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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Япиги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Япиги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigi" title="Japigi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Japigi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapigis" title="Iapigis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iapigis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japyger" title="Japyger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japyger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ιάπυγες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάπυγες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapigios" title="Yapigios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yapigios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapyges" title="Iapyges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iapyges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigi" title="Japigi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japigi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapigi" title="Iapigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iapigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapyges" title="Iapyges – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iapyges" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigi" title="Japigi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japigi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japygai" title="Japygai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japygai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigok" title="Japigok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japigok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygi%C3%ABrs" title="Iapygiërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iapygiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Япиги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Япиги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japig%C3%ABt" title="Japigët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Japigët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigi" title="Japigi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japigi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Јапиги – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапиги" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japigi" title="Japigi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japigi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapyger" title="Iapyger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iapyger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Япиги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Япиги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%9A%AE%E5%90%89%E4%BA%BA" title="雅皮吉人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅皮吉人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q841576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a>-speaking people, dwelling in an eponymous region of the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> named Iapygia (modern <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>) between the beginning of the first millennium BC and the first century BC. They were divided into three tribal groups: the <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spoke <a href="/wiki/Messapic" class="mw-redirect" title="Messapic">Messapic</a>, a language of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their lands were gradually colonized by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> from the late 4th century onward and eventually annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> by the early 1st century BC, Iapygians were fully Latinized and assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region was known to the Greeks of the 5th century BC as <i>Iapygía</i> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B8%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἰαπυγία">Ἰαπυγία</a></span>), and its inhabitants as the <i>Iápyges</i> (Ἰάπυγες). It was probably the term used by the indigenous peoples to designate themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Iapyges</i> has also been compared to that of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iapydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapydes">Iapydes</a></i>, an Illyrian tribe of northern <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ancient sources treat Iapygians and Messapians as synonymous, and several writers of the Roman period referred to them as <i>Apuli</i> in the north, <i>Poediculi</i> in the centre, and <i>Sallentini</i> or <i>Calabri</i> in the south. Those discrepancies in the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonyms</a> may indicate that the sub-ethnic Iapygian structures were unstable and sometimes fragmented. By the middle of the third century, Iapygians were generally divided by contemporary observers among three peoples: the <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> in the centre, and the <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/260px-Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/390px-Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg/520px-Apulia_Calabria_et_Lucania_-_Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Apulia and Calabria, cropped from "Map of Ancient Italy, Southern Part", by <a href="/wiki/William_R._Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Shepherd">William R. Shepherd</a>, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iapygia (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>) was located in the southeastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201413-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northeast area of the region, dominated by the massif of <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Monte Gargano</a> (1,055 m), was largely unsuited for agriculture and abandoned to forests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201413-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south and west of the Gargano stretched the largest plain of peninsular Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Tavoliere_delle_Puglie" title="Tavoliere delle Puglie">Tavoliere delle Puglie</a>. Although it mainly consists of sands and gravels, the plain is also crossed by several rivers. In ancient times, the land was best suited for cereal cultivation and, above all, for the pasturage of sheep in the winter. The <a href="/wiki/Ofanto" title="Ofanto">Ofanto river</a>, one of the longest rivers of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, marked the southern border of the plain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201413-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their name, the impervious <a href="/wiki/Daunian_Mountains" title="Daunian Mountains">Daunian Mountains</a> (1,152 m), west of the plain, were strongly held by the <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Iapygia was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Altopiano_delle_Murge" title="Altopiano delle Murge">Murge Plateau</a> (686 m), an area poor in rivers. The western half of the massif was suitable only for grazing sheep; nearer the sea, the land was more adapted to cultivation, and likely used in ancient times to produce grains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201414-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento peninsula</a>, the landscape was more varied, though still without river formation. Olives are known to have been cultivated in this area during the pre-Roman period, but the scale of the production is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201414-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek colonies</a> were located on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>, nearby the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a> in southern Iapygia, most notably <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a>, founded in the late 8th century BC, and <a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a>, founded in the late 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201414-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic language</a></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Illyric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a><br /><small>(extinct)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (Hyllested & Joseph 2022) and "Armenian" (Olsen & Thorsø 2022) in Olander (ed.) <i>The Indo-European Language Family</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Iapygians were a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" speaking a non-<a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>, commonly called '<a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>'. The language, written in variants of the Greek alphabet, is attested from the mid-6th to the late-2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have argued that the term 'Iapygian languages' should be preferred to refer to those dialects, and the term 'Messapic' reserved to the inscriptions found in the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento peninsula</a>, where the specific <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapian people</a> dwelt in the pre-Roman era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messapic is grouped in the same Indo-European branch with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, titled <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid"><i>Albanoid</i> or <i>Illyric</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018383–386_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018383–386-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYntema2017337_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYntema2017337-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 6th century BC, Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a>. The use of writing systems was introduced in this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its adaptation to the Messapic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171840_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171840-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during the 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Peuceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuceti">Peucetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dauni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauni">Daunian</a> epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139–141_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139–141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171841_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171841-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a> of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> ran through Frentania-<a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>-Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and a large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. <a href="/wiki/Larinum" title="Larinum">Larinum</a>, a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> who was from <a href="/wiki/Venusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusia">Venusia</a> in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in the Latinization of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorelli1995142–144_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorelli1995142–144-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 4th century BC, inscriptions from central Iapygia suggest that the local artisan class had acquired some proficiency in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201432_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201432-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the whole regional elite was used to learning <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> by the 3rd century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan language</a> became also widespread after Italic peoples had occupied the territory in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcInerney2014121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcInerney2014121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Messapic dialects, Greek, Oscan and Latin were consequently spoken and written all together in the whole region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Iapygia</a> during the Romanization period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra200517–29_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra200517–29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in the <a href="/wiki/Salento" title="Salento">Salento</a> peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2003116–117_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003116–117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian mythology">Illyrian mythology</a></div> <p>The late pre-Roman religion of the Iapygians appears as a substrate of indigenous beliefs mixed with <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman conquest probably accelerated the hellenisation of a region already influenced by contacts with <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Grecia</a> from the 8th century BC onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409–410_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409–410-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> were thus worshipped in Iapygia as <i>Aprodita</i> and <i>Athana</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deities of native origin have also been highlighted by scholars, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zis_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zis (deity)">Zis</a></i> ('sky-god'), <i>Menzanas</i> ('lord of horses'), <i>Venas</i> ('desire'), <i>Taotor</i> ('the people, community'), and perhaps <i>Damatura</i> ('mother-earth').<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/280px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/420px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG/560px-Stele_daunienne_mariemont.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic stelae from Daunia (610–550 BC).</figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-Roman religious cults have also left few material traces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preserved evidence indicates that indigenous Iapygian beliefs featured the worship of the Indo-European sky god <a href="/wiki/Zis_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zis (deity)">Zis</a>, the practice of living <a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">horse sacrifice</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zis_(deity)#Zis_Menzanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zis (deity)">Zis Menzanas</a> (Iovis/Iuppiter Menzanas), the fulfilling of oracles for anyone who slept wrapped in the skin of a sacrificed ewe, and the curative powers of the waters at the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">herõon</a></i></span> of the god <a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a>, preserved in Greek tales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESøborg202074_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESøborg202074-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboley2000138_(note_34)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboley2000138_(note_34)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several cave sanctuaries have been identified on the coast, most notably the Grotta Porcinara sanctuary (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Leuca" title="Santa Maria di Leuca">Santa Maria di Leuca</a>), in which both Messapian and Greek marines used to write their vows on the walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> had no civic cult requiring public buildings, and if urban sanctuaries have been identified in <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunia</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Teanum_Apulum" title="Teanum Apulum">Teanum Apulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavello" title="Lavello">Lavello</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa</a>), no conspicuous buildings are found before the Romanization period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iapygian peoples were noted for their ornamental dress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 7th century BC, the Daunian aristocracy were wearing highly ornate costumes and much jewellery, a custom that persisted into the classical period, with depictions of Iapygians with long hair, wearing highly patterned short tunics with elaborate fringes. Young women were portrayed with long tunics belted at the waist, generally with a headband or diadem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On ritual or ceremonial occasions, the women of central Iapygia wore a distinctive form of mantle over their heads that left the headband visible above the brow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201419_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201419-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iapygian funeral traditions were distinct from those of neighbouring Italic peoples: whereas the latter banished adult burials to the fringes of their settlements, the inhabitants of Iapygia buried their dead both outside and inside their own settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199251_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199251-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201419_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201419-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although females might occasionally be buried with weapons, arms, and armour, such grave-goods were normally reserved for male funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201427_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201427-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the end of the 4th century BC, the normal practice among <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a> was to lay out the body in a fetal position with the legs drawn up towards the chest, perhaps symbolizing the rebirth of the soul in the womb of Mother Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messapians, by contrast, laid out their dead in the extended position as did other Italic peoples. From the 3rd century BC, extended burials with the body lying on its back began to appear in Daunia and Peucetia, although the previous custom survived well into the 2nd century BC in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_(English)_(simple_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/200px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/300px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg/400px-Illyrian_colonies_in_Italy_550_BC_%28English%29_%28simple_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Iapygian migrations in the early first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following the cross-<a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> migrations of proto-<a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> speakers in the early first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201560_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201560-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman_period">Pre-Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> for Italy from the 11th century BC onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982229,_231_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982229,_231-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merging with pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean civilisation">Mycenean</a> cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three main Iapygian tribal groups–Daunians, Peucetians and Messapians–retained a remarkable cultural unity in the first phase of their development. After the 8th century BC, however, they began a phase marked by a process of differentiation due to internal and external causes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contacts between Messapians and Greeks intensified after the end of the 8th century BC and the foundation of the Spartan colony of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a>, preceded by earlier pre-colonial Mycenaean incursions during which the site of Taras seems to have already played an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the end of the 7th century, however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in the area of influence of <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonial</a> territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1982112–113_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1982112–113-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from the nearby Taras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from the beginning of the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during the 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_conquest">Roman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman conquest of Iapygia started in the late 4th century, with the subjugation of the Canusini and the <a href="/wiki/Teanum_Apulum" title="Teanum Apulum">Teanenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006399_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006399-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It paved the way for Roman hegemony in the entire peninsula, as they used their progression in the region to contain <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> power and encircle their territory during the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early third century, Rome had planted two strategic colonies, <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Luceria</a> (314) and <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venusia</a> (291), on the border of Iapygia and <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006397_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006397-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early period, the Iapygian housing system was made up of small groups of <a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">huts</a> scattered throughout the territory, different from the later <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> tradition of cities. The inhabitants of the rural districts gathered for common decisions, for feasts, for religious practices and rites, and to defend themselves against external attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 6th century BC onward, the large but thinly occupied settlements that had been founded around the beginning of the first millennium BC began to take on a more structured form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest of them gradually gained the administrative capacity and the manpower to erect stone defensive walls and eventually to mint their own coins, indicating both urbanization and the assertion of political autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, some of these Iapygian communities were ruled by powerful individuals in the late 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201423_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201423-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of them had grown into such large fortified settlements that they probably regarded themselves as autonomous city-states by the end of the 4th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201422_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201422-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of the northern cities were seemingly in control of an extensive territory during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arpi" title="Arpi">Arpi</a>, who had the largest earthen ramparts of Iapygia in the Iron Age, and <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canusium</a>, whose territory probably straddled the <a href="/wiki/Ofanto" title="Ofanto">Ofanto River</a> from the coast up to <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venusia</a>, appear to have grown into regional hegemonic powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006410_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006410-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This regional hierarchy of urban power, in which a few dominant city-states competed with each other in order to assert their own hegemony over limited resources, most likely led to frequent internecine warfare between the various Iapygian groups, and to external conflicts between them and foreign communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare">Warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iapygians##" title="Talk:Iapygians">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As evidenced by items found in graves and warriors shown on red-figure vase paintings, Iapigyan fought with little other defensive armour than a shield, sometimes a leather helmet and a jerkin, exceptionally a breastplate. Their most frequent weapon was the thrusting spear, followed by the javelin, whereas swords were relatively rare. Bronze belts were also a common item found in warrior graves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201428_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201428-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scenes of combat depicted on red-figure vase paintings also demonstrate that the various Iapygian communities were frequently involved in conflict with each other, and that prisoners of war were taken for ransom or to be sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201428_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201428-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg/227px-MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg/341px-MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg/454px-MONETA_ORIA_ERCOLE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Roman coin portraying Hercules from <a href="/wiki/Oria,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oria, Italy">Oria</a>, the most ancient Iapygian city.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> was practised in pre-Roman Iapygia during the first millennium BC, and that wide areas of the region were reserved to provide pasture for transhumant sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201416_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201416-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaving was indeed an important activity in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The textile made from wool was most likely marketed in the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a>, and the winter destination of Iapygian <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> probably located in the <a href="/wiki/Tavoliere_delle_Puglie" title="Tavoliere delle Puglie">Tavoliere</a> plain, where the weaving industry was already well developed by the seventh or early sixth century BC, as evidenced by the depiction of weavers at work on a stelae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201416_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201416-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">List of ancient peoples of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982">Boardman & Sollberger 1982</a>, p. 231: "Apart from the spears and spear-heads of 'South-Illyrian' type (...), a connexion can be traced between Albania and Italy through various features in the pottery (shapes, handles; later on also painted geometric decoration); for although in Albania they derive from an earlier local tradition, they seem to represent new elements in Italy. In the same way we can account for the fibulae – typically Illyrian – arching in a simple curve with or without buttons, which one finds in southern Italy and in Sicily, and also some in which the curve is decorated with 'herring-bone' incisions, like examples from the eastern coast of the Adriatic. These influences appear finally in the rites of burial in tumuli in the contracted position, which are seen at this period in southern Italy, especially in Apulia. There is also evidence, as we have seen elsewhere, for supposing that in the diffusion of these Illyrian influences in Italy the Illyrian tribes which were displaced at the beginning of this period from the South-Eastern sea-board of the Adriatic and passed over into Italy may have played a significant role."; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 68: "...the Messapian language recorded on more than 300 inscriptions is in some respects similar to Balkan Illyrian. This link is also reflected in the material culture of both shores of the southern Adriatic. Archaeologists have concluded that there was a phase of Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC."; <a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 407: "They are linked by ancient historians with Illyria, across the Adriatic sea; the linkage is borne out archaeologically by similarities between Illyrian and Messapic metalwork and ceramics, and by personal names that appear in both locations. For this reason, the Messapic language has often been connected by modern scholars to Illyrian; but, as noted above, we have too little Illyrian to be able to test this claim."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/popoli-e-culture-dell-italia-preromana-gli-iapigi-gli-apuli-e-i-dauni_(Il-Mondo-dell'Archeologia)">"Popoli e culture dell'Italia preromana. Gli Iapigi, gli Apuli e i Dauni in "Il Mondo dell'Archeologia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Popoli+e+culture+dell%27Italia+preromana.+Gli+Iapigi%2C+gli+Apuli+e+i+Dauni+in+%22Il+Mondo+dell%27Archeologia%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpopoli-e-culture-dell-italia-preromana-gli-iapigi-gli-apuli-e-i-dauni_%28Il-Mondo-dell%27Archeologia%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIapygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger202129_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2021">Matzinger 2021</a>, p. 29: "Since Messapic is a language of Balkan origin brought to Italy, it may be included in this analysis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/iapige">"Iapige nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Iapige+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fiapige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIapygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPallottino1992">Pallottino 1992</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201413-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201413_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._T._Salmon1989" class="citation journal cs1">E. T. Salmon (1989). "The Hirpini: "ex Italia semper aliquid novi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 225–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1088459">10.2307/1088459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088459">1088459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Hirpini%3A+%22ex+Italia+semper+aliquid+novi%22&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-235&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1088459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=E.+T.+Salmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIapygians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201414-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201414_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171839–1840_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, pp. 1839–1840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018383–386-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018383–386_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, pp. 383–386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYntema2017337-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYntema2017337_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYntema2017">Yntema 2017</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra20057–16_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalveminiMassafra2005">Salvemini & Massafra 2005</a>, pp. 7–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171840-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171840_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139–141-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139–141_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesini2009">Marchesini 2009</a>, pp. 139–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171841-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171841_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1841.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorelli1995142–144-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorelli1995142–144_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorelli1995">Torelli 1995</a>, pp. 142–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201432-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201432_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcInerney2014121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcInerney2014121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcInerney2014">McInerney 2014</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra200517–29-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalveminiMassafra200517–29_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalveminiMassafra2005">Salvemini & Massafra 2005</a>, pp. 17–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003116–117-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2003116–117_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2003">Adams 2003</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409–410-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409–410_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, pp. 409–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahe1946">Krahe 1946</a>, p. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSøborg2020">Søborg 2020</a>, p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFKrahe1946">Krahe 1946</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 274, <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 279; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 166, 176; <a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1843; <a href="#CITEREFLamboley2000">Lamboley 2000</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESøborg202074-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESøborg202074_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSøborg2020">Søborg 2020</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 274: "Messapic <i>Iuppiter Menzanas</i> (name of divinity to whom horses were sacrificed)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboley2000138_(note_34)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboley2000138_(note_34)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamboley2000">Lamboley 2000</a>, p. 138 (note 34): Festus, <i>De verborum significatu</i> (French translation p. 190 ed. Lindsay): <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Multis autem gentibus equum hostiarum numero haberi testimonio sunt Lacedaemoni, qui in monte Taygeto equum ventis immolant, ibidemque adolent, ut eorum flatu cinis eius per finis quam latissime differatur. Et Sallentini, apud quos Menzanae Iovi dicatus uiuos conicitur in ignem</i></span> [<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Que ches bien des peuples le cheval fasse partie des victimes sacrificielles, en témoignent les Lacédémoniens qui, sur le Mont Taygète, immolent un cheval aux vents, et, à cet endroit même, font en sorte que sous le souffle de ces vents, les cendres soient dispersées sur la plus grande surface possible de leur territoire. En témoignent aussi les Sallentins qui jettent vivant dans les flammes un cheval consacré à Jupiter Menzanas</i>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201419-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201419_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201419_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199251-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199251_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPallottino1992">Pallottino 1992</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201427-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201427_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982">Boardman & Sollberger 1982</a>, pp. 839–840; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 278; <a href="#CITEREFSalveminiMassafra2005">Salvemini & Massafra 2005</a>, pp. 7–16; <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2017">Matzinger 2017</a>, p. 1790</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 68: "...the Messapian language recorded on more than 300 inscriptions is in some respects similar to Balkan Illyrian. This link is also reflected in the material culture of both shores of the southern Adriatic. Archaeologists have concluded that there was a phase of Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201560-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger201560_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2015">Matzinger 2015</a>, p. 60: "Per questi motivi lo sviluppo della propria cultura messapica, rispettivamente iapigia è oggi ampiamente considerato come il risultato di una confluenza di tradizioni culturali oltreadriatiche (cioè balcaniche, ma anche micenee in una fase anteriore e poi greco-ellenistiche) con tradizioni culturali locali già esistenti prima di questo nuovo insediamento."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982229,_231-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982229,_231_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982">Boardman & Sollberger 1982</a>, p. 229, 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1982112–113-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham1982112–113_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1982">Graham 1982</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006399-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006399_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 397: "Rome's control of Apulia would prove vital during Rome's conflicts with the Samnites since the Romans used Apulia as a staging area to attack Samnium's eastern flank."; p. 417: "Therefore, Roman actions in Apulia in 318/317 may have formed part of a long-term strategy of encircling Samnium, or at least a policy of securing allies so that Rome was better positioned to confront and subdue the Samnites..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006397-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006397_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201420–21_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006409_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201423-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201423_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006411_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201422-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201422_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFronda2006410-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFronda2006410_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFronda2006">Fronda 2006</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201428-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201428_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201428_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201416-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201416_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201416_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iapygians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 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li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2003" class="citation book cs1">Adams, James N. (2003). <i>Bilingualism and the Latin Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81771-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81771-4"><bdi>978-0-521-81771-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+and+the+Latin+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81771-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIapygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boardman, John; Sollberger, E. (1982). J. Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. 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University of Salento: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1285%2Fi20380313v19p57">10.1285/i20380313v19p57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2038-0313">2038-0313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Idomeneo&rft.atitle=Messapico+e+illirico&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1285%2Fi20380313v19p57&rft.issn=2038-0313&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiba-ese.unile.it%2Findex.php%2Fidomeneo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F15282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIapygians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2017" class="citation book cs1">Matzinger, Joachim (2017). 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illyrians" title="Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians" title="Template talk:Illyrians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illyrians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iapygians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Acroceraunia (page does not exist)">Ad Acroceraunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnissa, Illyria (page does not exist)">Arnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkelana (page does not exist)">Enkelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li> <li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd (page does not exist)">Lofkënd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matohasanaj (page does not exist)">Matohasanaj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)" title="Nikadin (archaeological site)">Nikadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klos, Mallakastër (page does not exist)">Klos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola (Pula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabije (page does not exist)">Rabije</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a></i> (? <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art" title="Category:Illyrian art">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li>Pottery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li> <li>Tattooing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (deity)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Issa" title="Siege of Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li> <li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prefectures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provinces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists" title="Category:Illyria-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrians" title="Category:Illyrians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian 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