawaii) 1844–1864, July 20, 1844, Image 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509185849/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polynesian.+%5Bvolume%5D+%28Honolulu+%5BOahu%5D%2C+Hawaii%29+1844%E2%80%931864%2C+July+20%2C+1844%2C+Image+1&rft.date=1844-07-20&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn82015408%2F1844-07-20%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiliuokalani1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Liliuokalani</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001268108"><i>Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani</i></a>. Boston: Lee and Shepard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-22265-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-22265-2"><bdi>978-0-548-22265-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2387226">2387226</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii%27s+Story+by+Hawaii%27s+Queen%2C+Liliuokalani&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Lee+and+Shepard&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2387226&rft.isbn=978-0-548-22265-2&rft.au=Liliuokalani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001268108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeechert1985" class="citation book cs1">Beechert, Edward D. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workinginhawaiil0000beec"><i>Working in Hawaii: a labor history</i></a></span>. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0890-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-0890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+in+Hawaii%3A+a+labor+history&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0890-7&rft.aulast=Beechert&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkinginhawaiil0000beec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1942" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Harold Whitman (1942). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfrontier0000haro"><i>The American Frontier in Hawaii: The Pioneers, 1789-1843</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4714376">4714376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Frontier+in+Hawaii%3A+The+Pioneers%2C+1789-1843&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4714376&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Harold+Whitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanfrontier0000haro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaws1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavan_Daws" title="Gavan Daws">Daws, Gavan</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/van00gava"><i>Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68023630">68023630</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/443050">443050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoal+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+the+Hawaiian+Islands&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F443050&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68023630&rft.aulast=Daws&rft.aufirst=Gavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvan00gava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenlee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Greenlee, John Wyatt (September 2015). "Eight Islands on Four Maps: The Cartographic Renegotiation of Hawai'i, 1876–1959". <i><a href="/wiki/Cartographica" title="Cartographica">Cartographica</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): 119–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcart.50.3.2857">10.3138/cart.50.3.2857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0317-7173">0317-7173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographica&rft.atitle=Eight+Islands+on+Four+Maps%3A+The+Cartographic+Renegotiation+of+Hawai%27i%2C+1876%E2%80%931959&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119-140&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcart.50.3.2857&rft.issn=0317-7173&rft.aulast=Greenlee&rft.aufirst=John+Wyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley2014" class="citation book cs1">Haley, James L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooKBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Captive paradise: a history of Hawai'i</i></a> (1. ed.). New York, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5550-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5550-2"><bdi>978-1-4668-5550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captive+paradise%3A+a+history+of+Hawai%27i&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-5550-2&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooKBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Simpson_Kuykendall" title="Ralph Simpson Kuykendall">Kuykendall, Ralph S.</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaii00ralp"><i>Hawaii: A History, From Polynesian Kingdom to American State</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-384305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-384305-7"><bdi>978-0-13-384305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii%3A+A+History%2C+From+Polynesian+Kingdom+to+American+State&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-13-384305-7&rft.aulast=Kuykendall&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawaii00ralp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuykendall, Ralph S. (1953) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom1&l=en"><i>The Hawaiian Kingdom</i></a>. Vol. I. 1778-1854: Foundation and Transformation. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-431-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-431-7"><bdi>978-0-87022-431-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Kingdom&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-87022-431-7&rft.aulast=Kuykendall&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fc%3Dkingdom1%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom2&l=en"><i>The Hawaiian Kingdom</i></a>. Vol. II. 1854-1874: Twenty Critical Years. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-431-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-431-7"><bdi>978-0-87022-431-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Kingdom&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-87022-431-7&rft.aulast=Kuykendall&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fc%3Dkingdom2%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuykendall1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kuykendall, Ralph S. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en"><i>The Hawaiian Kingdom</i></a>. Vol. III. 1874-1893: The Kalakaua Dynasty. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87022-433-1"><bdi>978-0-87022-433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Kingdom&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-87022-433-1&rft.aulast=Kuykendall&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fc%3Dkingdom3%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiler2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Flynn_Siler" title="Julia Flynn Siler">Siler, Julia Flynn</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostkingdomhawai0000sile"><i>Lost kingdom: Hawaii's last queen, the sugar kings and America's first imperial adventure</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-2001-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-2001-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/730414372">730414372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+kingdom%3A+Hawaii%27s+last+queen%2C+the+sugar+kings+and+America%27s+first+imperial+adventure&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F730414372&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-2001-4&rft.aulast=Siler&rft.aufirst=Julia+Flynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostkingdomhawai0000sile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noenoe_Silva" title="Noenoe Silva">Silva, Noenoe K.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8LADgAAQBAJ"><i>The power of the steel-tipped pen: reconstructing native Hawaiian intellectual history</i></a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ng%C5%A9g%C4%A9_wa_Thiong%27o" title="Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o">Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o</a>. Durham ; London: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7313-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-7313-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+power+of+the+steel-tipped+pen%3A+reconstructing+native+Hawaiian+intellectual+history&rft.place=Durham+%3B+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7313-1&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Noenoe+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8LADgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumida2014" class="citation book cs1">Sumida, Stephen H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXE-CQAAQBAJ"><i>And the view from the shore: literary traditions of Hawaiʻi</i></a>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99290-7"><bdi>978-0-295-99290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+the+view+from+the+shore%3A+literary+traditions+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99290-7&rft.aulast=Sumida&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXE-CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregaskis1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tregaskis" title="Richard Tregaskis">Tregaskis, Richard William</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-APV-362"><i>The Warrior King: Hawaii's Kamehameha the Great</i></a>. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-619850-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-619850-9"><bdi>978-0-02-619850-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+King%3A+Hawaii%27s+Kamehameha+the+Great&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-02-619850-9&rft.aulast=Tregaskis&rft.aufirst=Richard+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbwb_P8-APV-362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Rob (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/1585">"Exporting Christian Transcendentalism, Importing Hawaiian Sugar: The Trans-Americanization of Hawai'i"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Literature_(journal)" title="American Literature (journal)">American Literature</a></i>. <b>72</b> (3): 521–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00029831-72-3-521">10.1215/00029831-72-3-521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9831">0002-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literature&rft.atitle=Exporting+Christian+Transcendentalism%2C+Importing+Hawaiian+Sugar%3A+The+Trans-Americanization+of+Hawai%27i&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=521-552&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00029831-72-3-521&rft.issn=0002-9831&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F1585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyndette1999" class="citation book cs1">Wyndette, Olive (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JR3RAgAAQBAJ"><i>Islands of Destiny: A History of Hawaii</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1268-1"><bdi>978-1-4629-1268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Destiny%3A+A+History+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1268-1&rft.aulast=Wyndette&rft.aufirst=Olive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJR3RAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web+page+on+%22Rootsweb%22&rft.atitle=Index+to+Hawaiian+Kingdom+Genealogy&rft.aulast=Soszynski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~royalty%2Fhawaii%2Fpersons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaiian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy/index.htm">Monarchy in Hawaii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106055754/http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy/index.htm">Archived</a> November 6, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Part 1)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy1/index.htm">Monarchy in Hawaii</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121164140/http://www.janesoceania.com/hawaii_monarchy1/index.htm">Archived</a> November 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Part 2)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcstamps.com/?p=260">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> at DCStamps</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">unrecognized states</a> within the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Florida Oriental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Florida Occidental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Republic of Watauga</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> (1775–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">United States of America</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> (1777–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> (1784–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Oconee_Republic" title="Trans-Oconee Republic">Trans-Oconee Republic</a> (1794)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_East_Florida" title="Republic of East Florida">Republic of East Florida</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">First Republic of Texas</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Floridas" title="Republic of the Floridas">Republic of the Floridas</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">Second Republic of Texas</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico" title="Provisional Government of Mexico">Provisional Government of Mexico</a> (1823–1824) <ul><li>1835–1846; <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, 1821–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1821–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1821–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_Occidente" title="Estado de Occidente">Sonora y Sinaloa</a>, 1824–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, 1824–1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1836–1846</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Republic of Fredonia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">Republic of Madawaska</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a> (1832–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (1834–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> (1836–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a> (1841–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_and_Ready,_California" title="Rough and Ready, California">The Great Republic of Rough and Ready</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">The Kingdom of Beaver Island</a> (1850–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> <ul><li>1861–1865; <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Free State of Jones</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> (1893–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</li></ul> 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&oldid=1259390982">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_Kingdom&oldid=1259390982</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Category:Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Hawaii" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Hawaii">Pre-statehood history of Hawaii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Former countries of the United States">Former countries of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Oceania" title="Category:Former monarchies of Oceania">Former monarchies of Oceania</a></li><li><a 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