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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dating and subcultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_and_subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livestock,_horse,_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock,_horse,_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Livestock, horse, and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock,_horse,_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metallurgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Burials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnolinguistic_affiliation_with_Indo-Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnolinguistic_affiliation_with_Indo-Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnolinguistic_affiliation_with_Indo-Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archaeogenetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeogenetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeogenetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Andronovo culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="حضارة أندرونوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة أندرونوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Andronov mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Andronov mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অ্যান্দ্রোনোভো সংস্কৃতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্দ্রোনোভো সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Андрон мәҙәниәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Андрон мәҙәниәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Андронаўская археалагічная культура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Андронаўская археалагічная культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Андроновска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андроновска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_d%27Andr%C3%B3novo" title="Cultura d'Andrónovo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura d'Andrónovo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Андрон культури – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Андрон культури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovsk%C3%A1_kultura" title="Andronovská kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andronovská kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronowo-Kultur" title="Andronowo-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andronowo-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_andr%C3%B3novo" title="Cultura andrónovo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura andrónovo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronova_kulturo" title="Andronova kulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andronova kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_kultura" title="Andronovo kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andronovo kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="فرهنگ آندرونوو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ آندرونوو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_d%27Andronovo" title="Culture d'Andronovo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture d'Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%B3%B4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="안드로노보 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안드로노보 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_Andronovo" title="Kulturo Andronovo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturo Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Andronovo" title="Kebudayaan Andronovo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_di_Andronovo" title="Cultura di Andronovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura di Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ანდრონოვოს კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანდრონოვოს კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Андроново мәдениеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Андроново мәдениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Андрон тарыхый-маданий бирикмеси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Андрон тарыхый-маданий бирикмеси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovas_kult%C5%ABra" title="Andronovas kultūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Andronovas kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_kult%C5%ABra" title="Andronovo kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Andronovo kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_Andronovo" title="Cultur Andronovo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov%C3%B3i_kult%C3%BAra" title="Andronovói kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andronovói kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovocultuur" title="Andronovocultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andronovocultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="アンドロノヴォ文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドロノヴォ文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovokulturen" title="Andronovokulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andronovokulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_madaniyati" title="Andronovo madaniyati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andronovo madaniyati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_andronowska" title="Kultura andronowska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura andronowska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Andronovo" title="Cultura de Andronovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Andronovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Андроновская культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андроновская культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovon_kulttuuri" title="Andronovon kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andronovon kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovokulturen" title="Andronovokulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andronovokulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="அன்ட்ரோனோவோ பண்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அன்ட்ரோனோவோ பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronovo_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Andronovo kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Andronovo culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/300px-Andronovo_area.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/450px-Andronovo_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/600px-Andronovo_area.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC – 1150 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelteminar_culture" title="Kelteminar culture">Kelteminar culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begazy%E2%80%93Dandybai_culture" title="Begazy–Dandybai culture">Begazy–Dandybai culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmola_culture" title="Tasmola culture">Tasmola culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tazabagyab_culture" title="Tazabagyab culture">Tazabagyab culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Andronovo culture</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of similar local Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cultures that flourished <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000–1150 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parpola_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spanning from the southern Urals to the upper <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the east. In the south, the Andronovo sites reached <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is almost universally agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith492_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith492-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological horizon">archaeological horizon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slightly older <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998a2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and the preceding Sintashta culture were derived from an eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the <a href="/wiki/Uzhursky_District" title="Uzhursky District">Uzhursky District</a> of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist <a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Tugarinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkadi Tugarinov">Arkadi Tugarinov</a> discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The Andronovo culture was first identified by the Russian archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Teploukhov" title="Sergei Teploukhov">Sergei Teploukhov</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-GE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_subcultures">Dating and subcultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating and subcultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Iranian_origins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/290px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/435px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/580px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological cultures associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian migration">Indo-Iranian migrations</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture"><i>EIEC</i></a>): The Andronovo, <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz cultures</a> have often been associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> migrations. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a> (or Swat), <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Hoard Culture">Copper Hoard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware cultures</a> are candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">Indo-Aryan migration</a> into South Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a> (4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture:<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoriev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoriev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Alakul</b> (1900–1500 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Forest steppe and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">steppe of the Trans-Urals</a>; northern, western, and central <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>; western Siberia; reaching southern Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a>.</li> <li><b>Fëdorovo</b> (1900–1300 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_forest_steppe" title="Kazakh forest steppe">Forest steppe in Trans-Urals</a>; Southern Siberia and Upper Yenissei; northern, central, and eastern Kazakhstan; <a href="/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast" title="Semirechye Oblast">Semirech'ye</a> region; the Pamir and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> Mountains; and Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Siberia (earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire cult</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><b>Alakul-Fëdorovo</b> (1750–1550 BC). On the other hand, synchronous Alakul-Fedorovo sites mainly appeared in the second quarter of the second millennium BCE, in Southern Urals, along with the persistence of the Alakul materials.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other authors identify the following sub-culture also as part of Andronovo: </p> <ul><li><b>Alekseyevka-Sargary</b> (1500–900 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Bronze Age in northern Kazakhstan, contacts with <a href="/wiki/Namazga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga">Namazga</a> VI in Turkmenia, <a href="/wiki/Ingala_Valley" title="Ingala Valley">Ingala Valley</a> in the south of <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tobol" title="Tobol">Tobol</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some authors have challenged the chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_extent">Geographic extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, <a href="/wiki/Srubna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubna culture">Srubna culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk" title="Minusinsk">Minusinsk</a> depression, with some sites as far west as the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-camhist_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlapping with the area of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional sites are scattered as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-camhist_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, evidence for the presence of the culture in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in far-western China has also been found,<sup id="cite_ref-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly concentrated in the area comprising <a href="/wiki/Tashkurgan" title="Tashkurgan">Tashkurgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-yang_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>. Mallory notes that the <a href="/wiki/Tazabagyab_culture" title="Tazabagyab culture">Tazabagyab culture</a> south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of the former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures (<a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_(Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates,_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/330px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/495px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png/660px-Minusinsk_Basin_cultures_%28Summed_probability_distribution_for_new_human_bone_dates%2C_Afanasievo_to_Tagar_cultures%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Dates of <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a> cultures, at the easternmost edge of Adronovo culture (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the initial Sintashta-<a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka</a> phase,<sup id="cite_ref-yang_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a>-Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei River</a>, succeeding the non-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a> (1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Srubna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubna culture">Srubna culture</a>, which partly derives from the <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> records after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Alekseyevka_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Alekseyevka culture">Alekseyevka culture</a>, migrating into <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> from ca. the 9th century BC (see also <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_stone_stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian stone stela">Ukrainian stone stela</a>), and across the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Sigynnae" title="Sigynnae">Sigynnae</a>, located by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and Strabo identify them as Iranian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_ceramics_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andronovo_ceramics_3.png/254px-Andronovo_ceramics_3.png" decoding="async" width="254" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andronovo_ceramics_3.png/381px-Andronovo_ceramics_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Andronovo_ceramics_3.png/509px-Andronovo_ceramics_3.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Andronovo ceramics</figcaption></figure> <p>The Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as many as a hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">cedar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m<sup>2</sup>, and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a> may have originated in the Andronovo culture.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock,_horse,_and_agriculture"><span id="Livestock.2C_horse.2C_and_agriculture"></span>Livestock, horse, and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Livestock, horse, and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andronovo livestock included <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-camhist_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The domestic <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a> is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a>, in July 2020, scientists from <a href="/wiki/South_Ural_State_University" title="South Ural State University">South Ural State University</a> studied two <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the <a href="/wiki/Lisakovsk" title="Lisakovsk">Lisakovsk</a> city in the <a href="/wiki/Kostanay_Region" title="Kostanay Region">Kostanay region</a>. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the <a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">stallion</a> was nearly 20 years old and the <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a> was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture did not play an important role in the Andronovo economy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metallurgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg/220px-Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg/330px-Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg/440px-Shaft-hole_axes_GIM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Andronovo bronze axes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-camhist_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camhist-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mined deposits of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> ore in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> from around the 14th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Central_Asian_Arts-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Central_Asian_Arts-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a> in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spread over much of Eurasian region, from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ural" title="Southern Ural">Southern Urals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, a pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%92_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5_-_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Chariot model, <a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burials">Burials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg/220px-Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg/330px-Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg/440px-Andronovo_culture._Reconstruction_of_a_burial._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture_of_the_Upper_Tobol_River_Area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of an Andronovo burial. Lisakovsk Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Andronovo dead were buried in <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a> chambers under both round and rectangular <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among the most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual <a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">burial of the horse</a> in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Kytmanovo" title="Kytmanovo">Kytmanovo</a> in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strain's genes express <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a>, which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric <i>Yersinia pestis</i> bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming a plague<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although it was not <i>the</i> plague).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnolinguistic_affiliation_with_Indo-Iranians">Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/440px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/660px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/880px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> and across Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> around 2000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genetics_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if we include the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, where the oldest known chariots have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuznetsov_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuznetsov-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association between the Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta site</a> on the upper <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials, is considered the <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> stage.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the <i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></i>) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of the Andronovo.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a>. While the earlier phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with the late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia_Mountain_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Asia Mountain Corridor">Inner Asia Mountain Corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo culture is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Andronovo culture is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png/300px-Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png/450px-Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png/600px-Map_of_Seima-Turbino_and_Andronovo_cultural_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 2000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-2000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x83" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:83px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">EBLA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x89" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MARI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x82" style="position:absolute; 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left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x100" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EGYPT<br />MIDDLE<br />KINGDOM</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_06x125" style="position:absolute; left:06px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kerma<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_233x84" style="position:absolute; 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left:213px; top:97px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Baodun</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x100" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a> culture (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffff00"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFFF00;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino culture</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffa500"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFA500;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), and other contemporary cultures and polities circa 2000 BCE.</div></div></div></div> <p>According to Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201576-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001206-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or south of the region between <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a>-<a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulturkugel">Kulturkugel</a></i> model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria-Margiana</a> cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001216-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola201576_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola201576-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a>, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> by the 15th century BC. However, <a href="#CITEREFAnthonyVinogradov1995">Anthony & Vinogradov (1995)</a> dated a <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Krivoye_Lake" title="Krivoye Lake">Krivoye Lake</a> to around 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Eugene Helimski</a> has suggested that the Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric languages</a> support this view.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Napolskikh" title="Vladimir Napolskikh">Vladimir Napolskikh</a> has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Yeniseian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Yeniseian">Proto-Yeniseian</a>, occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of the Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rasmus G. Bjørn (2022) describes the linguistic heritage of the Andronovo cultural complex as "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranic and Indic. Early Iranic can be associated with later stages of the Andronovo horizon. Indo-Iranian derived loanwords via the Andronovo cultural complex can be found in both <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a>, suggesting some forms of contact near the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk basin">Minusinsk basin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> respectively. Some loanwords related to horse pastoralism are also found in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg/155px-Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg/232px-Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg/310px-Woman_of_Andronovian_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Andronovo culture woman, dress reconstruction, <a href="/wiki/Central_State_Museum_of_Kazakhstan" title="Central State Museum of Kazakhstan">Central State Museum of Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007171_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007171-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly.<sup id="cite_ref-Physical1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physical1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Iranian and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Indo-Aryan migrations</a>, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physical2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physical2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archaeogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture#Genetics" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture#Genetics" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture#Genetics" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture § Genetics</a></div> <p>The Andronovo culture and its population derived primarily from an eastwards expansion of the Central European <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo%E2%80%93Balanovo_culture" title="Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture">Fatyanovo–Balanovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, which are characterized by the combination of mainly <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya-like</a> ancestry and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> admixture. The spread of Sintashta-Andronovo ancestry correlates with the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andronovo ancestry (c. 57%), in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> admixture (c. 43%), represents the later <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> dispersal into the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, while BMAC admixture is not found among the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrations" title="Indo-Aryan migrations">Indo-Aryan migrations</a> into <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, suggesing two independent routes, one via the BMAC and one via the Inner Asian mountain corridor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetics2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> cultures, the Andronovo culture, the <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk culture</a>. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1800 BC to 1400 BC were surveyed. Extractions of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA</a> from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4</a> and single samples of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Z" title="Haplogroup Z">Z1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K2b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U5" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U5a1</a>. Extractions of <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA</a> from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M130" title="Haplogroup C-M130">C (but not C3)</a>, while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M420" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M420">R1a1a</a>, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">light-skinned</a> with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">light eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair color">light hair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genetics_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genetics-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear,_braid_adornment,_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg/179px-Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg/268px-Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg/358px-Andronovo_costume_set._Headwear%2C_braid_adornment%2C_dress_and_adornments._Reconstruction._Lisakovsk_Museum_of_History_and_Culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Andronovo costume set (reconstruction). Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture</figcaption></figure> <p>In a June 2015 study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA</a> from the male was determined to belong to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a#R-Z93_.28R1a1a1b2.29" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a1b</a>. Extractions of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA</a> were determined to represent two samples of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U4</a> and two samples of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoft2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoft2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2015-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, which was in turn closely genetically related to the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a> and particularly the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> have been detected.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png/330px-Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png/495px-Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png/660px-Admixture_proportions_of_Andronovo_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Admixture proportions of Andronovo populations. They combined <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter Gatherer">Eastern Hunter Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#00bfff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> EHG), <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#228b22"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#228B22;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> CHG), <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian Neolithic</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffa500"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFA500;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter Gatherer">Western Hunter Gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#0000ff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#0000FF;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> WHG) ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span>. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U2e1h</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a genetic study published in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> extracted belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a1b</a> or various subclades of it (particularly <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a1b2a2a</a>). The majority of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> samples extracted belonged to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potapovka_culture" title="Potapovka culture">Potapovka culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a>. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> and peoples of the Central European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Neolithic">Middle Neolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with <a href="/wiki/Steppe_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe ancestry">steppe ancestry</a> back into the steppe.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in particular defined by the majority (n=12) of R-Z93 SNPs. </p><p>Manjusha Chintalapati, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Patterson_(scientist)" title="Nick Patterson (scientist)">Nick Patterson</a>, and Priya Moorjani (in a peer-reviewed paper, July 18, 2022) estimate through DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) that genetic characteristics, typical of Andronovo culture's people formed around 900 years before this archaeological culture appeared, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo decorated bowl"><img alt="Andronovo decorated bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg/101px-Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg/151px-Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg/202px-Andronovo_decorated_bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1318" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo decorated bowl</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_ceramics_4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo ceramics"><img alt="Andronovo ceramics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Andronovo_ceramics_4.png/107px-Andronovo_ceramics_4.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Andronovo_ceramics_4.png/161px-Andronovo_ceramics_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Andronovo_ceramics_4.png/215px-Andronovo_ceramics_4.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo ceramics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_ceramics_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo ceramics"><img alt="Andronovo ceramics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Andronovo_ceramics_2.png/120px-Andronovo_ceramics_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Andronovo_ceramics_2.png/180px-Andronovo_ceramics_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Andronovo_ceramics_2.png/240px-Andronovo_ceramics_2.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo ceramics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery"><img alt="Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg/120px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B._Andronovo_culture_artifacts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo axe and knife"><img alt="Andronovo axe and knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg/120px-Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg/180px-Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg/240px-Andronovo_axe_and_knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2927" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo axe and knife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo area.[83]"><img alt="Andronovo area.[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/120px-Andronovo_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/180px-Andronovo_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Andronovo_area.png/240px-Andronovo_area.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo area.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Andronovo distribution.[83]"><img alt="Andronovo distribution.[83]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Andronovo_distribution.png/120px-Andronovo_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Andronovo_distribution.png/180px-Andronovo_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Andronovo_distribution.png/240px-Andronovo_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Andronovo distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-SG_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Russia" title="Category:History of Russia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of <span class="fn org label">Russia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Prehistory</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Antiquity" title="History of Russia">Antiquity</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></span> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-9th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Arthania" title="Arthania">Arthania</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>879–1240: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">Baptism of Rus'</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod Land</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 882–1136</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1397</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 988–1402</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rostov-Suzdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov-Suzdal">Rostov-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1093–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Early_Middle_Ages_(c._500_–_1097)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1240–1480: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Feudal Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Uvetichi" title="Council of Uvetichi">Council of Uvetichi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol conquest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–1478</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1157–1331</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1263–1547</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1480–1917: <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a> • <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of<br />Troubles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Petrovian reforms</a> • <a href="/wiki/1812_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 Patriotic War">1812 Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Second Patriotic War</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1547–1721</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1721–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1799–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1915</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_Manchuria_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Manchuria (China)">Russian Manchuria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1900–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Uryankhay_Krai" title="Uryankhay Krai">Uryankhay Krai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1921</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1917–1923: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power"><i>Dvoyevlastiye</i></a> • <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Directorate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">election</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Coup">Bolshevik Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Priamurye<br />Govt.</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Emigrants</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR#Early_years_(1917–1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Russian State (1918–1920)">Russian State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Provisional Priamurye Govt.</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Leaders of the Russian Civil War">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1923–1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Era</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korenization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenization">Korenization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a> • <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Great Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> • <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">Crimea<br />transfer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Karabakh<br />War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">Parade of sovereignties</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tannu Tuva</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1921–1944</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>since 1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Modern Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1991_August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 August Coup">August Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata<br />Protocol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR dissolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> • "<a href="/wiki/Near_abroad" title="Near abroad">Near<br />abroad</a>" • <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict#Post-Soviet_era" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Oligarchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Five-Days War</a> • <a href="/wiki/2008_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">Presidential terms<br />amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> • <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">2020 amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Mass emigration</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Debt default</a> • <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 annexation</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan#Present-day" title="Tatarstan">1994</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2000</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian federal subjects">full list...</a></b> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_alpha"><b><a href="#ref_alpha">^A</a></b> <i>Not internationally recognized.</i></span> </span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_beta"><b><a href="#ref_beta">^B</a></b> <i>Not fully controlled.</i></span> </span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">860–1721</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%931796)" title="History of Russia (1721–1796)">1721–1796</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1796%E2%80%931855)" title="History of Russia (1796–1855)">1796–1855</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1855%E2%80%931894)" title="History of Russia (1855–1894)">1855–1894</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">1894–1917</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Russia" title="Template talk:History of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Prehistory of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazabagyab_culture" title="Tazabagyab culture">Tazabagyab culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Андроновская культура</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Andrónovskaya kultúra</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐnˈdronəfskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>kʊlʲˈturə]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarianidi states that "direct archaeological data from Bactria and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2001_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2001-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physical1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physical1_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[M]assive broad-faced proto-Europoid type is a trait of post-Mariupol’ cultures, Sredniy Stog, as well as the Pit-grave culture of the Dnieper’s left bank, the Donets, and Don... During the period of the Timber-grave culture the population of the Ukraine was represented by the medium type between the dolichocephalous narrow-faced population of the Multi-roller Ware culture (Babino) and the more massive broad-faced population of the Timber-grave culture of the Volga region... The anthropological data confirm the existence of an impetus from the Volga region to the Ukraine in the formation of the Timber-grave culture. During the Belozerka stage the dolichocranial narrow-faced type became the prevalent one. A close affinity among the skulls of the Timber-grave, Belozerka, and Scythian cultures of the Pontic steppes, on the one hand, and of the same cultures of the forest-steppe region, on the other, has been shown... This proves the genetical continuity between the Iranian-speaking Scythian population and the previous Timber-grave culture population in the Ukraine... The heir of the Neolithic Dnieper-Donets and Sredniy Stog cultures was the Pit-grave culture. Its population possessed distinct Europoid features, was tall, with massive skulls... The tribes of the Abashevo culture appear in the forest-steppe zone, almost simultaneously with the Poltavka culture. The Abashevans are marked by dolichocephaly and narrow faces. This population had its roots in the Balanovo and Fatyanovo cultures on the Middle Volga, and in Central Europe... [T]he early Timber-grave culture (the Potapovka) population was the result of the mixing of different components. One type was massive, and its predecessor was the Pit-grave-Poltavka type. The second type was a dolichocephalous Europoid type genetically related to the Sintashta population... One more participant of the ethno-cultural processes in the steppes was that of the tribes of the Pokrovskiy type. They were dolichocephalous narrow-faced Europoids akin to the Abashevans and different from the Potapovkans... The majority of Timber-grave culture skulls are dolichocranic with middle-broad faces. They evidence the significant role of Pit-grave and Poltavka components in the Timber-grave culture population... One may assume a genetic connection between the populations of the Timber-grave culture of the Urals region and the Alakul’ culture of the Urals and West Kazakhstan belonging to a dolichocephalous narrow-face type with the population of the Sintashta culture... [T]he western part of the Andronovo culture population belongs to the dolichocranic type akin to that of the Timber-grave culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007383–385_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007383–385-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physical2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physical2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Eurasian steppe nomadic Saka were not immigrants from the Near East but direct descendants of Andronovans, and the mixed character of the Indo-Iranian-speaking populations of Iran and India is the result of a new population spreading among aboriginals with whom a new language is probably to be associated. This conclusion is confirmed by the evidence of Indo-Iranian tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> are tall, light-skinned people with light hair; their women were light-eyed, with long, light tresses... In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> light skin alongside language is the main feature of the Aryans, differentiating them from the aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dáśa-Dasyu</a> population who were a dark-skinned, small people speaking another language and who did not believe in the Vedic gods... Skin color was the basis of social division of the Vedic Aryans; their society was divided into social groups <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varṇa</a>, literally ‘color’. The varṇas of Aryan priests (<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brāhmaṇa</a>) and warriors (<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kṣatriyaḥ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rājanya</a>) were opposed to the varṇas of the aboriginal Dáśa, called ‘black-skinned’..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007172_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmina2007172-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool, as there are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllentoft2015_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllentoft2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We observed a main cluster of Sintashta individuals that was similar to Srubnaya, Potapovka, and Andronovo in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and Anatolian Neolithic (European agriculturalist-related) ancestry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Genetic analysis indicates that the individuals in our study classified as falling within the Andronovo complex are genetically similar to the main clusters of Potapovka, Sintashta, and Srubnaya in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early European agriculturalist</a>-related or Anatolian agriculturalist-related ancestry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Many of the samples from this group are individuals buried in association with artifacts of the Corded Ware, Srubnaya, Petrovka, Sintashta and Andronovo complexes, all of which harboreda mixture of Steppe_EMBA ancestry and ancestry from European Middle Neolithic agriculturalists (Europe_MN). This is consistent with previous findings showing that following westward movement of eastern European populations and mixture with local European agriculturalists, there was an eastward reflux back beyond the Urals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarasimhan2019-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Dorcas, and David Anthony, (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.tdar.org/document/430440/bronze-age-economy-and-rituals-at-krasnosamarskoe-in-the-russian-steppes">"Bronze Age Economy and Rituals at Krasnosamarskoe in the Russian Steppes"</a>, in: The Digital Archaeological Record: "...Particular attention focuses on the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900-1200 BC)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigoriev-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriev_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigoriev_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2020-0123/html">"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"</a>, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), <b>p.3:</b> "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parpola-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, Asko, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032">"Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages"</a>, in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, <b>p.188</b>: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Degtyareva-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Degtyareva_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Degtyareva_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Degtyareva, A.D., et al., (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338504853%20METAL%20PRODUCTS%20OF%20THE%20ALEKSEYEVKA-SARGARY%20CULTURE%20FROM%20THE%20MIDDLE%20AND%20UPPER%20TOBOL%20AREAS">Metal Products of the Alekseyevka-Sargary Culture From the Middle and Upper Tobol Areas"</a>, in: Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2019. № 4 (47): "The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the formulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2020-0123/html">"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"</a>, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=P136"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DP136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span> "It is assumed that the Indo–Iranian language family, which appeared around 2200 bc, was related to the cultural complex of Andronovo in eastern Central Asia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOIC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOIC2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOIC2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008261_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith492-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith492_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (2007). <i>The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse+The+Wheel+And+Language.+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+From+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+The+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/mnhn/11725">“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)”</a>, in: <i>Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day</i>, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/mnhn/11725">“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)"</a>, Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/97745349/2022%20Bendezu%20Sarmiento%20The%20first%20nomads%20in%20Central%20Asia%20s%20steppes%20Kazakhstan%20Territory%20power%20and%20religion%20Eurasian%20steppe%20civilization%20human%20and%20the%20historical%20and%20cultural%20environment%20II%20p%2046%2052">"The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): Territory, power and religion"</a>, in: Eurasian steppe civilization: Human and the Historical and Cultural Environment, Almaty–Turkistan, <b>p. 48</b>: "During the first stage of the Andronovo culture (Early Bronze Age to the end of the 3rd millennium BC), the livestock (mainly cattle) was small and natural fodder was not difficult to find in the pastures near the settlements."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryakova_1998a2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoryakova1998a">Koryakova 1998a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoft2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>522</b> (7555): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GE_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Soviet Encyclopaedia">Great Soviet Encyclopaedia</a>, Article "Andronovo".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1141rev.pdf"><i>Nomination to the World Heritage list of Sarazm</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 22. <q>Sarazm is unique as a gateway to the steppe world, up to Southern Siberia, during the Chalcolithic period (Afanasevo) long before the spread of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomination+to+the+World+Heritage+list+of+Sarazm&rft.pages=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fuploads%2Fnominations%2F1141rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA433"><i>The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3110-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-3110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3110-4&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FDqf415wqgC%26pg%3DPA433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbbotsonLovell-Hoare2017" class="citation book cs1">Ibbotson, Sophie; Lovell-Hoare, Max (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CVFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Tajikistan</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78477-054-9"><bdi>978-1-78477-054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajikistan&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-78477-054-9&rft.aulast=Ibbotson&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Lovell-Hoare%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CVFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irannejad, A. Mani, (23 Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102457461/The%20Indo%20Iranian%20Approach%20to%20Greater%20Iran">"The Indo Iranian Approach to Greater Iran"</a>, in: Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, p. 12, Table 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irannejad, A. Mani, (23 Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102457461/The%20Indo%20Iranian%20Approach%20to%20Greater%20Iran">"The Indo Iranian Approach to Greater Iran"</a>, in: Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irannejad, A. Mani, (23 Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102457461/The%20Indo%20Iranian%20Approach%20to%20Greater%20Iran">"The Indo Iranian Approach to Greater Iran"</a>, in: Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, p. 12, Table 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45686126/Andronovo%20Problem%20Studies%20of%20Cultural%20Genesis%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Bronze%20Age">"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209201910/https://www.academia.edu/45686126/Andronovo%20Problem%20Studies%20of%20Cultural%20Genesis%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Bronze%20Age">Archived</a> 2021-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), <b>p.28:</b> ".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest-steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irannejad, A. Mani, (23 Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102457461/The%20Indo%20Iranian%20Approach%20to%20Greater%20Iran">"The Indo Iranian Approach to Greater Iran"</a>, in: Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1995">Diakonoff 1995</a>:473</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irannejad, A. Mani, (23 Jul 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/102457461/The%20Indo%20Iranian%20Approach%20to%20Greater%20Iran">"The Indo Iranian Approach to Greater Iran"</a>, in: Iran, Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, p. 12, Table 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarigin, Sergey, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226724000370?via%3Dihub">"Megalithic structure from Burabay: Gold mining and cult communities of the Late Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan"</a>, in: Archaeological Research in Asia, Volume 39, September 2024, 100536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory, J.P., (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture/page/n55/mode/1up">"Andronovo Culture"</a>, in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, <b>p. 20</b>: "...Alekseyevka culture...(1200–1000 BC)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jia,_Peter_W._2017_pp._621-639_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camhist-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkladnikov1994" class="citation cs2">Okladnikov, A. P. (1994), "Inner Asia at the dawn of history", <i>The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inner+Asia+at+the+dawn+of+history&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Okladnikov&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>:62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yang-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yang_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yang_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang_JianhuaShao_HuiqiuPan_Ling2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jianhua" title="Yang Jianhua">Yang Jianhua</a>; Shao Huiqiu; Pan Ling (2020). "Chapter 2: The Expansion of Steppe Culture During the Second Millennium B.C.". <i>The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road</i>. Springer Singapore. pp. 47–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-329-157-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-329-157-7"><bdi>978-981-329-157-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+Expansion+of+Steppe+Culture+During+the+Second+Millennium+B.C.&rft.btitle=The+Metal+Road+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Xiongnu+Confederation+and+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=47-131&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-981-329-157-7&rft.au=Yang+Jianhua&rft.au=Shao+Huiqiu&rft.au=Pan+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvyatkoMalloryMurphyPolyakov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727134342id_/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2/S0033822200033798a.pdf/div-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf">"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 243–273. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Radcb..51..243S">2009Radcb..51..243S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200033798">10.1017/S0033822200033798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=New+Radiocarbon+Dates+and+a+Review+of+the+Chronology+of+Prehistoric+Populations+from+the+Minusinsk+Basin%2C+Southern+Siberia%2C+Russia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-273&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200033798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Radcb..51..243S&rft.aulast=Svyatko&rft.aufirst=Svetlana+V&rft.au=Mallory%2C+James+P&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Eileen+M&rft.au=Polyakov%2C+Andrey+V&rft.au=Reimer%2C+Paula+J&rft.au=Schulting%2C+Rick+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180727134342id_%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7EEB3640F2AE465182A97B587B7D84C2%2FS0033822200033798a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-new-radiocarbon-dates-and-a-review-of-the-chronology-of-prehistoric-populations-from-the-minusinsk-basin-southern-siberia-russia-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Erdosy (2012), <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity</i>, Walter de Gruyter, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2020-07-ancient-evidence-horsemanship-bronze-age.html">"The most ancient evidence of horsemanship in the bronze age"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=The+most+ancient+evidence+of+horsemanship+in+the+bronze+age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2020-07-ancient-evidence-horsemanship-bronze-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.susu.ru/en/news/2020/07/14/russian-scientists-have-discovered-most-ancient-evidence-horsemanship-bronze-age#:~:text=the%20Bronze%20Age-,Russian%20Scientists%20Have%20Discovered%20the%20Most%20Ancient,Horsemanship%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age&text=SUSU%20scientist%20discovered%20new%20facts,the%20monuments%20of%20Andronovo%20culture.">"Russian Scientists Have Discovered the Most Ancient Evidence of Horsemanship in the Bronze Age - South Ural State University"</a>. <i>www.susu.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.susu.ru&rft.atitle=Russian+Scientists+Have+Discovered+the+Most+Ancient+Evidence+of+Horsemanship+in+the+Bronze+Age+-+South+Ural+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.susu.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2F14%2Frussian-scientists-have-discovered-most-ancient-evidence-horsemanship-bronze-age%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dthe%2520Bronze%2520Age-%2CRussian%2520Scientists%2520Have%2520Discovered%2520the%2520Most%2520Ancient%2CHorsemanship%2520in%2520the%2520Bronze%2520Age%26text%3DSUSU%2520scientist%2520discovered%2520new%2520facts%2Cthe%2520monuments%2520of%2520Andronovo%2520culture.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ventresca Miller, A., Usmanova, E., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Shevnina, I., Logvin, A., Kolbina, A., Suslov, A., Privat, K., Haas, K. and Rosenmeier, M., 2014. Subsistence and social change in central Eurasia: stable isotope analysis of populations spanning the Bronze Age transition. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, pp.525-538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanov, S.S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.asu.ru/tpai/article/view/%289%29.-08">"THE NEW FINDS OF ORNAMENTAL SHAFT-HOLE AXES OF BRONZE AGE FROM KYRGYZSTAN"</a>. <i>Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14258%2Ftpai%282014%291%289%29.-08">10.14258/tpai(2014)1(9).-08</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=THE+NEW+FINDS+OF+ORNAMENTAL+SHAFT-HOLE+AXES+OF+BRONZE+AGE+FROM+KYRGYZSTAN&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14258%2Ftpai%282014%291%289%29.-08&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.asu.ru%2Ftpai%2Farticle%2Fview%2F%25289%2529.-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Central_Asian_Arts-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Central_Asian_Arts_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102325/Central-Asian-arts/60300/Neolithic-and-Metal-Age-cultures">"Central Asian Arts: Neolithic and Metal Age cultures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (company)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+Arts%3A+Neolithic+and+Metal+Age+cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F102325%2FCentral-Asian-arts%2F60300%2FNeolithic-and-Metal-Age-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cerasetti, Barbara, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">"Who interacted with whom? redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan"</a>, in: Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, <b>p. 487-488:</b> "...the presence of the so-called Andronovo or steppe culture in campsites located on the sand dunes among BMAC settlements or close to them, has been clearly brought to light...This culture is characterized by a typical gray-brown handmade pottery with incised geometrical decoration (Incised Coarse Ware - ICW)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cerasetti, Barbara, (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289965226%20Preliminary%20Report%20on%20Ornamental%20Elements%20of%20Incised%20Coarse%20Ware">"Preliminary Report on Ornamental Elements of 'Incised Coarse Ware'"</a>, in: A. Gubaev, G. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds.), Murghab: A Civilization Heartland between River and Desert, Istituto Italiano Per L'Africa E L'Oriente, <b>p. 67:</b> "...a significant amount of Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), related to Bronze Age nomadic stock-riders over a vast portion of Eurasia, between the Urals and [Kashgaria]. Soviet authors have often labelled [it]...as 'Andronovo Ware'..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChechushkovUsmanovaKosintsev2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chechushkov, Igor V.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Kosintsev, Pavel A. (2020-08-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X2030211X">"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>32</b>: 102420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..32j2420C">2020JArSR..32j2420C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102420">10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X">2352-409X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225452095">225452095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Early+evidence+for+horse+utilization+in+the+Eurasian+steppes+and+the+case+of+the+Novoil%27inovskiy+2+Cemetery+in+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=102420&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225452095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-409X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSR..32j2420C&rft.aulast=Chechushkov&rft.aufirst=Igor+V.&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma+R.&rft.au=Kosintsev%2C+Pavel+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352409X2030211X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721154536/https://ancientexplorers.com/blogs/news/bronze-age-necropolis-unearthed-in-siberia">"Bronze Age Necropolis Unearthed In Siberia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancientexplorers.com/blogs/news/bronze-age-necropolis-unearthed-in-siberia">the original</a> on 2019-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Necropolis+Unearthed+In+Siberia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancientexplorers.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fbronze-age-necropolis-unearthed-in-siberia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenAllentoftNielsenOrlando2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten Erik; Nielsen, Kasper; Orlando, Ludovic; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Schubert, Mikkel; Van Dam, Alex; Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen; Nielsen, Henrik Bjørn; Brunak, Søren; Avetisyan, Pavel; Epimakhov, Andrey; Khalyapin, Mikhail Viktorovich; Gnuni, Artak; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Metspalu, Mait; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Gromov, Andrei; Pokutta, Dalia; Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Foley, Robert A.; Lahr, Marta Mirazón; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4644222">"Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>163</b> (3): 571–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.10.009">10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4644222">4644222</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26496604">26496604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Early+Divergent+Strains+of+Yersinia+pestis+in+Eurasia+5%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=571-582&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4644222%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26496604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2015.10.009&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+Erik&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Kasper&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Anders+Gorm&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Mikkel&rft.au=Van+Dam%2C+Alex&rft.au=Kapel%2C+Christian+Moliin+Outzen&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Henrik+Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Brunak%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Avetisyan%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Khalyapin%2C+Mikhail+Viktorovich&rft.au=Gnuni%2C+Artak&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Lasak%2C+Irena&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vyacheslav&rft.au=Gromov%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Pokutta%2C+Dalia&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Sicheritz-Pont%C3%A9n%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Foley%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Lahr%2C+Marta+Miraz%C3%B3n&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+Kristian&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4644222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span>, S14-15. This sample is marked "RISE505".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, 578: the phylogenetic tree has RISE505 split off before the common ancestor of historic plague.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, S15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witzel, M. <i>Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia.</i> 2003, <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> 129 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Sinttashta_Qu.pdf">PDF</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjørn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bjørn, Rasmus G. (2022-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Human Sciences</i>. <b>4</b>: e23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16">10.1017/ehs.2022.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X">2513-843X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10432883">10432883</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37599704">37599704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Human+Sciences&rft.atitle=Indo-European+loanwords+and+exchange+in+Bronze+Age+Central+and+East+Asia&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e23&rft.date=2022-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2513-843X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37599704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fehs.2022.16&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.aufirst=Rasmus+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10432883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthonyVinogradov1995">Anthony & Vinogradov 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genetics-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genetics_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genetics_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserBouakazeCrubézyNikolaev2009" class="citation journal cs1">Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (May 16, 2009). 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Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995), "Birth of the Chariot", <i>Archaeology</i>, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 36–41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Chariot&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Vinogradov%2C+Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. 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(2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941694-83-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-941694-83-6">0-941694-83-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941694-86-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-941694-86-0">0-941694-86-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoryakova1998a" class="citation web cs1">Koryakova, L. (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html">"Sintashta-Arkaim Culture"</a>. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sintashta-Arkaim+Culture&rft.pub=The+Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Eurasian+Nomads+%28CSEN%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Koryakova&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csen.org%2Fkoryakova2%2FKorya.Sin.Ark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuz'mina1994" class="citation cs2">Kuz'mina, E. E. (1994), <i>Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans)</i>, Moscow: Российская академия наук (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%3F+%28Whence+came+the+Indo-Aryans%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%28Russian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kuz%27mina&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmina2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Kuzmina, Elena E.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC"><i>The Origin of the Indo-Iranians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004160545" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004160545"><bdi>978-9004160545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Indo-Iranians&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004160545&rft.aulast=Kuzmina&rft.aufirst=Elena+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx5J9rn8p2-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500050521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500050521"><bdi>978-0500050521</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Myth&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0500050521&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964985"><bdi>978-1884964985</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1884964985&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr62GwAACAAJ"><i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283721" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283721"><bdi>9780500283721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780500283721&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr62GwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>528</b> (7583): 499–503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.528..499M">2015Natur.528..499M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16152">10.1038/nature16152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918750">4918750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595274">26595274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+patterns+of+selection+in+230+ancient+Eurasians&rft.volume=528&rft.issue=7583&rft.pages=499-503&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26595274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16152&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.528..499M&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4918750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>365</b> (6457): eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F292581">10.1101/292581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F292581%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation cs2">Parpola, Asko (2015), <i>The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism.+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChechushkov_et_al.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chechushkov, Igor V.; et al. (August 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X2030211X">"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>32</b>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 102420. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..32j2420C">2020JArSR..32j2420C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102420">10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225452095">225452095</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Early+evidence+for+horse+utilization+in+the+Eurasian+steppes+and+the+case+of+the+Novoil%27inovskiy+2+Cemetery+in+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=102420&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225452095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2020.102420&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JArSR..32j2420C&rft.aulast=Chechushkov&rft.aufirst=Igor+V.&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2352409X2030211X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndronovo+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ning, Chao & Zheng, Hong-Xiang & Zhang, Fan & Wu, Sihao & Li, Chunxiang & Zhao, Yongbin & Xu, Yang & Wei, Dong & Wu, Yong & Gao, Shizhu & Jin, Li & Cui, Yinqiu. (2021). "Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang". In: <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. 12. 10.3389/fgene.2021.740167.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Andronovo_culture" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205094346/http://csen.org/">Center for the Study of Eurasian Nomads</a> (csen.org) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228105312/http://www.csen.org/Koryakova/korya.andronovo.html">Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228104055/http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Sin.Ark.html">Sintashta-Arkaim Culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205224730/http://steppes.ru/article322.html">The Discovery of Sintashta</a> (a Russian-language article by two archaeologists who directed the excavations)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060302183531/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/001/073/j5.htm">Archaic Motifs in North Russian Folk Embroidery and Parallels in Ancient Ornamental Designs of the Eurasian Steppe Peoples</a> S. Zharnikova</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&oldid=1259440564">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andronovo_culture&oldid=1259440564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andronovo_culture" title="Category:Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_BC_establishments" title="Category:20th-century BC establishments">20th-century BC establishments</a></li><li><a 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