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<ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK,_US,_and_Canadian_production_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK,_US,_and_Canadian_production_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>UK, US, and Canadian production and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK,_US,_and_Canadian_production_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Woolwich_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woolwich_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Woolwich method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woolwich_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bachmann_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bachmann_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Bachmann process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bachmann_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Military compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Civilian use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Biodegradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">RDX</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3" title="آر دي إكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آر دي إكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیکسوژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیکسوژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гексаген – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гексаген" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хексоген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хексоген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclotrimetilentrinitramina" title="Ciclotrimetilentrinitramina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciclotrimetilentrinitramina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexogen" title="Hexogen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hexogen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotrimethylentrinitramin" title="Cyclotrimethylentrinitramin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cyclotrimethylentrinitramin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexogen" title="Hexogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hexogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="آردی‌ایکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آردی‌ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%A9%94%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%EB%AF%BC" title="트리메틸렌트리니트로아민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리메틸렌트리니트로아민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="साइक्लोनाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साइक्लोनाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclotrimetilentrinitroammina" title="Ciclotrimetilentrinitroammina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclotrimetilentrinitroammina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гексоген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гексоген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksog%C4%93ns" title="Heksogēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heksogēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogenas" title="Heksogenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heksogenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexog%C3%A9n" title="Hexogén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hexogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആർ.ഡി.എക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർ.ഡി.എക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotrimethyleentrinitroamine" title="Cyclotrimethyleentrinitroamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cyclotrimethyleentrinitroamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="トリメチレントリニトロアミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリメチレントリニトロアミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geksogen" title="Geksogen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geksogen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="هیکسوجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هیکسوجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexogen" title="Hexogen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hexogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гексоген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гексоген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexog%C3%A9n" title="Hexogén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hexogén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogen" title="Heksogen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heksogen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksogeeni" title="Heksogeeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heksogeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexogen" title="Hexogen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hexogen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Һексоген – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һексоген" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDX" title="RDX – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="RDX" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explosive chemical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/RDX_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="RDX (disambiguation)">RDX (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>RDX </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RDX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RDX.svg/110px-RDX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RDX.svg/165px-RDX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RDX.svg/220px-RDX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RDX_3D_BallStick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RDX_3D_BallStick.png/110px-RDX_3D_BallStick.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RDX_3D_BallStick.png/165px-RDX_3D_BallStick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RDX_3D_BallStick.png/220px-RDX_3D_BallStick.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RDX_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/RDX_crystal.jpg/220px-RDX_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/RDX_crystal.jpg/330px-RDX_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/RDX_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center;">RDX crystal</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine<br />RDX<br />cyclonite, hexogen<br />1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane<br />1,3,5-Trinitrohexahydro-<i>s</i>-triazine<br />Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine<br />Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-<i>s</i>-triazine<br />Trimethylenetrinitramine<br />hexolite<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=121-82-4">121-82-4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1N%28CN%28CN1%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=24556">CHEBI:24556</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8177.html">8177</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.092">100.004.092</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190020#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8490">8490</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/W91SSV5831">W91SSV5831</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_0001_to_0100" title="List of UN numbers 0001 to 0100">0072</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_0301_to_0400" title="List of UN numbers 0301 to 0400">0391</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_UN_numbers_0401_to_0500" title="List of UN numbers 0401 to 0500">0483</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9024142">DTXSID9024142</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190020#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C3H6N6O6/c10-7(11)4-1-5(8(12)13)3-6(2-4)9(14)15/h1-3H2<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C3H6N6O6/c10-7(11)4-1-5(8(12)13)3-6(2-4)9(14)15/h1-3H2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYAY</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C1N(CN(CN1[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-])[N+](=O)[O-]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>3</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>6</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>6</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002222117000000000♠"></span>222.117</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless or yellowish crystals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.806 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Army_TM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army_TM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>205.5 °C (401.9 °F; 478.6 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>234 °C (453 °F; 507 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>insoluble <sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Explosive data </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shock_sensitivity" title="Shock sensitivity">Shock sensitivity</a> </td> <td>Low </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Friction_sensitivity" title="Friction sensitivity">Friction sensitivity</a> </td> <td>Low </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Detonation_velocity" title="Detonation velocity">Detonation velocity</a> </td> <td>8750 m/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Relative_effectiveness_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative effectiveness factor">RE factor</a> </td> <td>1.60 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>Explosive, detonates on contact with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_fulminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury fulminate">mercury fulminate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highly toxic </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-explos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS01: Explosive"><img alt="GHS01: Explosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H201: Explosive: mass explosion hazard">H201</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H301: Toxic if swallowed">H301</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H370: Causes damage to organs">H370</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure">H373</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P250: Do not subject to grinding/shock/.../friction.">P250</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370: In case of fire:">P370</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P372: Explosion risk.">P372</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P373: DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.">P373</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_dbf0d6269ee771a0" /></span><map name="ImageMap_dbf0d6269ee771a0"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerin" title="Instability 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerin" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerin" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>Explosive <sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>100 mg/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>none <sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 1.5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> ST 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> [skin]<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>N.D.<sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=455176538&page2=RDX">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>RDX</b> (abbreviation of "<b>Research Department eXplosive</b>" or <b>Royal Demolition eXplosive</b>) or <b>hexogen</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other names, is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a> with the formula (CH<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. It is white, odorless, and tasteless, widely used as an <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemically, it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Nitroamine" title="Nitroamine">nitroamine</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a>, which is a more energetic explosive than <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>. It was used widely in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and remains common in <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military applications</a>. </p><p>RDX is often used in mixtures with other explosives and <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phlegmatized" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlegmatized">phlegmatizers</a> (desensitizers); it is the explosive agent in <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C-4</a> plastic explosive and a key ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>. It is stable in storage and is considered one of the most energetic and <a href="/wiki/Brisance" title="Brisance">brisant</a> of the military <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Army_TM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army_TM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Relative_effectiveness_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative effectiveness factor">relative effectiveness factor</a> of 1.60. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX is also less commonly known as <b>cyclonite</b>, hexogen (particularly in Russian, French and German-influenced languages), <b>T4</b>, and, chemically, as <b>cyclotrimethylene trinitramine</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Royal Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, started investigating cyclonite to use against German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> that were being built with thicker hulls. The goal was to develop an explosive more energetic than <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>. For security reasons, Britain termed cyclonite "Research Department Explosive" (R.D.X.).<sup id="cite_ref-MM-18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>RDX</i> appeared in the United States in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first public reference in the United Kingdom to the name <i>RDX</i>, or <i>R.D.X.</i>, to use the official title, appeared in 1948; its authors were the managing chemist, <a href="/wiki/ROF_Bridgwater" title="ROF Bridgwater">ROF Bridgwater</a>, the chemical research and development department, Woolwich, and the director of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ordnance Factories">Royal Ordnance Factories</a>, Explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-sfb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/RDX" title="Special:EditPage/RDX">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg/220px-Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg/330px-Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg/440px-Bombing_up_106_Squadron_Lancaster_WWII_IWM_CH_12541.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Armourers prepare to load 1,000 lb (450 kg) Medium Capacity bombs into the bomb-bay of an <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> B Mark III of No. 106 Squadron <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Metheringham" title="RAF Metheringham">RAF Metheringham</a> before a major night raid on <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. The stencilled lettering around the circumference of each bomb reads "RDX/TNT".</figcaption></figure> <p>RDX was widely used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, often in explosive mixtures with <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Torpex" title="Torpex">Torpex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a>, Cyclotols, and H6. RDX was used in one of the first <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosives</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">bouncing bomb</a> depth charges used in the "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Dambusters Raid</a>" each contained 6,600 pounds (3,000 kg) of Torpex;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a> bombs designed by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a> also used Torpex. </p><p>RDX is believed to have been used in many bomb plots, including <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> plots. </p><p>RDX is the base for a number of common military explosives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition A (page does not exist)">Composition A</a>: Granular explosive consisting of RDX and plasticizing wax, such as composition A-3 (91% RDX coated with 9% wax)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and composition A-5 (98.5 to 99.1% RDX coated with 0.95 to 1.54% <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a>: Castable mixtures of 59.5% RDX and 39.4% <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> with 1% wax as <a href="/wiki/Desensitizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Desensitizer">desensitizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_C" title="Composition C">Composition C</a>: The original composition C was used in World War II, but there have been subsequent variations including C-2, C-3, and <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C-4</a>. C-4 consists of RDX (91%); a plasticizer, <a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_sebacate" title="Dioctyl sebacate">dioctyl sebacate</a> (5.3%); and a binder, which is usually polyisobutylene (2.1%); and oil (1.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-atf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_CH-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition CH-6 (page does not exist)">Composition CH-6</a>: 97.5% RDX, 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Calcium_stearate" title="Calcium stearate">calcium stearate</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Polyisobutylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyisobutylene">polyisobutylene</a>, and 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hampton_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampton-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>DBX (Depth Bomb Explosive): Castable mixture consisting of 21% RDX, 21% <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, 40% TNT, and 18% powdered aluminium, developed during World War II, it was to be used in underwater munitions as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Torpex" title="Torpex">Torpex</a> employing only half the amount of then-scarce RDX,<sup id="cite_ref-Army_TM_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army_TM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the supply of RDX became more adequate, however, the mixture was shelved</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotol" title="Cyclotol">Cyclotol</a>: Castable mixture of RDX (50–80%) with TNT (20–50%) designated by the amount of RDX/TNT, such as Cyclotol 70/30</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Blast_Explosive" title="High Blast Explosive">HBX</a>: Castable mixtures of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminium, and D-2 <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> with calcium chloride</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_H-6" title="Composition H-6">H-6</a>: Castable mixture of RDX, TNT, powdered aluminum, and <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> (used as a <a href="/wiki/Phlegmatized" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlegmatized">phlegmatizing agent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-bonded_explosive" title="Polymer-bonded explosive">PBX</a>: RDX is also used as a major component of many <a href="/wiki/Polymer-bonded_explosive" title="Polymer-bonded explosive">polymer-bonded explosives</a> (PBX); RDX-based PBXs typically consist of RDX and at least thirteen different polymer/co-polymer binders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of RDX-based PBX formulations include, but are not limited to: PBX-9007, PBX-9010, PBX-9205, PBX-9407, PBX-9604, PBXN-106, PBXN-3, PBXN-6, PBXN-10, PBXN-201, PBX-0280, PBX Type I, PBXC-116, PBXAF-108, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a> (trade name): Plastic demolition explosive containing RDX and <a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a> as major energetic components <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpex" title="Torpex">Torpex</a>: 42% RDX, 40% TNT, and 18% powdered aluminium; the mixture was designed during World War II and used mainly in underwater ordnance <sup id="cite_ref-Ordnance_1947_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordnance_1947-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Outside military applications, RDX is also used in <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">controlled demolition</a> to raze structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe_Pherson_2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe_Pherson_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Bridge" title="Jamestown Bridge">Jamestown Bridge</a> in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> was one instance where RDX <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a> were used to remove the span.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX is classified by chemists as a <a href="/wiki/Hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine" title="Hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine">hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine</a> derivative. In laboratory settings (industrial routes are described below separately) it is obtained by treating <a href="/wiki/Hexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamine">hexamine</a> with <a href="/wiki/White_fuming_nitric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="White fuming nitric acid">white fuming nitric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthesis_hexogen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Synthesis_hexogen.svg/400px-Synthesis_hexogen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Synthesis_hexogen.svg/600px-Synthesis_hexogen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Synthesis_hexogen.svg/800px-Synthesis_hexogen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="136" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>This <a href="/wiki/Nitrolysis" title="Nitrolysis">nitrolysis</a> reaction also produces methylene dinitrate, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, and water as by-products. The overall reaction is:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>N<sub>4</sub> + 10 HNO<sub>3</sub> → C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N<sub>6</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 3 CH<sub>2</sub>(ONO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>The conventional cheap <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitration</a> agent, called "mixed acid", cannot be used for RDX synthesis because concentrated sulfuric acid conventionally used to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Nitronium_ion" title="Nitronium ion">nitronium ion</a> formation decomposes hexamine into formaldehyde and ammonia. </p><p>Modern syntheses employ <a href="/wiki/Hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine" title="Hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine">hexahydro triacyl triazine</a> as it avoids formation of HMX.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX was used by both sides in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The US produced about 15,000 long tons (15,000 t) per month during WWII and Germany about 7,100 tonnes (7,000 long tons) per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbanski-78_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanski-78-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RDX had the major advantages of possessing greater explosive force than <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> and required no additional raw materials for its manufacture. Thus, it was also extensively used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-Urbanski-78_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbanski-78-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX was reported in 1898 by Georg Friedrich Henning (1863-1945), who obtained a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a><sup id="cite_ref-Henning_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henning-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its manufacture by <a href="/wiki/Nitrolysis" title="Nitrolysis">nitrolysis</a> of hexamine (<a href="/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine" title="Hexamethylenetetramine">hexamethylenetetramine</a>) with concentrated nitric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this patent, only the medical properties of RDX were mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a>, Heinrich Brunswig (1865-1946) at the private military-industrial laboratory <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zentralstelle_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaftlich-technische_Untersuchungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen (page does not exist)">Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralstelle_f%C3%BCr_wissenschaftlich-technische_Untersuchungen" class="extiw" title="de:Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen">de</a>]</span> (Center for Scientific-Technical Research) in <a href="/wiki/Neubabelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Neubabelsberg">Neubabelsberg</a> studied the compound more closely and in June 1916 filed two patent applications, one for its use in <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_propellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokeless propellant">smokeless propellants</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another for its use as an explosive, noting its excellent characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German military hadn't considered its adoption during the war due to the expense of production<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but started investigating its use in 1920, referring to it as hexogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Gartz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research and development findings were not published further until Edmund von Herz,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described as an Austrian and later a German citizen, rediscovered the explosive properties of RDX<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and applied for an Austrian patent in 1919, obtaining a British one in 1921<sup id="cite_ref-Herz-British_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-British-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an American one in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Herz-US_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-US-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All patents described the synthesis of the compound by nitrating <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine" title="Hexamethylenetetramine">hexamethylenetetramine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herz-British_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-British-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herz-US_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-US-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British patent claims included the manufacture of RDX by nitration, its use with or without other explosives, its use as a bursting charge and as an initiator.<sup id="cite_ref-Herz-British_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-British-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US patent claim was for the use of a hollow explosive device containing RDX and a detonator cap containing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Herz-US_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz-US-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herz was also the first to identify the cyclic nature of the molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Germany developed improved production methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Gartz_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, Germany used the code names W Salt, SH Salt, K-method, the E-method, and the KA-method. These names represented the identities of the developers of the various chemical routes to RDX. The W-method was developed by Wolfram in 1934 and gave RDX the code name "W-Salz". It used <a href="/wiki/Sulfamic_acid" title="Sulfamic acid">sulfamic acid</a>, formaldehyde, and nitric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-W_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-W-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SH-Salz (SH salt) was from Schnurr, who developed a batch-process in 1937–38 based on nitrolysis of hexamine.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-SH_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-SH-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The K-method, from Knöffler, involved addition of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> to the hexamine/nitric acid process.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-K_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-K-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The E-method, developed by Ebele, proved to be identical to the Ross and Schiessler process described below.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-E_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-E-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KA-method, also developed by Knöffler, turned out to be identical to the Bachmann process described below.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-KA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-KA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The explosive shells fired by the <a href="/wiki/MK_108_cannon" title="MK 108 cannon">MK 108 cannon</a> and the warhead of the <a href="/wiki/R4M_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="R4M rocket">R4M rocket</a>, both used in <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> fighter aircraft as offensive armament, both used hexogen as their explosive base.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK">UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK), RDX was manufactured from 1933 by the research department in a pilot plant at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a larger pilot plant being built at the <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_Royal_Gunpowder_Mills" title="Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills">RGPF Waltham Abbey</a> just outside London in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-cocroft_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocroft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akhavan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhavan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939 a twin-unit industrial-scale plant was designed to be installed at a new 700-acre (280 ha) site, <a href="/wiki/ROF_Bridgwater" title="ROF Bridgwater">ROF Bridgwater</a>, away from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and production of RDX started at Bridgwater on one unit in August 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-cocroft_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocroft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hornby_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROF Bridgwater plant brought in ammonia and methanol as raw materials: the methanol was converted to formaldehyde and some of the ammonia converted to nitric acid, which was concentrated for RDX production.<sup id="cite_ref-sfb_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the ammonia was reacted with formaldehyde to produce hexamine. The hexamine plant was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a>. It incorporated some features based on data obtained from the United States (US).<sup id="cite_ref-sfb_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RDX was produced by continually adding hexamine and concentrated nitric acid to a cooled mixture of hexamine and nitric acid in the nitrator.<sup id="cite_ref-sfb_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RDX was purified and processed for its intended use; recovery and reuse of some methanol and nitric acid also was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-sfb_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hexamine-nitration and RDX purification plants were duplicated (i.e. twin-unit) to provide some insurance against loss of production due to fire, explosion, or air attack.<sup id="cite_ref-cocroft_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocroft-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> were fighting without allies against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> until the middle of 1941 and had to be <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficient">self-sufficient</a>. At that time (1941), the UK had the capacity to produce 70 long tons (71 t) (160,000 lb) of RDX per week; both <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, an allied country and self-governing dominion within the British Empire, and the US were looked upon to supply ammunition and explosives, including RDX.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1942 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s annual requirement was forecast to be 52,000 long tons (53,000 t) of RDX, much of which came from North America (Canada and the US).<sup id="cite_ref-hornby_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A different method of production to the Woolwich process was found and used in Canada, possibly at the <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> department of chemistry. This was based on reacting paraformaldehyde and ammonium nitrate in <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A UK patent application was made by Robert Walter Schiessler (Pennsylvania State University) and James Hamilton Ross (McGill, Canada) in May 1942; the UK patent was issued in December 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiessler_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiessler-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilman states that the same method of production had been independently discovered by Ebele in Germany prior to Schiessler and Ross, but that this was not known by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urbański provides details of five methods of production, and he refers to this method as the (German) E-method.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-E_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-E-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK,_US,_and_Canadian_production_and_development"><span id="UK.2C_US.2C_and_Canadian_production_and_development"></span>UK, US, and Canadian production and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UK, US, and Canadian production and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 1940s, the major US explosive manufacturers, <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Inc." title="Hercules Inc.">Hercules</a>, had several decades of experience of manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">trinitrotoluene</a> (TNT) and had no wish to experiment with new explosives. US Army Ordnance held the same viewpoint and wanted to continue using TNT.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-254-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RDX had been tested by <a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a> in 1929, and it was regarded as too expensive and too sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy proposed to continue using <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_picrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium picrate">ammonium picrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-254-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a> (NDRC), who had visited The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, thought new explosives were necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-254-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a>, chairman of Division B, wished to involve academic research into this area. Conant therefore set up an experimental explosives research laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">Bureau of Mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruceton,_Pennsylvania" title="Bruceton, Pennsylvania">Bruceton, Pennsylvania</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development" title="Office of Scientific Research and Development">Office of Scientific Research and Development</a> (OSRD) funding.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Woolwich_method">Woolwich method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Woolwich method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a> visited the US Army and Navy departments and part of the information handed over included details of the "Woolwich" method of manufacture of RDX and its stabilisation by mixing it with <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK was asking that the US and Canada, combined, supply 220 short tons (200 t) (440,000 lb) of RDX per day.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decision was taken by <a href="/wiki/William_H._P._Blandy" title="William H. P. Blandy">William H. P. Blandy</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ordnance" title="Bureau of Ordnance">Bureau of Ordnance</a>, to adopt RDX for use in mines and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the immediate need for RDX, the US Army Ordnance, at Blandy's request, built a plant that copied the equipment and process used at Woolwich. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Chemical_Depot" title="Newport Chemical Depot">Wabash River Ordnance Works</a> run by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, this works had the largest nitric acid plant in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Woolwich process was expensive: it needed 11 pounds (5.0 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid#Grades" title="Nitric acid">strong nitric acid</a> for every pound of RDX.<sup id="cite_ref-MM-13_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-13-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1941, the NDRC was researching new processes.<sup id="cite_ref-MM-13_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-13-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Woolwich or direct nitration process has at least two serious disadvantages: (1) it used large amounts of nitric acid and (2) at least one-half of the formaldehyde is lost. One mole of hexamethylenetetramine could produce at most one mole of RDX.<sup id="cite_ref-Elder-6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least three laboratories with no previous explosive experience were instructed to develop better production methods for RDX; they were based at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a> universities.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Emmanuel_Bachmann" title="Werner Emmanuel Bachmann">Werner Emmanuel Bachmann</a>, from Michigan, successfully developed the "combination process" by combining the Ross and Schiessler process used in Canada (aka the German E-method) with direct nitration.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanski-KA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanski-KA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination process required large quantities of acetic anhydride instead of nitric acid in the old British "Woolwich process". Ideally, the combination process could produce two moles of RDX from each mole of hexamethylenetetramine.<sup id="cite_ref-Elder-6_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expanded production of RDX could not continue to rely on the use of natural beeswax to desensitize the explosive as in the original British composition (RDX/BWK-91/9). A substitute stabilizer based on petroleum was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Bruceton,_Pennsylvania" title="Bruceton, Pennsylvania">Bruceton</a> Explosives Research Laboratory in Pennsylvania, with the resulting explosive designated Composition A-3.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bachmann_process">Bachmann process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bachmann process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defence Research Committee</a> (NDRC) instructed three companies to develop pilot plants. They were the Western Cartridge Company, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, and <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company" title="Eastman Chemical Company">Tennessee Eastman Company</a>, part of Eastman Kodak.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company" title="Eastman Chemical Company">Eastman Chemical Company</a> (TEC), a leading manufacturer of acetic anhydride, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Emmanuel_Bachmann" title="Werner Emmanuel Bachmann">Werner Emmanuel Bachmann</a> developed a continuous-flow process for RDX utilizing an ammonium nitrate/nitric acid mixture as a nitrating agent in a medium of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. RDX was crucial to the war effort and the current batch-production process was too slow. In February 1942, TEC began producing small amounts of RDX at its Wexler Bend pilot plant, which led to the US government authorizing TEC to design and build <a href="/wiki/Holston_Ordnance_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Holston Ordnance Works">Holston Ordnance Works</a> (H.O.W.) in June 1942. By April 1943, RDX was being manufactured there.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachmann-Sheehan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachmann-Sheehan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1944, the Holston plant and the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Chemical_Depot" title="Newport Chemical Depot">Wabash River Ordnance Works</a>, which used the Woolwich process, were producing 25,000 short tons (23,000 t) (50 million pounds) of <a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a> per month.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bachmann process yields both RDX and <a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a>, with the major product determined by the specific reaction conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_compositions">Military compositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Kingdom's intention in World War II was to use "desensitised" RDX. In the original Woolwich process, RDX was <a href="/wiki/Phlegmatized" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlegmatized">phlegmatized</a> with beeswax, but later <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> was used, based on the work carried out at Bruceton. In the event the UK was unable to obtain sufficient RDX to meet its needs, some of the shortfall was met by substituting <a href="/wiki/Amatol" title="Amatol">amatol</a>, a mixture of ammonium nitrate and TNT.<sup id="cite_ref-hornby_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> was reputed to have claimed that "an aircraft can no more kill a U-boat than a crow can kill a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">mole</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter-42_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter-42-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by May 1942 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington bombers</a> began to deploy <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Torpex" title="Torpex">Torpex</a>, a mixture of RDX, TNT, and aluminium, which had up to 50 percent more destructive power than TNT-filled depth charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Baxter-42_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baxter-42-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable quantities of the RDX–TNT mixture were produced at the Holston Ordnance Works, with <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Eastman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Eastman">Tennessee Eastman</a> developing an automated mixing and cooling process based around the use of stainless steel <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-257&259_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-257&259-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a> bomb was used in the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (known also as the Lockerbie) bombing in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A belt laden with 700 g (1.5 lb) of RDX explosives tucked under the dress of the assassin was used in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassination</a> of former Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings" title="1993 Bombay bombings">1993 Bombay bombings</a> used RDX placed into several vehicles as bombs. RDX was the main component used for the <a href="/wiki/11_July_2006_Mumbai_train_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings">2006 Mumbai train bombings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jaipur_bombings" title="Jaipur bombings">Jaipur bombings</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is believed to be the explosive used in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings" title="2010 Moscow Metro bombings">2010 Moscow Metro bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traces of RDX were found on pieces of wreckage from <a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_apartment_bombings" title="1999 Russian apartment bombings">1999 Russian apartment bombings</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings" title="2004 Russian aircraft bombings">2004 Russian aircraft bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FSB reports on the bombs used in the 1999 apartment bombings indicated that while RDX was not a part of the main charge, each bomb contained plastic explosive used as a <a href="/wiki/Explosive_booster" title="Explosive booster">booster charge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mironov_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mironov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FSB_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ressam" title="Ahmed Ressam">Ahmed Ressam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <a href="/wiki/2000_millennium_attack_plots" title="2000 millennium attack plots">Millennium Bomber</a>, used a small quantity of RDX as one of the components in the bomb that he prepared to detonate in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> 1999–2000; the bomb could have produced a blast forty times greater than that of a devastating <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-febninth_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-febninth-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-comp_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012, the Kenyan government arrested two Iranian nationals and charged them with illegal possession of 15 kilograms (33 pounds) of RDX. According to the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan Police">Kenyan Police</a>, the Iranians planned to use the RDX for "attacks on Israeli, US, UK and Saudi Arabian targets".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RDX was used in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri" title="Assassination of Rafic Hariri">assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri</a> on February 14, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a> in India, 250 kg of high-grade RDX was used by <a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a>. The attack resulted in the deaths of 44 <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a> (CRPF) personnel as well as the attacker.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">letter bombs</a> sent to journalists in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> were disguised as <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a> which contained RDX that would detonate when plugged in.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stability">Stability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX has a high nitrogen content and a high oxygen to carbon ratio, (O:C ratio), both of which indicate its explosive potential for formation of N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>RDX undergoes a <a href="/wiki/Deflagration_to_detonation_transition" title="Deflagration to detonation transition">deflagration to detonation transition</a> (DDT) in confinement and certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Explosive_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive velocity">velocity of detonation</a> of RDX at a density of 1.80 g/cm<sup>3</sup> is 8750 m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It starts to decompose at approximately 170 °C and melts at 204 °C. At <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>, it is very stable. It burns rather than explodes. It detonates only with a <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a>, being unaffected even by <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> fire. This property makes it a useful military explosive. It is less sensitive than pentaerythritol tetranitrate (<a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a>). Under normal conditions, RDX has a <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_Insensitivity" title="Figure of Insensitivity">Figure of Insensitivity</a> of exactly 80 (RDX defines the reference point).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>RDX <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, which restricts or prevents its use in some applications.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RDX, when exploded in air, has about 1.5 times the explosive energy of TNT per unit weight and about 2.0 times per unit volume.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter-257&259_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter-257&259-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RDX is insoluble in water, with solubility 0.05975 g/L at temperature of 25 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The substance's toxicity has been studied for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RDX has caused convulsions (seizures) in military field personnel ingesting it, and in <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munition</a> workers inhaling its dust during manufacture. At least one fatality was attributed to RDX toxicity in a European munitions manufacturing plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider1977_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider1977-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, at least 40 American soldiers were hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">composition C-4</a> (which is 91% RDX) intoxication from December 1968 to December 1969. C-4 was frequently used by soldiers as a fuel to heat food, and the food was generally mixed by the same knife that was used to cut C-4 into small pieces prior to burning. Soldiers were exposed to C-4 either due to inhaling the fumes, or due to ingestion, made possible by many small particles adhering to the knife having been deposited into the cooked food. The symptom complex involved nausea, vomiting, generalized seizures, and prolonged <a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">postictal confusion</a> and amnesia; which indicated <a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">toxic encephalopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral toxicity of RDX depends on its physical form; in rats, the LD50 was found to be 100 mg/kg for finely powdered RDX, and 300 mg/kg for coarse, granular RDX.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider1977_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider1977-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A case has been reported of a human child hospitalized in <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a> following the ingestion of 84.82 mg/kg dose of RDX (or 1.23 g for the patient's body weight of 14.5 kg) in the "plastic explosive" form.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The substance has low to moderate toxicity with a <a href="/wiki/Possible_human_carcinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Possible human carcinogen">possible human carcinogen</a> classification.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research is ongoing, however, and this classification may be revised by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remediating RDX-contaminated water supplies has proven to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known to be a kidney toxin in humans and highly toxic to earthworms and plants, thus army testing ranges where RDX was used heavily may need to undergo environmental remediation.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns have been raised by research published in late 2017 indicating that the issue has not been addressed correctly by U.S. officials.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_use">Civilian use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Civilian use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">rodenticide</a> because of its toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodeau_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodeau-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biodegradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RDX is degraded by the organisms in <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> as well as the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Phanerochaete" title="Phanerochaete">Phanaerocheate chrysosporium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both wild and transgenic plants can <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediate</a> explosives from soil and water.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One by-product of the environmental decomposition is <a href="/wiki/R-salt" title="R-salt">R-salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/FOX-7" title="FOX-7">FOX-7</a> is considered to be approximately a 1-to-1 replacement for RDX in almost all applications.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were not the only laboratories to work on RDX, Gilman's 1953 account of the Ross–Schiessler method was based on unpublished work from laboratories at the Universities of Michigan, Pennsylvania, Cornell, Harvard, Vanderbilt, McGill (Canada), Bristol (UK), Sheffield (UK), Pennsylvania State College, and the UK's research department.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027005642/https://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/0264750.html">"Hexolite, CAS Number: 82030-42-0"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/0264750.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hexolite%2C+CAS+Number%3A+82030-42-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemindustry.com%2Fchemicals%2F0264750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army_TM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Army_TM_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army_TM_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army_TM_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ODYYAAAAYAAJ&q=Military%20explosives&pg=PP7"><i>Department of the Army Technical Manual TM 9-1300-214: Military Explosives</i></a>. Headquarters, Department of the Army (United States). 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+of+the+Army+Technical+Manual+TM+9-1300-214%3A+Military+Explosives&rft.pub=Headquarters%2C+Department+of+the+Army+%28United+States%29&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DODYYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMilitary%2520explosives%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNIOSH_Pocket_Guide_to_Chemical_Hazards" class="citation web cs1">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0169.html">"#0169"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%230169&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+%28NIOSH%29&rft.au=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/RDX">"RDX explosive"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=RDX+explosive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2FRDX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2017" class="citation book cs1">Field, Simon Quellen (July 1, 2017). <i>Boom!: The Chemistry and History of Explosives</i>. Chicago Review Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613738054" title="Special:BookSources/978-1613738054"><bdi>978-1613738054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boom%21%3A+The+Chemistry+and+History+of+Explosives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1613738054&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Simon+Quellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1943" class="citation cs2">Davis, Tenney L. (1943), <i>The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives</i>, vol. II, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., p. 396</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Powder+and+Explosives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tenney+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MM-18_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald_and_Mack_Partnership1984">MacDonald and Mack Partnership (1984</a>, p. 18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter_III1968">Baxter III 1968</a>, pp. 27, 42, 255–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfb_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfb_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfb_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfb_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfb_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsForsterBowden1948" class="citation cs2">Simmons, W.H.; Forster, A.; Bowden, R. C. (August 1948), "The Manufacture of R.D.X. in Great Britain: Part II – Raw Materials and Ancillary Processes", <i>The Industrial Chemist</i>, <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">530–</span>545</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Industrial+Chemist&rft.atitle=The+Manufacture+of+R.D.X.+in+Great+Britain%3A+Part+II+%E2%80%93+Raw+Materials+and+Ancillary+Processes&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=1948-08&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Forster%2C+A.&rft.au=Bowden%2C+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsForsterBowden1948" class="citation cs2">Simmons, W.H.; Forster, A.; Bowden, R. C. (September 1948), "The Manufacture of R.D.X. in Great Britain: Part III – Production of the Explosive", <i>The Industrial Chemist</i>, <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">593–</span>601</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Industrial+Chemist&rft.atitle=The+Manufacture+of+R.D.X.+in+Great+Britain%3A+Part+III+%E2%80%93+Production+of+the+Explosive&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E593-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.date=1948-09&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft.au=Forster%2C+A.&rft.au=Bowden%2C+R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweetman, John (2002) <i>The Dambusters Raid</i>. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPichtel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pichtel, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F617236">"Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Soil Science</i>. <b>2012</b> (Article ID 617236). 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Report ARLCD-TR-84004, Improving Quality and Performance of Leads Loaded with Composition A-5</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dover, NJ: Large Caliber Weapons Systems Laboratory, US Army ARDC. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004357/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a140430.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 28, 1947. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Explosive+Ordnance%3B+Ordnance+Pamphlet+OP+1664&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Navy+Department%2C+Bureau+of+Ordnance&rft.date=1947-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaritime.org%2Fdoc%2Fordnance%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span> OP 1664 states 21% "aluminum nitrate", but the immediately following text refers to ammonium nitrate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Akhavan, Jacqueline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LfCDJZxey8C&q=PBX-9007&pg=PA138"><i>The Chemistry of Explosives</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Demolition+of+the+Lake+Champlain+Bridge&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.ny.gov%2Fregional-offices%2Fregion1%2Fprojects%2Flake-champlain-bridge%2Frepository%2FDemo_LCB_12-12-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuoLinChangHuang2002" class="citation cs2">Luo, K.-M.; Lin, S.-H.; Chang, J.-G.; Huang, T.-H. 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<span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFHenning1899"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE104280">DE 104280</a>, Henning, Georg Friedrich, issued June 14, 1899</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=104280&rft.cc=DE&rft.title=&rft.inventor=Henning&rft.date=June 14, 1899"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 77–119)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE298539">DE 298539</a>, "Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Geschoßtreibmittels, das gegen Schlag verhältnismäßig unempfindlich ist", published 1919-09-22, issued 1916-06-15,  assigned to Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen GmbH</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=298539&rft.cc=DE&rft.title=Verfahren+zur+Herstellung+eines+Gescho%C3%9Ftreibmittels%2C+das+gegen+Schlag+verh%C3%A4ltnism%C3%A4%C3%9Fig+unempfindlich+ist&rft.assignee=Zentralstelle+f%C3%BCr+wissenschaftlich-technische+Untersuchungen+GmbH&rft.date=1916-06-15&rft.pubdate=1919-09-22"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE299028">DE 299028</a>, "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sprengstoffen und Detonationsüberträgern", published 1919-10-15, issued 1916-06-15,  assigned to Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen GmbH</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=299028&rft.cc=DE&rft.title=Verfahren+zur+Herstellung+von+Sprengstoffen+und+Detonations%C3%BCbertr%C3%A4gern&rft.assignee=Zentralstelle+f%C3%BCr+wissenschaftlich-technische+Untersuchungen+GmbH&rft.date=1916-06-15&rft.pubdate=1919-10-15"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartz2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gartz, Jochen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNogAQAAIAAJ&q=Brunswig"><i>Vom griechischen Feuer zum Dynamit: eine Kulturgeschichte der Explosivstoffe</i></a> (in German). Mittler. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0867-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0867-2"><bdi>978-3-8132-0867-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vom+griechischen+Feuer+zum+Dynamit%3A+eine+Kulturgeschichte+der+Explosivstoffe&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Mittler&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8132-0867-2&rft.aulast=Gartz&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNogAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DBrunswig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristensen2024" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristensen, Tor Erik (March 5, 2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/heksogen">"heksogen"</a>, <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=heksogen&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft.aulast=Kristensen&rft.aufirst=Tor+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2Fheksogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gartz-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gartz_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gartz_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economypoint.org/h/hexogen.html">Hexogen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014216/http://www.economypoint.org/h/hexogen.html">Archived</a> July 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. economypoint.org, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartz2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gartz, Jochen (2007), <i>Vom griechischen Feuer zum Dynamit: eine Kulturgeschichte der Explosivstoffe</i> [<i>From Greek fire to dynamite: A cultural history of explosives</i>] (in German), Hamburg: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0867-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0867-2"><bdi>978-3-8132-0867-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vom+griechischen+Feuer+zum+Dynamit%3A+eine+Kulturgeschichte+der+Explosivstoffe&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=E.+S.+Mittler+%26+Sohn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8132-0867-2&rft.aulast=Gartz&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, p. 125) credits "G. C. V. Herz" for the patent, but the patentee is Edmund von Herz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herz-British-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-British_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-British_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-British_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFvon_Herz1921"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB145791">GB 145791</a>, von Herz, Edmund, "Improvements relating to Explosives", issued March 17, 1921</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=145791&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Improvements+relating+to+Explosives&rft.inventor=von+Herz&rft.date=March 17, 1921"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herz-US-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-US_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-US_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herz-US_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFvon_Herz1922"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1402693">US 1402693</a>, von Herz, Edmund, "Explosive", issued January 3, 1922</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1402693&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Explosive&rft.inventor=von+Herz&rft.date=January 3, 1922"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-W-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-W_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 107–109)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-SH-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-SH_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 104–105)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-K-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-K_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 105–107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-E-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-E_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-E_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 109–110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urbanski-KA-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-KA_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urbanski-KA_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbański1967">Urbański (1967</a>, pp. 111–113)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2017" class="citation book cs1">Press, Merriam (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMY9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17"><i>World War 2 In Review No. 23: Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</i></a>. Lulu Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781387322572" title="Special:BookSources/9781387322572"><bdi>9781387322572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+2+In+Review+No.+23%3A+Boeing+B-17+Flying+Fortress&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781387322572&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Merriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMY9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cocroft-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cocroft_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cocroft_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cocroft_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocroft2000" class="citation cs2">Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000), <i>Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture</i>, Swindon: <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>211, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85074-718-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85074-718-0"><bdi>1-85074-718-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Energy%3A+The+archaeology+of+gunpowder+and+military+explosives+manufacture&rft.place=Swindon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85074-718-0&rft.aulast=Cocroft&rft.aufirst=Wayne+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhavan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akhavan_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhavan2004" class="citation cs2">Akhavan, Jacqueline (2004), <i>The Chemistry of Explosives</i>, Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-640-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-640-2"><bdi>0-85404-640-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Explosives&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-85404-640-2&rft.aulast=Akhavan&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hornby-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hornby_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hornby_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hornby_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornby1958" class="citation cs2">Hornby, William (1958), <i>Factories and Plant</i>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War#Volumes" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series</a>, London: <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Stationery Office">His Majesty's Stationery Office</a>; Longmans, Green and Co., pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>114</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factories+and+Plant&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%3A+United+Kingdom+Civil+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%3B+Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Hornby&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baxter-253-259-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-259_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter_III1968">Baxter III (1968</a>, pp. 253–239)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilman-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilman_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman1953" class="citation cs2">Gilman, Henry (1953), "The Chemistry of Explosives", <i>Organic Chemistry an Advanced Treatise</i>, vol. III, Wiley; Chapman & Hall, p. 985</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chemistry+of+Explosives&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry+an+Advanced+Treatise&rft.pages=985&rft.pub=Wiley%3B+Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schiessler-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schiessler_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSchiesslerRoss1947"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB595354">GB 595354</a>, Schiessler, Robert Walter & Ross, James Hamilton, "Method of Preparing 1.3.5. Trinitro Hexahydro <i>S</i>-Triazine", issued December 3, 1947</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=595354&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Method+of+Preparing+1.3.5.+Trinitro+Hexahydro+%27%27S%27%27-Triazine&rft.inventor=Schiessler&rft.date=December 3, 1947"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baxter-253-254-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baxter-253-254_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter_III1968">Baxter III (1968</a>, pp. 253–254)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald_and_Mack_Partnership1984">MacDonald and Mack Partnership (1984</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-13-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM-13_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM-13_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald_and_Mack_Partnership1984">MacDonald and Mack Partnership (1984</a>, p. 13) These pages need to be checked. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Hezbollah+Connection&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.au=Ronen+Bergman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F15%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-hezbollah-connection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/80-kg-high-grade-rdx-used-by-jaish-terrorist-in-pulwama-attack/articleshow/68016262">"2019 Pulwama attack: RDX used"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. 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"Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization". <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>54</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">605–</span>618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002530000445">10.1007/s002530000445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11131384">11131384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22362850">22362850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Microbial+degradation+of+explosives%3A+biotransformation+versus+mineralization&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E605-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22362850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11131384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002530000445&rft.aulast=Hawari&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Beaudet%2C+S.&rft.au=Halasz%2C+A.&rft.au=Thiboutot%2C+S.&rft.au=Ampleman%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzMiksch2012" class="citation journal cs1">Panz, K.; Miksch, K. (December 2012). "Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants". <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i>. <b>113</b>: <span class="nowrap">85–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JEnvM.113...85P">2012JEnvM.113...85P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2012.08.016">10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22996005">22996005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Phytoremediation+of+explosives+%28TNT%2C+RDX%2C+HMX%29+by+wild-type+and+transgenic+plants&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22996005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2012.08.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JEnvM.113...85P&rft.aulast=Panz&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Miksch%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowTanAndersonCobb2008" class="citation journal cs1">Low, Darryl; Tan, Kui; Anderson, Todd; Cobb, George P.; Liu, Jun; Jackson, W. Andrew (2008). "Treatment of RDX using down-flow constructed wetland mesocosms". <i>Ecological Engineering</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcEng..32...72L">2008EcEng..32...72L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2007.09.005">10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.09.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Engineering&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+RDX+using+down-flow+constructed+wetland+mesocosms&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2007.09.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcEng..32...72L&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Darryl&rft.au=Tan%2C+Kui&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Todd&rft.au=Cobb%2C+George+P.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jun&rft.au=Jackson%2C+W.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothsteinDubéAnderson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rothstein, Sarah A.; Dubé, Pascal; Anderson, Stephen R. (2017). "An Improved Process Towards Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX)". <i>Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fprep.201600149">10.1002/prep.201600149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-4087">1521-4087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Propellants%2C+Explosives%2C+Pyrotechnics&rft.atitle=An+Improved+Process+Towards+Hexahydro-1%2C3%2C5-trinitroso-1%2C3%2C5-triazine+%28TNX%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprep.201600149&rft.issn=1521-4087&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Sarah+A.&rft.au=Dub%C3%A9%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a530896.pdf">"FOX-7 for Insensitive Boosters Merran A. Daniel, Phil J. Davies and Ian J. Lochert"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303024719/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a530896.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOX-7+for+Insensitive+Boosters+Merran+A.+Daniel%2C+Phil+J.+Davies+and+Ian+J.+Lochert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa530896.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804113029/http://www.eurenco.com/content/explosives/defence-security/high-explosives/insensitive-explosives/fox-7/">"Fox-7 EURENCO <i>Indeed, DADNE (FOX-7) has been shown to increase the burning rate in propellants more than RDX does, which is very interesting in high performance propellants.</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurenco.com/content/explosives/defence-security/high-explosives/insensitive-explosives/fox-7/">the original</a> on August 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fox-7+EURENCO+Indeed%2C+DADNE+%28FOX-7%29+has+been+shown+to+increase+the+burning+rate+in+propellants+more+than+RDX+does%2C+which+is+very+interesting+in+high+performance+propellants.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurenco.com%2Fcontent%2Fexplosives%2Fdefence-security%2Fhigh-explosives%2Finsensitive-explosives%2Ffox-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter_III1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">Baxter III, James Phinney</a> (1968) [1946], <i>Scientists Against Time</i> (MIT Paperback ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52012-6"><bdi>978-0-262-52012-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476611116">476611116</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Against+Time&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=MIT+Paperback&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476611116&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52012-6&rft.aulast=Baxter+III&rft.aufirst=James+Phinney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElderfield1960" class="citation cs2">Elderfield, Robert C. (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/wbachmann.pdf"><i>Werner Emanual Bachmann: 1901–1951</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617043354/http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/wbachmann.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 17, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Werner+Emanual+Bachmann%3A+1901%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Elderfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbiomems%2Fwbachmann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald_and_Mack_Partnership1984" class="citation cs2">MacDonald and Mack Partnership (August 1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429224951/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA175818&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf"><i>Final Properties Report: Newport Army Ammunition Plant</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, National Park Service, AD-A175 818, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA175818&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 29, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Properties+Report%3A+Newport+Army+Ammunition+Plant&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1984-08&rft.au=MacDonald+and+Mack+Partnership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DADA175818%26Location%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbański1967" class="citation cs2">Urbański, Tadeusz (1967), Laverton, Silvia (ed.), <i>Chemistry and Technology of Explosives</i>, vol. III, translated by Jureck, Marian (First English ed.), Warszawa: PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers and Pergamon Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499857211">499857211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Technology+of+Explosives&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=PWN+%E2%80%93+Polish+Scientific+Publishers+and+Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499857211&rft.aulast=Urba%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span>. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-010401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-010401-0">978-0-08-010401-0</a>.</li> <li>Urbański translation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3160546M/Chemistry_and_technology_of_explosives">openlibrary.org</a>, Macmillan, NY, 1964, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-026206-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-026206-6">0-08-026206-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Agrawal, Jai Prakhash; Hodgson, Robert Dale (2007), <i>Organic Chemistry of Explosives</i>, Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02967-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02967-1"><bdi>978-0-470-02967-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry+of+Explosives&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02967-1&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Jai+Prakhash&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Robert+Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2680671">US 2680671</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Emmanuel_Bachmann" title="Werner Emmanuel Bachmann">Bachmann, Werner E.</a>, "Method of Treating Cyclonite Mixtures", published July 16, 1943, issued June 8, 1954</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2680671&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+of+Treating+Cyclonite+Mixtures&rft.inventor=Bachmann&rft.date=June 8, 1954&rft.pubdate=July 16, 1943"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2798870">US 2798870</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Emmanuel_Bachmann" title="Werner Emmanuel Bachmann">Bachmann, Werner E.</a>, "Method for Preparing Explosives", published July 16, 1943, issued July 9, 1957</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2798870&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Method+for+Preparing+Explosives&rft.inventor=Bachmann&rft.date=July 9, 1957&rft.pubdate=July 16, 1943"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2018" class="citation cs2">Baxter, Colin F. (2018), <i>The Secret History of RDX: The Super-Explosive That Helped Win World War II.</i>, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7528-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-7528-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-7528-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+RDX%3A+The+Super-Explosive+That+Helped+Win+World+War+II.&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7528-7&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Colin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cooper, Paul W. (1996), <i>Explosives Engineering</i>, New York: Wiley-VCH, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-18636-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-18636-8"><bdi>0-471-18636-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosives+Engineering&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-18636-8&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hale, George C. (1925), "The Nitration of Hexamethylenetetramine", <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, <b>47</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">2754–</span>2763, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01688a017">10.1021/ja01688a017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Nitration+of+Hexamethylenetetramine&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2754-%3C%2Fspan%3E2763&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01688a017&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Meyer, Rudolf (1987), <i>Explosives</i> (3rd ed.), VCH Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89573-600-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89573-600-4"><bdi>0-89573-600-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosives&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=VCH+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-89573-600-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmidt, Eckart W. (2022). "1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane, Hexogen, Cyclonite, RDX". <i>Nitramines</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of Liquid Fuels</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">4271–</span>4325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110750287-035">10.1515/9783110750287-035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075028-7"><bdi>978-3-11-075028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nitramines&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Liquid+Fuels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4271-%3C%2Fspan%3E4325&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110750287-035&rft.isbn=978-3-11-075028-7&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Eckart+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARDX" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RDX&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:RDX" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:RDX">RDX</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206125325/http://www.adi-limited.com/2-01-050-030-000.html">ADI Limited (Australia)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.adi-limited.com/2-01-050-030-000.html">Archive.org</a> leads to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716214813/http://www.thalesgroup.com/assets/0/95/389/392/e93b97ee-e77e-43fa-8f7c-07d4061bc14d.pdf?LangType=2057">Thales group products page</a> that shows some military specifications.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+cyclonite">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank (US) – Cyclonite (RDX)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0169.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38338874">nla.gov.au</a>, Army News (Darwin, NT), October 2, 1943, p 3. "Britain's New Explosive: Experts Killed in Terrific Blast", uses "Research Department formula X"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42015565">nla.gov.au</a>, The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld.), September 27, 1943, p 1.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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not exist)">p-CN-TBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P-NCS-TBOB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-NCS-TBOB (page does not exist)">p-NCS-TBOB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RDX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TBOB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TBOB (page does not exist)">TBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylolpropane_phosphite" title="Trimethylolpropane phosphite">Trimethylolpropane phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a> synthesis inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Mercaptopropionic_acid" title="3-Mercaptopropionic acid">3-Mercaptopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Deoxypyridoxine" title="4-Deoxypyridoxine">4-Deoxypyridoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylglycine" title="Allylglycine">Allylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">Decaborane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgotoxin" title="Ginkgotoxin">Ginkgotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane" title="Pentaborane">Pentaborane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocarbohydrazide" title="Thiocarbohydrazide">Thiocarbohydrazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxopyrimidine" title="Toxopyrimidine">Toxopyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> receptor antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coriamyrtin" title="Coriamyrtin">Coriamyrtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrobine" title="Dendrobine">Dendrobine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a> receptor agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convulsant <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHEB" title="CHEB">CHEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diberal" title="Diberal">Diberal</a> (DMBB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN-481" title="McN-481">McN-481</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl_trifluoromethyl_ether" title="2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl trifluoromethyl ether">2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl trifluoromethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromocamphor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromocamphor (page does not exist)">Bromocamphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAZ-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAZ-4 (page does not exist)">FAZ-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroethyl_fluoroacetate" title="Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate">Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MC-2973" title="MC-2973">MC-2973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine_sulfoximine" title="Methionine sulfoximine">Methionine sulfoximine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_fluoroacetate" title="Methyl fluoroacetate">Methyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrocyclohexane" title="Nitrocyclohexane">Nitrocyclohexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_GABA_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionotropic GABA receptors">Ionotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">(+)-Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamaluzole" title="Bamaluzole">Bamaluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Alanine">Beta-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromuscimol (page does not exist)">Dihydromuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabamide (page does not exist)">Gabamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THAZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THAZ (page does not exist)">iso-THAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THIP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THIP (page does not exist)">iso-THIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomuscimol (page does not exist)">Isomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojic_amine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojic amine (page does not exist)">Kojic amine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefiracetam" title="Nefiracetam">Nefiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_20599" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 20599">Org 20599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-6372865" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6372865">PF-6372865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperidine-4-sulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (page does not exist)">P4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualamine" title="Quisqualamine">Quisqualamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-75102" title="SL-75102">SL-75102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">TAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">ZAPA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators (abridged; see <a href="/wiki/Template:GABAAR_PAMs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:GABAAR PAMs">here</a> for a full list):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">α-EMTBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">drinking alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Amyl alcohol">2M2B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">hispidulin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">etomidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">kavain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/THDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="THDOC">THDOC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carboline">β-carbolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Abecarnil" title="Abecarnil">abecarnil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">cyclopyrrolones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a>), <a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">imidazopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">pyrazolopyrimidines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">zaleplon</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">etazolate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">paraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriamyrtin" title="Coriamyrtin">Coriamyrtin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrosecurinine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrosecurinine (page does not exist)">Dihydrosecurinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famiraprinium" title="Famiraprinium">Famiraprinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrastine" title="Hydrastine">Hydrastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyenanchin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyenanchin (page does not exist)">Hyenachin (mellitoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHP-501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHP-501 (page does not exist)">PHP-501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrazepin" title="Pitrazepin">Pitrazepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securinine" title="Securinine">Securinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-42641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-42641 (page does not exist)">SR-42641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Ethyl-5-(1,3-dimethylbut-1%27-enyl)barbituric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Ethyl-5-(1,3-dimethylbut-1'-enyl)barbituric acid (page does not exist)">1,3M1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Ethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2%27-enyl)barbituric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Ethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2'-enyl)barbituric acid (page does not exist)">3M2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17-Phenylandrostenol" title="17-Phenylandrostenol">17-Phenylandrostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%913IA" title="Α3IA">α3IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%915IA" title="Α5IA">α5IA (LS-193,268)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Ethyl-%CE%B2-methyl-%CE%B3-butyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Ethyl-β-methyl-γ-butyrolactone (page does not exist)">β-EMGBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Lactam" title="Β-Lactam">β-Lactams</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbapenem" title="Carbapenem">carbapenems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmisanil" title="Basmisanil">Basmisanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> (<a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIDN" title="BIDN">BIDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">CHEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(+)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(+)-DMBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one (page does not exist)">DMPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBOB" title="EBOB">EBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etbicyphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etbicyphat (page does not exist)">Etbicyphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-7142" title="FG-7142">FG-7142 (ZK-31906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiprole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiprole (page does not exist)">Fiproles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">fipronil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">amentoflavone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">oroxylin A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">Fluoroquinolones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golexanolone" title="Golexanolone">Golexanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomazenil_(123I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iomazenil (123I)">Iomazenil (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-655,708" title="L-655,708">L-655,708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MaxiPost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MaxiPost (page does not exist)">MaxiPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine-3-glucuronide" title="Morphine-3-glucuronide">Morphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRK-016" title="MRK-016">MRK-016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">Nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsilatrane" title="Phenylsilatrane">Phenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydropicrotoxinin" title="Dihydropicrotoxinin">dihydropicrotoxinin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propybicyphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propybicyphat (page does not exist)">Propybicyphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWZ-029" title="PWZ-029">PWZ-029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radequinil" title="Radequinil">Radequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_15-4513" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro 15-4513">Ro 15-4513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_19-4603" title="Ro 19-4603">Ro 19-4603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO4882224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO4882224 (page does not exist)">RO4882224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4938581" class="mw-redirect" title="RO4938581">RO4938581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmazenil" title="Sarmazenil">Sarmazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salicylidene_salicylhydrazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salicylidene salicylhydrazide (page does not exist)">SCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suritozole" title="Suritozole">Suritozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TB-21007" title="TB-21007">TB-21007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-Butylbicycloorthobenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-Butylbicycloorthobenzoate (page does not exist)">TBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbequinil" title="Terbequinil">Terbequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">TETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-93631" title="U-93631">U-93631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-93426" title="ZK-93426">ZK-93426</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A-rho_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>-ρ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic_acid" title="(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid">CACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane_carboxylic_acid" title="(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid">CAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homohypotaurine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homohypotaurine (page does not exist)">Homohypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N4-Chloroacetylcytosine_arabinoside" title="N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside"><i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">TAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">ATHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-4-Amino-2-methylbutanoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-4-Amino-2-methylbutanoic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-2-MeGABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-(4-Aminocyclopent-1-enyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-(4-Aminocyclopent-1-enyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-4-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-4-Aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-4-Aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-4-ACPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">2-MeTACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid (page does not exist)">3-APMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Aminocyclopent-1-enecarboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Aminocyclopent-1-enecarboxamide (page does not exist)">4-ACPAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Guanidinobutanoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Guanidinobutanoic acid (page does not exist)">4-GBA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)"><i>cis</i>-3-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-36742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-36742 (page does not exist)">CGP-36742 (SGS-742)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imidazole-4-acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imidazole-4-acetic acid (page does not exist)">I4AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-(Piperidin-4-yl)methylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-(Piperidin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)">P4MPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperidine-4-sulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (page does not exist)">P4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97541" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-97541">SKF-97541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-95318&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-95318 (page does not exist)">SR-95318</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-95813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-95813 (page does not exist)">SR-95813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic_acid" title="(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid">TPMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)"><i>trans</i>-3-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">ZAPA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabotropic">Metabotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="GABABTooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor429" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-APPA" title="3-APPA">3-APPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabamide (page does not exist)">Gabamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Hydroxybutaldehyde">GHBAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid">GHV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaline" title="Isovaline">Isovaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesogaberan" title="Lesogaberan">Lesogaberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97,541" title="SKF-97,541">SKF-97,541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL_75102" class="mw-redirect" title="SL 75102">SL 75102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/ADX-71441" title="ADX-71441">ADX-71441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHF-177" title="BHF-177">BHF-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHFF" title="BHFF">BHFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSPP_(drug)" title="BSPP (drug)">BSPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-7930" title="CGP-7930">CGP-7930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-13501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-13501 (page does not exist)">CGP-13501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS-39783" title="GS-39783">GS-39783</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rac-BHFF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rac-BHFF (page does not exist)">rac-BHFF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KK-92A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KK-92A (page does not exist)">KK-92A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxysaclofen" title="2-Hydroxysaclofen">2-Hydroxysaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-35348" title="CGP-35348">CGP-35348</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-46381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-46381 (page does not exist)">CGP-46381</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-52432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-52432 (page does not exist)">CGP-52432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-54626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-54626 (page does not exist)">CGP-54626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-55845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-55845 (page does not exist)">CGP-55845</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-64213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-64213 (page does not exist)">CGP-64213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaclofen" title="Phaclofen">Phaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saclofen" title="Saclofen">Saclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97541" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-97541">SKF-97541</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compound_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compound 14 (page does not exist)">Compound 14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a> </i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pest_control:_Rodenticides205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rodenticides" title="Template:Rodenticides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rodenticides" title="Template talk:Rodenticides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rodenticides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rodenticides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pest_control:_Rodenticides205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">Rodenticides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_antagonist" title="Vitamin K antagonist">Vitamin K antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxycoumarins" title="4-Hydroxycoumarins">4-Hydroxycoumarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumatetralyl" title="Coumatetralyl">Coumatetralyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarin" title="Fumarin">Fumarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;">2nd generation (<a href="/wiki/Superwarfarin" title="Superwarfarin">Superwarfarins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">Brodifacoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromadiolone" title="Bromadiolone">Bromadiolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difenacoum" title="Difenacoum">Difenacoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difethialone" title="Difethialone">Difethialone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocoumafen" title="Flocoumafen">Flocoumafen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/1,3-Indandione" title="1,3-Indandione">1,3-Indandiones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophacinone" title="Chlorophacinone">Chlorophacinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindone" title="Pindone">Pindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphacinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphacinone">Diphacinone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Convulsant" title="Convulsant">Convulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsilatrane" title="Phenylsilatrane">Phenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RDX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Calciferols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">Ergocalciferol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">Inorganic compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">Aluminium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">Barium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphide" title="Calcium phosphide">Calcium phosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_sulfate" title="Thallium(I) sulfate">Thallium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">Zinc phosphide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Organochlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine">Organochlorine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">Endrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus">Organophosphorus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosacetim" title="Phosacetim">Phosacetim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:powderblue;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Naphthylthiourea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Naphthylthiourea">α-Naphthylthiourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromethalin" title="Bromethalin">Bromethalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroacetamide" title="Fluoroacetamide">Fluoroacetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupropadine" title="Flupropadine">Flupropadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol" title="1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol">1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol (Gliftor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbormide" title="Norbormide">Norbormide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrinuron" title="Pyrinuron">Pyrinuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilliroside" title="Scilliroside">Scilliroside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoroacetate" title="Sodium fluoroacetate">Sodium fluoroacetate</a></li></ul> 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderBradleyAndersen1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonsForsterBowden1948\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithLiuEspinoCobb2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbański1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodyKearnsBrewsterTurley1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYalkowskyHeJain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYinon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Herz1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Herz1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFМиронов2002\"] = 1,\n [\"none\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cascite\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Explosive\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Identifiers\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Properties\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemboximage\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemspidercite\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 21,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n 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