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<li id="toc-Name_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Name etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_and_brother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_and_brother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Father and brother</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_and_brother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ethnic affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Before Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_foederati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_foederati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leader of the <i>foederati</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_foederati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>King of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fall and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odoacer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8B%B6%E1%8B%8B%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ኦዶዋከር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦዶዋከር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1" title="أودواكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أودواكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakr" title="Odoakr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Odoakr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اودوآکر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اودوآکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Адаакр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адаакр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Одоакър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одоакър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovacer" title="Odovacer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odovacer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οδόακρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οδόακρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakro" title="Odoakro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Odoakro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakro" title="Odoakro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odoakro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اودوآکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اودوآکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo%C3%A4ker" title="Odoäker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Odoäker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%95%84%EC%BC%80%EB%A5%B4" title="오도아케르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오도아케르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80" title="Օդոակր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդոակր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93d%C3%B3vakar" title="Ódóvakar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ódóvakar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="אודואקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אודואקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಓಡೊವೇಸರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಡೊವೇಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოდოაკრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოდოაკრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakrs" title="Odoakrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Odoakrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakras" title="Odoakras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Odoakras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacre" title="Odoacre – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Odoacre" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Одоакар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одоакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ოდოაკრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოდოაკრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1" title="اودواكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اودواكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB" title="オドアケル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オドアケル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakr" title="Odoakr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odoakr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacro" title="Odoacro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odoacro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacru" title="Odoacru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Odoacru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacri" title="Odoacri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Odoacri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoaker" title="Odoaker – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odoaker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Одоакар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одоакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoakar" title="Odoakar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Odoakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odovakar" title="Odovakar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odovakar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าโอโดเอเซอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าโอโดเอเซอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80" title="Одоакр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Одоакр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="اودویسر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اودویسر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Odoacer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%9A%E5%A1%9E" title="奥多亚塞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥多亚塞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E4%BA%9E%E5%A1%9E" title="奧多亞塞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧多亞塞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q103333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Odoacer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Rex/Dux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens#Later_use" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/220px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/330px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/440px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Coin of Odoacer minted in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, 477, with Odoacer in profile, depicted with a "barbarian" <a href="/wiki/Moustache" title="Moustache">moustache</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 476 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">15 March 493</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 433</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 493 (aged about 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Kingdom of Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunigilda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edeko" title="Edeko">Edeko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Odoacer</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-doh-<span style="font-size:90%">AY</span>-sər</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 433</span> – 15 March 493 AD), also spelled <b>Odovacer</b> or <b>Odovacar</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">barbarian</a> soldier and statesman from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> who deposed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> child emperor <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">ruler of Italy</a> (476–493). Odoacer's overthrow of Romulus Augustulus is traditionally understood as marking the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">end of the Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he held power over <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, he also represented himself as the <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">client</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Emperor">Eastern Roman Emperor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>. He was referred to not only as a king (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">rex</i>), but also as duke (Latin: <i lang="la">dux</i>), or using the Roman honorific <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>, granted by Zeno. Odoacer himself used the title of king in the only surviving official document that emanated from his chancery, and it was also used by the consul <a href="/wiki/Decius_Marius_Venantius_Basilius" title="Decius Marius Venantius Basilius">Basilius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had the support of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477–478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian Christian</a>, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian">Trinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">state church of the Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Before becoming king, Odoacer was a military leader in Italy who led the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugian">Rugian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scirian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scirian">Scirian</a> soldiers that deposed Romulus Augustulus on 4 September AD 476. Eleven-year-old Augustulus had been declared Western Roman Emperor by his father <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a>, the rebellious general of the army in Italy, less than a year before, but had been unable to gain allegiance or recognition beyond central Italy. With the backing of the Roman Senate, Odoacer thenceforth ruled Italy autonomously, paying lip service to the authority of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, the previous Western emperor, and Zeno. Upon Nepos's murder in 480, Odoacer invaded <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, to punish the murderers. He executed the conspirators, conquered the region and incorporated it into his domain within two years. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a>, master of soldiers of the Eastern Empire, asked for Odoacer's help in 484 in his struggle to depose Zeno, Odoacer invaded Zeno's westernmost provinces. The emperor responded first by inciting the <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to attack Italy. During the winter of 487–488, Odoacer crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and defeated the Rugii in their own territory. Zeno eventually appointed the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogoth">Ostrogoth</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>, who had been menacing the Eastern Empire within the Balkans. Theodoric invaded Italy in 489 and by August 490 had captured almost the entire peninsula, forcing Odoacer to take refuge in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. The city surrendered on 5 March 493. Theodoric invited Odoacer to a banquet of reconciliation, where instead of forging an alliance, Theodoric killed Odoacer, and replaced him as king. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_etymology">Name etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the name Odoacer, which may give indications as to his tribal affiliation, is debated. It is however traditionally derived from the Germanic components *<i>auda</i> (luck, possession, wealth) and *<i>wakra</i> (awake, vigilant, lively). It is not clear from which branch of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic language family</a> it is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichert2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In favour of this etymology, this form has a cognate in another Germanic language, the titular <i>Eadwacer</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a></i> (where Old English renders the earlier Germanic sound <i>au-</i> as <i>ea-</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, historians <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Reynolds" title="Robert L. Reynolds">Robert L. Reynolds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Lopez" title="Robert S. Lopez">Robert S. Lopez</a> explored the possibility that the name Odoacer was not Germanic, making several arguments that his ethnic background might lie elsewhere. One of these is that his name, "Odoacer", for which they claimed an etymology in Germanic languages had not been convincingly found, arguing instead that it could be a form of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> "Ot-toghar" ("grass-born" or "fire-born"), or the shorter form "Ot-ghar" ("herder").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also debate regarding the etymology of Edeco, the apparent name of Odoacer's father. <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a> considered it Turkic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982456–457_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982456–457-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; others such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> considered it Germanic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005329_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005329-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of Odoacer's apparent brother, Hunulf or Onulf, is generally accepted to be Germanic "Hun wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reynolds and Lopez emphasized that the first part, "hun", although the meaning is uncertain, may refer to the Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odoacer's son is given two different names in ancient sources, Thelan and Oklan. Reynolds and Lopez compare these to Turkic names: "Thelan resembles the name borne by the khagan of the eastern Turks, Tulan, who reigned from 587 to 600 A.D. Oklan resembles closely the Turkish-Tatar word oghlan, 'youth' ".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assumption that the etymology of Odoacer's name can be used to determine his ancestry or language has been criticized by historians and philologists such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen" title="Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen">Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pohl" title="Walter Pohl">Walter Pohl</a>, who have pointed out that Germanic-speakers used Hunnic names in this period and region, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983324_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983324-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As emphasized by Pohl, the same person could be considered Hunnic or Germanic under different circumstances, especially during the upheavals after Attila's death, and "the ruling class of Attila's empire continued to influence tribal politics even after its collapse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_and_brother">Father and brother</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Father and brother"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a fragment from a history of <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a>, reproduced in the 7th century by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(chronicler)" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Antioch (chronicler)">John of Antioch</a>, Odoacer is described as a man of the Sciri, the son of Edeco ("Idiko"), and brother of Hunulf who killed <a href="/wiki/Armatus" title="Armatus">Armatus</a> in the eastern Roman empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201398–99_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398–99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Anonymus Valesianus</a></i> agrees that his father's name was <a href="/wiki/Edeko" title="Edeko">Edeko</a> ("Aediko"), and refers to him leading Sciri and Heruli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another record of an Edica—apparently the same person—is found in <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, who identified him as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a> along with a person named Hunuulf (presumably his son), after the fall of Attila. They were defeated by the Ostrogoths at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolia" title="Battle of Bolia">Battle of Bolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a> about 469.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005314–317_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005314–317-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earlier Edeco ("Edekon") was described by Priscus as a trusted man of Attila, and ambassador to Constantinople. He escorted <a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a> and other Imperial dignitaries back to Attila's camp. It is not universally accepted that this Edeco is the father of Odoacer. Priscus once calls him a Scythian, and another time a Hun. It has been argued classifications like "Scythian" or "Hun" from this period could refer to social type and lifestyle rather than an exact ethnic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macbain, however, argues that Priscus was careful with such terms, and sees this as evidence that Edeco cannot be the Scirian father of Odoacer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_affiliations">Ethnic affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnic affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for the fact that he was not considered <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a>, Odoacer's precise ethnic origins are not known.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His origins probably lie in the multi-ethnic empire of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, a generation earlier, which included several groups referred to in this period as "Gothic peoples"—the same polyethnic complex which dominated the military forces that he is most famous for leading throughout his later life. On that basis, he is likely at least partly of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> descent. Early medieval sources such as <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> called him a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002284_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002284-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the 6th century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a> called him a "king of the Goths" (<i>Odoacer rex Gothorum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most important sources for this topic has been the 6th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, who associated him with several of the Gothic peoples who came to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> during the time of Attila's empire, including the <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>. In several passages, Jordanes also associated Odoacer with the otherwise unknown <a href="/wiki/Turcilingi" title="Turcilingi">Turcilingi</a>—who may have been a people or perhaps a dynasty. The Turcilingi are not mentioned in any other historical sources apart from those derived from Jordanes and their ethnic affiliations are unclear, but they may have been <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a>, or even precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a>. While in one passage of <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>, Jordanes describes Odoacer as king of the Turcilingi (<i>Torcilingorum rex</i>) with Scirian and Heruli followers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in another passage Jordanes mentions Italy being "shaken by the tyranny of the Torcilingi and Rugi" during Odoacer's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_[LVII.291]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_[LVII.291]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Romana_(Jordanes)" title="Romana (Jordanes)">Romana</a></i>, the same author defines Odoacer as a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a>, or of a person named Rogus (<i>Odoacer genere Rogus</i>), with Turcilingi, Scirian and Heruli followers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Scirii and Heruls were among those known to contemporaries such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> as "Gothic peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both appear to have come to the Danubian area from the direction of what is now <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, as do the Goths, Huns, and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>. The Rugii, who apparently originated on the south Baltic coast, are known from other sources for their post-Attila kingdom on the Danube. These groups fought on the same side as the Scirii in the battle of Bolia in 468, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, who were one of the most dominant of the post-Attila groups. It has also been pointed out by Reynolds and Lopez that Attila had an uncle named Rogus and that Jordanes may have been saying Odoacer was his descendant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle of Bolia, the Scirii, Rugii and Heruli made up a large part of the military force Odoacer came to control in Italy, while the Ostrogoths moved into Eastern Roman territory in the Balkans. The near contemporary <i><a href="/wiki/Auctorium_Havniense" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctorium Havniense">Auctorium Havniense</a></i> also calls Odoacer a king of Heruli.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many historians, such as medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Frassetto" title="Michael Frassetto">Michael Frassetto</a>, accept that Odoacer was of Scirian heritage, because of the apparent family links to Edeko and Hunulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, scholars are divided about whether Jordanes can be relied upon concerning the "Turcilingi". It has also been proposed that these are an otherwise unknown Turkic speaking people among the Huns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201398–101_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398–101-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not this is accepted, there is also an argument that the Turcilingi mentioned by Jordanes were early Thuringians, who established a kingdom by about this time in what is now central Germany, relatively far to the north of the Danubian kingdoms. In favour of this argument, the 10th century <i><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a></i> identifies Odoacer's apparent brother <a href="/wiki/Onoulphus" title="Onoulphus">Hunulf</a> as a Thuringian on his father's side and Scirian on his mother's side. This fragment was most likely written by the contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Malchus_(historian)" title="Malchus (historian)">Malchus</a>, who was a near contemporary and likely to be well-informed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/220px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/330px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg/440px-Petersfriedhof-Kat-Martyrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Latin memorial plate from 1521, that mentions Odoacer as <i>Rex Rhutenorum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Petersfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>, Salzburg)</figcaption></figure> <p>Much later, a memorial plate from 1521 found in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacombe">catacombe</a> Chapel of St Maximus in <a href="/wiki/Petersfriedhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersfriedhof">Petersfriedhof</a>—the burial site of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Abbey,_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Abbey, Salzburg">St Peter's Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (Austria)—mentions Odoacer as King of "Rhutenes" or "Rhutenians" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Rex Rhvtenorvm</i>), who invaded <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> in 477. Due to its very late date of 1521 and several anachronistic elements, the content of that plate is considered nothing more than a legend.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of that, the plate has become a popular "source" for several theorists that try to connect Odoacer with ancient Celtic <a href="/wiki/Rhuteni_(Celtic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhuteni (Celtic tribe)">Ruthenes</a>, and also with later Slavic <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Paul R. Magocsi</a> argues such theories should be regarded as "inventive tales" of "creative" writers and nothing more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550–51_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201550–51-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, a passage from Eugippius's <i>Life of Saint Severinus</i> indicated that Odoacer was so tall that he had to bend down to pass through the doorway, which historian Bruce Macbain considers another strong argument that he was unlikely to have been a Hun, as ancient sources describe the Huns as shorter than Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983327_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983327-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians such as Penny MacGeorge and Macbain avow that Odoacer was likely half-Scirian and half-Thuringian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002286_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002286-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macbain's sees this as evidence of Odoacer's Germanic heritage arguing that "whatever the Skirians may have been [...] no one doubts that the Thuringians were Germans", and that while the "ancient sources exhibit considerable confusion over Odovacer's tribal affiliation" none of them calls Odoacer a Hun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983325_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983325-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Amory" title="Patrick Amory">Patrick Amory</a> explains that "Odoacer is called a Scirian, a Rugian, a Goth or a Thuringian in sources; his father is called a Hun, his mother a Scirian. Odoacer's father Edeco was associated first with the Huns under Attila, and then with a group called Sciri, an ethnographic name that appears intermittently in fifth-century sources."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory1997282_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory1997282-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line of reasoning is also picked up on by historian Erik Jensen, who avows that Odoacer was born to a Gothic mother and that his father Edeco was a <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen201816_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen201816-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_Italy">Before Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two recorded incidents involving military leaders with the name Odoacer preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours#History_of_the_Franks" title="Gregory of Tours"><i>History of the Franks</i></a> of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, using two different spellings and involving two different regions. These involve events which were early enough to be Odoacer before his appearance in Italy. Both were during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric I</a>, king of the Franks, who died about 481.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_[II.18–19]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_[II.18–19]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the first mention, a confused or confusing report is given of a number of battles in about 463 fought by Childeric, <a href="/wiki/Aegidius" title="Aegidius">Aegidius</a>, Count Paul, and one "<a href="/wiki/Adovacrius" title="Adovacrius">Adovacrius</a>" (with an "a") who was leading a group of Saxons based at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_[II.18–19]_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_of_Tours1974132_[II.18–19]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there is no consensus, some historians, such as Reynolds and Lopez, have suggested that this Adovacrius may be the same person as the future king of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthias Springer has noted that Odoacer's involvement with northern European Saxons in this period would be consistent with the proposal that he had Thuringian ancestry, pointing out that the term Saxon in this period was probably not a distinct ethnic label.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpringer200452–55_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpringer200452–55-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In a second mention by Gregory of Tours, an Odovacrius (with an "o") made an alliance with the same Childeric, and together they fought the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, who had been causing problems in Italy. This Odoacer, with his connection to the region north of Italy, and his "o" spelling, is probably the future king of Italy, before he was king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002110_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another early recorded event which is more certainly about Odoacer the future king, was shortly before he arrived in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Eugippius" title="Eugippius">Eugippius</a>, in his <i>Life of Saint Severinus</i>, records how a group of barbarians on their way to Italy stopped to pay their respects to the holy man. Odoacer, at the time "a young man, of tall figure, clad in poor clothes", learned from <a href="/wiki/Severinus_of_Noricum" title="Severinus of Noricum">Severinus</a> that he would one day become famous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that Odoacer was an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Christian and Severinus was Catholic, the latter left a deep impression on him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Odoacer took his leave, Severinus made one final comment which proved prophetic: "Go to Italy, go, now covered with mean hides; soon you will make rich gifts to many."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEugippius196564_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEugippius196564-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/220px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/330px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg/440px-Romulus_Augustulus_and_Odoacer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Romulus Augustus resigns the Crown (from a 19th-century illustration).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_foederati">Leader of the <i>foederati</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leader of the foederati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 470, Odoacer had become an officer in what remained of the Roman Army. Although Jordanes writes of Odoacer as invading Italy "as leader of the Sciri, the <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> and allies of various races",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern writers describe him as being part of the Roman military establishment, based on <a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(chronicler)" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Antioch (chronicler)">John of Antioch</a>'s statement that Odoacer was on the side of <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a> at the beginning of his battle with the emperor <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> in 472. Odoacer is said to have "hastened the emperor's downfall", since he switched sides to join with Ricimer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997184_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997184-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> describes him as one of the Emperor's bodyguards, only agreeing to this position if placed in charge of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014251_[5.1.6]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014251_[5.1.6]-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Orestes_(father_of_Romulus_Augustulus)" title="Orestes (father of Romulus Augustulus)">Orestes</a> was in 475 appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> by the Western Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a>, Odoacer became head of the barbarian <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i> military forces of Italy. Under the command of Orestes were significant contingents of Germanic peoples made up mostly of <a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the end of that year Orestes had rebelled and driven Nepos from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orestes then proclaimed his young son Romulus the new emperor as <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustus, called "Augustulus"</a> (31 October).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923405_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923405-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Odoacer was a soldier rising through the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263–64_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263–64-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nepos reorganized his court in <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> in Dalmatia, and received homage and affirmation from the remaining fragments of the Western Empire beyond Italy and, most importantly, from Constantinople, which refused to accept Augustulus, Zeno having branded him and his father as traitors and usurpers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1958190_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1958190-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About this time the <i>foederati</i>, who had been quartered in Italy all of these years, had grown weary of this arrangement. In the words of <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, "They desired to have roof-trees and lands of their own, and they petitioned Orestes to reward them for their services, by granting them lands and settling them permanently in Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923406_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923406-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orestes refused their petition, and they turned to Odoacer to lead their revolt against Orestes. Orestes was killed at <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a> along with his brother Paulus outside <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. The Germanic <i>foederati,</i> the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, then proclaimed Odoacer <i>rex</i> ("king") on 23 August 476.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923406_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923406-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odoacer then advanced to Ravenna and captured the city, compelling the young emperor Romulus to abdicate on 4 September. According to the <i>Anonymus Valesianus</i>, Odoacer was moved by Romulus's youth and his beauty to not only spare his life but give him a pension of 6,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidi</a></i> and sent him to <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> to live with his relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197019_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197019-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/220px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/330px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg/440px-Solidus-Odoacer-ZenoRIC_3657cf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Odoacer <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a> struck in the name of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, testifying to the formal submission of Odoacer to Zeno</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Romulus Augustus's deposition, according to the historian Malchus, upon hearing of the accession of <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> to the throne, the Senate in Rome sent an embassy to the Eastern Emperor and bestowed upon him the Western imperial insignia. The message was clear: the West no longer required a separate Emperor, for "one monarch sufficed [to rule] the world". In response, Zeno accepted their gifts and this essentially brought to an end any puppet emperors in the West, with Nepos banished and Anthemius dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923407_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Emperor then conferred upon Odoacer the title of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patrician</a> and granted him legal authority to govern Italy in the name of Rome, as <i>dux Italiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005428–429_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005428–429-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno also suggested that Odoacer should receive Nepos back as Emperor in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005429_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005429-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "if he truly wished to act with justice."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he accepted the title of Patrician and <i>Dux</i> from Zeno, Odoacer did not invite Julius Nepos to return to Rome, and the latter remained in Dalmatia until his death. Odoacer was careful to observe form, however, and made a pretence of acting on Nepos's authority, even issuing coins with both his image and that of Zeno.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018219_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018219-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Nepos's murder in 480, who was killed while waiting in Dalmatia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1995292_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1995292-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeno became sole Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199846–47_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199846–47-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bury, however, disagrees that Odoacer's assumption of power marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It stands out prominently as an important stage in the process of the dismemberment of the Empire. It belongs to the same catalogue of chronological dates which includes A.D. 418, when Honorius settled the Goths in <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitaine</a>, and A.D. 435, when <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian</a> ceded African lands to the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>. In A.D. 476 the same principle of disintegration was first applied to Italy. The settlement of Odovacar's East Germans, with Zeno's acquiescence, began the process by which Italian soil was to pass into the hands of Ostrogoths and <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. And Odovacar's title of king emphasised the significance of the change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923409_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923409-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Italy">King of Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="King_of_Italy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Duke_of_Italy"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Italy</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Regnum Italiae</i><br /></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">476–493</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Italy in 476"><img alt="Italy in 476" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Italy_-_476_to_479_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="5564" data-file-height="4949" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Italy in 476</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy#As_"Kingdom_of_Odoacer"" title="King of Italy">Dux</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 476–493 AD </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Odoacer</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Odoacer is proclaimed <i>Rex</i> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 476</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> abdicates </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 476</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theoderic</a> assassinates Odoacer </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 493</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 476, Odoacer was proclaimed rex by his soldiers and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy"><i>dux Italiae</i></a> by emperor Zeno, initiating a new administrative era over Roman lands. Odoacer introduced a few important changes to the administrative system of Italy. According to Jordanes, at the beginning of his reign he "slew Count Bracila at Ravenna that he might inspire a fear of himself among the Romans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.243]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.243]-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took many military actions to strengthen his control over Italy and its neighbouring areas. He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal king <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> to cede Sicily to him. Noting that "Odovacar seized power in August of 476, Gaiseric died in January 477, and the sea usually became closed to navigation around the beginning of November", F. M. Clover dates this cession to September or October 476.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClover1999237_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClover1999237-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> (9 May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins, and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923410_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923410-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Bury points out, "It is highly important to observe that Odovacar established his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate, and this body seems to have given him their loyal support throughout his reign, so far as our meagre sources permit us to draw inferences." He regularly nominated members of the Senate to the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Consulate</a> and other prestigious offices: "<a href="/wiki/Caecina_Decius_Maximus_Basilius" title="Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius">Basilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caecina_Mavortius_Basilius_Decius" title="Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius">Decius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decius_Marius_Venantius_Basilius" title="Decius Marius Venantius Basilius">Venantius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manlius_Boethius" title="Manlius Boethius">Manlius Boethius</a> held the consulship and were either Prefects of Rome or Praetorian Prefects; <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Memmius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus">Symmachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rufius_Achilius_Sividius" title="Rufius Achilius Sividius">Sividius</a> were consuls and Prefects of Rome; another senator of old family, Cassiodorus, was appointed a minister of finance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923409_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923409-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. H. M. Jones also notes that under Odoacer the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> acquired "enhanced prestige and influence" in order to counter any desires for restoration of Imperial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964253_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964253-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the most tangible example of this renewed prestige, for the first time since the mid-3rd century copper coins were issued with the legend <i>S(enatus) C(onsulto)</i>. Jones describes these coins as "fine big copper pieces", which were "a great improvement on the miserable little <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus">nummi</a></i></span> hitherto current", and not only were they copied by the Vandals in Africa, but they formed the basis of the currency reform by <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius</a> in the Eastern Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964254_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964254-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Odoacer was an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian Christian</a>, his relations with the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian church hierarchy</a> were remarkably good. As G. M. Cook notes in her introduction to <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Felix_Ennodius" title="Magnus Felix Ennodius">Magnus Felix Ennodius</a>'s <i>Life of Saint Epiphanius</i>, he showed great esteem for Bishop <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Pavia" title="Epiphanius of Pavia">Epiphanius</a>: in response to the bishop's petition, Odoacer granted the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> a five-year immunity from taxes, and again granted his requests for relief from abuses by the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biography of Pope <a href="/wiki/Felix_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix III">Felix III</a> in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i></span> openly states that the pontiff's tenure occurred during Odoacer's reign without any complaints about the king being registered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200141fn_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200141fn-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 487/488, Odoacer led his army to victory against the <a href="/wiki/Rugians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugians">Rugians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, taking their king <a href="/wiki/Feletheus" title="Feletheus">Feletheus</a> into captivity; when word that Feletheus's son, <a href="/wiki/Frideric" title="Frideric">Fredericus</a>, had returned to his people, Odoacer sent his brother <a href="/wiki/Onoulphus" title="Onoulphus">Onoulphus</a> with an army back to Noricum against him. Onoulphus found it necessary to evacuate the remaining Romans and resettled them in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory1997121_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory1997121-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Rugians fled and took refuge with the Ostrogoths; the abandoned province was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> by 493.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_the_Deacon200331–33_[XIX]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_the_Deacon200331–33_[XIX]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_and_death">Fall and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/220px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/330px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg/440px-Theoderich_odoaker_bav_cpl_927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption>An early illustration of <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">a mythologized Theodoric</a> killing Odoacer in a <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a>. From the <i><a href="/wiki/Anonymus_Valesianus#Anonymus_Valesianus_II" title="Anonymus Valesianus">Chronica Theodericiana</a></i> (1181).</figcaption></figure> <p>As Odoacer's position improved, <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, the Eastern Emperor, increasingly saw him as a rival. Odoacer exchanged messages with <a href="/wiki/Illus" title="Illus">Illus</a>, who had been in open revolt against Zeno since 484.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2013100_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013100-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switching allegiances, Zeno subsequently sought to destroy Odoacer and then promised <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. As both <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a> and Peter Heather point out, Theodoric had his own reasons to agree to this offer: "Theodoric had enough experience to know (or at least suspect) that Zeno would not, in the long term, tolerate his independent power. When Theodoric rebelled in 485, we are told, he had in mind Zeno's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Armatus" title="Armatus">Armatus</a>. Armatus defected from Basilicus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. Within a year, Zeno had him assassinated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996217_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996217-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 489, Theodoric led the Ostrogoths across the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> and into Italy. On 28 August, Odoacer <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isonzo_(489)" title="Battle of Isonzo (489)">met him</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a>, only to be defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather201350–51_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201350–51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, reaching its outskirts on 27 September, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theodoric followed him and three days later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(489)" title="Battle of Verona (489)">defeated</a> him again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather201351_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201351-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Odoacer took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Theodoric continued across Italy to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>, where the majority of Odoacer's army, including his chief general <a href="/wiki/Tufa_(general)" title="Tufa (general)">Tufa</a>, surrendered to the Ostrogothic king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003337_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003337-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodoric had no reason to doubt Tufa's loyalty and dispatched his new general to Ravenna with a band of elite soldiers. Herwig Wolfram observes, "[b]ut Tufa changed sides, the Gothic elite force entrusted to his command was destroyed, and Theodoric suffered his first serious defeat on Italian soil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodoric recoiled by seeking safety in <a href="/wiki/Ticinum" title="Ticinum">Ticinum</a>. Odoacer emerged from Ravenna and started to besiege his rival. While both were fully engaged, the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> seized the opportunity to plunder and devastated <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Many Romans were taken into captivity and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following summer, the Visigothic king <a href="/wiki/Alaric_II" title="Alaric II">Alaric II</a> demonstrated what Wolfram calls "one of the rare displays of Gothic solidarity" and sent military aid to help his kinsman, forcing Odoacer to raise his siege. Theodoric emerged from Ticinum, and on 11 August 490, the armies of the two kings <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Adda_River" title="Battle of the Adda River">clashed</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Adda River">Adda River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odoacer again was defeated and forced back into Ravenna, where Theodoric <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ravenna_(490%E2%80%93493)" title="Siege of Ravenna (490–493)">besieged</a> him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravenna proved to be invulnerable, surrounded by marshes and estuaries and easily supplied by small boats from its hinterlands, as Procopius later pointed out in his <i>History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252–253_[5.1.18–23]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252–253_[5.1.18–23]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Tufa remained at large in the strategic valley of the <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trent</a>, and received unexpected reinforcements when dissent amongst Theodoric's ranks led to sizable desertions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> took their turn to strike while both sides were fully engaged and invaded Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Theodoric was engaged with them, his ally Fredericus, king of the Rugians, began to oppress the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, whom the latter's forces had been garrisoned to protect. Once Theodoric intervened in person in late August 491, his punitive acts drove Fredericus to desert with his followers to Tufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, however, Odoacer appeared to have lost all hope of victory. A large-scale sortie he sent out of Ravenna on the night of 9/10 July 491 ended in failure,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which his commander-in-chief, Livilia, along with the best of his Herulian soldiers, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 August 492, the Goths were about to assemble enough ships at <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a> to set up an effective blockade of Ravenna. Despite these decisive losses, the war dragged on until 25 February 493 when John, bishop of Ravenna, was able to negotiate a treaty between Theodoric and Odoacer to occupy Ravenna together and share joint rule. After a three-year siege, Theodoric entered the city on 5 March. Odoacer died ten days later, slain by Theodoric while they shared a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923426_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923426-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodoric had plotted to have a group of his followers kill him while the two kings were feasting together in the imperial palace of <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> "Ad Laurentum" ("At the Laurel Grove"); when this plan went astray, Theodoric drew his sword and struck him on the collarbone. In response to Odoacer's dying question, "Where is God?" Theodoric cried, "This is what you did to my friends." Theodoric was said to have stood over the body of his dead rival and exclaimed, "The man has no bones in his body."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory199769_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory199769-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only did Theodoric slay Odoacer, he thereafter had the betrayed king's loyal followers hunted down and killed as well, an event which left him as the master of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odoacer's wife Sunigilda was stoned to death,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his brother Onoulphus was killed by archers while seeking refuge in a church. Theodoric exiled Odoacer's son Thela to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, but when he attempted to return to Italy Theodoric had him killed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the tragic ending of his domain, followers, and family, Odoacer left an important legacy, in that he had laid the foundations of a great kingdom in Italy for Theodoric to exploit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_portrayals">Later portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hildebrandslied" title="Hildebrandslied">Hildebrandslied</a></i></span> mentions Odoacer (as <i>Otacher</i>) as the person who drove Hildebrand from his home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem "<a href="/wiki/Wulf_and_Eadwacer" title="Wulf and Eadwacer">Wulf and Eadwacer</a>" has been thought to be a legendary retelling of part of Odoacer's story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373–420_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373–420-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odoacer is called "<a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a>" on a few coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name had become a title by the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1988_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/odoacer">"Odoacer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%88%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ὀδόακρος">Ὀδόακρος</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Odóakros</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Odoacer was the first barbarian who reigned over Italy, over a people who had once asserted their just superiority above the rest of mankind." <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, Chapter XXXVI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">Papal</a> documents, which come the closest to implying official use of the title, all refer to him as <i>rex</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> at one point refers to him as <i>Gothorum Romanorumque regnator</i>: ruler of the Goths and the Romans. He is called an <i>autokrator</i> (autocrat) and a <i>tyrannos</i> (usurper, tyrant) by <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>' <i>Bellum Gothicum</i>. The only reference to Odoacer as "King of Italy" is in <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vitensis" title="Victor Vitensis">Victor Vitensis</a>: <i>Odouacro Italiae regi</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on this, see: Stefan Krautschick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435971">"Zwei Aspekte des Jahres 476", <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i></a>, <b>35</b> (1986), pp. 344–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcellinus Comes, <i>Chronicon</i>, s. a. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See:Jordanes, <i>Romana</i> 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translator of Eugippius' <i>The Life of Saint Severin</i>, Ludwig Bieler, explains in a footnote that "make rich gifts to many" refers to the custom of Germanic war leaders giving lavishly to their followers, because "generosity was one of the virtues which a king was supposed to have."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEugippius196565fn_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEugippius196565fn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also See: John of Antioch, fragment 209; translated by C. D. Gordon, <i>Age of Attila</i>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see: <i>Anonymus Valesianus</i>, 8.38. Text and English translation of this document is in J.C. Rolfe (trans.), <i>Ammianus Marcellinus</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), vol. 3 pp. 531ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See:Malchus, fragment 10, translated in C. D. Gordon, <i>The Age of Attila</i>, pp. 127–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook writes, "One wonders at [Ennodius'] brevity", adding that during "the thirteen years of Odovacar's mastery of Italy ... a period which embraced nearly half the episcopate of Epiphanius–Ennodius devotes but eight sections of the <i>vita</i> (101–107), five of which are taken up with the restoration of the churches." Cook uses Ennodius's brevity as an <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ex_silentio" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentum ex silentio">argumentum ex silentio</a></i></span> to prove that Odoacer was very supportive of the Church. "Ennodius was a loyal supporter of Theodoric the Great. Any oppression, therefore, on the part of Odovacar would not be passed over in silence." She concludes that Ennodius's silence "may be construed as an unintentional tribute to the moderation and tolerance of the barbarian king".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see: John of Antioch, fragment 214; translated by C. D. Gordon, <i>Age of Attila</i>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For several years the armies of Odoacer and Theodoric marched back and forth as they vied for control of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück1990289_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück1990289-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <i>Anonymus Valesianus</i>, 11.50f. This follows how Thomas Hodgkins explains this confusing chronology of the <i>Anonymus Valesianus</i>; <i>Italy and her Invaders</i> (Oxford, 1885), vol. 4 p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also See:<i>Anonymus Valesianus</i>, 11.52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram suggests that sometime in 492 or 493, Fredericus and Tufa quarrelled and fought a battle, during which both were killed. To this Wolfram adds, that the Rugians "rejoined the Gothic king" (by whom, he means Theodoric).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John of Antioch, fragment 214a; translated by C. D. Gordon, reports the statement as "There certainly wasn't a bone in this wretched fellow". <i>Age of Attila</i>, pp. 182f. Both the <i>Anonymus Valesianus</i> (11.55) and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Agnellus" title="Andreas Agnellus">Andreas Agnellus</a> (<i>Liber pontificalis ecclesiae Ravennatis</i>, ch. 39) places the murder in Ad Laurentum. Herwig Wolfram explains Theodoric's claim of avenging his "friends" as recompense for the death of a Rugian royal couple – "it apparently did not matter that their son was at that very moment in open rebellion against Theodoric."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See:Anonymus Valesianus<i> 11.56</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to one account, "That same day, all of Odoacer's army who could be found anywhere were killed by order of Theodoric, as well as all of his family".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Wolfram writes that Sunigilda was starved to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: John of Antioch, fragment 214a.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1980_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindale1980">Martindale 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1988-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1988_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1988">Cameron 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1998716_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1998">Gibbon 1998</a>, p. 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReichert2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReichert2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReichert2002">Reichert 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoyles1992141_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoyles1992">Voyles 1992</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194645_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynoldsLopez1946">Reynolds & Lopez 1946</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982456–457-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1982456–457_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1982">Pritsak 1982</a>, pp. 456–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005329-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005329_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastritius2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastritius2005_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastritius2005">Castritius 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194649_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynoldsLopez1946">Reynolds & Lopez 1946</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983324-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983324_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacbain1983">Macbain 1983</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1986-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl1986_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPohl1986">Pohl 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynoldsLopez194644_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynoldsLopez1946">Reynolds & Lopez 1946</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398–99-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201398–99_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005314–317-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005314–317_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 314–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacbain1983326_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacbain1983">Macbain 1983</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002284-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002284_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGeorge2002">MacGeorge 2002</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.242]_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p. 119 [XLVI.242].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_[LVII.291]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915135_[LVII.291]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p. 135 [LVII.291].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003275_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2003">Frassetto 2003</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201398–101-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim201398–101_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, pp. 98–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stift-stpeter.at/de/kloster/index.asp?dat=Friedhof-Katakomben">"Friedhof und Katakomben im Stift St. Peter"</a>. <i>www.stift-stpeter.at</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stift-stpeter.at&rft.atitle=Friedhof+und+Katakomben+im+Stift+St.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stift-stpeter.at%2Fde%2Fkloster%2Findex.asp%3Fdat%3DFriedhof-Katakomben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESotiroff197493_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSotiroff1974">Sotiroff 1974</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpringer200452–55_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpringer2004">Springer 2004</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002110-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGeorge2002110_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacGeorge2002">MacGeorge 2002</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1982">Thompson 1982</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEugippius196564-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEugippius196564_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEugippius1965">Eugippius 1965</a>, p. 64.</span> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2009367_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2009">Goldsworthy 2009</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923405-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923405_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson198263–64-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson198263–64_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1982">Thompson 1982</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1958190-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1958190_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1958">Bury 1958</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923406-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923406_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923406_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard197019-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard197019_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1970">Bernard 1970</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923407-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923407_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005428–429-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005428–429_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, pp. 428–429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005429-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005429_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton2018219-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton2018219_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElton2018">Elton 2018</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunson1995292-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunson1995292_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunson1995">Bunson 1995</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199846–47-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant199846–47_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1998">Grant 1998</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923409-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923409_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923409_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.243]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanes1915119_[XLVI.243]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordanes1915">Jordanes 1915</a>, p. 119 [XLVI.243].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClover1999237-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClover1999237_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClover1999">Clover 1999</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923410-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923410_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964253-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964253_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1964">Jones 1964</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1964254-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1964254_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1964">Jones 1964</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnodius194212fn_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnnodius1942">Ennodius 1942</a>, p. 12fn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200141fn-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200141fn_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2001">Davis 2001</a>, p. 41fn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory1997121-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory1997121_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmory1997">Amory 1997</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_the_Deacon200331–33_[XIX]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_the_Deacon200331–33_[XIX]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul_the_Deacon2003">Paul the Deacon 2003</a>, pp. 31–33 [XIX].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2013100-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2013100_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996217-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996217_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201350–51-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather201350–51_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2013">Heather 2013</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelbrück1990289-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelbrück1990289_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelbrück1990">Delbrück 1990</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather201351-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather201351_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2013">Heather 2013</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003337-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003337_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2003">Frassetto 2003</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988281_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988282_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252–253_[5.1.18–23]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProkopios2014252–253_[5.1.18–23]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProkopios2014">Prokopios 2014</a>, pp. 252–253 [5.1.18–23].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather1996219_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather1996">Heather 1996</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1997188_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1997">Wolfram 1997</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988283_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923426-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923426_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmory199769-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmory199769_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmory1997">Amory 1997</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2007287_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2007">Halsall 2007</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003276_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2003">Frassetto 2003</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022410_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShiels2022">Shiels 2022</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373–420-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShiels2022373–420_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShiels2022">Shiels 2022</a>, pp. 373–420.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmory1997" class="citation book cs1">Amory, Patrick (1997). <i>People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-51152-306-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-51152-306-9"><bdi>978-0-51152-306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Identity+in+Ostrogothic+Italy%2C+489%E2%80%93554&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-51152-306-9&rft.aulast=Amory&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1970" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Jack F. (1970). <i>Up from Caesar: A Survey of the History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Collapse of Fascism</i>. New York: Doubleday & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/806326076">806326076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+from+Caesar%3A+A+Survey+of+the+History+of+Italy+from+the+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire+to+the+Collapse+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806326076&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Jack+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1995). <i>A Dictionary of the Roman Empire</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19510-233-8"><bdi>978-0-19510-233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19510-233-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.B. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/12*.html"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i></a>. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963903029">963903029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963903029&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2F12%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1958" class="citation book cs1">Bury, J.B. (1958). <i>History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian</i>. Vol. II. New York: Dover Publications Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62206973">62206973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+Death+of+Theodosius+I+to+the+Death+of+Justinian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62206973&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastritius2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Castritius, Helmut (2005). "Skiren (Histrorisch)". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>. Vol. 28 (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018207-1"><bdi>978-3-11-018207-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skiren+%28Histrorisch%29&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018207-1&rft.aulast=Castritius&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover1999" class="citation journal cs1">Clover, Frank M. 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Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-545-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-545-3"><bdi>978-0-85323-545-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+the+Pontiffs+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-545-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelbrück1990" class="citation book cs1">Delbrück, Hans (1990). <i>The Barbarian Invasions</i>. History of the Art of War. Vol. II. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80329-200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80329-200-0"><bdi>978-0-80329-200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+Invasions&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.series=History+of+the+Art+of+War&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-80329-200-0&rft.aulast=Delbr%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnodius1942" class="citation book cs1">Ennodius, Magnus Felix (1942). <i>The Life of Saint Epiphanius</i>. Translated, Edited, and Commentary by Genevieve Marie Cook. Washington DC: Catholic University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883796942">883796942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Epiphanius&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883796942&rft.aulast=Ennodius&rft.aufirst=Magnus+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton2018" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2018). <i>The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10845-631-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10845-631-9"><bdi>978-1-10845-631-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-10845-631-9&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugippius1965" class="citation book cs1">Eugippius (1965). "Commemoratorium Severinus". <i>The Life of Saint Severin</i>. Translated by Ludwig Bieler. Washington DC: Catholic University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422145289">422145289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commemoratorium+Severinus&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Severin&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422145289&rft.au=Eugippius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2003" class="citation book cs1">Frassetto, Michael (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Barbarian+Europe%3A+Society+in+Transformation&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-263-9&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1998" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1998) [1789]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvlYUpqe-JMC"><i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. London: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-499-3"><bdi>978-1-85326-499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-499-3&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvlYUpqe-JMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howromefelldeath0000gold"><i>How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30013-719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30013-719-4"><bdi>978-0-30013-719-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-30013-719-4&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowromefelldeath0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1998" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1998). <i>From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century AD</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13516-672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13516-672-4"><bdi>978-1-13516-672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium%3A+The+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-13516-672-4&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Tours1974" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Tours (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffranks00greg"><i>The History of the Franks</i></a></span>. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14044-295-3"><bdi>978-0-14044-295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Franks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14044-295-3&rft.au=Gregory+of+Tours&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffranks00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2007" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2007). <i>Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52143-543-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52143-543-7"><bdi>978-0-52143-543-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarian+Migrations+and+the+Roman+West%2C+376%E2%80%93568&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52143-543-7&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1996" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (1996). <i>The Goths</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63120-932-4"><bdi>978-0-63120-932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-63120-932-4&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2005" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (2005). <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19515-954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19515-954-7"><bdi>978-0-19515-954-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+A+New+History+of+Rome+and+the+Barbarians&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19515-954-7&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2013" class="citation book cs1">Heather, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AB7qAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes & Imperial Pretenders</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936851-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936851-8"><bdi>978-0-19-936851-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Restoration+of+Rome%3A+Barbarian+Popes+%26+Imperial+Pretenders&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936851-8&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAB7qAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2018" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Erik (2018). <i>Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World</i>. Cambridge; Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-712-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-712-1"><bdi>978-1-62466-712-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-712-1&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1964" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1964). "The Fall of the Western Empire and the Barbarian Kingdoms". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laterromanempire01jone"><i>The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey</i></a>. Vol. I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801832845" title="Special:BookSources/0801832845"><bdi>0801832845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Western+Empire+and+the+Barbarian+Kingdoms&rft.btitle=The+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+284%E2%80%93602%3A+A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Administrative+Survey&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0801832845&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaterromanempire01jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanes1915" class="citation book cs1">Jordanes (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothichistoryofj00jord"><i>The Gothic History of Jordanes</i></a>. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463056290">463056290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+History+of+Jordanes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463056290&rft.au=Jordanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothichistoryofj00jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). <i>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe</i>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10700-906-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10700-906-6"><bdi>978-1-10700-906-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns%2C+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-10700-906-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, A.D. (2013). <i>From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74862-790-5"><bdi>978-0-74862-790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Rome+to+Byzantium+AD+363+to+565%3A+The+Transformation+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-74862-790-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacbain1983" class="citation journal cs1">Macbain, Bruce (1983). "Odovacer the Hun?". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 323–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F366807">10.1086/366807</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/269961">269961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162185151">162185151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Odovacer+the+Hun%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=323-327&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162185151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F269961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F366807&rft.aulast=Macbain&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ"><i>With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</i></a>. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6155053467" title="Special:BookSources/978-6155053467"><bdi>978-6155053467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=Budapest+and+New+York&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-6155053467&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Martindale, J.R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-II/page/791">"Odoacer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire">Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</a></i>. Vol. 2 (A.D. 395–527). London; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 791–793. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20159-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20159-4"><bdi>0-521-20159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odoacer&rft.btitle=Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=791-793&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-521-20159-4&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-II%2Fpage%2F791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGeorge2002" class="citation book cs1">MacGeorge, Penny (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw-NAsihhekC"><i>Late Roman Warlords</i></a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925244-2"><bdi>978-0-19-925244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Roman+Warlords&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925244-2&rft.aulast=MacGeorge&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw-NAsihhekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_the_Deacon2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul the Deacon (2003). <i>History of the Lombards</i>. Translated by William Dudley Foulke. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1079-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1079-4"><bdi>0-8122-1079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Lombards&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8122-1079-4&rft.au=Paul+the+Deacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pohl, Walter (1986). "Edika". In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>. Vol. 6 (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010468-4"><bdi>978-3-11-010468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edika&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.edition=2&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-11-010468-4&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak, Omeljan</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213172602/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf"><i>The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570">0363-5570</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/huri/files/vvi_n4_dec1982.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Odoacer: German or Hun?". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1): 36–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F52.1.36">10.1086/ahr/52.1.36</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845067">1845067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Odoacer%3A+German+or+Hun%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-53&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F52.1.36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiels2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shiels, Ian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/195321/1/10.1515_ang-2022-0056.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Wulf and Eadwacer' Reloaded: John of Antioch and the Starving Wife of Odoacer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anglia: Journal of English Philology</i>. <b>140</b> (3–4): 373–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fang-2022-0056">10.1515/ang-2022-0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254294773">254294773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglia%3A+Journal+of+English+Philology&rft.atitle=%27Wulf+and+Eadwacer%27+Reloaded%3A+John+of+Antioch+and+the+Starving+Wife+of+Odoacer&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=373-420&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fang-2022-0056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254294773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F195321%2F1%2F10.1515_ang-2022-0056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotiroff1974" class="citation book cs1">Sotiroff, G. (1974). <i>The Assassination of Justinian's Personality</i>. Lynn Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906162550">906162550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassination+of+Justinian%27s+Personality&rft.pub=Lynn+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906162550&rft.aulast=Sotiroff&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Springer, Matthias (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3op4DwAAQBAJ"><i>Die Sachsen</i></a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-023227-3"><bdi>978-3-17-023227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sachsen&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-17-023227-3&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3op4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1982" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E.A. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romansbarbarians00thom"><i>Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire</i></a></span>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-08700-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-08700-X"><bdi>0-299-08700-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romans+and+Barbarians%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Western+Empire&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-299-08700-X&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromansbarbarians00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoyles1992" class="citation book cs1">Voyles, Joseph (1992). <i>Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic Languages</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X"><bdi>0-12-728270-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Grammar%3A+Pre-%2C+Proto-%2C+and+Post-Germanic+Languages&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-12-728270-X&rft.aulast=Voyles&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1988). <i>History of the Goths</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05259-5"><bdi>0-520-05259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-520-05259-5&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (1997). <i>The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08511-6"><bdi>0-520-08511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-520-08511-6&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00greg"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a></span>. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2"><bdi>978-0-63123-513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%3B+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-63123-513-2&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdoacer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a><br /><small>as <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman Emperor">Western Roman Emperor</a></small><br /><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a><br /><small>as <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman Emperor">Western Roman Emperor</a></small></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> </b><br />476–493 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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title="Alamannia">Alamannian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">Burgundian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Kingdom" title="Frisian Kingdom">Frisian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepid kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#King_of_Italy">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Aur%C3%A8s" title="Kingdom of the Aurès">Kingdom of the Aurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Template talk:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_monarchies_Italian_peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former monarchies Italian peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Pre-Roman period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC–395 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval<br />and<br />Early Modern<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Barbarian kingdoms<br />(476–774)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476%E2%80%93493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476–493)">Odoacer's rule</a> (476–493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic rule</a> (493–553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal rule</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard rule</a> (568–774) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tridentum" title="Duchy of Tridentum">Duchy of Tridentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tuscia" title="Duchy of Tuscia">Duchy of Tuscia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> (584–751) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (533–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Perugia" title="Duchy of Perugia">Duchy of Perugia</a> (554–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolis" title="Duchy of the Pentapolis">Duchy of the Pentapolis</a> (554–752)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> (585–698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br />(754–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagna_e_Marittima_Province" title="Campagna e Marittima Province">Campagna e Marittima Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Castro" title="Duchy of Castro">Duchy of Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br />and other<br />independent<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Bishopric of Bressanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Republic" title="Corsican Republic">Corsican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">City of Fiume and its District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">County of Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" title="Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca">Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Guastalla" title="County of Guastalla">County of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Santa_Fiora" title="County of Santa Fiora">County of Santa Fiora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Duchy of Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Ceva" title="Marquisate of Ceva">Ceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Finale" title="Marquisate of Finale">Finale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Ivrea" title="March of Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Milan" title="Lordship of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Montferrat" title="March of Montferrat">March of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat" title="Duchy of Montferrat">Duchy of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Trieste" title="Imperial Free City of Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Turin" title="March of Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Tuscany" title="March of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona" title="March of Verona">Verona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ivrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Ivrea">Duchy of Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania" title="Duchy of Merania">Duchy of Merania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mirandola" title="Duchy of Mirandola">Duchy of Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Principality of Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Reggio" title="Duchy of Reggio">Duchy of Reggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Saluzzo" title="Marquisate of Saluzzo">Marquisate of Saluzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Duchy of Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Tarentaise" title="Ancient Diocese of Tarentaise">Bishopric of Tarantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Prince-Bishopric of Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoyard state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Savoy" title="County of Savoy">County of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont" title="Prince of Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aosta" title="Duchy of Aosta">Duchy of Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">County of Tenda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a><br />(697–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogado" title="Dogado">Dogado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domini_di_Terraferma" title="Domini di Terraferma">Domini di Terraferma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other Republics<br />(c. 1000–1797)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cospaia" title="Republic of Cospaia">Republic of Cospaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Massa" title="Republic of Massa">Republic of Massa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Noli" title="Republic of Noli">Republic of Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_south_Italian_principalities" title="List of south Italian principalities">Southern Italy</a><br />(774–1139)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">Catepanate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longobardia" title="Longobardia">Longobardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_(theme)" title="Lucania (theme)">Theme of Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lombard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aversa" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Aversa">County of Aversa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br />(from the 9th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">Judicates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agugliastra" title="Agugliastra">Agugliastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Arborea" title="Judicate of Arborea">Arborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Cagliari" title="Judicate of Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Gallura" title="Judicate of Gallura">Gallura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicate_of_Logudoro" title="Judicate of Logudoro">Logudoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Oristano" title="Marquisate of Oristano">Oristano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sassari" title="Republic of Sassari">Republic of Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1720)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1324–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a><br />(1130–1816) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a><br />(1282–1816)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">State of the Presidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_San_Donato" title="Duke of San Donato">Duke of San Donato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora" title="Duchy of Sora">Duchy of Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bari" title="Duchy of Bari">Duchy of Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Principality of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancti_Benedicti" title="Terra Sancti Benedicti">Terra Sancti Benedicti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)">Neapolitan Republic</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Revolutionary</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic</a> eras<br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Republic" title="Ligurian Republic">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Republic" title="Piedmontese Republic">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1798%E2%80%931799)" title="Roman Republic (1798–1799)">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subalpine_Republic" title="Subalpine Republic">Subalpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpadane_Republic" title="Transpadane Republic">Transpadania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guastalla" title="Duchy of Guastalla">Guastalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lucca_and_Piombino" title="Principality of Lucca and Piombino">Lucca and Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Massa and Carrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Pontecorvo" title="Principality of Pontecorvo">Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Post-Napoleonic<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Genoa" title="Duchy of Genoa">Duchy of Genoa</a> (1815–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy of Lucca</a> (1815–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Massa_and_Carrara" title="Duchy of Massa and Carrara">Duchy of Massa and Carrara</a> (1814–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> (1814–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a> (1815–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_United_Provinces" title="Italian United Provinces">Italian United Provinces</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Provisional Government of Milan</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a> (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Roman Republic (1849–1850)">Roman Republic</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a> (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (1814–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> (1816–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a> (1815–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_unification" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (1814–1870)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Post-unification" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1861–1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> (1947–1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antique_Kings_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antique Kings of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Italy_between_476_and_1556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">Kings of Italy</a> between 476 and 1556</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odoacer <span style="font-size:85%;">(476–493)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/100px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/150px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg/200px-Italy_1000_AD_alt1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric <span style="font-size:85%;">(493–526)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric <span style="font-size:85%;">(526–534)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad <span style="font-size:85%;">(534–536)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiges" title="Vitiges">Vitiges <span style="font-size:85%;">(536–540)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ildibad" title="Ildibad">Ildibad <span style="font-size:85%;">(540–541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eraric" title="Eraric">Eraric <span style="font-size:85%;">(541)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila <span style="font-size:85%;">(541–552)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teia" title="Teia">Teia <span style="font-size:85%;">(552–553)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin <span style="font-size:85%;">(568–572)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleph" title="Cleph">Cleph <span style="font-size:85%;">(572–574)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes"><i>Interregnum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(574–584)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authari" title="Authari">Authari <span style="font-size:85%;">(584–590)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(590–616)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaloald" title="Adaloald">Adaloald <span style="font-size:85%;">(616–626)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioald" title="Arioald">Arioald <span style="font-size:85%;">(626–636)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothari" title="Rothari">Rothari <span style="font-size:85%;">(636-652)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodoald" title="Rodoald">Rodoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(652–653)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_I" title="Aripert I">Aripert I <span style="font-size:85%;">(653–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godepert" title="Godepert">Godepert <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(661–662)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoald,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Grimoald, King of the Lombards">Grimoald <span style="font-size:85%;">(662–671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garibald" title="Garibald">Garibald <span style="font-size:85%;">(671)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit <span style="font-size:85%;">(671–688)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(688–689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alahis" title="Alahis">Alahis <span style="font-size:85%;">(689)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert <span style="font-size:85%;">(689–700)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutpert" title="Liutpert">Liutpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(700–702)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raginpert" title="Raginpert">Raginpert <span style="font-size:85%;">(701)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripert_II" title="Aripert II">Aripert II <span style="font-size:85%;">(702–712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansprand" title="Ansprand">Ansprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(712–744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildeprand" title="Hildeprand">Hildeprand <span style="font-size:85%;">(744)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis <span style="font-size:85%;">(744–749)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(749–756)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius <span style="font-size:85%;">(756–774)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne <span style="font-size:85%;">(774–814)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy" title="Pepin of Italy">Pepin <span style="font-size:85%;">(781–810)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy" title="Bernard of Italy">Bernard <span style="font-size:85%;">(810–818)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I <span style="font-size:85%;">(818–855)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis I <span style="font-size:85%;">(855–875)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II <span style="font-size:85%;">(875–877)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman <span style="font-size:85%;">(877–879)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III <span style="font-size:85%;">(879–887)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf <span style="font-size:85%;">(896–899)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy" title="Ratold of Italy">Ratold <span style="font-size:85%;">(896)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-dynastic<br />(title disputed 887–933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruochings</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I <span style="font-size:85%;">(887–924)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Widonids" title="Widonids">Guideschi</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy <span style="font-size:85%;">(889–894)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Italy" title="Lambert of Italy">Lambert <span style="font-size:85%;">(891–897)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Elder_House_of_Welf" title="Elder House of Welf">Welfs</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph II of Burgundy">Rudolph <span style="font-size:85%;">(922–933)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis II <span style="font-size:85%;">(900–905)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh <span style="font-size:85%;">(926–947)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Italy" title="Lothair II of Italy">Lothair II <span style="font-size:85%;">(945–950)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">Anscarids</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Italy" title="Adalbert of Italy">Adalbert <span style="font-size:85%;">(950–963)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> within <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /> (962–1556)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto I <span style="font-size:85%;">(962–973)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II <span style="font-size:85%;">(980–983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III <span style="font-size:85%;">(996–1002)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduin_of_Ivrea" title="Arduin of Ivrea">Arduin I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1002–1014)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1004–1024)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1026–1039)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1039–1056)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1056–1105)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Italy" title="Conrad II of Italy">Conrad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1093–1101)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1106–1125)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III (or II) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1125–1137)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1138–1152)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick I <span style="font-size:85%;">(1154–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI <span style="font-size:85%;">(1186–1197)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1209–1212)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II <span style="font-size:85%;">(1212–1250)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII <span style="font-size:85%;">(1311–1313)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1327–1347)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(1355–1378)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund <span style="font-size:85%;">(1431–1437)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III <span style="font-size:85%;">(1452–1493)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V <span style="font-size:85%;">(1530–1556)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103333#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103333#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103333#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061475764">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/43239906">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/678154381141030292816">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1833159474220427661978">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/310159474047927660389">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1838877/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjC9bK3wqt8b7bQqQGkDhd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118735942">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84095996">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/229615">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278414505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ODOACRE"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/odoacre_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118735942.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118735942">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/129958077">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rz1w2b">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Odoacer</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odoacer" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Odoacer">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Flavius_Odoacer" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Flavius Odoacer">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&oldid=1258109807">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odoacer&oldid=1258109807</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:430s_births" title="Category:430s births">430s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:493_deaths" title="Category:493 deaths">493 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_kings_of_Italy" title="Category:5th-century kings of Italy">5th-century kings of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_Arian_Christians" title="Category:5th-century Arian Christians">5th-century Arian Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_monarchs_in_Europe" title="Category:5th-century monarchs in Europe">5th-century monarchs in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:5th-century murdered monarchs">5th-century murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_Germanic_people" title="Category:5th-century Germanic people">5th-century Germanic people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Germanic_warriors" title="Category:Early Germanic warriors">Early Germanic 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