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</button> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_prerogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_prerogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Royal prerogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_prerogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_the_prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_the_prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Appointment of the prime minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_the_prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summons,_prorogation_and_dissolution_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summons,_prorogation_and_dissolution_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summons,_prorogation_and_dissolution_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_royal_prerogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_royal_prerogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Other royal prerogatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_royal_prerogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereign_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sovereign immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>English monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scottish monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_union_and_republican_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_union_and_republican_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Personal union and republican phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_union_and_republican_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_1707_Acts_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_1707_Acts_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After the 1707 Acts of Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_1707_Acts_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Shared monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Monarchy in Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_status_and_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_status_and_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Modern status and popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_status_and_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Restrictions_by_sex_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions_by_sex_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Restrictions by sex and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_by_sex_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Residences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monargie_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Monargie van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monargie van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الملكية في المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية في المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Corona británica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corona británica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_monarx%C4%B1" title="Böyük Britaniya monarxı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniya monarxı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="যুক্তরাজ্যের রাজতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাজ্যের রাজতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Монархия на Обединеното кралство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монархия на Обединеното кралство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_monarchie" title="Britská monarchie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská monarchie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufumu_wa_United_Kingdom" title="Ufumu wa United Kingdom – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Ufumu wa United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_(Storbritannien)" title="Monarki (Storbritannien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monarki (Storbritannien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britische_Monarchie" title="Britische Monarchie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britische Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μοναρχία του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναρχία του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Corona británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corona británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_monarkio" title="Brita monarkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita monarkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_britannique" title="Monarchie britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchie britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="영국의 군주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국의 군주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ब्रिटिश राजतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_monarhija" title="Britanska monarhija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanska monarhija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarki_Britania_Raya" title="Monarki Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Monarki Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breska_konungsveldi%C3%B0" title="Breska konungsveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breska konungsveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_del_Regno_Unito" title="Monarchia del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monarchia del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלוכה הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלוכה הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Британ монархиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британ монархиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtin%C4%97s_Karalyst%C4%97s_monarchija" title="Jungtinės Karalystės monarchija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinės Karalystės monarchija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_monarchia" title="Egyesült Királyság monarchia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyesült Királyság monarchia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ब्रिटिश राजतन्त्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्रिटिश राजतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_beraja_United_Kingdom" title="Pemerintahan beraja United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan beraja United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ၏ ဘုရင်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူနိုက်တက်ကင်းဒမ်းနိုင်ငံ၏ ဘုရင်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Monarchie van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monarchie van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ब्रिटिस राजतन्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रिटिस राजतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="イギリスの君主 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリスの君主" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_britiske_monarken" title="Den britiske monarken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den britiske monarken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A" title="د بریتانیا پادشاهي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بریتانیا پادشاهي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_brytyjska" title="Monarchia brytyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monarchia brytyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_do_Reino_Unido" title="Monarquia do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquia do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская монархия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская монархия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_o_the_Unitit_Kinrick" title="Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogosi_jwa_United_Kingdom" title="Bogosi jwa United Kingdom – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Bogosi jwa United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkia_e_Mbret%C3%ABris%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Bashkuar" title="Monarkia e Mbretërisë së Bashkuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Monarkia e Mbretërisë së Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_Spojen%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstva" title="Monarchia Spojeného kráľovstva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Monarchia Spojeného kráľovstva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Британска монархија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британска монархија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanska_monarhija" title="Britanska monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Britanska monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneen_kuningaskunnan_monarkia" title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan monarkia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan monarkia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbritanniens_monarki" title="Storbritanniens monarki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storbritanniens monarki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarkiya_ng_Reyno_Unido" title="Monarkiya ng Reyno Unido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monarkiya ng Reyno Unido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் அரசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் அரசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="พระมหากษัตริย์สหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระมหากษัตริย์สหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k_monar%C5%9Fisi" title="Birleşik Krallık monarşisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Krallık monarşisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyok_Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_A%CC%B1byintyok_hu" title="Tyok Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok hu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tyok Muna̱pyia̱ A̱byintyok hu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Британська монархія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська монархія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مملکت متحدہ کی فرماں روائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت متحدہ کی فرماں روائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland" title="Quân chủ Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân chủ Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q739941#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"British sovereigns" and "King of the United Kingdom" redirect here. For the coin, see <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">Sovereign (British coin)</a>. For the current British monarch, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. For a list of all British heads of state, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of <span class="country-name">the United Kingdom</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_both_variants).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coats of arms used in Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/200px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/300px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/400px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span></b><br />since 8 September 2022</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">Various others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royal.uk">royal<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>monarchy of the United Kingdom</b>, commonly referred to as the <b>British monarchy</b>, is the form of government used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by which a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary monarch">hereditary monarch</a> reigns as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, with their powers <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">regulated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Constitution">British Constitution</a>. The term may also refer to the role of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">UK's broader political structure</a>. The monarch since 8 September 2022 is <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, who ascended the throne on <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">the death</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, his mother. </p><p>The monarch and <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">their immediate family</a> undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. Although formally the monarch has authority over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government</a>—which is known as "<a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_(term)" title="His Majesty's Government (term)">His/Her Majesty's Government</a>"—this power may only be used according to laws enacted in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> and within constraints of convention and <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>. In practice the monarch's role, including that of <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a>, is limited to functions such as bestowing <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">honours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kissing_hands" title="Kissing hands">appointing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>, which are performed in a non-partisan manner.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Government has called the monarchy "a unique soft power and diplomatic asset".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown also occupies a unique cultural role, serving as an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Brand_ambassador" title="Brand ambassador">brand ambassador</a> for British interests and values abroad, increasing tourism at home, and promoting charities throughout <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British monarchy traces its origins from the <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval Scotland">early medieval Scotland</a>, which consolidated into the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> by the 10th century. England was <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">conquered by the Normans</a> in 1066, after which <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> also gradually came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a>. The process was completed in the 13th century when the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of the English kingdom. The Anglo-Normans also established the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> began the process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. In the 16th century, English and Scottish monarchs played a central role in what became the religious <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>, and the English king became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a>. Beginning in 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">single sovereign</a>. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. Following the installation of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> as co-monarchs in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>, and its Scottish counterpart the <a href="/wiki/Claim_of_Right_Act_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim of Right Act 1689">Claim of Right Act 1689</a>, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, and in 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> joined to create the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. </p><p>Beginning in the 16th century, the monarch was the nominal head of what came to be the vast <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The title <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> was added to the British monarch's titles between 1876 and 1948. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> recognised the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Also in this period, the monarchy in Ireland eventually became limited to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. In the years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and his successors adopted the title <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Charles_III#Titles" title="List of titles and honours of Charles III">title and style</a> for each realm. Although the term is rarely used today, the fifteen Commonwealth realms are, with respect to their monarch, in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. The monarch is also head of state of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_role">Constitutional role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lesser arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/203px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rule of law in the United Kingdom">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separation of powers in the United Kingdom">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom#Principles" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Other constitutional principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Monarch</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">list</a>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prince of Wales's feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/30px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/45px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/60px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir apparent</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">Prerogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_State" title="Counsellor of State">Counsellors of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/20px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/30px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/40px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>)</b> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HM Government</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Starmer_ministry" title="Starmer ministry">Starmer ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)<br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)<br /> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legislatures of the United Kingdom">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>)<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowned_Portcullis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowned portcullis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/50px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/75px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crowned_Portcullis.svg/100px-Crowned_Portcullis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_composition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Lords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/100px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/150px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/200px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="199" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composition diagram of the House of Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/100px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/150px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/House_of_Commons_UK.svg/200px-House_of_Commons_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="164" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>)<br /></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">59th Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">List of MPs</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King-on-the-Bench</a>)</b> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/45px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Badge_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="691" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Deputy President</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hodge,_Lord_Hodge" title="Patrick Hodge, Lord Hodge">The Lord Hodge</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Justices of the Supreme Court</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Courts of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Deputy Governor of the Bank of England">Deputy governors</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_currencies" title="List of British currencies">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament constituencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies">2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Senedd constituencies and electoral regions">Senedd constituencies and electoral regions</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="List of United Kingdom general elections">UK general elections</a></b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832–33</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan–Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Endorsements</b></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="Endorsements in the 2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European Parliament elections (1979–2019)</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Scottish Parliament elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Northern Ireland Assembly elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election">1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2003 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="Next Northern Ireland Assembly election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Senedd elections</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="1999 National Assembly for Wales election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">2003</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2007_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2007 National Assembly for Wales election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2011 National Assembly for Wales election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2016 National Assembly for Wales election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Senedd_election" title="2021 Senedd election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Senedd_election" title="Next Senedd election">Next</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>UK referendums</b></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_relations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom">Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">Legislative consent motions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_and_Heads_of_Devolved_Governments_Council" title="Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council">Prime Minister and Heads of Devolved Governments Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nations_and_Regions" title="Council of the Nations and Regions">Council of the Nations and Regions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_votes_for_English_laws" title="English votes for English laws">English votes for English laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_1999" title="Greater London Authority Act 1999">Greater London Authority Act 1999</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority_Act_2007" title="Greater London Authority Act 2007">2007 Act</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_London" title="Deputy Mayor of London">Mayoral cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England#Combined_Authority_("Metro")_Mayors" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Metro mayors</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Act_1998" title="Northern Ireland Act 1998">Northern Ireland Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(St_Andrews_Agreement)_Act_2006" title="Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006">2006 Act</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister</a> </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill" title="Michelle O'Neill">Michelle O'Neill</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">deputy First Minister</a> </b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Little-Pengelly" title="Emma Little-Pengelly">Emma Little-Pengelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="List of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly">Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016 Act</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_statutory_instrument" title="Scottish statutory instrument">Scottish statutory instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">1997 referendum</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="2011 Welsh devolution referendum">2011 referendum on law-making powers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006" title="Government of Wales Act 2006">2006 Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2014" title="Wales Act 2014">Wales Act 2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales_Act_2017" title="Wales Act 2017">Wales Act 2017</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely">Eluned Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales" title="Measure of the National Assembly for Wales">Measure of the National Assembly for Wales</a> (1999–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Senedd_Cymru" title="Act of Senedd Cymru">Act of Senedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">England</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#History" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Northern Ireland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Northern Ireland">Districts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Scotland</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">Sheriffdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland" title="List of civil parishes in Scotland">Civil parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Shires of Scotland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Wales</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">Preserved counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Principal areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(Wales)" title="Community (Wales)">Communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Wales" title="List of communities in Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <br /></li></ul> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></span>)</li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK-CD Customs Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li><li><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></span><br /> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></small></li><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></small></li><li><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>)</small></li><li><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Overseas Territories citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_Overseas_Territories_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policies_of_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Visa policies of British Overseas Territories">Visa policies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_Act_2002" title="British Overseas Territories Act 2002">British Overseas Territories Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK%E2%80%93Overseas_Territories_Joint_Ministerial_Council" title="UK–Overseas Territories Joint Ministerial Council">UK-OT JMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Gibraltar sovereignty dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:centre"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the United Kingdom">Foreign policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">history</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United Kingdom">in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">UK passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">British National (Overseas) passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens" title="Visa requirements for British citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Crown_Dependencies_Customs_Union" title="United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union">UK–CD Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Visa policy of the United Kingdom">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Barbados–United Kingdom relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belize–United Kingdom relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Brunei–United Kingdom relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Canada–United Kingdom relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Japan–United Kingdom relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Kenya–United Kingdom relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malaysia–United Kingdom relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="New Zealand–United Kingdom relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Norway–United Kingdom relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Singapore–United Kingdom relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Palestine–United Kingdom relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Pakistan–United Kingdom relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United Kingdom–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">politics of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">UK–Ireland border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">history</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">UK–EU withdrawal agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">The Commonwealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom and the United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">P5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_(53041331468).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg/220px-Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg/330px-Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg/440px-Prime_minister_Rishi_Sunak_attends_the_NATO_Summit_in_Lithunia_%2853041331468%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7064" data-file-height="4712" /></a><figcaption>Ministerial folder with the monarch's emblem</figcaption></figure> <p>In the uncodified <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a>, the monarch (exclusively referred to in legislation as "the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and styled <i>His</i> or <i>Her Majesty</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The monarch's image is used to signify British <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and government authority – their profile, for instance, appears on <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_note_issues" title="Bank of England note issues">notes</a> and all <a href="/wiki/British_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="British coins">British coins</a> and their portrait in government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, loyal toasts, and salutes. "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" (or, alternatively, "God Save the Queen") is the British <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oaths_of_allegiance" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaths of allegiance">Oaths of allegiance</a> are made to the Sovereign and their lawful successors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarch takes little direct part in government. The authority to use the sovereign's formal powers is almost all delegated, either by <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers</a> or officers of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Public_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Public bodies">public bodies</a>. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if personally performed by the monarch, such as the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">King's Speech</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, depend upon decisions made elsewhere. In formal terms: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">Legislative power</a> is exercised by the King, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> acting together as the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Executive power is exercised by <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">His Majesty's Government</a>, which comprises <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a>, which is technically a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a>. They have the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Crown">Armed Forces of the Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">the Civil Service</a> and other Crown Servants such as the <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service" title="His Majesty's Diplomatic Service">Diplomatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">Secret Services</a>.</li> <li>Judicial power is vested in the various <a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">judiciaries of the United Kingdom</a>, which by constitution and statute<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> of the Government.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, of which the sovereign is the titular head, has its own legislative, judicial, and executive structures.</li> <li>Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or <a href="/wiki/Statutory_instrument_(UK)" title="Statutory instrument (UK)">Statutory Instrument</a> such as an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">Royal commission</a> or otherwise.</li></ul> <p>The sovereign's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">honours</a>. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Walter Bagehot</a> identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified" rather than the "efficient" part of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagehot20019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagehot20019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg/220px-English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/English_Bill_of_Rights_of_1689.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The English <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights of 1689</a> curtailed the sovereign's governmental power.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_prerogative">Royal prerogative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Royal prerogative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>That part of the government's executive authority which remains theoretically and nominally vested in the sovereign is known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative powers only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the prime minister or <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the prime minister's advice – the prime minister, and not the sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the prime minister; no records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the prime minister and Cabinet, who by definition enjoy the confidence of the House of Commons. In Bagehot's words: "the sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagehot200175_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagehot200175-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the royal prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament. For example, the sovereign cannot impose and collect new taxes; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown cannot invent new prerogative powers", and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-PASC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PASC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The sovereign is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>), and accredits British <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commissioners</a> and ambassadors, and receives <a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">heads of missions</a> from foreign states.<sup id="cite_ref-PASC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PASC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment_of_the_prime_minister">Appointment of the prime minister</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appointment of the prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sovereign has the power to appoint the prime minister. In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the monarch appoints the individual who commands the support of the House of Commons, usually the leader of a party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The prime minister takes office by attending the monarch in a private audience, and after "<a href="/wiki/Kissing_hands" title="Kissing hands">kissing hands</a>" that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrazier1997312_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrazier1997312-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sovereign also has the power to dismiss the prime minister, but the last time this power was exercised was in 1834, when <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> dismissed <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since then, prime ministers have only left office upon their resignation, which they are expected to offer to the monarch upon losing their majority in the House of Commons. </p><p>While the sovereign also appoints and may dismiss every other <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">Minister of the Crown</a>, by convention they do so only on the recommendation of the prime minister. It is therefore the prime minister who controls the composition of the government. In practice, the prime minister will request a member of the government resign in preference to advising the monarch to dismiss them; such ministers are euphemistically described as "leaving the government". </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a> when <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> was appointed prime minister after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">May 2010 general election</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> (the largest party) and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (the third-largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II. The third occurred shortly thereafter, in <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">June 2017</a>, when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election, though the party remained in power as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summons,_prorogation_and_dissolution_of_Parliament"><span id="Summons.2C_prorogation_and_dissolution_of_Parliament"></span>Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sovereign has the power to summon, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#Procedure_in_Commonwealth_realms" title="Legislative session">prorogue</a> and dissolve Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the sovereign's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, during which the monarch reads the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> in the chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons. If not dissolved sooner, Parliaments are automatically dissolved after five years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> temporarily removed the sovereign's authority to dissolve Parliament, however, this power was restored by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a>. The sovereign's power of <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogation</a> was unaffected, which is a regular <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session#United_Kingdom" title="Legislative session">feature of the parliamentary calendar</a>. </p><p>In 1950 the <a href="/wiki/Private_Secretary_to_the_Sovereign" title="Private Secretary to the Sovereign">King's Private Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lascelles" title="Alan Lascelles">Sir Alan "Tommy" Lascelles</a>, writing pseudonymously to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper, asserted a constitutional convention: according to the <a href="/wiki/Lascelles_Principles" title="Lascelles Principles">Lascelles Principles</a>, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">resulting general election</a> gave Wilson a small majority.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss the prime minister, but in practice, the prime minister's term nowadays comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_royal_prerogatives">Other royal prerogatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other royal prerogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law, <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> (the monarch's approval) is required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrabbe199417_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrabbe199417-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1708 assent has always been granted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sovereign has a similar relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Devolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved">devolved</a> governments of Scotland, Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> as to the government of the UK. The sovereign appoints the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> on the nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister of Wales</a> on the nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scottish matters, the sovereign acts on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the monarch acts on the advice of the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The sovereign can veto any law passed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice"; although the monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the sovereign's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong", and so cannot be prosecuted for criminal offences. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947" title="Crown Proceedings Act 1947">Crown Proceedings Act 1947</a> allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy", which is used to <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> convicted offenders or reduce sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-parl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PASC_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PASC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sovereign is the "<a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a>", the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peerages</a>, appoints members of the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">orders of chivalry</a>, grants knighthoods and awards other honours.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the prime minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the sovereign and are not granted on ministerial advice. The sovereign alone appoints members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_immunity">Sovereign immunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sovereign immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity#United_Kingdom" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity § United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The sovereign is personally <a href="/wiki/Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">immune</a> from criminal prosecution or arrest, as well as from civil actions, and their property is not subject to <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_execution" title="Writ of execution">execution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">foreclosure</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>, however, as distinct from the sovereign, can be the subject of proceedings for <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> and contract since <a href="/wiki/Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947" title="Crown Proceedings Act 1947">1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the sovereign or their property in various respects. For example, the sovereign is exempt from anti-discrimination legislation and other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws, as well as numerous taxes, and environmental inspectors cannot enter the sovereign's property without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_monarchy">English monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: English monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"King of England" and "Queen of England" redirect here. For the current British king, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. For the current British queen consort, see <a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Queen Camilla</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_England_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Queen of England (disambiguation)">Queen of England (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">History of the English monarchy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png/220px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png/330px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png/440px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> emerged as the dominant English kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, and assumed the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". His grandson <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths198813–17_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths198813–17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of England">conquest of England</a> in 1066 by <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Normandy">William, Duke of Normandy</a>, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo-Saxon period, while the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a> continued to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988102–127_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988102–127-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William was succeeded by two of his sons: <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a> (his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>, claimed the throne and took power with the support of most of the <a href="/wiki/Baron#Barons_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth" title="Baron">barons</a>. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">the Anarchy</a>. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first <a href="/wiki/Angevin_king_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Angevin king of England">Angevin king of England</a> and the first monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet dynasty">Plantagenet dynasty</a> in 1154.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser197530–46_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197530–46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, including the future monarchs <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>, but nevertheless managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving legitimate son Richard succeeded to the throne; Richard was absent from England for most of his reign, for he left to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. He was killed whilst besieging a castle; John succeeded him. Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, son of John's deceased elder brother Duke Geoffrey II and himself former heir of Richard, was dissatisfied but disappeared the following year after being captured by John in 1202; Arthur's sister, Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany was placed under house arrest by John. </p><p>John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Great Charter") to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>, and French Prince Louis also claimed the throne as Louis I with the support of the rebellious princes as John's nephew-in-law. The war abruptly ended when John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser197554–74_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197554–74-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many rebellious lords also turned to support Henry III. In 1217, Louis was defeated and renounced the English throne. Eleanor's claim was not upheld, but according to John's will, she remained under house arrest until her death in 1241. The London Chronicle referred to her as the rightful heir to the throne, while the Lanercost Chronicle recorded a legend of Henry III giving her a golden crown before her death. With Geoffrey leaving no descendants, Henry III became the hereditary heir of the royal family. </p><p>Later in Henry's reign, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Montfort">Simon de Montfort</a> led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>. The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels, but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser197577–78_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197577–78-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1268, Henry III ordered the Amesbury Priory to commemorate both Arthur and Eleanor in commemoration of past kings and queens as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normannen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Normannen.png/220px-Normannen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Normannen.png/330px-Normannen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Normannen.png/440px-Normannen.png 2x" data-file-width="4182" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>Norman possessions in the 12th century, including England (1066–1485, not always in personal union with Normandy), Normandy (911–1204), <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">southern Italy and Sicily</a> (1030–1263), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">parts of Africa around Tripoli</a> (1146–1158), and the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">Crusader state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>. Not shown: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tarragona" title="Principality of Tarragona">Principality of Tarragona</a> (1129–1173).</figcaption></figure> <p>The next monarch, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Longshanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longshanks">Edward Longshanks</a>, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Wales">conquest of Wales</a>. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>, who also faced conflict with the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser197579–93_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197579–93-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_1311" title="Ordinances of 1311">baronial "ordainers"</a>; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998595–597_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998595–597-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was deposed by his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>, became king. </p><p>Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> between England and France. His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses; he died in 1377, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a> seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser197596–115_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197596–115-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster</a>; hence, his dynasty was known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>. Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975118–130_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975118–130-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his consort, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so-called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, who was at odds with the Queen. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461, overthrowing Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Barnet</a> and killing the Lancastrian heir, <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury" title="Tewkesbury">Tewkesbury</a>. Afterwards he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975133–165_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975133–165-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, daughter of King Edward IV and a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of the second Tudor king, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope, and the fact that his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and establish the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975179–189_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975179–189-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988194,_265,_309_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988194,_265,_309-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VIII's son and successor, the young <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip of Spain</a>, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. England returned to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_monarchy">Scottish monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scottish monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Queen of Scots" and "Queen of Scotland" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scottish_queen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scottish queen (disambiguation)">Scottish queen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">List of Scottish monarchs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_Scotland" title="Government in medieval Scotland">Government in medieval Scotland</a></div> <p>In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman Empire from Great Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> north of the Forth and Clyde, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a> in the south, including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scotti</a> (who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a> in Argyll and the southern Hebrides. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a> to the Scots).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths19881–12,_35_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths19881–12,_35-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed. </p><p>Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a> was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">House of Alpin</a>. There was an elective element to early Scottish kings and this practice lingered for much longer in Scotland. For example, the first Stewart monarch, Robert II, was selected from among eligible royal males at Linlithgow in 1370 by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Estates">Three Estates</a> of the Scottish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a result of this elective element, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1996164–177_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1996164–177-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1005, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm II">Malcolm II</a> ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan I">Duncan I</a>, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a>, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm</a>. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson <a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a>, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998390–395_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998390–395-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>. David was succeeded by his grandsons <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm IV">Malcolm IV</a>, and then by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a>, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988170_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988170-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a>. Alexander II, as well as his successor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a>, attempted to take over the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a>. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">13 rival claimants to the throne</a>. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a> to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, Scotland had no monarch, until <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> declared himself king in 1306.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998409–412_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998409–412-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a>. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a>, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998549–552_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998549–552-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James-IV-Miniature-Book-Of-Hours.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/James-IV-Miniature-Book-Of-Hours.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a>, King of Scotland from 1488–1513, with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a>, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a>, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a> continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a> was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: <a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998552–565_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998552–565-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at <a href="/wiki/Flodden_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Flodden Field">Flodden Field</a>; the king, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a>, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a>. Once again, a regency was established. </p><p>Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a>, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a>, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a>, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998567–575_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998567–575-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_union_and_republican_phase">Personal union and republican phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal union and republican phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesIEngland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/220px-JamesIEngland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/330px-JamesIEngland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/JamesIEngland.jpg/440px-JamesIEngland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>In 1603 <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> became the first monarch to rule over England, Scotland, and Ireland together.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a>, who was the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>". Although England and Scotland were in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by <a href="/wiki/Personal_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal rule">ruling without Parliament</a> from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>). His attempt to enforce <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">organised rebellion in Scotland</a> and ignited the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. In 1642, the conflict between the king and Parliament reached its climax and the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975214–231_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975214–231-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>. Charles I's son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Battle of Worcester</a>. In 1653, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a>. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing, and he soon resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988393–400_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988393–400-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">monarchy was restored</a> and Charles II returned to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975232_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975232-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, <a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a>. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">line of succession</a> arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the <a href="/wiki/Tory_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory Party">Tory Party</a>. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and imprison <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Church of England clerics who challenged his policies</a>. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the <a href="/wiki/Immortal_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortal Seven">Immortal Seven</a> invited James II & VII's daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III of Orange">William III of Orange</a> to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James II & VII's Catholic son</a>) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975242–245_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975242–245-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James's overthrow, known as the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> affirmed parliamentary supremacy and declared that the English people held certain rights, including freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters, known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of <a href="/wiki/Sophia,_Electress_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia, Electress of Hanover">Sophia, Electress of Hanover</a>, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988439–440_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988439–440-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_1707_Acts_of_Union">After the 1707 Acts of Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After the 1707 Acts of Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahl,_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg/197px-Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg/296px-Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg/394px-Dahl%2C_Michael_-_Queen_Anne_-_NPG_6187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3966" /></a><figcaption>England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain under <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> in 1707.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></div> <p>After Anne's accession, the problem of succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Security_1704" title="Act of Security 1704">Act of Security 1704</a>, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Act_1705" title="Alien Act 1705">Alien Act 1705</a>, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, under which England and Scotland were united into a single <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988447–448_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988447–448-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrkHannover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/220px-KrkHannover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/330px-KrkHannover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/440px-KrkHannover.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate</a> later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the British monarchy from 1714 to 1837. (Orange; borders shown 1814–1866.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Hanover">Elector of Hanover</a>, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988460–469_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988460–469-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, who is often considered the first <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a>, although the title was not then in use.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next monarch, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, witnessed the end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, thirteen of Britain's American colonies were lost when they formed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1998677–680_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1998677–680-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/197px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/296px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/394px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3801" /></a><figcaption>The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 under <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1811 to 1820, George III was rendered incapable of ruling by mental illness. His son, the future <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>, ruled in his stead as <a href="/wiki/List_of_regents" title="List of regents">Prince Regent</a>. During <a href="/wiki/The_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Regency">the Regency</a> and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>, the monarch was no longer able to interfere effectively with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a>, and appointed a Tory, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988530–550_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonGriffiths1988530–550-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final transition to a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> was made during the long reign of William IV's successor, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>. As a woman, Victoria could not rule <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, which permitted succession only in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule over India</a>, Victoria was declared <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republican movement</a>, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">her husband</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975305–306_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975305–306-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victoria's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, became the first monarch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "<a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a>" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, an independent nation, in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975314–333_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975314–333-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_monarchy">Shared monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shared monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/390px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/585px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/780px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The British Empire in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>During the twentieth century, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> evolved from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colonies">Crown Colonies</a> were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a> gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and so forth; one person reigning in multiple distinct sovereign states, in a relationship likened to a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdicate</a>; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and areas bombed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title <i>Emperor of India</i>, although remaining head of state of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as "<a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hoc_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoc-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy_in_Ireland">Monarchy in Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monarchy in Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryIIGospels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/HenryIIGospels.jpg/150px-HenryIIGospels.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/HenryIIGospels.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Henry II took the Lordship of Ireland in the 12th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/170px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/255px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/340px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Henry VIII raised it to a kingdom in the 16th century</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchy of Ireland</a></div> <p>In 1155 the only English Pope, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a>, authorised King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The Pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Irish church</a> into line with Rome, despite this process already being underway in Ireland by 1155.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">all-island kingship of Ireland</a> had been created in 854 by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_M%C3%A1ele_Ruanaid" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid">Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid</a>. His last successor was <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>, who had become High King of Ireland in early 1166 and exiled <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada" title="Diarmait Mac Murchada">Diarmait Mac Murchada</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> kingdom. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke</a>, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo-Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo-Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">major Irish kings and lords</a> to recognise him as their <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">overlord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1542, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">had broken with the Church of Rome</a> and declared himself <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a>. The Pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> to change his title from <i>Lord of Ireland</i> to <i>King of Ireland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1800, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, the Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 when what is now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> won independence as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Ireland in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> remained within the Union. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_status_and_popularity">Modern status and popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern status and popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism in the United Kingdom</a> grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the royal family (for instance, immediately following the death of <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> maintained polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2022, shortly after the death of Elizabeth II, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll showed that 68% of British people felt positively about the monarchy. The newspaper speculated that some of this may have been a reaction to the Queen's death, and said it showed dissatisfaction is higher among young people; 47% of people aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue, compared to 86% aged 65 and over. In May 2022, before the Queen's death, the newspaper reported that polling showed 33% of those aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2023, a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey of roughly 1,700 UK people found that 64% thought that the country should continue to have a monarchy, though that was lower than the 67% in September 2022 around the time of Queen Elizabeth II's death.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_role">Religious role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sovereign is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor">supreme governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch takes an oath to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and he or she holds the power to appoint the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_to_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Lord High Commissioner</a> to the Church's <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a>, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and exerts no powers over it.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession to the British throne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/170px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/255px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/340px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, heir apparent to the British throne</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>. The rules of succession may only be changed by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a>; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a> (1630–1714), a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/James_I_and_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James I and VI">James I and VI</a>. </p><p>Upon <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">demise of the Crown</a> (the death of a sovereign), their heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase "<a href="/wiki/The_king_is_dead,_long_live_the_king!" title="The king is dead, long live the king!">The king is dead, long live the king!</a>"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an <a href="/wiki/Accession_Council" title="Accession Council">Accession Council</a> that meets at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-accessioncouncil_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accessioncouncil-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the <a href="/wiki/Accession_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession Declaration">Accession Declaration</a> as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">crowned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an individual ascends the throne, it is expected they will reign until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936</a>. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was <a href="/wiki/James_VII_and_II" class="mw-redirect" title="James VII and II">James VII and II</a>, who fled into exile in 1688 during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions_by_sex_and_religion">Restrictions by sex and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Restrictions by sex and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013" title="Succession to the Crown Act 2013">Succession to the Crown Act 2013</a></div> <p>Succession was by <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">male-preference cognatic primogeniture</a>, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same sex. The British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, announced at the <a href="/wiki/2011_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> that all 16 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the male-preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic – a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>, the laws which restrict the throne to Protestants remain.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Catholics are prohibited from succeeding and are deemed "naturally dead" for succession purposes, the disqualification does not extend to the individual's legitimate Protestant descendants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency">Regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts" title="Regency Acts">Regency Acts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_State" title="Counsellor of State">Counsellor of State</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts" title="Regency Acts">Regency Acts</a> allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts#Regency_Act_1953" title="Regency Acts">Regency Act 1953</a>, which stated that <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (her husband) could act as regent in these circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-regact53_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regact53-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to <a href="/wiki/Counsellors_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Counsellors of state">counsellors of state</a>, chosen from the monarch's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present counsellors of state are: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Queen Camilla</a>; <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While still able to serve, the Duke of Sussex and Duke of York no longer carry out royal duties. With the accession of Charles III and planned overseas trips in 2023, it was decided to expand the list of those eligible to serve as counsellors of state. On 14 November 2022, the King sent a message to both Houses of Parliament, formally asking for a change in the law that would allow Princess Anne and Prince Edward to be added to the list of counsellors of state.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, a bill to that end was introduced in Parliament and it received royal assent on 6 December, coming into force on 7 December.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_British_royal_family" title="Finances of the British royal family">Finances of the British royal family</a></div> <p>Until 1760, the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> (the royal property portfolio). <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list#United_Kingdom" title="Civil list">Civil List</a>, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services <a href="/wiki/Grant-in-aid" title="Grant-in-aid">grant-in-aid</a> paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-cl_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cl-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2012, the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid were replaced with a single <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Grant">Sovereign Grant</a>, which was initially set at 15% of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate and increased to 25% in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme of overseas visits by the monarch is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Visits_Committee" title="Royal Visits Committee">Royal Visits Committee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a> committee. </p><p>The Crown Estate is one of the largest property portfolios in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £15.6 billion in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the sovereign in a private capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Sovereign Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-cl_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cl-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Crown Estate produced £312.7 million in the financial year 2021–22,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the Sovereign Grant for the monarch was £86.3 million during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse" title="Privy Purse">Privy Purse</a>, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a>, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax havens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a> is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch's eldest son. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>, which includes artworks and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a>, is not owned by the sovereign personally and is held <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">in trust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-res_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Value-added tax in the United Kingdom">value-added tax</a>, and since 1993 the monarch has paid <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a> on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £334 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of Queen Elizabeth II's wealth varied, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation were included. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine estimated her wealth at US$450 million in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no official figure was available. In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a> said estimates of £100 million were "grossly overstated".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jock_Colville" title="Jock Colville">Jock Colville</a>, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, <a href="/wiki/Coutts" title="Coutts">Coutts</a>, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the equivalent of about £36 million today<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2020" title="Sunday Times Rich List 2020">Sunday Times Rich List 2020</a></i> estimated Elizabeth II's personal wealth at £350 million.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Residences">Residences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Residences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Buckingham_Palace_aerial_view_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="1783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, in London, England, is the monarch's principal residence.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyroodhouse,_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg/220px-Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg/330px-Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg/440px-Holyroodhouse%2C_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a>, in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the monarch's official Scottish residence.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">List of British royal residences</a></div> <p>The sovereign's official residence in London is <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-BuckinghamPalace_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuckinghamPalace-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another official residence is <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, the largest occupied castle in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-WindsorCastle_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WindsorCastle-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Royal Ascot</a>, an annual race meeting that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Social_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Social calendar">social calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WindsorCastle_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WindsorCastle-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a> in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Holyroodhouse_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holyroodhouse-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> were the main residences of the English monarch until Henry VIII acquired the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>. Although replaced as the monarch's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James's is still the senior palace<sup id="cite_ref-StJamessPalace_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StJamessPalace-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains the ceremonial royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BuckinghamPalace_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuckinghamPalace-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Accession_Council" title="Accession Council">Accession Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-accessioncouncil_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accessioncouncil-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used by other members of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-StJamessPalace_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StJamessPalace-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other residences include <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a>. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers and cannot be sold by the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> in Norfolk and <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-res_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">Style of the British sovereign</a></div> <p>The present sovereign's <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">full style and title</a> is "Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories, King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title "<a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a>" is held by the king personally, and is not vested in the British Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-hoc_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoc-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> first granted the title "<a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, particularly for his book the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Seven_Sacraments" title="Defence of the Seven Sacraments">Defence of the Seven Sacraments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser1975180_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1975180-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Henry broke from the Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sovereign is known as "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty". The form "<a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a>" appears in international treaties and on <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">passports</a> to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch chooses his or her <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>, not necessarily his or her first name – <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> did not use their first names.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If only one monarch has used a particular name, no <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">ordinal</a> is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In <i><a href="/wiki/MacCormick_v_Lord_Advocate" title="MacCormick v Lord Advocate">MacCormick v Lord Advocate</a></i>, the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime minister confirmed this practice but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> is "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or [for England]; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules [for Scotland]; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent [for Ireland]". The supporters are <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">the Lion and the Unicorn</a>; the motto is "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></i></span>" (French: "God and my Right"). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a <a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a> bearing the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">Chivalric order</a> of the same name; "<span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense" title="Honi soit qui mal y pense">Honi soit qui mal y pense</a></i></span>". (<a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are "<span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">In Defens</i></span>" (an abbreviated form of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> "<span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/In_my_defens_God_me_defend" title="In my defens God me defend">In my defens God me defend</a></i></span>") and the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a>, "'<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Nemo_me_impune_lacessit" title="Nemo me impune lacessit">Nemo me impune lacessit</a></i></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>, from which fly the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">England</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_both_variants).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/610px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/915px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/1220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">coat of arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> in the United Kingdom. The design (left) features the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of England">arms of England</a> in the first and fourth quarters, <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of Scotland">Scotland</a> in the second, and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">Ireland</a> in the third. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, a separate version is used (right), in which the Arms of Scotland take precedence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The monarch's official flag in the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard</a>, which depicts the Royal Arms in <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner form</a>. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the sovereign is present.<sup id="cite_ref-jack_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom"><img alt="See adjacent text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/400px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_(in_Scotland).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland"><img alt="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg/400px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28in_Scotland%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>When the monarch is not in residence, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> is flown at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a>, whereas in Scotland the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Royal Banner of Scotland</a> is flown at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jack_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jack-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union Flag of the United Kingdom"><img alt="Union Flag of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union Flag of the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Banner of Scotland"><img alt="Royal Banner of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/150px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/225px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg/300px-Royal_Banner_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Banner of Scotland</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_British_royal_family" title="Family tree of the British royal family">Family tree of the British royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involvement_of_the_British_monarchy_in_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Involvement of the British monarchy in slavery">Involvement of the British monarchy in slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in the United Kingdom">Law in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_dependent_territories" title="List of leaders of dependent territories">List of leaders of dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full style: <i>Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeggEvans2021" class="citation news cs1">Pegg, David; Evans, Rob (7 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/feb/07/revealed-queen-lobbied-for-change-in-law-to-hide-her-private-wealth">"Revealed: Queen lobbied for change in law to hide her private wealth"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Queen+lobbied+for+change+in+law+to+hide+her+private+wealth&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Evans%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F07%2Frevealed-queen-lobbied-for-change-in-law-to-hide-her-private-wealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The sovereign is, however, entitled to comment on drafts of laws that would directly affect the monarchy <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelect_Committee_on_Soft_Power_and_the_UK's_Influence,_House_of_Lords2014" class="citation report cs1">Select Committee on Soft Power and the UK's Influence, House of Lords (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201314/ldselect/ldsoftpower/150/15008.htm">Persuasion and Power in the Modern World</a> (Report). HL Paper 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Persuasion+and+Power+in+the+Modern+World&rft.series=HL+Paper+150&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.au=Select+Committee+on+Soft+Power+and+the+UK%27s+Influence%2C+House+of+Lords&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201314%2Fldselect%2Fldsoftpower%2F150%2F15008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2022" class="citation news cs1">Hay, George (9 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/queen-was-britains-ultimate-brand-ambassador-2022-09-08/">"Queen was Britain's ultimate brand ambassador"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Queen+was+Britain%27s+ultimate+brand+ambassador&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbreakingviews%2Fqueen-was-britains-ultimate-brand-ambassador-2022-09-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/charities-and-patronages">"Charities and Patronages"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Charities+and+Patronages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcharities-and-patronages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw8and1Geo6/1/16/enacted">Regency Act 1937, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>11</a>. <i>legislation.co.uk</i>. National Archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontague-Smith1979" class="citation book cs1">Montague-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debrettscorrectf0000unse/page/13"><i>Debrett's Correct Form: An Inclusive Guide to Everything from Drafting Wedding Invitations to Addressing an Archbishop</i></a></span>. 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QB 892 at 928; as referenced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html">High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H. C. G.</a> (September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31061">"Edward VIII"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). 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Federation Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862877009" title="Special:BookSources/9781862877009"><bdi>9781862877009</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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T. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17697">"Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c.1130–1176)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F17697">10.1093/ref:odnb/17697</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874978" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874978"><bdi>9780810874978</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810874978&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiyyueBTpaMC%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1953/mar/03/royal-titles-bill">Royal Titles Bill</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i>, 3 March 1953, vol. 512, col. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1953/apr/15/royal-style-and-title">Royal Style and Title</a>. <i>Hansard</i>, 15 April 1953, vol. 514, col. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jack-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jack_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jack_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105150921/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/UnionJack.aspx"><i>Union Jack</i></a>, The Royal Household, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/UnionJack.aspx">the original</a> on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+Jack&rft.pub=The+Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FSymbols%2FUnionJack.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228092409/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/RoyalStandard.aspx"><i>Royal Standard</i></a>, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/RoyalStandard.aspx">the original</a> on 28 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Standard&rft.pub=Official+website+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FSymbols%2FRoyalStandard.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (1998). <i>The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens</i>. Robinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84119-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84119-096-9"><bdi>1-84119-096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+British+Kings+and+Queens&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-84119-096-9&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagehot2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot, Walter</a> (2001). Smith, Paul (ed.). <i>The English Constitution</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Constitution&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bagehot&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazier1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brazier" title="Rodney Brazier">Brazier, Rodney</a> (1997). <i>Ministers of the Crown</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ministers+of+the+Crown&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brazier&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29451">"William IV (1765–1837)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 April 2008 (subscription required).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastor2010" class="citation book cs1">Castor, Helen (2010). <i>She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth</i>. Faber and Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She-Wolves%3A+the+Women+who+Ruled+England+Before+Elizabeth&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Castor&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonGriffiths1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a>; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822786-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822786-8"><bdi>0-19-822786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-822786-8&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabbe1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._C._R._A._C._Crabbe" title="V. C. R. A. C. Crabbe">Crabbe, V.C.R.A.C.</a> (1994). <i>Understanding Statutes</i>. Cavendish Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-859-41138-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-859-41138-4"><bdi>978-1-859-41138-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Statutes&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-859-41138-4&rft.aulast=Crabbe&rft.aufirst=V.C.R.A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Flanagan, M. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17697">"Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c. 1110–1171)"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17697">Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c. 1130–1176)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a>, ed. (1975). <i>The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-76911-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-76911-1"><bdi>0-297-76911-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Kings+%26+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-297-76911-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ives, E. W. (September 2004; online edition, January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12955">"Henry VIII (1491–1547)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H. C. G.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31061">"Edward VIII (later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor) (1894–1972)"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33370">"George VI (1895–1952)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (1998). <i>The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-28330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-28330-0"><bdi>978-0-471-28330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%3A+A+Biography+of+Elizabeth+II&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-28330-0&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (2001). <i>The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255494-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255494-1"><bdi>0-00-255494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%3A+Elizabeth+II+and+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-00-255494-1&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sayers, Jane E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/173">"Adrian IV (d. 1159)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldon2021" class="citation book cs1">Seldon, Anthony (2021). <i>The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossible+Office%3F+The+History+of+the+British+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Seldon&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomkins, Adam (2003). <i>Public Law</i>. Clarendon Law. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Law&rft.series=Clarendon+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tomkins&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Waldron, Jeremy</a> (1990). <i>The Law</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i> (Revised ed.). Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7448-9"><bdi>0-7126-7448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7126-7448-9&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_monarchy" title="Template:British monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_monarchy" title="Template talk:British monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#United_Kingdom" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_warrant_of_appointment_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)">Royal warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer#United_Kingdom" title="King's Printer">King's printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_and_favour" title="Grace and favour">Grace and favour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Maundy" title="Royal Maundy">Royal Maundy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">Residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_train" title="Royal train">Royal train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_of_the_British_royal_family_and_government" title="Air transport of the British royal family and government">King's flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">HMY Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchy_records" title="List of British monarchy records">Monarchy records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Official Birthday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><sup>2</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Annexed by Canada in 1949</span></dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_royal_titles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ccbbff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_royal_titles" title="Template:British royal titles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_royal_titles" title="Template talk:British royal titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_royal_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British royal titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_royal_titles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British royal titles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_dukedoms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom">Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal" title="Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_dukedoms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom">Royal Dukedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall" title="Duchess of Cornwall">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Duchess of Edinburgh">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Duchess of Gloucester">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kent" title="Duke of Kent">Duke of Kent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent" title="Duchess of Kent">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex" title="Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_York" title="Duchess of York">Duchess</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_queen_mothers" title="British queen mothers">Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_St_Andrews" title="Duke of Clarence and St Andrews">Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cumberland" title="Duchess of Cumberland">Duchess</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Hereford" title="Duke of Hereford">Duke of Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kendal" title="Duke of Kendal">Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ross" title="Duke of Ross">Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_III" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_III" title="Template:Charles III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_III" title="Template talk:Charles III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_III" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (2022–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#Current_realms" title="Commonwealth realm">Realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Charles_III" title="List of titles and honours of Charles III">Titles and<br />honours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces_(New_Zealand)" title="Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)">Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Official Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Charles_III" title="Flags of Charles III">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Charles_III" title="Royal Family Order of Charles III">Royal Family Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana Spencer</a> (former wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (elder son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> (younger son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a> (family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life as Prince of Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales">Investiture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">First wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="List of wedding guests of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">guest list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles">Second wedding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_v_Associated_Newspapers_Ltd" title="Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd">Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_spider_memos" title="Black spider memos">black spider memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2022 royal tour of Canada">2022 royal tour of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accession and<br />coronation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Charles_III" title="Proclamation of accession of Charles III">Proclamation of accession</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_present_at_the_Accession_Council_of_Charles_III" title="List of people present at the Accession Council of Charles III">attendees</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="Coronation of Charles III and Camilla">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_Coronation_Medal" title="King Charles III Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Concert" title="Coronation Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guests_at_the_coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="List of guests at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla">guest list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_quiche" title="Coronation quiche">Coronation quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_the_Honours_of_Scotland_to_Charles_III" title="Presentation of the Honours of Scotland to Charles III">Scottish service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Household of Charles III">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Charles_III" title="List of prime ministers of Charles III">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menai_Bridge" title="Operation Menai Bridge">Operation Menai Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Charles_III" title="List of official overseas trips made by Charles III">State and official visits made</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Charles_III_to_France" title="State visit by Charles III to France">2023 visits to France</a>; <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Charles_III_to_Kenya" title="State visit by Charles III to Kenya">Kenya</a>; <a href="/wiki/2024_royal_tour_of_Australia" title="2024 royal tour of Australia">2024 tour of Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Charles_III" title="List of state visits received by Charles III">State visits received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2023 Trooping the Colour">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2024 Trooping the Colour">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2023 State Opening of Parliament">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2024 State Opening of Parliament">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charities<br />and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutton_Renaissance_Campaign" title="Mutton Renaissance Campaign">Mutton Renaissance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Charities" title="The Prince's Charities">The Prince's Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Asian_Trust" title="British Asian Trust">British Asian Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_in_the_Community" title="Business in the Community">Business in the Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_%26_the_Arts" title="Children & the Arts">Children & the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Kind_Direct" title="In Kind Direct">In Kind Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwill_Campaign" title="Iwill Campaign">iwill Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Countryside_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Countryside Fund">The Royal Countryside Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Foundation" title="The King's Foundation">The King's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Foundation_for_Integrated_Health" title="The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health">The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_School_of_Traditional_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince's School of Traditional Arts">The Prince's School of Traditional Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_Charitable_Fund" title="King Charles III Charitable Fund">King Charles III Charitable Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Drawing_School" title="Royal Drawing School">Royal Drawing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise_Mountain_Foundation" title="Turquoise Mountain Foundation">Turquoise Mountain Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_Scotland" title="Youth Business Scotland">Youth Business Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_May_Day_Network" title="The Prince's May Day Network">The Prince's May Day Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Trust" title="King's Trust">King's Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As Prince of Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkhall" title="Birkhall">Birkhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwynywermod" title="Llwynywermod">Llwynywermod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As King</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> (official, Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a> (official, Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigowan_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigowan Lodge">Craigowan Lodge</a> (private)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards given<br />and created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Charles_III" title="List of awards received by Charles III">List of awards received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Intelligence_Community_Awards" title="Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards">Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Prize_for_Municipal_Heritage_Leadership" title="Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership">Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Military_Awards" title="The Sun Military Awards">The <i>Sun</i> Military Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_Home_Farm" title="Duchy Home Farm">Duchy Home Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_House" title="Dumfries House">Dumfries House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House#Highgrove_House_shops" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockroon" title="Knockroon">Knockroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansledan" title="Nansledan">Nansledan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundbury" title="Poundbury">Poundbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitrose_Duchy_Organic" title="Waitrose Duchy Organic">Waitrose Duchy Organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Charles_III" title="Cultural depictions of Charles III">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Televised addresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Charles_III" title="Special address by the British monarch">Royal address to the nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message#Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_(film)" title="Royal Family (film)"><i>Royal Family</i> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles:_The_Private_Man,_the_Public_Role" title="Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role"><i>Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role</i> (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy:_The_Royal_Family_at_Work" title="Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work"><i>Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work</i> (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_at_90:_A_Family_Tribute" title="Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute"><i>Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute</i> (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R:_The_Making_of_a_Monarch" title="Charles R: The Making of a Monarch"><i>Charles R: The Making of a Monarch</i> (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III:_The_Coronation_Year" title="Charles III: The Coronation Year"><i>Charles III: The Coronation Year</i> (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film<br />and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_Girls_(musical)" title="Chorus Girls (musical)">Chorus Girls</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_%26_Diana:_A_Royal_Love_Story" title="Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story">Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Romance_of_Charles_and_Diana" title="The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana">The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i>Spitting Image</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">1984–1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">2020–2021)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Diana:_Unhappily_Ever_After" title="Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After">Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors" title="Willi und die Windzors">Willi und die Windzors</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means" title="Whatever Love Means">Whatever Love Means</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)">The Queen</a></i> (2006 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)">The Queen</a></i> (2009 TV serial)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_(film)" title="King Charles III (film)">King Charles III</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Windsors" title="The Windsors">The Windsors</a></i> (2016–2020 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a></i> (2016–2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)" title="The Prince (TV series)">The Prince</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(film)" title="Spencer (film)">Spencer</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness..%3F" title="Her Royal Highness..?">Her Royal Highness..?</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_(play)" title="King Charles III (play)">King Charles III</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diana_(musical)" title="Diana (musical)">Diana</a></i> (2019/2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Windsors:_Endgame" title="The Windsors: Endgame">The Windsors: Endgame</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty_King_Charles_III_(portrait)" title="His Majesty King Charles III (portrait)">Jonathan Yeo (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Charles_III" title="Bibliography of Charles III">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_of_Lochnagar" title="The Old Man of Lochnagar">The Old Man of Lochnagar</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain:_A_Personal_View_of_Architecture" title="A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture">A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony:_A_New_Way_of_Looking_at_Our_World" title="Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World">Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_(children%27s_book)" title="Climate Change (children's book)">Climate Change</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eponyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Island" title="Prince Charles Island">Prince Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains" title="Prince Charles Mountains">Prince Charles Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_stream_tree_frog" title="Prince Charles stream tree frog">Prince Charles stream tree frog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">← Elizabeth II</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1259718291">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1259718291</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_system" title="Category:Westminster system">Westminster system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_realms" title="Category:Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdoms" title="Category:Kingdoms">Kingdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Heads of state of the United Kingdom">Heads of state of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use British English from August 2023">Use British English from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scots-language text">Articles containing Scots-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 18:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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