CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of chemical element name etymologies - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"80b6e0a9-e1d0-46eb-b8bb-84c97573615c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies","wgTitle":"List of chemical element name etymologies","wgCurRevisionId":1241402217,"wgRevisionId":1241402217,"wgArticleId":3290814,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the WikiHiero extension","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles containing Hausa-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Articles containing undetermined-language text","Articles containing Pali-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing Old Norse-language text","Articles containing Norwegian-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles with text in West Germanic languages","Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text","Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text","Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text", "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles containing Prussian-language text","Articles containing Basque-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Cherokee-language text","Lists of chemical elements","Naming of chemical elements","Lists of etymologies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies","wgRelevantArticleId":3290814,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0 ,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q339703","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.wikihiero":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/1200px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="635"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/800px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/640px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="339"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of chemical element name etymologies - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies rootpage-List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Named_after_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Named after places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Named after people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after_mythological_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_mythological_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Named after mythological entities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_mythological_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_after_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_after_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Named after minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_after_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_failed_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_failed_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Controversies and failed proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_failed_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_naming_practices_and_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_naming_practices_and_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Current naming practices and procedures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_naming_practices_and_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 List </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of chemical element name etymologies</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7" title="قائمة أسماء العناصر الكيميائية وأصلها – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة أسماء العناصر الكيميائية وأصلها" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_elementl%C9%99rin_etimologiyas%C4%B1" title="Kimyəvi elementlərin etimologiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi elementlərin etimologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologische_Liste_der_chemischen_Elemente" title="Etymologische Liste der chemischen Elemente – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Etymologische Liste der chemischen Elemente" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فهرست ریشه نام عنصرهای شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست ریشه نام عنصرهای شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etimolox%C3%ADa_dos_elementos_qu%C3%ADmicos" title="Etimoloxía dos elementos químicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Etimoloxía dos elementos químicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քիմիական տարրերի անվանումների ստուգաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական տարրերի անվանումների ստուգաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_eponim_unsur_kimia" title="Daftar eponim unsur kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar eponim unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia_sing_asal%C3%A9_saka_jeneng_wong" title="Unsur kimia sing asalé saka jeneng wong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Unsur kimia sing asalé saka jeneng wong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ელემენტების სახელების ეტიმოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ელემენტების სახელების ეტიმოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_elemek_nev%C3%A9nek_etimol%C3%B3gi%C3%A1ja" title="Kémiai elemek nevének etimológiája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai elemek nevének etimológiája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اسامى العناصر الكيماويه واصلها – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسامى العناصر الكيماويه واصلها" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_etimologic%C4%83_a_elementelor_chimice" title="Lista etimologică a elementelor chimice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista etimologică a elementelor chimice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Происхождение названий химических элементов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Происхождение названий химических элементов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_chemick%C3%BDch_prvkov_pod%C4%BEa_etymol%C3%B3gie" title="Zoznam chemických prvkov podľa etymológie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam chemických prvkov podľa etymológie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c_t%C3%AAn_g%E1%BB%8Di_c%C3%A1c_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguồn gốc tên gọi các nguyên tố hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguồn gốc tên gọi các nguyên tố hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%AC%E6%80%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素原子屬性列表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元素原子屬性列表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q339703#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&oldid=1241402217" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&id=1241402217&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q339703" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Etymology of chemical elements</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/500px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/750px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/1000px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a> forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">etymology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (noble gases)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> This article lists the etymology of chemical elements of the periodic table. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">history of chemistry</a>, many chemical elements have been discovered. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, a table of elements which describes their structure. Because elements have been discovered at various times and places, from antiquity through the present day, their names have derived from several languages and cultures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after_places">Named after places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Named after places">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">List of chemical elements named after places</a></div> 41 of the 118 known elements have names associated with, or specifically named for, places around the world or among astronomical objects. 32 of these have names tied to the places on Earth, and the other nine are named after to <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> objects: <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> for the Earth; <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (indirectly), <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> after their respective planets of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (the latter of which was still considered a planet at the time of plutonium's naming); <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> for the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (also considered a planet at the time of naming) and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> for the asteroid <a href="/wiki/Pallas_family" title="Pallas family">Pallas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boudreaux-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after_people">Named after people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Named after people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">List of chemical elements named after people</a></div> Nineteen elements are connected with the names of twenty people (as <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> honours both <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>). Fifteen elements were named after scientists; four other have indirect connection to the names of non-scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Boudreaux-1">[1]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> occur in nature; the rest are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a> were the only two who were alive at the time of being honored with having elements named after them, and Oganessian is the only one still living. Elements named after four non-scientists in this table were actually named for a place or thing which in turn had been named for these people: <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> was named for the mineral <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> from which it was isolated. <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> are named after cities of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a> are the locations of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Radiation Laboratory">University of California Radiation Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> is indirectly connected to <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> via America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after_mythological_entities">Named after mythological entities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Named after mythological entities">edit</a>]</div> Also, mythological entities have had a significant impact on the naming of elements, directly or indirectly. <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and all connected to mythological deities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_after_minerals">Named after minerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Named after minerals">edit</a>]</div> Elements may also have been named after minerals (in which they were discovered). For example, beryllium is named after <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_and_failed_proposals">Controversies and failed proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversies and failed proposals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfermium wars">Transfermium wars</a></div> Other element names given after people have been proposed but failed to gain official international recognition. These include columbium (Cb), hahnium (Ha), joliotium (Jl), and kurchatovium (Ku), names connected to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>; and also cassiopeium (Cp), a name coming from the constellation <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a> and is hence indirectly connected to the mythological <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(mother_of_Andromeda)" title="Cassiopeia (mother of Andromeda)">Cassiopeia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_naming_practices_and_procedures">Current naming practices and procedures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current naming practices and procedures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element name</a></div> For the last two decades, <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> has been the governing body for naming elements. IUPAC has also provided a temporary name and symbol for unknown or recently synthesized elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible uncollapsed" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; vertical-align:top"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Etymology of the chemical element names </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Element </th> <th>Original word </th> <th>Language of origin </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Nature of origin </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(symbol) </th> <th>Z </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Description <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(symbol etymology, former names) </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (H) </td> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td>ὕδωρ (root: ὑδρ-) + γενής (hydor genes) </td> <td>Greek via Latin and French </td> <td>"water + begetter" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From French hydrogène<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and Latin hydro- and -genes, derived from the Greek ὕδωρ γείνομαι (hydor geinomai), meaning "Ι beget water". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> (He) </td> <td rowspan="2">2 </td> <td>ἥλιος (hélios) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"sun" </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after the Greek ἥλιος (<a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">helios</a>), meaning "the sun" or the mythological sun-god.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> It was first identified by its characteristic emission lines in the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectrum</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> (Li) </td> <td rowspan="2">3 </td> <td>λίθος (lithos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"stone" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek λίθος (lithos) meaning "stone", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) were discovered from plant tissue. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> (Be) </td> <td rowspan="2">4 </td> <td>?City of <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a> via Greek βήρυλλος (beryllos) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> via Greek, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td>?"<a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>", a mineral </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">βήρυλλος (beryllos), denoting <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, which contains beryllium.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The word is derived (via Latin: beryllus and French: béryl) from the Greek βήρυλλος (bērullos), "a blue-green <a href="/wiki/Spar_(mineralogy)" title="Spar (mineralogy)">spar</a>", from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> वॆरुलिय‌ (veruliya), from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a> वेलुरिय (veḷuriya), भेलिरु (veḷiru) or भिलर् (viḷar): "to become pale", in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> (B) </td> <td rowspan="2">5 </td> <td>بورق (buraq) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From the Arabic بورق (buraq), which refers to <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>. Possibly derived from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> بوره (burah). The Arabic was adapted as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> baurach, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> boreis, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> boras, which became the source of the English "boron". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (C) </td> <td rowspan="2">6 </td> <td>charbone </td> <td>Latin via French </td> <td>"charcoal" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From French charbone, which in turn came from Latin carbō, meaning "charcoal" and is related to carbōn, meaning "a coal". (The German and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> names, "Kohlenstoff" and "koolstof", respectively, both literally mean "coal matter".) These words come from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> base *ker- meaning "heat", "fire", or "to burn".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (N) </td> <td rowspan="3">7 </td> <td>νίτρον (Latin: nitrum) -γενής (-genes) </td> <td>Greek via Latin and French </td> <td>"native-soda begetter" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From French nitrogène<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι (nitron geinomai), meaning "I form/beget native-soda (<a href="/wiki/Niter" title="Niter">niter</a>)".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name azote (French), from Greek ἄζωτος (azōtos) "lifeless" but possibly inspired by azoth, one of the alchemical names of mercury, from <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> al-zuq, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> name of that element. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (O) </td> <td rowspan="2">8 </td> <td>ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)/oxygène </td> <td>Greek via French </td> <td>"to bring forth acid" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek ὀξύ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:γείνομαι">γείνομαι</a> (oxy geinomai), meaning "Ι bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into the French oxygène, which became the source of the English "oxygen".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> (F) </td> <td rowspan="2">9 </td> <td>fluor </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"a flowing" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin fluor meaning "a flowing", from mineral name <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a> (calcium fluoride). Fluorspar was used to make iron flowing in smelting. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (Ne) </td> <td rowspan="2">10 </td> <td>νέος (neos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"new" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek νέος (neos), meaning "new". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> (Na) </td> <td rowspan="3">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">soda</a> </td> <td>English </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From the English "<a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">soda</a>", used in names for <a href="/wiki/Category:Sodium_compounds" title="Category:Sodium compounds">sodium compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic soda">caustic soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baking soda">baking soda</a>. Probably from Italian sida (or directly from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> soda) meaning "a kind of saltwort", from which soda was obtained, of uncertain origin.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Na is from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> noun natrium, derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron), "natural soda, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون (natrun) or the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> word netjeri.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><div style="float:right"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> (Mg) </td> <td rowspan="2">12 </td> <td>Μαγνησία (Magnesia) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (<a href="/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture" title="Magnesia Prefecture">Magnesia</a>) (district in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>), where it was discovered. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> (Al) </td> <td rowspan="2">13 </td> <td>alumen </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>" (literally: bitter salt)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Latin alumen, which means "<a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>" (literally: bitter salt). </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> (Si) </td> <td rowspan="2">14 </td> <td>silex, silicis </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"flint" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin silex or silicis, which means "<a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>", a kind of stone (chiefly silicon dioxide). </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> (P) </td> <td rowspan="2">15 </td> <td>φῶς + φόρος (phos + phoros) </td> <td>Greek via Latin<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>"light-bearer" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek φῶς + φόρος (phos + phoros), which means "light bearer", because <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> emits a faint glow upon exposure to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Phosphorus was the ancient name for <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>, the Morning Star.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> (S) </td> <td rowspan="2">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> sulpur (later sulphur, sulfur) <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *swépl̥ (genitive *sulplós), nominal derivative of *swelp.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) </td> <td>"to burn" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">The word came into Middle English from Anglo-Norman sulfre, itself derived through Old French soulfre from Late Latin sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *swelp "to burn" </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> (Cl) </td> <td rowspan="2">17 </td> <td>χλωρός (chlorós) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"pale green"<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek χλωρός (chlorós), which means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow", because of the colour of the gas. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (Ar) </td> <td rowspan="2">18 </td> <td>ἀργόν (argon) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"inactive" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Greek <a href="/wiki/Inert_gas" title="Inert gas">argon</a> means "inactive" (literally: "slow"). </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> (K) </td> <td rowspan="3">19 </td> <td>potassa; potasch via <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> via <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and English<a href="#cite_note-cite_OEtymD|potash-19">[19]</a> </td> <td>"pot-ash" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From the English "<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>": pot-ash (potassium compound prepared from an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves). Potash is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of Dutch potaschen, which means "pot ashes".<a href="#cite_note-cite_OEtymD|potash-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol K is for the Latin name kalium, from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> القلي (al qalīy), which means "calcined ashes". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (Ca) </td> <td rowspan="2">20 </td> <td>χάλιξ/calx </td> <td>Greek/Latin </td> <td>"pebble"/"limestone"<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin calx, which means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Romans</a> prepared <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> (Sc) </td> <td rowspan="3">21 </td> <td>Scandia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Scandinavia" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named from Latin Scandia, "<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name eka-boron<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> (Ti) </td> <td rowspan="2">22 </td> <td>Τιτάν, <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr>: Τιτάνος (Titan) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"Titans", sons of Gaia </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">For the "<a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a>", the first offspring of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> in Greek mythology.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> (V) </td> <td rowspan="2">23 </td> <td>Vanadís </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>" </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> Vanadís, one of the names of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanr</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, because of multicoloured <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> deemed beautiful.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> (Cr) </td> <td rowspan="2">24 </td> <td>χρῶμα (chróma) </td> <td>Greek via French </td> <td>"colour" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek χρῶμα (chróma), "colour", because of its multicoloured compounds. This word was adapted as the French chrome, and adding the suffix -ium created the English "chromium".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> (Mn) </td> <td rowspan="2">25 </td> <td>Μαγνησία (Magnesia; Medieval Latin: magnesia) </td> <td>Greek via Latin, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and French </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia (regional unit)</a>", Greece </td> <td>descriptive, toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Ancient Greek region <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>. The word Magnesia evolved into manganese in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and into manganèse in French. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> (Fe) </td> <td rowspan="3">26 </td> <td>īsern (earlier: īren/īsen) /yren/yron </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td>"holy metal or strong metal"<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon language">Anglo-Saxon</a> īsern which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning "iron". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (Co) </td> <td rowspan="2">27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a> </td> <td>German </td> <td>"goblin" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From German Kobold, which means "goblin". The metal was named by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (<a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluted</a> and degraded by other mined elements, such as nickel). Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by "<a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a>", who had stolen the silver. Some suggest that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος (kobalos), which means "mine" and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> (Ni) </td> <td rowspan="2">28 </td> <td>Kopparnickel/ Kupfernickel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> via German<a href="#cite_note-oetymdnickel-25">[25]</a> </td> <td>"copper-coloured ore" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Swedish kopparnickel, meaning "copper-coloured ore". This referred to the ore <a href="/wiki/Niccolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolite">niccolite</a> from which it was obtained.<a href="#cite_note-oetymdnickel-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> (Cu) </td> <td rowspan="3">29 </td> <td>Κύπριος (Kyprios)? </td> <td>Greek? via Latin, <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td> <td>"who/which is from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Possibly from Greek Κύπριος (Kyprios) (which comes from Κύπρος (Kypros), the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin cuprum, West Germanic *kupar, Old English coper/copor, and Middle English coper. The Latin term, during the Roman Empire, was aes cyprium; aes was the generic term for copper alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>. Cyprium means "<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>" or "which is from Cyprus", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as "copper" (Old English coper/copor). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Cu is from the Latin name cuprum ("copper"). </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (Zn) </td> <td rowspan="2">30 </td> <td>Zink </td> <td>German </td> <td>?"Cornet" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From German Zink which is related to Zinken "prong, point", probably alluding to its spiky crystals. May be derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> (Ga) </td> <td rowspan="3">31 </td> <td>Gallia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Gaul" (Ancient France) </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin Gallia, which means "<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>" (Ancient France), and also gallus, which means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal by <a href="/wiki/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>, who named it after his native land France. Allegations were later made that he had also named it for himself, as gallus is Latin for le coq ("<a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a>"), but he denied that this had been his intention.<a href="#cite_note-denied_allegations-27">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name eka-aluminium by Mendeleev, who predicted its existence.<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> (Ge) </td> <td rowspan="3">32 </td> <td>Germania </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Germany" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin Germania, which means "Germany". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name eka-silicon by Mendeleev.<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> (As) </td> <td rowspan="2">33 </td> <td>ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> via Greek, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td>?"male" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon), which is adapted from <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009732421">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style>ܠܫܢܐܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ‎ ((al) zarniqa)<a href="#cite_note-cite_OEtymD|arsenic-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> زرنيخ (zarnik), "yellow <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>". The Greek arsenikon is <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">paretymologically</a> related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (arsenikos), which means "masculine" or "potent". These words were adapted as the Latin arsenicum and Old French arsenic, which is the source for the English arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-cite_OEtymD|arsenic-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> (Se) </td> <td rowspan="2">34 </td> <td>σελήνη (selene) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"moon" </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek σελήνη (selene), which means "Moon", and also moon-goddess <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> (Br) </td> <td rowspan="2">35 </td> <td>βρόμος (brómos)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>Greek via French </td> <td>"dirt" or "stench" (of male-goat)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">βρόμος (brómos) means "stench" (literally: "clangor"), due to its characteristic smell. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> (Kr) </td> <td rowspan="2">36 </td> <td>κρυπτός (kryptos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"hidden" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek κρυπτός (kryptos), which means "hidden one", because of its colourless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties, as well as its rarity in nature. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> (Rb) </td> <td rowspan="2">37 </td> <td>rubidus </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"deepest red" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin rubidus, which means "deepest red", because of the colour of a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> (Sr) </td> <td rowspan="2">38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontian" title="Strontian">Strontian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> via English </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Strontianite" title="Strontianite">strontianite</a>, the mineral. Strontianite itself was named after the town of <a href="/wiki/Strontian" title="Strontian">Strontian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>) where the mineral was found; <a href="/wiki/Sr%C3%B2n" title="Sròn">Sròn</a> an t-Sìthein literally means "nose ['point'] of the <a href="/wiki/Fairy_hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy hill">fairy hill</a>". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> (Y) </td> <td rowspan="2">39 </td> <td>Ytterby </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after the mineral <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a> (yttriumoxide), where it was originally extracted from. Yttria itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-names_from_Ytterby-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> (Zr) </td> <td rowspan="2">40 </td> <td>ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ (zargono),<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> زرگون (zargûn) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> via Arabic and German </td> <td>"gold-like" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> زركون (zarkûn). Derived from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> زرگون (zargûn), which means "gold-like". Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English zircon.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> (Nb) </td> <td rowspan="3">41 </td> <td>Νιόβη (Niobe) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"snowy" </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> in classical mythology.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name columbium from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>, personification of America. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> (Mo) </td> <td rowspan="2">42 </td> <td>μόλυβδος (molybdos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"lead-like" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek μόλυβδος (molybdos), "lead", due to confusion with lead ore <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> (Tc) </td> <td rowspan="3">43 </td> <td>τεχνητός (technetos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"artificial" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek τεχνητός (technetos), which means "artificial", because it was the first artificially produced element. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name eka-manganese<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> (Ru) </td> <td rowspan="2">44 </td> <td>Ruthenia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Ruthenia", Kievan Rus'<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>toponym (exonym) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, geographical <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> (Rh) </td> <td rowspan="2">45 </td> <td>ῥόδον (rhodon) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"rose" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek ῥόδον (rhodon), which means "rose". From its rose-red <a href="/wiki/Category:Rhodium_compounds" title="Category:Rhodium compounds">compounds</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> (Pd) </td> <td rowspan="2">46 </td> <td>Παλλάς (genitive: Παλλάδος) (Pallas) </td> <td>Greek via Latin </td> <td>"little maiden"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, the asteroid discovered two years earlier. The asteroid itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Pallas Athena</a>, goddess of wisdom and victory.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neuter version of Παλλάδιος, meaning "of Pallas".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> (Ag) </td> <td rowspan="3">47 </td> <td>𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥 (siolfor/seolfor) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> via <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td>"to refine", "smelt" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒊭𒅈𒇥 (sarpu) "refined silver" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 (sarapu) "to refine", "smelt".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, seolfor which was derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *silubra-; compare <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> silabar; and has cognates in <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>: sĭrebro, sidabras, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a> sirablan. Alternatively, possibly from one of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a>, compare zilar. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Ag is from the Latin name argentum ("silver"), which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *arg-ent-. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> (Cd) </td> <td rowspan="2">48 </td> <td>καδμεία (kadmeia) </td> <td>Greek/Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth</a>" (as classical element), "<a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>" or Cadmean earth[?] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin cadmia, which is derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia) and means "<a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> (in Greek: Κάδμος: Kadmos), a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from Le Calamine, the French name of the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">Kelmis</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> (In) </td> <td rowspan="2">49 </td> <td>indigo </td> <td>Greek via Latin and English </td> <td> </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, because of an indigo-coloured <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectrum">spectrum</a> line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from Portuguese endego), from Latin indigo, from Greek ἰνδικόν (indikon): "blue dye from India". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> (Sn) </td> <td rowspan="3">50 </td> <td>tin </td> <td>Anglo-Saxon via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">The word tin is borrowed from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, and has cognates in several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Symbol Sn is from its Latin name stannum. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> (Sb) </td> <td rowspan="3">51 </td> <td> </td> <td>Greek? via <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td> <td>various </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (anti + monos), approximately meaning "opposed to solitude", as believed never to exist in pure form, or ἀντί + μοναχός (anti + monachos) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine "monk's bane"), because many early alchemists were monks, and antimony is poisonous. This may also be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic">Pharaonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a>), Antos <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a> (expression), which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Sb is from Latin name stibium, which is derived from Greek Στίβι (stíbi), a variant of στίμμι (stimmi); genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος; probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian sdm meaning "eyepaint".<div style="float:right;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34" alt="O34" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png?3741e" height="38" title="G17" alt="G17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F21.png?6c920" height="19" title="F21" alt="F21" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> (Te) </td> <td rowspan="2">52 </td> <td>Tellus </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Earth" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin tellus, "<a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> (I) </td> <td rowspan="2">53 </td> <td>ἰώδης (iodes) </td> <td>Greek via French </td> <td>"violet" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after the Greek ἰώδης (iodes), which means "violet", because of the colour of the gaseous phase. This word was adapted as the French iode, which is the source of the English "iodine".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (Xe) </td> <td rowspan="2">54 </td> <td>ξένος (xenos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"foreign" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From the Greek adjective ξένος (xenos): "foreign", "a stranger". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> (Cs) </td> <td rowspan="2">55 </td> <td>caesius </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"blue-gray"<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> or "sky blue" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin caesius, which means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright-blue lines in its spectrum, and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> (Ba) </td> <td rowspan="2">56 </td> <td>βαρύς (barys) </td> <td>Greek via <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </td> <td>"heavy" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">βαρύς (barys) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote", then "baryta", which was modified to "barium" to describe the metal. <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> gave the element this name because it was originally found in <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a>, which shares the same source.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> (La) </td> <td rowspan="2">57 </td> <td>λανθάνειν (lanthanein) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"to escape notice" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek λανθάνω (lanthánō), "I escape notice". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> (Ce) </td> <td rowspan="2">58 </td> <td>ceres </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"grain", "bread" </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after the asteroid <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, discovered two years earlier. The asteroid itself, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>, the goddess of fertility in Roman mythology.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> Ceres is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning "to grow".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> (Pr) </td> <td rowspan="2">59 </td> <td>πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"green twin" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos), meaning "green twin", because <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a><a href="#cite_note-didymium-47">[47]</a> separates into praseodymium and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> (Nd) </td> <td rowspan="2">60 </td> <td>νέος δίδυμος (neos didymos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"new twin" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek νέος διδύμος (neos didymos), which means "new twin", because <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a><a href="#cite_note-didymium-47">[47]</a> separated into <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> and neodymium. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> (Pm) </td> <td rowspan="2">61 </td> <td>Προμηθεύς (Prometheus) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"forethought"<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> (a god in classical mythology), who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> (Sm) </td> <td rowspan="2">62 </td> <td>Samarsky-Bykhovets, Vassili </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after the mineral <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a>, itself named after Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> mine official. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> (Eu) </td> <td rowspan="2">63 </td> <td>Εὐρώπη (Europe) </td> <td>Ancient Greek </td> <td>"broad-faced" or "well-watered" </td> <td>toponym; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for Europe, where it was discovered. Europe itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa (consort of Zeus)</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> (Gd) </td> <td rowspan="2">64 </td> <td>Gadolin, Johan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> who was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> chemistry research, and who discovered <a href="#Y">§ yttrium</a>. The mineral <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a> is also named after him. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> (Tb) </td> <td rowspan="2">65 </td> <td>Ytterby </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, the village in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> where the element was first discovered.<a href="#cite_note-names_from_Ytterby-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> (Dy) </td> <td rowspan="2">66 </td> <td>δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"hard to get at" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos), which means "hard to get at". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> (Ho) </td> <td rowspan="2">67 </td> <td>Holmia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Stockholm" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin Holmia, "<a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> (Er) </td> <td rowspan="2">68 </td> <td>Ytterby </td> <td>Swedish </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where large concentrations of minerals <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbia">erbia</a> are located. Erbia and terbia were confused at this time. After 1860, what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia, and after 1877, what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.<a href="#cite_note-names_from_Ytterby-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> (Tm) </td> <td rowspan="2">69 </td> <td>Θούλη (Thoúlē)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>" </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>, an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη) for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> (Yb) </td> <td rowspan="2">70 </td> <td>Ytterby </td> <td>Swedish </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbia">ytterbia</a>, the oxide compound of ytterbium. Ytterbia itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-names_from_Ytterby-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> (Lu) </td> <td rowspan="2">71 </td> <td>Lutetia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after the Latin Lutetia (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> for "place of mud"), the city of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> (Hf) </td> <td rowspan="2">72 </td> <td>Hafnia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin Hafnia: "<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>", Denmark. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> (Ta) </td> <td rowspan="2">73 </td> <td>Τάνταλος (Tantalus) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>possibly "the bearer" or "the sufferer"<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after Greek Τάνταλος (<a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water. If he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity (that is, "unreachability") because of its inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> (W) </td> <td rowspan="4">74 </td> <td>tung sten </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </td> <td>"heavy stone" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From the Swedish and Danish "tung sten", which means "heavy stone". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Symbol W is from the <a href="/wiki/German_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="German Language">German</a> name Wolfram. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name Wolfrahm (German, literally "wolf cream") was the historical name. The names wolfram or volfram are still used in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and several other languages.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> (Re) </td> <td rowspan="2">75 </td> <td>Rhenus </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Rhine" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Latin Rhenus, the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> (Os) </td> <td rowspan="2">76 </td> <td>ὀσμή (osme) </td> <td>Greek via <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </td> <td>"a smell" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Greek ὀσμή (osme), meaning "a smell", as <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> is foul-smelling. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> (Ir) </td> <td rowspan="2">77 </td> <td>ἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος) (iris) </td> <td>Greek via Latin </td> <td>"of rainbows" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after the Latin noun iris, which means "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, iris plant, iris of the eye", because many of its salts are strongly coloured; <a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a> was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> (Pt) </td> <td rowspan="2">78 </td> <td>platina (del Pinto) </td> <td>Spanish via <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </td> <td>"little silver" (of the Pinto River)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From the Spanish, platina, which means "little silver", because it was first encountered in a silver mine. The modern Spanish is platino. Platina is a diminutive of plata (silver); it is a loan word from French plate or <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Provençal</a> plata (sheet of metal) and is the origin of the English "plate".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> (Au) </td> <td rowspan="3">79 </td> <td>gold </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> "gold", from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *ghel- meaning "yellow/ bright". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Au is from Latin aurum, which means "shining dawn".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> (Hg) </td> <td rowspan="3">80 </td> <td>Mercurius </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>", Roman god </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">planet Mercury</a> named after the god. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Symbol Hg is from Latin hydrargyrum, which is from the Greek words ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (hydor and argyros). Meaning "water-silver", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has a silvery metallic sheen.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> (Tl) </td> <td rowspan="2">81 </td> <td>θαλλός (thallos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"green twig" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek θαλλός (thallos), which means "a green shoot (twig)", because of its bright-green spectral <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> (Pb) </td> <td rowspan="3">82 </td> <td>lead </td> <td>Anglo-Saxon </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum, still visible in the English plumbing.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> (Bi) </td> <td rowspan="2">83 </td> <td>bisemutum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> from German </td> <td>"white mass" </td> <td>descriptive (colour) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">bisemutum is derived from German Wismuth, perhaps from weiße Masse, and means "white mass", due to its appearance. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> (Po) </td> <td rowspan="3">84 </td> <td>Polonia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Poland" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, homeland of discoverer <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name radium F </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> (At) </td> <td rowspan="3">85 </td> <td>ἄστατος (astatos) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"unstable" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek ἄστατος (astatos), meaning "unstable". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name alabamine (Ab) was an earlier proposed name for astatine </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (Rn) </td> <td rowspan="3">86 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td> <td>Latin via German and English<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Contraction of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> <a href="/wiki/Emanation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanation (chemistry)">emanation</a>, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name niton (Nt), from Latin nitens "shining", because of the radioluminescence of radon. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> (Fr) </td> <td rowspan="2">87 </td> <td>France </td> <td>French </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for France (literally: "Land of the Franks"), where it was discovered (at the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute, Paris</a>). </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> (Ra) </td> <td rowspan="2">88 </td> <td>radius </td> <td>Latin via French </td> <td>"ray" </td> <td>descriptive </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin radius meaning "ray", because of its <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> (Ac) </td> <td rowspan="2">89 </td> <td>ἀκτίς (aktis) </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"beam" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek ἀκτίς/ἀκτῖνος (aktis/aktinos), which means "beam (<a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">ray</a>)". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> (Th) </td> <td rowspan="3">90 </td> <td>Þōrr (Thor) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </td> <td>"thunder" </td> <td>mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> Þōrr (<a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>), a god associated with thunder in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to the Thorium-230 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> (Pa) </td> <td rowspan="2">91 </td> <td>πρῶτος + ἀκτίς </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>"first beam element" </td> <td>descriptive? </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">From Greek proto- "first" + Neo-Latin actinium (itself from Greek ἀκτίς, gen.[?]: ἀκτῖνος) "ray": proto(-)actinium, later shortened to protactinium.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> (U) </td> <td rowspan="2">92 </td> <td>Οὐρανός (Ouranos); "Uranus" </td> <td>Greek via Latin </td> <td>"sky" </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781. The planet was named after the god <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a>, the god of sky and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> (Np) </td> <td rowspan="2">93 </td> <td>Neptunus </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"Neptune" </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, the planet. The planet itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, the god of oceans in Roman mythology.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> (Pu) </td> <td rowspan="2">94 </td> <td>Πλούτων (Ploutōn) via "Pluto" </td> <td>Greek via Latin </td> <td>"god of wealth"<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>astrological; mythological </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (then considered to be the ninth planet), because it was discovered directly after element neptunium (<a href="#Np">§ Np</a>) and is higher than element uranium (<a href="#U">§ U</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. Thus, plutonium was named by analogy with the ordering of the planets, ending with Pluto. Pluto itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, a Greek god of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">[3]</a> Greek Πλούτων (Ploutōn) is related to the word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning "wealth". </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> (Am) </td> <td rowspan="2">95 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for the Americas, because it was discovered in the United States; by analogy with europium (<a href="#Eu">§ Eu</a>). The name of the continent <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> itself is derived from the name of the Italian navigator <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> (Cm) </td> <td rowspan="2">96 </td> <td>Curie, Marie and Pierre </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, who discovered <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> and researched <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> (Bk) </td> <td rowspan="2">97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> via English </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where it was discovered. The city of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> itself was named after <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> (Cf) </td> <td rowspan="2">98 </td> <td>California </td> <td>English </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named for the state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, US, and for <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the name California">origin of the name California</a> is disputed. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> (Es) </td> <td rowspan="2">99 </td> <td>Einstein, Albert </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> (Fm) </td> <td rowspan="2">100 </td> <td>Fermi, Enrico </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </td> <td>Italian surname </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, who developed the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, nuclear and particle physics, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> (Md) </td> <td rowspan="3">101 </td> <td>Mendeleyev, Dmitri </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mendeleyev">Dmitri Mendeleyev</a>, who invented <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name eka-thulium.<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> (No) </td> <td rowspan="2">102 </td> <td>Nobel, Alfred </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, who invented <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and instituted the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prizes</a> foundation. </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> (Lr) </td> <td rowspan="3">103 </td> <td>Lawrence, Ernest </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, who was involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Symbol Lw was used formerly, Lr is used since 1963.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> (Rf) </td> <td rowspan="3">104 </td> <td>Rutherford, Ernest </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, who pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital theory">Bohr model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. Rutherfordium has also been called kurchatovium (Ku), named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>, who helped develop understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name unnilquadium (Unq, '104'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a><a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> (Db) </td> <td rowspan="3">105 </td> <td>Дубна (Dubna) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named for <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia, location of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> (JINR) where it was discovered. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: hahnium (Ha) was proposed by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemistry</a>, but the proposal was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> unnilpentium (Unp, '105'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> (Sg) </td> <td rowspan="3">106 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg, Glenn Teodor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> via English </td> <td>Swedish surname </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, who discovered the chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranium elements">transuranium elements</a>, shared in the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed and proposed the <a href="/wiki/Actinide_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinide series">actinide series</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former names: eka-tungsten,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> unnilhexium (Unh, '106'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> (Bh) </td> <td rowspan="3">107 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr, Niels</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">atomic structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former name unnilseptium (Uns, '107'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> (Hs) </td> <td rowspan="3">108 </td> <td>Hassia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">From Latin Hassia, meaning <a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a>, the German state where it was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former names: eka-osmium,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> unniloctium (Uno, '108'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> (Mt) </td> <td rowspan="3">109 </td> <td>Meitner, Lise </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, who shared discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: eka-iridium,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> unnilennium (Une, '109'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> (Ds) </td> <td rowspan="3">110 </td> <td>Darmstadt </td> <td>German </td> <td>proper name </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named for <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, where it was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name eka-platinum,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> ununnilium (Uun, '110'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> (Rg) </td> <td rowspan="3">111 </td> <td>Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, who discovered and produced <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: eka-gold,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> unununium (Uuu, '111'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> (Cn) </td> <td rowspan="3">112 </td> <td>Copernicus, Nicolaus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> via Latin </td> <td>Polish surname, literally: "copper nickel" </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former names: eka-mercury,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> and temporarily <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a> ununbium (Uub, '112'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> (Nh) </td> <td rowspan="3">113 </td> <td>日本 (Nihon) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> </td> <td>"Japan" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after Nihon ("<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>"), where the element was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Riken" title="Riken">Riken</a> research institute. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: eka-thallium,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> ununtrium (Uut, '113'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> (Fl) </td> <td rowspan="3">114 </td> <td>Flerov, Georgy </td> <td>Russian </td> <td>Russian surname </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a>, who was at the forefront of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, where the element was discovered. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name ununquadium (Uuq, '114'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> (Mc) </td> <td rowspan="3">115 </td> <td>Moscovia </td> <td>Latin </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>" </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, where the element was discovered. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: eka-bismuth,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> ununpentium (Uup, '115'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> (Lv) </td> <td rowspan="3">116 </td> <td>Livermore </td> <td>English </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, which collaborated in the discovery and is in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, in turn named after the rancher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former name ununhexium (Uuh, '116'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f7f7f7; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> (Ts) </td> <td rowspan="3">117 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a> via <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>toponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;">Named after the US state of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, itself named after the Cherokee village of ᏔᎾᏏ (tanasi), where important work for one of the steps to synthesise the element was done in the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f7f7f7;"> · Former names: eka-astatine,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> ununseptium (Uus, '117'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; vertical-align:top; border-top:2px solid grey;"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (Og) </td> <td rowspan="3">118 </td> <td>Oganessian, Yuri (Оганесян) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td>Armenian surname </td> <td>eponym </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;">Named after <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a>, a great contributor to the field of synthesizing superheavy elements. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> · Former names: eka-radon,<a href="#cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">[21]</a> ununoctium (Uuo, '118'): temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic name and symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">[61]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming of elements">Naming of elements</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boudreaux-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boudreaux_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boudreaux_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKevin_A._Boudreaux" class="citation web cs1">Kevin A. Boudreaux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/hist_names.htm">"Derivations of the Names and Symbols of the Elements"</a>. Angelo State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Derivations+of+the+Names+and+Symbols+of+the+Elements&rft.pub=Angelo+State+University&rft.au=Kevin+A.+Boudreaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelo.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fkboudrea%2Fperiodic%2Fhist_names.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=hydrogen">"hydrogen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=hydrogen&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dhydrogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mythology-planet-element-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_3-16">q</a> Some elements (particularly ancient elements) were associated with Greek (or Roman or other) gods or people, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> (or other mythology), and with <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> (or other objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury (mythology)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury (planet)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a>, etc. Also, astrological symbols for the planets were often used as symbols for the ancient elements. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> At one time, beryllium was called glucinium, which is from Greek γλυκύς (glykys), meaning "sweet", due to the sweet taste of its <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=beryl">"beryl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=beryl&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dberyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=carbon">"carbon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=carbon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcarbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=nitrogen">"nitrogen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nitrogen&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dnitrogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Nitrogen, The pure gas is inert enough that <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> referred to it as azote, meaning "without life", since animals placed in it died of asphyxiation. This term became the French for nitrogen and later spread to many other languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=oxygen">"oxygen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=oxygen&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Doxygen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, sodanum is the Latin name of "a compound of sodium". </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVygus2012" class="citation book cs1">Vygus, Mark (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/MarkVygusDictionary.pdf">Vygus dictionary</a> (PDF). p. 1546.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vygus+dictionary&rft.pages=1546&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Vygus&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramidtextsonline.com%2FMarkVygusDictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=soda">"soda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=soda&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dsoda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=aluminum">"aluminum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=aluminum&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Daluminum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=phosphorus">"phosphorus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=phosphorus&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dphosphorus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Mallory & Adams (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=sulfur">"sulfur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sulfur&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dsulfur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=chlorine">"chlorine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=chlorine&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dchlorine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=potassium">"potassium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=potassium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpotassium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cite_OEtymD|potash-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cite_OEtymD|potash_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cite_OEtymD|potash_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=potash">"potash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=potash&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpotash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=calcium">"calcium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=calcium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcalcium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eka-named_elements-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eka-named_elements_21-14">o</a> eka-... named elements: <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">predicted</a> and described properties of then-unknown elements, based on the then empty locations in his 1871 <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>. The predictions proved to be correct with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>. He named those unknown, unnamed elements "eka-...", for example "eka-boron"; the prefix means one more (i.e., one more row below boron in the periodic table). Ultimately, eka-boron was discovered, named "aluminium" and indeed is located below boron. The elements he predicted, eka-boron, eka-aluminium, eka-manganese, and eka-silicon proved to be good predictors of <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, respectively. The prefix eka-, from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, means "one" (one place down from a known element in the table), and is sometimes used in discussions about any more undiscovered element. For example, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> is sometimes referred to as eka-platinum. </li> <li id="cite_note-naming_controversy-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_22-11">l</a> see <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=chromium">"chromium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=chromium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dchromium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=iron">"iron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=iron&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Diron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oetymdnickel-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oetymdnickel_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oetymdnickel_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=nickel">"nickel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nickel&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dnickel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=copper">"copper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=copper&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-denied_allegations-27"><a href="#cite_ref-denied_allegations_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a>. 9 (9): 1605–1619. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1605W">1932JChEd...9.1605W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1605">10.1021/ed009p1605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+XIII.+Some+elements+predicted+by+Mendeleeff&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1605-1619&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p1605&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9.1605W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cite_OEtymD|arsenic-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cite_OEtymD|arsenic_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cite_OEtymD|arsenic_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=arsenic">"arsenic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=arsenic&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Darsenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=bromine">"bromine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bromine&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbromine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemollVretska1997" class="citation book cs1">Gemoll, W.; Vretska, K. (1997). Griechisch-Deutsches Schul- und Handwörterbuch [Greek–German dictionary] (9th ed.). öbvhpt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-209-00108-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-209-00108-1"><bdi>3-209-00108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechisch-Deutsches+Schul-+und+Handw%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=%C3%B6bvhpt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-209-00108-1&rft.aulast=Gemoll&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Vretska%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-names_from_Ytterby-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-names_from_Ytterby_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_from_Ytterby_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_from_Ytterby_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_from_Ytterby_31-3">d</a> In a mine near <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, Sweden, many <a href="/wiki/Ytterby#Chemical_discoveries" title="Ytterby">elements were discovered</a>. Four elements are named after Ytterby: <a href="#Y">§ yttrium</a> (Y), <a href="#Tb">§ terbium</a> (Tb), <a href="#Er">§ erbium</a> (Er), <a href="#Yb">§ ytterbium</a> (Yb). </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearse2002" class="citation web cs1">Pearse, Roger (2002-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/oriental/syriac.htm">"Syriac Literature"</a>. Retrieved 2008-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syriac+Literature&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft.aulast=Pearse&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Frpearse%2Foriental%2Fsyriac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=zircon">"zircon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=zircon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dzircon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=Ruthenia+-+Kievan+Rus&pg=PA11">A History of Ukraine</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802078209" title="Special:BookSources/9780802078209"><bdi>9780802078209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=9780802078209&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt124cP06gg0C%26q%3DRuthenia%2B-%2BKievan%2BRus%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Pallas">"Pallas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pallas&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPallas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=palladium">"palladium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=palladium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpalladium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=silver">"silver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=silver&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dsilver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Tin – The American Heritage Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=">tin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVygus2012" class="citation book cs1">Vygus, Mark (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/MarkVygusDictionary.pdf">Vygus dictionary</a> (PDF). p. 1409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vygus+dictionary&rft.pages=1409&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Vygus&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyramidtextsonline.com%2FMarkVygusDictionary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Antimony, Sb <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Littré">Littré</a> suggests that the first form is derived from *stimmida, a hypothetical alternative <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> of stimmi (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance, as "mark" or "the cosmetic", can appear as تحميض، ثمود، وثمود، وثمود (ithmid, athmoud, othmod or uthmod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>, s.v., vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary; Endlich; Celsus, 6.6.6 ff; Pliny Natural History 33.33; Lewis and Short: Latin Dictionary. OED, s. antimony.</li> <li>stimmi is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC. Later Greeks also used στίβι (stibi), which is written in Latin by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in the first century AD. Pliny also names stimi [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], larbaris, and <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> (Greek: ἀλάβαστρον), "very common platyophthalmos (πλατυόφθαλμος)", "wide-eye" in Greek (the description refers to the effects of the cosmetic). In Egyptian hieroglyphics, mśdmt; the vowels are uncertain, but in Coptic and according to an Arabic tradition, it is pronounced mesdemet (Albright; Sarton, quotes Meyerhof, the translator). In Arabic, the word for powdered stibnite is <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)">kuhl</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Antimony.htm">[1]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antimony">"Antimony | Define Antimony at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antimony+%26%23124%3B+Define+Antimony+at+Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fantimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=iodine">"iodine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=iodine&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Diodine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=cesium">"cesium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cesium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcesium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=barium">"barium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=barium&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbarium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Campbell" class="citation web cs1">Mike Campbell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/ceres">"Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Ceres"</a>. Behind the Name. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning%2C+Origin+and+History+of+the+Name+Ceres&rft.pub=Behind+the+Name&rft.au=Mike+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindthename.com%2Fname%2Fceres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=cereal">"cereal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cereal&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcereal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-didymium-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-didymium_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-didymium_47-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a> was originally mistaken for an element, later it was discovered that it separates into elements <a href="#Pr">#Pr</a> and <a href="#Nd">#Nd</a>. The metals have different-coloured <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, which helps distinguish them. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The ancient Greek derivation of Prometheus from the Greek πρό pro ("before") + μανθάνω manthano ("learn"), thus "forethought", which engendered a contrasting brother <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a> ("afterthought"), was a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>; it is succinctly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>' commentary on Virgil, <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">Eclogue</a> 6.42: "Prometheus vir prudentissimus fuit, unde etiam Prometheus dictus est ἀπὸ τής πρόμηθείας, id est a providentia." Modern scientific linguistics suggests that the name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a> that also produces the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> pra math, "to steal", hence pramathyu-s, "thief", <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with "Prometheus", the thief of fire. The <a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic myth</a> of fire's theft by <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81tari%C5%9Bvan" title="Mātariśvan">Mātariśvan</a> is an analog to the Greek account. Pramantha was the tool used to create fire. See: Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing, p. 27.; Williamson (2004), The Longing for Myth in Germany, 214–15; Dougherty, Carol (2006). Prometheus p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyykkö2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Pyykk%C3%B6" title="Pekka Pyykkö">Pyykkö, Pekka</a> (2015-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2287">"Magically magnetic gadolinium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Chemistry" title="Nature Chemistry">Nature Chemistry</a>. 7 (8): 680. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCh...7..680P">2015NatCh...7..680P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.2287">10.1038/nchem.2287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26201746">26201746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Magically+magnetic+gadolinium&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=680&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26201746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.2287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCh...7..680P&rft.aulast=Pyykk%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnchem.2287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004225019/http://www.wordnik.com/words/Thule/etymologies">"Thule in Wordnik, accessed March 9, 2010"</a>. Wordnik.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordnik.com/words/Thule/etymologies">the original</a> on October 4, 2013. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thule+in+Wordnik%2C+accessed+March+9%2C+2010&rft.pub=Wordnik.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordnik.com%2Fwords%2FThule%2Fetymologies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Tantalus">"Tantalus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Tantalus&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DTantalus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2004" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/platinum0000wood">The Elements: Platinum</a>. The Elements. Benchmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1550-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-1550-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+Platinum&rft.series=The+Elements&rft.pub=Benchmark+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1550-3&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplatinum0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=platinum">"platinum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=platinum&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dplatinum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gold in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is ज्वल jval; in Greek, χρυσός (khrusos); in Chinese, 金 (jīn).[relevance?] </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Mercury – The Indian <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> called Rassayana, which means "the way of mercury". </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lead was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> believed that lead was the oldest metal and associated the element with <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=radon">"radon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=radon&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dradon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Protactinium; In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Fajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasimir Fajans">Kasimir Fajans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_H._G%C3%B6hring" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto H. Göhring">Otto H. Göhring</a> identified and named element 91 brevium, from Latin brevis, which means "brief, short"; protactinium has a short half-life. The name was changed to "protoactinium" in 1918 and shortened to protactinium in 1949. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Pluto">"Pluto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2011-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pluto&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPluto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Mendelevium, "Mendeleyev" commonly spelt as Mendeleev, Mendeléef, or Mendelejeff, and first name sometimes spelt as Dmitry or Dmitriy </li> <li id="cite_note-element_name_Uxx-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-element_name_Uxx_61-14">o</a> Formal IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element name</a>. Temporary name and symbol, denoting the element number, available before a formal name is given. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Some humorous scientists suggested the name policium, because 110 is the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> for the German police. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Eric Scerri, The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&oldid=1241402217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&oldid=1241402217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_chemical_elements" title="Category:Lists of chemical elements">Lists of chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Category:Naming of chemical elements">Naming of chemical elements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_etymologies" title="Category:Lists of etymologies">Lists of etymologies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_WikiHiero_extension" title="Category:Pages using the WikiHiero extension">Pages using the WikiHiero extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hausa-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hausa-language text">Articles containing Hausa-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_undetermined-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing undetermined-language text">Articles containing undetermined-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pali-language text">Articles containing Pali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Anglo-Norman-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text">Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Norwegian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Norwegian-language text">Articles containing Norwegian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_West_Germanic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in West Germanic languages">Articles with text in West Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Classical_Syriac-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text">Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Germanic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_High_German_(ca._750-1050)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text">Articles containing Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Church_Slavonic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text">Articles containing Church Slavonic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Prussian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Prussian-language text">Articles containing Prussian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Basque-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Basque-language text">Articles containing Basque-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Occitan_(post_1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text">Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cherokee-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cherokee-language text">Articles containing Cherokee-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 August 2024, at 23:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-b82q9","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.292","walltime":"2.511","ppvisitednodes":{"value":77141,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":834579,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":364584,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":194437,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2196.789 1 -total"," 73.60% 1616.737 118 Template:List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies_row"," 72.90% 1601.553 118 Template:Trim"," 72.27% 1587.538 118 Template:List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies_row/compose"," 32.34% 710.524 118 Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-name"," 31.89% 700.638 118 Template:Infobox_element/symbol-to-name/format"," 27.25% 598.619 472 Template:In_string"," 16.53% 363.044 303 Template:Lang"," 14.19% 311.795 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.26% 203.514 36 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.123","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18439130,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","22.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","13.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","11.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","11.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","7.4"],["type","80","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.7"],["chunk \u003CModule:String\u003E","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.7"],["[others]","80","7.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-ffg88","timestamp":"20241127201719","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of chemical element name etymologies","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q339703","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q339703","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-01T09:09:11Z","dateModified":"2024-08-20T23:24:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>