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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of substances</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG/220px-Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG/330px-Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG/440px-Rattenvergifwaarschuwing_edit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Warning label on a tube of "brown rat" poison laid on a dike of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river in Steendorp, Belgium. The tube contains <a href="/wiki/Bromadiolone" title="Bromadiolone">bromadiolone</a>, a second-generation (<a href="/wiki/Superwarfarin" title="Superwarfarin">superwarfarin</a>) anticoagulant. The label in Dutch states, in part: <b>Contains an anticoagulant with prolonged activity. Antidote Vitamin K1.</b></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menachinon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Menachinon.svg/250px-Menachinon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Menachinon.svg/375px-Menachinon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Menachinon.svg/500px-Menachinon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Vitamin K<sub>2</sub> (menaquinone). In menaquinone the side chain is composed of a varying number of <a href="/wiki/Isoprenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoprenoid">isoprenoid</a> residues.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vitamin K antagonists</b> (<b>VKA</b>) are a group of substances that reduce <a href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">blood clotting</a> by reducing the action of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>. The term "vitamin K antagonist" is technically a misnomer, as the drugs do not directly antagonize the action of vitamin K in the pharmacological sense, but rather the recycling of vitamin K. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been the mainstay of anticoagulation therapy for more than 50 years. </p><p>They are used as <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> medications in the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">rodenticides</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These drugs deplete the active form of the vitamin by inhibiting the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_epoxide_reductase" title="Vitamin K epoxide reductase">vitamin K epoxide reductase</a> and thus the recycling of the inactive vitamin K epoxide back to the active reduced form of vitamin K. The drugs are structurally similar to vitamin K and act as <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive inhibitor">competitive inhibitors</a> of the enzyme. The term "vitamin K antagonist" is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a>, as the drugs do not directly <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonise</a> the action of vitamin K in the pharmacological sense, but rather the recycling of vitamin K. </p><p>Vitamin K is required for the proper production of certain proteins involved in the blood clotting process. For example, it is needed to carboxylate specific glutamic acid residues on prothrombin. Without these residues carboxylated, the protein will not form the appropriate conformation of thrombin, which is needed to produce the fibrin monomers that are polymerized to form clots.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitamin_K_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitamin_K-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The action of this class of anticoagulants may be reversed by administering vitamin K for the duration of the anticoagulant's residence in the body, and the daily dose needed for reversal is the same for all drugs in the class. However, in the case of the second generation <a href="/wiki/Superwarfarin" title="Superwarfarin">superwarfarins</a> intended to kill warfarin-resistant rodents, the time of vitamin K administration may need to be prolonged to months, in order to combat the long residence time of the poison.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vitamin K antagonists can cause birth defects (<a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16732373_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16732373-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg/500px-K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg/750px-K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg/1000px-K1_vitamin_Mechanism_of_Action.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Vitamin K is used to produce coagulation factors. VKAs interfere with the recycling of Vitamin K epoxide into Vitamin K (step 4 to 1).</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coumarins_(4-hydroxycoumarins)"><span id="Coumarins_.284-hydroxycoumarins.29"></span>Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarins)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarins)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxycoumarins" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxycoumarins">4-hydroxycoumarins</a></div> <p>Coumarins (more accurately <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxycoumarins" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxycoumarins">4-hydroxycoumarins</a>) are the most commonly used VKAs. </p><p>In medicine, the most commonly used VKA is <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18574265_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18574265-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warfarin was initially used as a rodenticide, but made the transition to pharmaceutical. Eventually some rodents developed resistance to it. The "second generation" VKAs for dedicated use as rodenticides are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Superwarfarin" title="Superwarfarin">superwarfarins</a>. These VKAs are enhanced to kill warfarin-resistant rodents. The enhancement to the molecule takes the form of a larger lipophilic group to enhance the fat solubility of the poison and greatly increase the time it acts within the animal's body.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3302140_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3302140-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as described above, the superwarfarins do not inhibit vitamin K and their effect is easily inhibited by vitamin K. Nevertheless, oral vitamin K may need to be given for times that may exceed a month (cases have been described needing as much as nine months vitamin K supplementation), in order to counter the effect of second-generation VKAs that have very long residence times in the fat of animals and humans. </p><p>For a more complete list of coumarins used as pharmaceuticals and rodenticides, see the main article on <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxycoumarins" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxycoumarins">4-hydroxycoumarins</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warfarin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warfarin (Coumadin)"><img alt="Warfarin (Coumadin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Warfarin.svg/120px-Warfarin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Warfarin.svg/180px-Warfarin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Warfarin.svg/240px-Warfarin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a> (Coumadin)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coumatetralyl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coumatetralyl"><img alt="Coumatetralyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coumatetralyl.svg/120px-Coumatetralyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coumatetralyl.svg/180px-Coumatetralyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Coumatetralyl.svg/240px-Coumatetralyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coumatetralyl" title="Coumatetralyl">Coumatetralyl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenprocoumon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phenprocoumon"><img alt="Phenprocoumon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phenprocoumon.svg/120px-Phenprocoumon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phenprocoumon.svg/180px-Phenprocoumon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Phenprocoumon.svg/240px-Phenprocoumon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phenprocoumon" title="Phenprocoumon">Phenprocoumon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acenocoumarol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acenocoumarol"><img alt="Acenocoumarol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acenocoumarol.svg/120px-Acenocoumarol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acenocoumarol.svg/180px-Acenocoumarol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acenocoumarol.svg/240px-Acenocoumarol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Acenocoumarol" title="Acenocoumarol">Acenocoumarol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicumarol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicoumarol"><img alt="Dicoumarol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dicumarol.svg/120px-Dicumarol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dicumarol.svg/180px-Dicumarol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dicumarol.svg/240px-Dicumarol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dicoumarol" title="Dicoumarol">Dicoumarol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tioclomarol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tioclomarol"><img alt="Tioclomarol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tioclomarol.svg/120px-Tioclomarol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tioclomarol.svg/180px-Tioclomarol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tioclomarol.svg/240px-Tioclomarol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tioclomarol" title="Tioclomarol">Tioclomarol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodifacoum.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brodifacoum"><img alt="Brodifacoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brodifacoum.png/120px-Brodifacoum.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brodifacoum.png/180px-Brodifacoum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brodifacoum.png/240px-Brodifacoum.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">Brodifacoum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indandiones">Indandiones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indandiones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another group of VKAs are <a href="/wiki/1,3-indandione" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-indandione">1,3-indandione</a> derivatives. <a href="/wiki/Pindone" title="Pindone">Pindone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorophacinone" title="Chlorophacinone">chlorophacinone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diphacinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphacinone">diphacinone</a> are used as rodenticides. They are categorised as "first-generation" anticoagulants, and have similar effects as warfarin. They have been largely superseded by second-generation anticoagulants because warfarin-resistant rodents have become more common.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anisindione" title="Anisindione">Anisindione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluindione" title="Fluindione">fluindione</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenindione" title="Phenindione">phenindione</a> are oral anticoagulant medicines with actions similar to warfarin. However, the indandiones are generally more toxic than warfarin, with hypersensitivity reactions involving many organs and sometimes resulting in death. They are therefore now rarely used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pindone"><img alt="Pindone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/120px-Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/180px-Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/240px-Pindone_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pindone" title="Pindone">Pindone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophacinone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chlorophacinone"><img alt="Chlorophacinone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chlorophacinone.svg/120px-Chlorophacinone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chlorophacinone.svg/180px-Chlorophacinone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Chlorophacinone.svg/240px-Chlorophacinone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chlorophacinone" title="Chlorophacinone">Chlorophacinone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diphenadione2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diphacinone"><img alt="Diphacinone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diphenadione2.svg/120px-Diphenadione2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diphenadione2.svg/180px-Diphenadione2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diphenadione2.svg/240px-Diphenadione2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diphacinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphacinone">Diphacinone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anisindione_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anisindione"><img alt="Anisindione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Anisindione_skeletal.svg/120px-Anisindione_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Anisindione_skeletal.svg/180px-Anisindione_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Anisindione_skeletal.svg/240px-Anisindione_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anisindione" title="Anisindione">Anisindione</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluindione.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fluindione"><img alt="Fluindione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fluindione.png/120px-Fluindione.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fluindione.png/180px-Fluindione.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fluindione.png/240px-Fluindione.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fluindione" title="Fluindione">Fluindione</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenindione.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phenindione"><img alt="Phenindione" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenindione.svg/120px-Phenindione.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenindione.svg/180px-Phenindione.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Phenindione.svg/240px-Phenindione.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phenindione" title="Phenindione">Phenindione</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vitamin_K_antagonists" title="Category:Vitamin K antagonists">Category:Vitamin K antagonists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vitamin_K-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitamin_K_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuttie1980" class="citation journal cs1">Suttie, J. W. (July 1980). "Mechanism Of Action Of Vitamin K: Synthesis Of Y-Carboxyglutamic Acid". <i>Critical Reviews in Biochemistry</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10409238009105469">10.3109/10409238009105469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6772376">6772376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Mechanism+Of+Action+Of+Vitamin+K%3A+Synthesis+Of+Y-Carboxyglutamic+Acid&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F10409238009105469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6772376&rft.aulast=Suttie&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmos_V,_López_CM2007" class="citation journal cs1">Olmos V, López CM (2007). "Brodifacoum Poisoning with Toxicokinetic Data". <i>Clinical Toxicology</i>. <b>45</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650701354093">10.1080/15563650701354093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17503253">17503253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33470724">33470724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Brodifacoum+Poisoning+with+Toxicokinetic+Data&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33470724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17503253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15563650701354093&rft.au=Olmos+V%2C+L%C3%B3pez+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16732373-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16732373_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeferHannemannMeister2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer C, Hannemann D, Meister R, et al. (June 2006). "Vitamin K antagonists and pregnancy outcome. A multi-centre prospective study". <i>Thromb. Haemost</i>. <b>95</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">949–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1160%2FTH06-02-0108">10.1160/TH06-02-0108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16732373">16732373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thromb.+Haemost.&rft.atitle=Vitamin+K+antagonists+and+pregnancy+outcome.+A+multi-centre+prospective+study&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E949-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1160%2FTH06-02-0108&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16732373&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Hannemann%2C+D&rft.au=Meister%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18574265-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18574265_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsellHirshHylekJacobson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1085927">"Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)"</a>. <i>Chest</i>. <b>133</b> (6 Suppl): <span class="nowrap">160S –</span> <span class="nowrap">198S</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.08-0670">10.1378/chest.08-0670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18574265">18574265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+and+management+of+the+vitamin+K+antagonists%3A+American+College+of+Chest+Physicians+Evidence-Based+Clinical+Practice+Guidelines+%288th+Edition%29&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.08-0670&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18574265&rft.aulast=Ansell&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Hirsh%2C+J&rft.au=Hylek%2C+E&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+A&rft.au=Crowther%2C+M&rft.au=Palareti%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D1085927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3302140-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3302140_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriminger_P1987" class="citation journal cs1">Griminger P (July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/117/7/1325.full.pdf">"Vitamin K antagonists: the first 50 years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Nutr</i>. <b>117</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1325–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F117.7.1325">10.1093/jn/117.7.1325</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3302140">3302140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=Vitamin+K+antagonists%3A+the+first+50+years&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1325-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1987-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F117.7.1325&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3302140&rft.au=Griminger+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcontent%2F117%2F7%2F1325.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apvma.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication/14856-pindone-review-final-report.pdf">The NRA Review of PINDONE</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals, Australia. May 2002. Section 3.1.4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+NRA+Review+of+PINDONE&rft.pages=Section+3.1.4&rft.pub=National+Registration+Authority+for+Agricultural+and+Veterinary+Chemicals%2C+Australia&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapvma.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F14856-pindone-review-final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_C_Sweetman2009" class="citation book cs1">Sean C Sweetman, ed. (2009). <i>Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference</i> (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. "Phenindione", p. 1369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martindale%3A+The+Complete+Drug+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%22Phenindione%22%2C+p.+1369&rft.edition=36th&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K_antagonist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vitamin+K+antagonist+%5BTI%5D">Published reviews, 2011-2016, regarding Vitamin K antagonists.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds,_Matthew_R.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Matthew R. (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1567631#tab1">"Discontinuation of Rivaroxaban: Filling in the Gaps"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(editorial comment)</span>. <i>J. Am. Coll. Cardiol</i>. <b>61</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">659–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2012.09.056">10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.056</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23391197">23391197</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>. <q><small>The authors'... most likely explanation for the observed risk in the post-study transition period is not that rivaroxaban has some property resulting in a rebound effect, but rather that the high-risk... ROCKET AF trial [patients]... had a substantial difference in anticoagulation coverage during this period, and the event rates merely reflect the unmasking of their underlying risk... / Although this explanation is fairly persuasive, the evidence that the post-study excess stroke risk in rivaroxaban patients was the result of inadequate VKA [vitamin K antagonist] therapy remains somewhat circumstantial. The INRs were not collected as carefully during the post-trial period... [and] the authors do not provide any information on the use of bridging therapies... with unfractionated or low–molecular-weight heparin... [which] was not mandated by the study protocol during either temporary interruptions or at the end of the study. The bleeding rates reported in the current study also are counterintuitive: if the excess strokes in rivaroxaban patients were the result of underanticoagulation in the post-trial period, then why did these patients also have a higher bleeding risk? The investigators will need to scrutinize this large trial database further to understand these issues more fully.</small></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Coll.+Cardiol.&rft.atitle=Discontinuation+of+Rivaroxaban%3A+Filling+in+the+Gaps&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2012.09.056&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23391197&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Matthew+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.onlinejacc.org%2Farticle.aspx%3FarticleID%3D1567631%23tab1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel,_Manesh_R.Anne_S._HellkampYuliya_LokhnyginaJonathan_P._Piccini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Manesh R.; Anne S. Hellkamp; Yuliya Lokhnygina; Jonathan P. Piccini; Zhongxin Zhang; Surya Mohanty; Daniel E. Singer; Werner Hacke; Günter Breithardt; Jonathan L. Halperin; Graeme J. Hankey; Richard C. Becker; Christopher C. Nessel; Scott D. Berkowitz; Robert M. Califf; Keith A.A. Fox; Kenneth W. Mahaffey (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1567632#tab1">"Outcomes of Discontinuing Rivaroxaban Compared With Warfarin in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Analysis From the ROCKET AF Trial (Rivaroxaban Once-Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation)"</a>. <i>J. Am. Coll. Cardiol</i>. <b>61</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">651–</span>658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2012.09.057">10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23391196">23391196</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>. <q><small>We undertook a post-hoc analysis of data from the ROCKET AF (Rivaroxaban Once-Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation, n = 14,624) for stroke or non-CNS embolism within 30 days after temporary interruptions of 3 days or more, early permanent study drug discontinuation, and end-of-study transition to open-label therapy. / In atrial fibrillation patients who temporarily or permanently discontinued anticoagulation, the risk of stroke or non-CNS embolism was similar with rivaroxaban or warfarin. An increased risk of stroke and non-CNS embolism was observed in rivaroxaban-treated patients compared with warfarin-treated patients after the end of the study, underscoring the importance of therapeutic anticoagulation coverage during such a transition.</small></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Coll.+Cardiol.&rft.atitle=Outcomes+of+Discontinuing+Rivaroxaban+Compared+With+Warfarin+in+Patients+With+Nonvalvular+Atrial+Fibrillation%3A+Analysis+From+the+ROCKET+AF+Trial+%28Rivaroxaban+Once-Daily%2C+Oral%2C+Direct+Factor+Xa+Inhibition+Compared+With+Vitamin+K+Antagonism+for+Prevention+of+Stroke+and+Embolism+Trial+in+Atrial+Fibrillation%29&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E658&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2012.09.057&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23391196&rft.au=Patel%2C+Manesh+R.&rft.au=Anne+S.+Hellkamp&rft.au=Yuliya+Lokhnygina&rft.au=Jonathan+P.+Piccini&rft.au=Zhongxin+Zhang&rft.au=Surya+Mohanty&rft.au=Daniel+E.+Singer&rft.au=Werner+Hacke&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Breithardt&rft.au=Jonathan+L.+Halperin&rft.au=Graeme+J.+Hankey&rft.au=Richard+C.+Becker&rft.au=Christopher+C.+Nessel&rft.au=Scott+D.+Berkowitz&rft.au=Robert+M.+Califf&rft.au=Keith+A.A.+Fox&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Mahaffey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.onlinejacc.org%2Farticle.aspx%3FarticleID%3D1567632%23tab1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnelli,_Giancarlo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Agnelli, Giancarlo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org/content/ehjsupp/7/suppl_C/C3.full.pdf">"Foreword: Contemporary issues in the management and treatment of atrial fibrillation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(supplement foreword)</span>. <i>European Heart Journal Supplements</i>. <b>7</b> (Supplement C, 14 April): <span class="nowrap">C3 –</span> <span class="nowrap">C4</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fsui013">10.1093/eurheartj/sui013</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>. <q><small>This supplement represents the first publication of Thrombosis Quorum (TQ), a recently established international consortium of multidisciplinary thrombosis-related specialists dedicated to raising the priority of thrombosis. TQ aims to address the unmet clinical needs in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic conditions, and promote the optimum management of patients with or at risk of these disorders by providing a cross-disciplinary forum for information exchange and debate. This [issue] incorporates a collection of state-of-the-art articles written by the TQ Steering Group and co-authors, and in this instance, focuses on the management and treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).</small></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Heart+Journal+Supplements&rft.atitle=Foreword%3A+Contemporary+issues+in+the+management+and+treatment+of+atrial+fibrillation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Supplement+C%2C+14+April&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EC3+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EC4%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fsui013&rft.au=Agnelli%2C+Giancarlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2Fehjsupp%2F7%2Fsuppl_C%2FC3.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVitamin+K+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span> Note, because this issue foreword is over a decade old, its statements regarding limited available oral anticoagulants is no longer accurate.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Antithrombotics_(thrombolytics,_anticoagulants_and_antiplatelet_drugs)_(B01)568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">thrombolytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelet drugs</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B01" title="ATC code B01">B01</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelet drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_IIb/IIIa_inhibitors" title="Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors">Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abciximab" title="Abciximab">Abciximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptifibatide" title="Eptifibatide">Eptifibatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbofiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbofiban (page does not exist)">Orbofiban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roxifiban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roxifiban (page does not exist)">Roxifiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibrafiban" title="Sibrafiban">Sibrafiban</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirofiban" title="Tirofiban">Tirofiban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">ADP receptor/P2Y<sub>12</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_receptor_inhibitor" title="Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor">inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thienopyridine" title="Thienopyridine">Thienopyridines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">Clopidogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">Prasugrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">Ticlopidine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a> analogs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">Cangrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinogrel" title="Elinogrel">Elinogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">PGI2</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action_of_aspirin" title="Mechanism of action of aspirin">COX inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indobufen" title="Indobufen">Indobufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane inhibitors">Thromboxane inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_synthase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane synthase inhibitors">Thromboxane synthase inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acetylsalicylic_acid/dipyridamole" title="Acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole">+ aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane receptor antagonist">Receptor antagonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terutroban" title="Terutroban">Terutroban</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">Phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilostazol" title="Cilostazol">Cilostazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloricromen" title="Cloricromen">Cloricromen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditazole" title="Ditazole">Ditazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorapaxar" title="Vorapaxar">Vorapaxar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamin K antagonists</a><br />(inhibit <a href="/wiki/Thrombin" title="Thrombin">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_VII" title="Factor VII">VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_IX" title="Factor IX">IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_X" title="Factor X">X</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acenocoumarol" title="Acenocoumarol">Acenocoumarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumatetralyl" title="Coumatetralyl">Coumatetralyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicoumarol" title="Dicoumarol">Dicoumarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_biscoumacetate" title="Ethyl biscoumacetate">Ethyl biscoumacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprocoumon" title="Phenprocoumon">Phenprocoumon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Indandione" title="1,3-Indandione">1,3-Indandiones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clorindione" title="Clorindione">Clorindione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenadione" title="Diphenadione">Diphenadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenindione" title="Phenindione">Phenindione</a></li> <li>Other: <a href="/wiki/Tioclomarol" title="Tioclomarol">Tioclomarol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factor_Xa" class="mw-redirect" title="Factor Xa">Factor Xa</a> inhibitors<br />(with some II inhibition)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">Heparin</a> group/<br /><a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycans</a>/<br />(bind <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">antithrombin</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-molecular-weight_heparin" title="Low-molecular-weight heparin">Low-molecular-weight heparin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemiparin_sodium" title="Bemiparin sodium">Bemiparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certoparin_sodium" title="Certoparin sodium">Certoparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalteparin_sodium" title="Dalteparin sodium">Dalteparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoxaparin_sodium" title="Enoxaparin sodium">Enoxaparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadroparin_calcium" title="Nadroparin calcium">Nadroparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnaparin_sodium" title="Parnaparin sodium">Parnaparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reviparin_sodium" title="Reviparin sodium">Reviparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinzaparin_sodium" title="Tinzaparin sodium">Tinzaparin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">Oligosaccharides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fondaparinux" title="Fondaparinux">Fondaparinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idraparinux" title="Idraparinux">Idraparinux</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heparinoid" title="Heparinoid">Heparinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danaparoid" title="Danaparoid">Danaparoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate" title="Dermatan sulfate">Dermatan sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulodexide" title="Sulodexide">Sulodexide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct_factor_Xa_inhibitors" title="Direct factor Xa inhibitors">Direct Xa inhibitors</a> ("xabans")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apixaban" title="Apixaban">Apixaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrixaban" title="Betrixaban">Betrixaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darexaban" title="Darexaban">Darexaban</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoxaban" title="Edoxaban">Edoxaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otamixaban" title="Otamixaban">Otamixaban</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivaroxaban" title="Rivaroxaban">Rivaroxaban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Direct thrombin (IIa) inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Bivalent" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Bivalent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hirudin" title="Hirudin">Hirudin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bivalirudin" title="Bivalirudin">Bivalirudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desirudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Desirudin">Desirudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepirudin" title="Lepirudin">Lepirudin</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_thrombin_inhibitor#Univalent" title="Direct thrombin inhibitor">Univalent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argatroban" title="Argatroban">Argatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabigatran" title="Dabigatran">Dabigatran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efegatran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efegatran (page does not exist)">Efegatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inogatran" title="Inogatran">Inogatran</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melagatran" class="mw-redirect" title="Melagatran">Melagatran</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximelagatran" title="Ximelagatran">Ximelagatran</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abelacimab" title="Abelacimab">Abelacimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">Antithrombin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrotide" title="Defibrotide">Defibrotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafamostat" title="Nafamostat">Nafamostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">Protein C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drotrecogin_alfa" title="Drotrecogin alfa">Drotrecogin alfa</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REG1" title="REG1">REG1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytic drugs</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Fibrinolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrinolytic">fibrinolytics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasminogen_activator" title="Plasminogen activator">Plasminogen activators</a>: <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_tissue_plasminogen_activators" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators">r-tPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteplase" title="Alteplase">Alteplase</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reteplase" title="Reteplase">Reteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenecteplase" title="Tenecteplase">Tenecteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoteplase" title="Desmoteplase">Desmoteplase</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li>UPA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saruplase" title="Saruplase">Saruplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urokinase" title="Urokinase">Urokinase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anistreplase" title="Anistreplase">Anistreplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteplase" title="Monteplase">Monteplase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptokinase" title="Streptokinase">Streptokinase</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Serine_endopeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Serine endopeptidase">serine endopeptidases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ancrod" title="Ancrod">Ancrod</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinase" title="Brinase">Brinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinolysin" title="Fibrinolysin">Fibrinolysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Non-medicinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">Citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">EDTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">Oxalate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pest_control:_Rodenticides205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rodenticides" title="Template:Rodenticides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rodenticides" title="Template talk:Rodenticides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rodenticides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rodenticides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pest_control:_Rodenticides205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">Rodenticides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a> /<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vitamin K antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxycoumarins" title="4-Hydroxycoumarins">4-Hydroxycoumarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumatetralyl" title="Coumatetralyl">Coumatetralyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarin" title="Fumarin">Fumarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">2nd generation (<a href="/wiki/Superwarfarin" title="Superwarfarin">Superwarfarins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">Brodifacoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromadiolone" title="Bromadiolone">Bromadiolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenacoum" title="Difenacoum">Difenacoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difethialone" title="Difethialone">Difethialone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocoumafen" title="Flocoumafen">Flocoumafen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/1,3-Indandione" title="1,3-Indandione">1,3-Indandiones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophacinone" title="Chlorophacinone">Chlorophacinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindone" title="Pindone">Pindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphacinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphacinone">Diphacinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Convulsant" title="Convulsant">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsilatrane" title="Phenylsilatrane">Phenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Calciferols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">Ergocalciferol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">Barium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphide" title="Calcium phosphide">Calcium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_sulfate" title="Thallium(I) sulfate">Thallium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">Zinc phosphide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Organochlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine">Organochlorine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">Endrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus">Organophosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosacetim" title="Phosacetim">Phosacetim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Naphthylthiourea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Naphthylthiourea">α-Naphthylthiourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromethalin" title="Bromethalin">Bromethalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroacetamide" title="Fluoroacetamide">Fluoroacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupropadine" title="Flupropadine">Flupropadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol" title="1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol">1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol (Gliftor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbormide" title="Norbormide">Norbormide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrinuron" title="Pyrinuron">Pyrinuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilliroside" title="Scilliroside">Scilliroside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoroacetate" title="Sodium fluoroacetate">Sodium fluoroacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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