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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Han-Xiongnu_contention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han-Xiongnu_contention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Han-Xiongnu contention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han-Xiongnu_contention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Chinese conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th-_and_5th-century_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th-_and_5th-century_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>4th- and 5th-century Silk Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th-_and_5th-century_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>6th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7th_to_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_to_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>7th to 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_to_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Kucha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Kucha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern Kucha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Kucha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kucha_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kucha_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kucha and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kucha_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kucha and Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kucha_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Monks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Po-Yen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Po-Yen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Po-Yen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Po-Yen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Po-Śrīmitra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Po-Śrīmitra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Po-Śrīmitra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Po-Śrīmitra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Po-Yen_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Po-Yen_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Po-Yen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Po-Yen_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tocharian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tocharian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tocharian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tocharian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neighbors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kucha_and_the_Kizil_Caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kucha_and_the_Kizil_Caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kucha and the Kizil Caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kucha_and_the_Kizil_Caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kucha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7" title="کوچا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوچا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku-chu" title="Ku-chu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ku-chu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutxa_(reialme)" title="Kutxa (reialme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kutxa (reialme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kucha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7" title="کوچا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوچا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%BB-tsh%E1%B9%B3%CC%80" title="Khiû-tshṳ̀ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiû-tshṳ̀" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EC%B0%A8" title="쿠차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कूचा राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कूचा राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kucha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kucha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuqa" title="Kuqa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kuqa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E8%8C%B2" title="亀茲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亀茲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="کوچا راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوچا راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucha" title="Cucha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cucha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Куча (государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куча (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kucha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%8Da" title="Kuča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuche" title="Kuche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%A7ar" title="Kuçar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuçar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Куча (держава) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куча (держава)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Quy Từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quy Từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" title="龜茲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="龜茲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龟兹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1328546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="View the 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kucha&params=41_42_56_N_82_55_56_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°42′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°55′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.71556°N 82.93222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.71556; 82.93222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Buddhist kingdom on the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient kingdom. For the modern county in Xinjiang, China, see <a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa County</a>. For the region of Ethiopia, see <a href="/wiki/Kucha_(woreda)" title="Kucha (woreda)">Kucha (woreda)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kucha</div><div class="ib-country-names">龜茲</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">2nd century BCE–648 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kucha is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Kucha is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.437%;left:54.377%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kucha"><img alt="Kucha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Continental Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kucha is located in Xinjiang"><img alt="Kucha is located in Xinjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/300px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/450px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/600px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.556%;left:41.414%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kucha"><img alt="Kucha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Xinjiang</span></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Tarim Basin in the 3rd century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_(China).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kucha within Xinjiang with the county of Kucha in pink and the prefecture of Aksu in yellow"><img alt="Location of Kucha within Xinjiang with the county of Kucha in pink and the prefecture of Aksu in yellow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png/250px-Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png/375px-Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png/500px-Location_of_Kuchar_within_Xinjiang_%28China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="730" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Kucha within <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> with the county of Kucha in pink and the prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu</a> in yellow</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kuchean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2nd century BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_the_Western_Regions" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions">Conquered by the Tang dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">648 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 111 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data">81,317</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha coinage</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kucha</b> or <b>Kuche</b> (also: <i>Kuçar</i>, <i>Kuchar</i>; <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>: <span lang="ug" dir="rtl">كۇچار</span>, Кучар; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E8%8C%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:龜茲">龜茲</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qiūcí</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E8%BB%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:庫車">庫車</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Kùchē</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">𑀓𑀽𑀘𑀻𑀦</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kūcīna</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> that ran along the northern edge of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Muzat_River" title="Muzat River">Muzat River</a>. </p><p>The former area of Kucha now lies in present-day <a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Kuqa town is the county seat of Aksu Prefecture's <a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa County</a>. Its population was given as 74,632 in 1990. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of toponyms for modern Kucha remains somewhat problematic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009381,_n=28_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009381,_n=28-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it is clear that Kucha, <i>Kuchar</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>) and <i>Kuché</i> (modern Chinese),<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> correspond to the <i>Kushan</i> of Indic scripts from late antiquity. </p><p>While Chinese transcriptions of the Han or the Tang imply that <i>Küchï</i> was the original form of the name,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2015Vol._I,_p._121,_note_1.30_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2015Vol._I,_p._121,_note_1.30-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Guzan</i> or <i>Küsan</i> is attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Tibetan Annals</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sub_verbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub verbo">s.v.</a>), dating from 687 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199350_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199350-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a> transcriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> support the forms <i>Küsän</i> / <i>Güsän</i> and <i>Kuxian</i> / <i>Quxian</i> respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of <i>Küshän</i> or <i>Kushan</i>. Another, cognate Chinese transliteration is <i>Ku-sien</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transcriptions of the name <i>Kushan</i> in <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a> from late antiquity include the spelling <i>Guṣān</i>, and are reflected in at least one <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Khotan" title="Buddhism in Khotan">Khotanese</a> Tibetan transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199353_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199353-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forms <i>Kūsān</i> and <i>Kūs</i> are attested in <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat</a>'s 16th-century work in <a href="/wiki/Chaghatai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaghatai language">Chaghatai</a>, the <i>Tarikh-i Rashidi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both names, as well as <i>Kos</i>, <i>Kucha</i>, <i>Kujar</i> etc., were used for modern Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-Elias_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom">Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/330px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/495px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/660px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Tarim Basin in the 3rd century</figcaption></figure> <p>For a long time, Kucha was the most populous oasis in the Tarim Basin. As a Central Asian metropolis, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> economy, and was in contact with the rest of Central Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and thus also with the cultures of South Asia, Iran, and the coastal areas of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009xix_ff_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009xix_ff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main population of Kucha was part of the ancient population of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>, and Kuchans spoke an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European language</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean Tocharian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tocharians are associated with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a>, a population derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">ancient North Eurasians</a>. Chinese sources from the 2nd century BCE mentioned <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> populations with blue eyes and red hair in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a> to the northwest of Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese official and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> traveled the area westward to visit Central Asia, during the 2nd century BCE, stopping at Kucha. Chinese chronicles recount that <a href="/wiki/Princess_Xijun" title="Princess Xijun">Princess Xijun</a>, a Han princess married to the king of the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>, had a daughter who was sent to the Han court in 64 BC, but when the daughter stopped at Kucha on the way, she decided to marry the king of Kucha instead.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (completed in 111 CE), Kucha was the largest of the "Thirty-six Kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>", with a population of 81,317, including 21,076 persons able to bear arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1979163,_n._506_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1979163,_n._506-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Kucha occupied a strategic position on the Northern Silk Road, which brought prosperity, and made Kucha a wealthy center of trade and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Han-Xiongnu_contention">Han-Xiongnu contention</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Han-Xiongnu contention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg/330px-Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg/495px-Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg/660px-Cave_of_the_Hippocampi._Monks_and_kneeling_devotees_in_caftan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Kuchean monks and lay devotees circa 300 CE, in the paintings of the <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Hippocampi_(Cave_118)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cave of the Hippocampi (Cave 118)">Cave of the Hippocampi</a></i> (Cave 118), <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MMRB651_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMRB651-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Later Han</a> (25–220 CE), Kucha, with the whole <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, became a focus of rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 74 CE, Chinese troops started to take control of the Tarim Basin with the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197042_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197042-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first century CE, Kucha resisted the Chinese and allied itself with the Xiongnu and the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> against the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> sent an army to the Tarim Basin to support Kucha, but they retreated after minor encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_conquest">Chinese conquest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg/220px-Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg/330px-Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg/440px-Kizilgaha_beacon_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Kizilgaha Beacon Tower, built by a Chinese garrison during the Han dynasty, located south of Kucha</figcaption></figure> <p>In 124, Kucha formally submitted to the Chinese court, and by 127 China had conquered the whole of the Tarim Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197048_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197048-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kucha became a part of the Western protectorate of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, with China's control of the Silk Road facilitating the exchange of art and the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197047-48_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197047-48-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a> visited the area in the 2nd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040,_48_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040,_48-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did numerous great Buddhist missionaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a>, the Yuezhis <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhi_Qian" title="Zhi Qian">Zhi Qian</a>, or the Indian Zhú Shuòfú (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">竺朔佛</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCHzGvqRbV_ICpgPA49_49_ff]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCHzGvqRbV_ICpgPA49_49_ff]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 150 CE, Chinese power in the western territories receded, and the Tarim Basin and its city-states regained independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201266_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201266-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200722–24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200722–24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4th-_and_5th-century_Silk_Road">4th- and 5th-century Silk Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4th- and 5th-century Silk Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Cave,_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg/330px-Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg/495px-Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg/660px-Peacock_Cave%2C_the_main_cella_and_remaining_paintings_in_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="7520" /></a><figcaption>The "Peacock Cave", in the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> near Kucha, built circa 400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-G87_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G87-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kucha became very powerful and rich in the last quarter of the 4th century CE, about to take over most of the trade along the Silk Road at the expense of the Southern Silk Road, which lay along the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Jinshu</a></i>, Kucha was highly fortified, had a splendid royal palace, as well as many Buddhist stupas and temples:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are fortified cities everywhere, their ramparts are three-fold, inside there are thousands of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> and temples (...) The royal palace is magnificent, glowing like a heavenly abode".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Jinshu</a></i>, Book 97.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Culture flourished, and Indian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scriptures were being translated by the Kuchean monk and translator <a href="/wiki/Kumarajiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarajiva">Kumarajiva</a> (344–413 CE), himself the son of a man from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and a Kuchean mother.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (now Turfan and <a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe</a>) asked for Chinese assistance in countering Kucha and its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Karashar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashar">Karashar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Guang" title="Lü Guang">Lü Guang</a> was sent with a military force by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Emperor Fu Jian</a> (357–385) of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> (351–394).<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lü Guang obtained the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Karashar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karashar">Karashar</a> and conquered Kucha in 383 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lü Guang mentioned the powerful armour of Kucha soldiers, a type of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">lamellar armour</a> that can also be seen in the paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> as noted in the <i>Biography of Chinese General Lü Guang</i>: "They were skillful with arrows and horses, and good with short and long spears. Their armour was like chain link; even if one shoots it, [the arrow] cannot go in."<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lü Guang soon retired and the empire of Fu Jian crumbled against the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin">Eastern Jin</a>, and he established a principality in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, bringing Kumarajiva together with him.<sup id="cite_ref-CB158_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6th_century">6th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 6th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/250px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/375px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg/500px-Kucha_ambassador_to_the_Southern_Liang_court_516-520_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Kucha ambassador at the Chinese court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> in his capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–520 CE, with explanatory text. <i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a></i>, 11th-century Song copy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kucha ambassadors are known to have visited the Chinese court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Liang" title="Emperor Yuan of Liang">Emperor Yuan of Liang</a> in his capital <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a> in 516–520 CE, at or around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Hepthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepthalite">Hepthalite</a> embassies there. An ambassador from Kucha is illustrated in <i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering_of_Liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang">Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang</a></i>, painted in 526–539 CE, an 11th-century Song copy of which has survived. </p><p>The Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited Kucha and in the 630s described Kucha at some length, and the following are excerpts from his descriptions of Kucha: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><small>The soil is suitable for rice and grain... it produces grapes, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> and numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>... The ground is rich in minerals-<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. The air is soft, and the manners of the people honest. The style of writing is Indian, with some differences. They excel other countries in their skill in playing on the lute and pipe. They clothe themselves with ornamental garments of silk and embroidery... There are about one hundred convents in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Little Vehicle</a> of the school of the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivadas</a>. Their doctrine and their rules of discipline are like those of India, and those who read them use the same originals... About 40 <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i> to the north of this desert city there are two convents close together on the slope of a mountain... Outside the western gate of the chief city, on the right and left side of the road, there are erect figures of Buddha, about 90 feet high.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_family,_Cave_17,_Kizil_(family_detail,_retouched),_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/220px-Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/330px-Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/440px-Royal_family%2C_Cave_17%2C_Kizil_%28family_detail%2C_retouched%29%2C_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>Royal family of the oasis city-state of Kucha (King, Queen and young Princes), <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cave_of_the_Bodhisattva_Vault_(Cave_17)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cave of the Bodhisattva Vault (Cave 17)">Cave 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>. Circa 500 CE, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A specific style of music developed within the region and "Kuchean" music gained popularity as it spread along the trade lines of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Lively scenes of Kuchean music and dancing can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> and are described in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>. "[T]he fair ladies and benefactresses of <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumtura Thousand Buddha Caves">Kumtura</a> in their tight-waisted bodices and voluminous skirts recall—notwithstanding the Buddhic theme—that at all the halting places along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, in all the rich caravan towns of the Tarim, Kucha was renowned as a city of pleasures, and that as far as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> men talked of its musicians, its dancing girls, and its courtesans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197098_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197098-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuchean music was very popular in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>, particularly the lute, which became known in Chinese as the <a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">pipa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196352_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196352-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, within the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>, two Tang female musician figures represent the two prevailing traditions: one plays a Kuchean <i>pipa</i> and the other plays a Chinese <i>jiegu</i> (an Indian-style drum).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004254-255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004254-255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of Kucha, along with other early medieval music, was transmitted from China to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> during the same period and is preserved there, somewhat transformed, as <a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">gagaku</a> or Japanese court music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken199786_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken199786-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_(%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6)_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg/220px-Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg/330px-Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg/440px-Da_Li_Yuan_Bao_%28%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%86%E5%85%83%E5%AF%B6%29_-_Kucha_area_-_Scott_Semans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Daizong of Tang">Dali</a> coins founded in Kucha </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_to_13th_centuries">7th to 13th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 7th to 13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following its conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in the early 7th century, during <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_the_Western_Regions" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions">Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions</a>, the city of Kucha was regarded by Han Chinese as one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a>: the "Pacified West",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993198_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993198-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even its capital. </p><p>During a few decades of domination by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, in the late 7th century, Kucha was usually at least semi-independent. </p><p>In the 8th and 9th centuries, Uyghurs increasingly migrated into the area. After the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> by Kyrgyz forces in 840, Kucha became an important center of the Uyghur kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009157_ff_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009157_ff-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extensive ruins of the ancient capital and the <a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a> (Chinese <i>Qiuci</i>), which was abandoned in the 13th century, lie 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of modern Kucha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Kucha">Modern Kucha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Kucha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_(Kucha_delegates_1761).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg/170px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg/255px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg/340px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_%28Kucha_delegates_1761%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Kucha (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">庫車</span></span>) delegates in 1761 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="万国来朝图">万国来朝图</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Francis Younghusband</a>, who passed through the oasis in 1887 on his journey from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, described the district as "probably" having some 60,000 inhabitants. The modern Chinese town was about 700 square yards (590 m<sup>2</sup>) with a 25 feet (7.6 m) high wall, with no bastions or protection to the gateways, but a ditch about 20 feet (6.1 m) deep around it. It was filled with houses and "a few bad shops". The "Turk houses" ran right up to the edge of the ditch and there were remains of an old city to the south-east of the Chinese one, but most of the shops and houses were outside of it. About 800 yards (730 m) north of the Chinese city were barracks for 500 soldiers out of a garrison he estimated to total about 1500 men, who were armed with old <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Enfield rifles</a> "with the Tower mark."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband1904152_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband1904152-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kucha is now part of <a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa, Xinjiang</a>. It is divided into the new city, which includes the People's Square and transportation center, and the old city, where the Friday market and vestiges of the past city wall and cemetery are located. Along with agriculture, the city also manufactures <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, carpets, and other household necessities in its local factories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_investigations">Archaeological investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archaeological investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several significant archaeological sites in the region which were investigated by the third (1905–1907, led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gr%C3%BCnwedel" title="Albert Grünwedel">Albert Grünwedel</a>) and fourth (1913–1914, led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a>) <a href="/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions" title="German Turfan expeditions">German Turfan expeditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in the immediate vicinity include the cave site of Achik-Ilek and Subashi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kucha_and_Buddhism">Kucha and Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kucha and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/220px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/330px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg/440px-Bodhisattva_Guimet_151107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>Bust of a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> from Kucha, 6th–7th century. <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kucha was an important Buddhist center from Antiquity until the late Middle Ages. Buddhism was introduced to Kucha before the end of the 1st century, however it was not until the 4th century that the kingdom became a major center of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a>, but eventually also <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> during the Uighur period. In this respect it differed from <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a>, a Mahayana-dominated kingdom on the southern side of the desert. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i>, during the third century there were nearly one thousand Buddhist stupas and temples in Kucha. At this time, Kuchanese monks began to travel to China. The fourth century saw yet further growth for Buddhism within the kingdom. The palace was said to resemble a Buddhist monastery, displaying carved stone Buddhas, and monasteries around the city were numerous. </p><p>Kucha is well known as the home of the great fifth-century translator monk <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> (344–413). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monks">Monks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Po-Yen">Po-Yen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Po-Yen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A monk from the royal family known as Boyan travelled to the Chinese capital, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, from 256 to 260. He translated six Buddhist texts into Chinese in 258 at China's famous <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Longer_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra</a></i>, an important sutra in <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Po-Śrīmitra"><span id="Po-.C5.9Ar.C4.ABmitra"></span>Po-Śrīmitra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Po-Śrīmitra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Po-Srimitra" title="Po-Srimitra">Po-Śrīmitra</a> was another Kuchean monk who traveled to China from 307 to 312 and translated three Buddhist texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Po-Yen_2">Po-Yen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Po-Yen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second Kuchean Buddhist monk known as Po-Yen also went to Liangzhou (modern <a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei, Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>) and is said to have been well respected, although he is not known to have translated any texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tocharian_languages">Tocharian languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tocharian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tocharian.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/220px-Tocharian.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/330px-Tocharian.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tocharian.JPG/440px-Tocharian.JPG 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Wooden plate with inscription in a <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> language. Kucha, 5th–8th century. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The language of Kucha, as evidenced by surviving manuscripts and inscriptions, was <i><b>Kuśiññe</b></i> (Kushine) also known as <b><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian B</a></b> or West Tocharian, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language. Later, under the Uighur domination, the Kingdom of Kucha gradually became <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic-speaking</a>. <i>Kuśiññe</i> was completely forgotten until the early 20th century, when inscriptions and documents in two related (but mutually unintelligible) languages were discovered at various sites in the Tarim Basin. Conversely, Tocharian A, or <i>Ārśi</i> was native to the region of Turpan (known later as Turfan) and <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr"><i>Agni</i></a> (Qarašähär; Karashar), although the <i>Kuśiññe</i> language also seems to have been spoken there. </p><p>While written in a Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> used typically for <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, the Tocharian languages (as they became known by modern scholars) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Centum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum language">centum group</a> of Indo-European languages, which are otherwise native to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. The precise dating of known Tocharian texts is contested, but they were written around the 6th to 8th centuries CE (although Tocharian speakers must have arrived in the region much earlier). Both languages became extinct before circa 1000 CE. Scholars are still trying to piece together a fuller picture of these languages, their origins, history and connections, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–296,_333–334_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–296,_333–334-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neighbors">Neighbors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neighbors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom bordered <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> to the east. Across the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> to the south was Khotan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kucha_and_the_Kizil_Caves">Kucha and the Kizil Caves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kucha and the Kizil Caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a> lie about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Kucha and were included within the rich fourth-century kingdom of Kucha. The caves claim origins from the royal family of ancient Kucha, specifically a local legend involving Princess Zaoerhan, the daughter of the King of Kucha. While out hunting, the princess met and fell in love with a local <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">mason</a>. When the mason approached the king to ask for permission to marry the princess, the king was appalled and vehemently against the union. He told the young man he would not grant permission unless the mason carved 1000 caves into the local hills. Determined, the mason went to the hills and began carving in order to prove himself to the king. After three years and carving 999 caves, he died from the exhaustion of the work. The distraught princess found his body, and grieved herself to death, and now, her tears are said to be current waterfalls that cascade down some of the cave's rock faces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETredinnickBaumerBonavia2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETredinnickBaumerBonavia2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_(8627360241).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg/220px-A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg/330px-A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg/440px-A114_Koutcha_TIV_1ar_%288627360241%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>A "Han Gui bilingual Wu Zhu coin" (漢龜二體五銖錢) produced by the Kingdom of Kucha with both a Chinese and what is presumed to be a Kuśiññe inscription.</figcaption></figure> <p>From around the third or fourth century Kucha began the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhu" title="Wu Zhu">Wu Zhu</a> (五銖) <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coins</a> inspired by the diminutive and devalued Wu Zhu's of the post-Han dynasty era in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a>. It is very likely that the cash coins produced in Kucha predate the <a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a> (開元通寳) and that the native production of coins stopped sometime after the year 621 when the Wu Zhu cash coins were discontinued in <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coinage of Kucha includes the "Han Qiu bilingual Wu Zhu coin" (漢龜二體五銖錢, <i>hàn qiū èr tǐ wǔ zhū qián</i>) which has a yet undeciphered text belonging to a language spoken in Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>630: <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited the kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Names are in modern Mandarin pronunciations based on ancient Chinese records) </p> <ul><li>Hong (弘) 16</li> <li>Cheng De (丞德) 36</li> <li>Ze Luo (則羅) 46</li> <li>Shen Du (身毒) 50</li> <li>Jiang Bin (絳賓) 72</li> <li>Jian (建) 73</li> <li>You Liduo (尤利多) 76</li> <li>Bai Ba (白霸) 91</li> <li>Bai Ying (白英) 110–127</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha,_Cave_69,_Kizil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg/170px-King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg/255px-King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg/340px-King_Suvarnapusa_of_Kucha%2C_Cave_69%2C_Kizil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Suvarnapushpa" title="Suvarnapushpa">Suvarnapushpa</a> of Kucha, from Cave 69, <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Bai Shan (白山) 280</li> <li>Long Hui (龍會) 326</li> <li>Bai Chun (白純) 349</li> <li>Bai Zhen (白震) 382</li> <li>Niruimo Zhunashen (尼瑞摩珠那勝) 521</li> <li>Bai Sunidie (白蘇尼咥) 562</li> <li>Anandavarman ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottika" title="Tottika">Tottika</a> (circa 550–600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnapushpa" title="Suvarnapushpa">Suvarnapushpa</a> (白蘇伐勃駃 <i>Bái Sūfábókuài</i>) 600–625<sup id="cite_ref-MP_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suvarnadeva (白蘇伐疊 <i>Bai Sufadie</i>) 625-645<sup id="cite_ref-MP_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Haripuspa (白訶黎布失畢, <i>Bai Helibushibi</i>) 647<sup id="cite_ref-MP_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bai Yehu (白葉護) 648</li> <li>Bai Helibushibi (白訶黎布失畢) 650</li> <li>Bai Suji (白素稽) 659</li> <li>Yan Tiandie (延田跌) 678</li> <li>Bai Mobi (白莫苾) 708</li> <li>Bai Xiaojie (白孝節) 719</li> <li>Bai Huan (白環) 731–789? / Tang general – Guo Xin 789</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ci_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ci poetry">Ci poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_numismatics" title="Silk Road numismatics">Silk Road numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_(lost_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subashi (lost city)">Subashi (lost city)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195628/http://dongchu.ddbc.edu.tw/html/02/cwdc_03/cwdc_030098.html">"中印佛教交通史"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dongchu.ddbc.edu.tw/html/02/cwdc_03/cwdc_030098.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdongchu.ddbc.edu.tw%2Fhtml%2F02%2Fcwdc_03%2Fcwdc_030098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009381,_n=28-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009381,_n=28_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 381, n=28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elias_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elias_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elias_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elias (1895), p. 124, n. 1.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2015Vol._I,_p._121,_note_1.30-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2015Vol._I,_p._121,_note_1.30_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2015">Hill 2015</a>, Vol. I, p. 121, note 1.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199350-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199350_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1993">Beckwith 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yuanshi</i>, chap. 12, fol 5a, 7a.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199353-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith199353_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1993">Beckwith 1993</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Elias and Ross, <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi</i>, in the index, s.v. <i>Kuchar</i> and <i>Kusan</i>: "One m.s. [of the <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi</i>] reads <i>Kus</i> / <i>Kusan</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009xix_ff-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009xix_ff_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. xix ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonBowman2017" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew; Bowman, Alan (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3I8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA452"><i>Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-250796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-250796-9"><bdi>978-0-19-250796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Commerce%2C+and+the+State+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-250796-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3I8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1979163,_n._506-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulsewé1979163,_n._506_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulsewé1979">Hulsewé 1979</a>, p. 163, n. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CB158-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CB158_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA158"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 158 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=158+ff&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMRB651-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMRB651_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhie2019" class="citation book cs1">Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA651"><i>Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 651 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39186-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39186-4"><bdi>978-90-04-39186-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Art+of+China+and+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+2+The+Eastern+Chin+and+Sixteen+Kingdoms+Period+in+China+and+Tumshuk%2C+Kucha+and+Karashahr+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=651+ff&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39186-4&rft.aulast=Rhie&rft.aufirst=Marylin+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogD1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-47-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040-47_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 40-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197042-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197042_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045-46_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197048-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197048_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197047-48-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197047-48_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 47-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040,_48-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197040,_48_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 40, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCHzGvqRbV_ICpgPA49_49_ff]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidCHzGvqRbV_ICpgPA49_49_ff]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA49">49 ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201266-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201266_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2012">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200722–24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200722–24_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G87-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G87_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B4-a-7/V-1/page/0093.html.en"><i>Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan: vol. 1</i></a>. pp. 87 ff / p. 93 (Color Image).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altbuddhistische+Kultst%C3%A4tten+in+Chinesisch-Turkistan%3A+vol.+1&rft.pages=87+ff+%2F+p.+93+%28Color+Image%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FVIII-5-B4-a-7%2FV-1%2Fpage%2F0093.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünwedel1920" class="citation book cs1">Grünwedel, Albert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFa-21/V-1/page/0251.html.en"><i>Alt-Kutscha</i></a>. pp. 251 ff (Doppeltafel Tafel I, II – Fig. 1, Fig. 2) – via National Institute of Informatics – Digital Silk Road Project: Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alt-Kutscha&rft.pages=251+ff+%28Doppeltafel+Tafel+I%2C+II+-+Fig.+1%2C+Fig.+2%29&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnwedel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FLFa-21%2FV-1%2Fpage%2F0251.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Cave_(Left_wall_of_the_cella,_2_on_the_plan).jpg" title="File:Peacock Cave (Left wall of the cella, 2 on the plan).jpg">black and white 1912 photograph</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zin, Monika (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.org/82578987-Indo-asiatische-zeitschrift.html">"The Case of the "Repainted Cave" (Kizil, Cave 117)"</a>. <i>Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift</i>. <b>19</b>: 23 – via docplayer.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Asiatische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+the+%22Repainted+Cave%22+%28Kizil%2C+Cave+117%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Zin&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.org%2F82578987-Indo-asiatische-zeitschrift.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1987" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA80"><i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俗有城郭，其城三重，中有佛塔廟千所...王宮壯麗，煥若神居。 in the account of Kucha (龜茲國) in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7097">"晉書/卷097"</a>. <i>zh.wikisource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zh.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8%2F%E5%8D%B7097&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2599%2589%25E6%259B%25B8%2F%25E5%258D%25B7097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Waugh" class="citation web cs1">Daniel C. Waugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/buddhism/tarim/kizil.html">"Kucha and the Kizil Caves"</a>. <i>Silk Road Seattle</i>. University of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Seattle&rft.atitle=Kucha+and+the+Kizil+Caves&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Waugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fexhibit%2Freligion%2Fbuddhism%2Ftarim%2Fkizil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2000" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Samuel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmISY_Z7bEgC&pg=PA19"><i>Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World : Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629)</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24469-5"><bdi>978-0-415-24469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Si-yu-ki%3A+Buddhist+Records+of+the+Western+World+%3A+Translated+from+the+Chinese+of+Hiuen+Tsiang+%28A.D.+629%29&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24469-5&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmISY_Z7bEgC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.m.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98/01">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"屈支国" in 大唐西域记/01 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"</a>. <i>zh.m.wikisource.org</i>. Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zh.m.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%22%E5%B1%88%E6%94%AF%E5%9B%BD%22+in+%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%AE%B0%2F01+-+%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.m.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hans%2F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2594%2590%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E5%259F%259F%25E8%25A8%2598%2F01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/369632883_534369">"俄立艾爾米塔什博物館藏克孜爾石窟壁畫"</a>. <i>www.sohu.com</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft.atitle=%E4%BF%84%E7%AB%8B%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E8%97%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%9C%E7%88%BE%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F369632883_534369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span> References BDce-888、889, MIK III 8875, now in the Hermitage Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaldiz1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MAV83J8cA5MC&pg=PR15"><i>Archèaologie und Kunstgeschichte Chinesisch-Zentralasiens (Xinjiang)</i></a> (in German). BRILL. p. xv Image 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07877-2"><bdi>978-90-04-07877-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A8aologie+und+Kunstgeschichte+Chinesisch-Zentralasiens+%28Xinjiang%29&rft.pages=xv+Image+16&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07877-2&rft.aulast=Yaldiz&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMAV83J8cA5MC%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghose, Rajeshwari (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBnRFQtP7sYC"><i>Kizil on the Silk Road: Crossroads of Commerce & Meeting of Minds</i></a>. Marg Publications. p. 127, note 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-85-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-85-5"><bdi>978-81-85026-85-5</bdi></a>. <q>The images of donors in Cave 17 are seen in two fragments with numbers MIK 8875 and MIK 8876. The person with the halo may be identified as a king of Kucha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kizil+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+Crossroads+of+Commerce+%26+Meeting+of+Minds&rft.pages=127%2C+note+22&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-85-5&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBnRFQtP7sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197098-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197098_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchafer196352-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchafer196352_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1963">Schafer 1963</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004254-255-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2004254-255_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitfield2004">Whitfield 2004</a>, p. 254-255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicken199786-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPicken199786_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPicken1997">Picken 1997</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993198-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1993198_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1993">Beckwith 1993</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009157_ff-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009157_ff_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 157 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband1904152-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband1904152_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounghusband1904">Younghusband 1904</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Coq1922–1933" class="citation book cs1">Le Coq, Albert (1922–1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Geschichte/China-Bibliographie/blog/2012/01/26/le-coq-die-buddhistische-spatantike-in-mittelasien/"><i>Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien. Ergebnisse der Kgl. Preussischen Turfan-Expeditionen</i></a>. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Buddhistische+Sp%C3%A4tantike+in+Mittelasien.+Ergebnisse+der+Kgl.+Preussischen+Turfan-Expeditionen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1922%2F1933&rft.aulast=Le+Coq&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FGeschichte%2FChina-Bibliographie%2Fblog%2F2012%2F01%2F26%2Fle-coq-die-buddhistische-spatantike-in-mittelasien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208023718/http://idp.bl.uk/pages/collections_de.a4d">"German Collections"</a>. International Dunhuang Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/pages/collections_de.a4d">the original</a> on 2006-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Collections&rft.pub=International+Dunhuang+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidp.bl.uk%2Fpages%2Fcollections_de.a4d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a>, eds. (2013). <i>"Kucha", in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691157863" title="Special:BookSources/9780691157863"><bdi>9780691157863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Kucha%22%2C+in+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691157863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–296,_333–334-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–296,_333–334_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, pp. 270–296, 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETredinnickBaumerBonavia2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETredinnickBaumerBonavia2012_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTredinnickBaumerBonavia2012">Tredinnick, Baumer & Bonavia 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOndřej_Klimeš2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ondřej Klimeš (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170249/http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf">"XINJIANG CAST CASH IN THE COLLECTION OF THE NÁPRSTEK MUSEUM, PRAGUE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annals of the Náprstek Museum</i>. <b>25</b>: 109–122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orient.avcr.cz/miranda2/export/sitesavcr/data.avcr.cz/humansci/orient/kontakty/pracovnici/publikace/Klimes/coins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+N%C3%A1prstek+Museum&rft.atitle=XINJIANG+CAST+CASH+IN+THE+COLLECTION+OF+THE+N%C3%81PRSTEK+MUSEUM%2C+PRAGUE&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=109-122&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Ond%C5%99ej+Klime%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forient.avcr.cz%2Fmiranda2%2Fexport%2Fsitesavcr%2Fdata.avcr.cz%2Fhumansci%2Forient%2Fkontakty%2Fpracovnici%2Fpublikace%2FKlimes%2Fcoins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Belyaev2002" class="citation web cs1">Vladimir Belyaev (11 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charm.ru/coins/misc/xinjiang-qiuqi.shtml">"Xinjiang, Qiuzi Kingdom – Bilingual Cash Coins"</a>. <i>Charm.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charm.ru&rft.atitle=Xinjiang%2C+Qiuzi+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+Bilingual+Cash+Coins.&rft.date=2002-02-11&rft.au=Vladimir+Belyaev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charm.ru%2Fcoins%2Fmisc%2Fxinjiang-qiuqi.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Ashkenazy2016" class="citation web cs1">Gary Ashkenazy (16 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#Qiuci_Kingdom">"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Qiuci Kingdom (1st–7th centuries)"</a>. <i>Primal Trek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145808/http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primal+Trek&rft.atitle=Chinese+coins+%E2%80%93+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%8C%A2%E5%B9%A3+%C2%A7+Qiuci+Kingdom+%281st%E2%80%937th+centuries%29.&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft.au=Gary+Ashkenazy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaltrek.com%2Fchinesecoins.html%23Qiuci_Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrot2008" class="citation book cs1">Peyrot, Michaël (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_h1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>Variation and change in Tocharian B</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 196, 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35821-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35821-8"><bdi>978-90-04-35821-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+and+change+in+Tocharian+B&rft.pages=196%2C+199-200&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35821-8&rft.aulast=Peyrot&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_h1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher</a> (1993) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC"><i>The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages</i></a> (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02469-3"><bdi>0-691-02469-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Empire+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Great+Power+Among+Tibetans%2C+Turks%2C+Arabs%2C+and+Chinese+During+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-691-02469-3&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7G61UifCEZMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13589-2&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jG1eHe3y4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2012" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195159318"><i>The Silk Road</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-15931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-15931-8"><bdi>978-0-195-15931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-195-15931-8&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195159318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2015" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John Edward (2015). <i>Through the Jade Gate - China to Rome. A Study of the Silk Routes 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. Vol. I</i>. <a href="/wiki/North_Charleston" class="mw-redirect" title="North Charleston">North Charleston</a>, S.C.: CreateSpace. pp. 121–125, note 1.30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1500696702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1500696702"><bdi>978-1500696702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Jade+Gate+-+China+to+Rome.+A+Study+of+the+Silk+Routes+1st+to+2nd+Centuries+CE.+Vol.+I&rft.place=North+Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pages=121-125%2C+note+1.30&rft.pub=CreateSpace&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1500696702&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulsewé1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.F.P._Hulsew%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="A.F.P. Hulsewé">Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus Hulsewé</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzhCAAAAIAAJ"><i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC - AD 23 ; an Annotated Transl. of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. With an Introd. by M.A.N.Loewe</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2"><bdi>90-04-05884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Central+Asia%3A+The+Early+Stage%3A+125+BC+-+AD+23+%3B+an+Annotated+Transl.+of+Chapters+61+and+96+of+the+History+of+the+Former+Han+Dynasty.+With+an+Introd.+by+M.A.N.Loewe&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-04-05884-2&rft.aulast=Hulsew%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Fran%C3%A7ois+Paulus+Hulsew%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzhCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr62GwAACAAJ"><i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28372-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28372-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr62GwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicken1997" class="citation book cs1">Picken, Laurence (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801002212/https://lit.gfax.ch/Chinese%20Music--Music%20from%20the%20Tang%20Court%207--328%20pages.pdf"><i>Music from the Tang Court</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62100-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62100-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lit.gfax.ch/Chinese%20Music--Music%20from%20the%20Tang%20Court%207--328%20pages.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+from+the+Tang+Court&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62100-7&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flit.gfax.ch%2FChinese%2520Music--Music%2520from%2520the%2520Tang%2520Court%25207--328%2520pages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QerLX9x8pIkC&pg=PA52"><i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tʻang Exotics</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2"><bdi>978-0-520-05462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+A+Study+of+T%CA%BBang+Exotics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05462-2&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQerLX9x8pIkC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTredinnickBaumerBonavia2012" class="citation book cs1">Tredinnick, Jeremy; Baumer, Christoph; Bonavia, Judy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcAQIQAACAAJ"><i>Xinjiang: China's Central Asia</i></a>. Odyssey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-217-790-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-217-790-1"><bdi>978-962-217-790-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Odyssey&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-962-217-790-1&rft.aulast=Tredinnick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Baumer%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Bonavia%2C+Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcAQIQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aurelsteinonsilk0000whit"><i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</i></a></span>. Serindia Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faurelsteinonsilk0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounghusband1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Younghusband, Francis</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartofcontinent01youn_0"><i>The Heart of a Continent: A Narrative of Travels in Manchuria, Across the Gobi Desert, Through the Himalayas, the Pamirs, and Hunza, 1884-1894</i></a>. Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+a+Continent%3A+A+Narrative+of+Travels+in+Manchuria%2C+Across+the+Gobi+Desert%2C+Through+the+Himalayas%2C+the+Pamirs%2C+and+Hunza%2C+1884-1894&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Younghusband&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheartofcontinent01youn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKucha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kucha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kucha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kucha">Kucha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/">Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington</a> (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&time=&date=&ttype=&q=41.7278,82.9364&ie=UTF8&t=h&om=1&ll=41.727768,82.936478&spn=0.180127,0.305901&z=12&iwloc=addr">Kucha at Google Maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical polities in Xinjiang (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328546#identifiers" title="Edit this 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