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<li id="toc-Origins_in_Minneapolis_hardcore_punk_scene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_Minneapolis_hardcore_punk_scene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins in Minneapolis hardcore punk scene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_Minneapolis_hardcore_punk_scene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_spread_beyond_the_Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_spread_beyond_the_Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1990s spread beyond the Midwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_spread_beyond_the_Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_2000s:_dawning_of_the_internet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_2000s:_dawning_of_the_internet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early 2000s: dawning of the internet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_2000s:_dawning_of_the_internet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_2000s_and_rebranding_as_Antifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_2000s_and_rebranding_as_Antifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late 2000s and rebranding as Antifa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_2000s_and_rebranding_as_Antifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_onwards:_Torch_Network-era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_onwards:_Torch_Network-era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2013 onwards: Torch Network-era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_onwards:_Torch_Network-era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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searchaux" style="display:none">North American far-left political cells</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the English organization the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Alliance" title="Anti-Racist Alliance">Anti-Racist Alliance</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Anti-Racist Action</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Racist_Action_(emblem).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Anti-Racist_Action_%28emblem%29.png/160px-Anti-Racist_Action_%28emblem%29.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Anti-Racist_Action_%28emblem%29.png/240px-Anti-Racist_Action_%28emblem%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Anti-Racist_Action_%28emblem%29.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ARA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 14, 1989<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1989-01-14</span>)</span> (as Anti-Racist Action)<br />December 14, 2013<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2013-12-14</span>)</span> (as <a href="/wiki/Torch_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Torch Network">Torch Network</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data">Kieran Frazier Knutson<sup id="cite_ref-founder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mic_Crenshaw" title="Mic Crenshaw">Mic Crenshaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a><br /> <b>Internal factions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (majority)<sup id="cite_ref-ideology_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> (minority)<sup id="cite_ref-ideology_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> (minority)<sup id="cite_ref-ideology_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">Doxxing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/One_People%27s_Project" title="One People's Project">One People's Project</a><br /><a href="/wiki/IWW" class="mw-redirect" title="IWW">IWW</a> General Defense Committee<br /><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a><br />Support Prisoner Resistance<br />International Anti-Fascist Defence Fund</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiracistaction.org/">Anti-RacistAction.org</a> <small>(no longer updated)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-Racist Action</b> (<b>ARA</b>), also known as the <b>Anti-Racist Action Network</b>, is a decentralized network of militant <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left politics in the United States">far-left</a> political cells in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. The ARA network originated in the late 1980s to engage in <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a> against rival political organizations on the hard right (mainly violent groups of neo-Nazi skinheads) to dissuade them from further involvement in political activities. Anti-Racist Action described such groups as <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a>, or both. Most ARA members have been <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some have been <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ideology_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The network originated among the <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a> scene in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> among a group known as the Minneapolis Baldies which had been founded in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-founder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-founder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network grew and spread throughout North America. The <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, were the main hotspot for activity, but notable chapters existed in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and elsewhere. In the early 1990s, the Anti-Racist Action Network began to organize an annual conference, attended by representatives of the various official chapters, along with prospective members. These events often feature guest speakers and hardcore punk bands. In the late 1990s, the network was affiliated with a short-lived international grouping which called itself the Militant Anti-Fascist Network and consisted of mostly Europe-based groups such as the UK-based <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a> and various German <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a> factions among others. </p><p>Politically, the network has always stated that anti-racism and anti-fascism are its main goals, adopting a non-sectarian approach to party affiliation for chapter members, and there is no pre-requisite to adhere to any particular party line outside of the five "Points of Unity." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_Minneapolis_hardcore_punk_scene">Origins in Minneapolis hardcore punk scene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in Minneapolis hardcore punk scene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland,_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/250px-Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/375px-Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg/500px-Mic_Crenshaw_performing_at_Black_Lives_Matter_demonstration_in_Portland%2C_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mic_Crenshaw" title="Mic Crenshaw">Mic Crenshaw</a>, depicted in later life. Along with Kieran Knutson and Jason "Gator" Nevilles, he was one of the founding members of ARA from the earliest Minneapolis Baldies days.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-Racist Action originated from the <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> subculture in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> at <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, among suburban mostly <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> teenagers during the late 1980s. The wider punk subculture itself had flirted with extreme political symbolism, as a form of "shock value" from its early days, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">nazi</a> symbols, though many did not take this seriously. Eventually some bands such as <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a> in the United Kingdom began to more seriously integrate an <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communist">anarcho-communist</a> political ideology into their music and associated <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> subculture. This spread to the United States and had a strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_hardcore" title="Minneapolis hardcore">Minneapolis hardcore</a> scene. Some of the people involved in this scene created a <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a> street gang, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Knight_(photographer)" title="Nick Knight (photographer)">Nick Knight</a>'s book <i>Skinhead,</i> known as the Minneapolis Baldies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-splc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-splc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baldies, who formed in 1986 and regarded themselves as leftist, <a href="/wiki/Anti-racist_skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racist skinheads">anti-racist skinheads</a>, were frequently engaged in political violence with rival far-right skinheads in Uptown.<sup id="cite_ref-forty_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mid_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baldies were associated with bands such as Blind Approach, while their rivals from the East Side, the White Knights, were associated with Mass Corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kieran Knutson, they organized a demonstration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> Black Law Student Association, including <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a> who later became the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Minnesota" title="Attorney General of Minnesota">Attorney General of Minnesota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forty_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicago skinheads formed their own Anti-Racist Action (ARA) by May 1989. Chicago ARA activists fought with the neo-Nazi skinheads of <a href="/wiki/Clark_Martell" title="Clark Martell">Chicago Area SkinHeads</a> (CASH).<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group called Skinheads of Chicago (SHOC) consisted mostly of black skinheads and adhered to left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> politics; some of them featured on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a></i> in 1989, opposing CASH who were guests.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People in the hardcore punk scene became more widely aware of ARA across America due to a nationwide magazine called <i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Rock and Roll">Maximum Rock and Roll</a></i> (MRR), edited by the counter-culture influencer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Yohannan" title="Tim Yohannan">Tim Yohannan</a> who worked at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, which started to promote them from 1987 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-kate_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kate-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting in Minneapolis on January 14, 1989, with 80 or more anti-racist skinheads from <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, they founded a network called "the Syndicate".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mid_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chapters in attendance included the Brew City Skins from <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, the North Side Crew also in Chicago, as well as groups in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> (people associated with <a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">SHARP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mid_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_spread_beyond_the_Midwest">1990s spread beyond the Midwest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1990s spread beyond the Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 1980s into the 1990s, the network began to grow. One of their main rallying points was in relation to the trials of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Tom Metzger</a>, a neo-Nazi activist associated then with a group calling itself the <a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a> (WAR). Metzger, though originally a "suit-and-tie" far-right talkshow show host, had begun to play a significant role in the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi_skinhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi skinhead">neo-Nazi skinhead</a> subculture in the United States, inspired in part by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Ian Stuart Donaldson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a> (many British skinheads like him also joined groups such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a>). This growing network of neo-Nazi skinheads in the United States were in conflict with the far-left leaning skinheads associated with Anti-Racist Action for control of the scene. Some of Metzger's skinhead followers in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> belonging to East Side White Pride killed an Ethiopian student, <a href="/wiki/Mulugeta_Seraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulugeta Seraw">Mulugeta Seraw</a>, in 1988, and were subsequently charged, while Metzger himself was sued and ordered to pay extensive financial damages to Seraw's family. <a href="/wiki/Mic_Crenshaw" title="Mic Crenshaw">Mic Crenshaw</a> and some other Minneapolis ARA members relocated to Portland and founded the Portland ARA chapter there in response.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public attention given to this case caused a growth in networks affiliated with ARA, other new sections sprung up around the issue, including in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, where it was also known as People Against Racist Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-Fighting_fascism,_colonialism,_and_white_supremacy_–_Anti-Racist_Action-L.A./People_Against_Racist_Terror_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fighting_fascism,_colonialism,_and_white_supremacy_–_Anti-Racist_Action-L.A./People_Against_Racist_Terror-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of Anti-Racist Action in Minneapolis had been affiliated with an anarchist group called the Revolutionary Anarchist Bowling League.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marty Williams of Chicago ARA stated that, by 1992, the network had expanded beyond its original subcultural base in the skinhead scene to include also students, workers, anarchist punks and older left-wing activists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Racist Action built up connections to <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> groups in places like Chicago, and integrated aspects of <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a> and, as part of this, defended <a href="/wiki/Abortion_clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion clinics">abortion clinics</a> against fundamentalist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-seventyone_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventyone-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bray, ARA was "predominantly anarchist and antiauthoritarian, as reflected in the influential role of the <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Rage_Revolutionary_Anarchist_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation">Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-seventyone_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seventyone-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unorthodox anarchist group with <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> influences (some of whose members had previously been in the Revolutionary Anarchist Bowling League<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with whom they worked closely.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Racist Action chapters in the Midwest began to organize an annual conference under the banner of the Midwest Anti-Fascist Network, starting on October 15, 1994; the first took place in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-conf_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These annual conferences had guest speakers at each event. The first featured Signe Waller, the widow of Michael Waller, a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a> member killed during the <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_massacre" title="Greensboro massacre">Greensboro massacre</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-conf_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conf-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kap_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kap-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year <a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Chip Berlet</a> was the guest speaker, along with Rita "Bo" Brown of the <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a> as well as Waller.<sup id="cite_ref-kap_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kap-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The network expanded into <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a>, at the time the largest neo-Nazi group in Canada, marched on Toronto's courthouse; organising against this catalysed the formation of a local ARA chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Heritage Front supported the German-born <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust denier">Holocaust denier</a> and apologist for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a>, who was the subject of a significant political controversy with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Canadian Human Rights Commission">Canadian Human Rights Commission</a> and the organized Canadian Jewish community. According to a 1997 article in <i>The Ottawa Times</i>, Anti-Racist Action's Toronto branch built up a close working relationship with <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="B'nai B'rith Canada">B'nai B'rith Canada</a>, a major Jewish advocacy group.<sup id="cite_ref-rodri_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodri-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, B'nai B'rith Canada attempted to secure state funding for Anti-Racist Action through Sam Title, who stated at the time that B'nai B'rith had "worked with them before." <a href="/wiki/Karen_Mock" title="Karen Mock">Karen Mock</a>, the National Director of B'nai B'rith was pictured at an ARA conference in 1997. After Mock attended the meeting the relationship was subject to the feature in <i>The Ottawa News</i> in 1997, which courted controversy for B'nai B'rith due to ARA's links to violence and "extremism".<sup id="cite_ref-rodri_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodri-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more notable events involving ARA in Toronto was the trashing of the home of a Heritage Front member on 11 June 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-boyle_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Ottawa Times</i>, "as reported by the <i>Canadian Intelligence Service</i>, the ARA has also been linked by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">Canadian Security Intelligence Service</a> (CSIS) with the 1995 arson attack on <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a>'s home" (Zündel, of German-birth, was in any case deported from Toronto, Canada that year).<sup id="cite_ref-rodri_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rodri-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARA Minneapolis and ARA Toronto attended a conference in London in October 1997 which brought together twenty-two delegates from the emerging international (mostly European) militant anti-fascist movements. There was a significant disagreement between two of the major groups: the <i>Autonome Antifa (M)</i>, a German <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a> delegation based in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a> from Britain (who had partly inspired the creation of ARA in the first place).<sup id="cite_ref-brayfiftynine_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayfiftynine-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British-delegation were mostly working-class and argued for a class basis for anti-fascist struggle as well as for physical force against those it defined as fascists, while AA (M), who were more based in the middle-class intelligentsia, argued that the movement should be based primarily on a "feminist and anti-imperialist" analysis and downgrade "<a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">squadism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-brayfiftynine_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayfiftynine-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the conference, nine groups followed Anti-Fascist Action into the Militant Anti-Fascist Network, including the North American Anti-Racist Action branches, as well as the German groups <i>Antifaschistische Aktion Hannover</i> and <i>Aktivisten-Gruppe ROTKÄPPCHEN</i>, as well as a group from <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brayfiftynine_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayfiftynine-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international itself collapsed in 1999 as Anti-Fascist Action in Britain became essentially defunct. </p><p>As part of their wider <a href="/wiki/Anti-police_sentiment" title="Anti-police sentiment">anti-police sentiment</a> activity, including involvement with <a href="/wiki/Cop_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cop Watch">Cop Watch</a>, members of ARA were involved in supporting <a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a> (born Wesley Cook), who was convicted for the 1981 murder of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">PPD</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Abu-Jamal#Murder_victim" title="Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal">Daniel Faulkner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mum_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mum-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1999 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, ARA activists organized a seven-car caravan with a loudspeaker in each, voicing slogans in favour of Mumia Abu-Jamal and handing out leaflets to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-mum_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mum-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_2000s:_dawning_of_the_internet_era">Early 2000s: dawning of the internet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 2000s: dawning of the internet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins,_One_People%27s_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg/250px-Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg/375px-Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg/500px-Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins%2C_One_People%27s_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins" title="Daryle Lamont Jenkins">Daryle Lamont Jenkins</a>, ARA gained an early internet foothold with his "doxxing" website <a href="/wiki/One_People%27s_Project" title="One People's Project">One People's Project</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two members of ARA from <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shersty" title="Daniel Shersty">Daniel Shersty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lin_Newborn" title="Lin Newborn">Lin Newborn</a>, were killed by fascists in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, Anti-Racist Action was engaged in conflict with white supremacist revival groups, as captured in the 2000 documentary film <i>Invisible Revolution: A Youth Subculture of Hate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, the new millennium saw a switch to a more information-based "warfare" between ARA and their enemies active within the far-right groups.<sup id="cite_ref-kate_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kate-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white nationalist far-right most circulated around <i><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></i>, while one of the more prominent website projects associated with ARA at the time was the <i><a href="/wiki/One_People%27s_Project" title="One People's Project">One People's Project</a></i>, which maintained contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, working together on projects such as <i><a href="/wiki/Erasing_Hate" title="Erasing Hate">Erasing Hate</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agony_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agony-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins" title="Daryle Lamont Jenkins">Daryle Lamont Jenkins</a> and Joshua David Belser (under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Josh Hoyt"), the <i>One People's Project</i> was a pioneer in the "<a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">doxxing</a>" of alleged far-right group activists; as part of their campaign against these individuals, they posted personal information of them on the website, including their full names, dates and place of birth, home address, their place of work, the names of their close family members/partners and any other contact information such as phone numbers. This was subsequently spread among other websites, forums and blogs associated with whichever ARA branch was local to the alleged far-rightist profiled.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Racist Action's <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio branch, including Jerry or Gerry Bello<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also a prominent figure within ARA's <a href="/wiki/Cop_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cop Watch">Cop Watch</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were among several groups (including the Black Bloc, a coalition of anarchist organizations, including the Boston-based <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barricada_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barricada Collective (page does not exist)">Barricada Collective</a>) who were involved in a street fight with far-right activists which led to the arrest of 25 people in <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York County</a>, Pennsylvania on January 12, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-pitts_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitts-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups were protesting a speech by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._Hale" title="Matthew F. Hale">Matthew F. Hale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Church_of_the_Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="World Church of the Creator">World Church of the Creator</a> at a local library; several other white nationalist groups were also in the area, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pitts_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitts-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, on May 11, 2002, around 250 members of the National Alliance, a leading neo-Nazi group, arranged a protest at the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Israel_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.</a> under <a href="/wiki/Billy_Roper" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Roper">Billy Roper</a>, distributing anti-Israel flyers with pictures of the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> with the words "Let's Stop Being Human Shields for Israel" and demanding to cut off <a href="/wiki/US_aid_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="US aid to Israel">US aid to Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wash_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wash-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barr_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their protest was attacked by around 150 opponents including ARA members, as well as some members of the Northeastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists and Labor/Community Committee in Solidarity with the People of Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-barr_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year, on August 24, 2002, the National Alliance returned to Washington D.C. for their "Rock Against Israel" protest; this time however, their opponents, under the banner of the East Coast Anti-Fascist Network (including ARA branches from Baltimore, Philadelphia, New Jersey, Toronto, Columbus and Auora)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were better organized in attacking their opponents. However, 28 ARA members were arrested and then when they returned to Baltimore, were subsequently called up on charges of rioting, aggravated assault, possession of a deadly weapon and others. They became known as the "Baltimore Anti-Racist 28" and were eventually released without charge.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the decline of the Creativity movement (due to the arrest of Hale) and the National Alliance (since the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a>), other groups on the white nationalist scene attempted to fill the vacuum that this had left, this included the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement (US)">National Socialist Movement</a> (NSM), who organized a rally to "protest black crime" on October 15, 2005, in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. Here they were met by members of Anti-Racist Action and the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a>, upon which the <a href="/wiki/2005_Toledo_riot" title="2005 Toledo riot">2005 Toledo riot</a> ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_2000s_and_rebranding_as_Antifa">Late 2000s and rebranding as Antifa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 2000s and rebranding as Antifa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first group in the United States to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a>" in its title was the Anti-Racist Action Portland branch, known as <a href="/wiki/Rose_City_Antifa" title="Rose City Antifa">Rose City Antifa</a>, which was refounded in 2007, according to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Reid_Ross" title="Alexander Reid Ross">Alexander Reid Ross</a>, author of <i>Against the Fascist Creep</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ainsworth_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ainsworth-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was inspired by the German anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Autonomists" title="Autonomists">autonomists</a>, who engaged in <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black bloc</a> tactics that year in a mass protest at the <a href="/wiki/33rd_G8_summit" title="33rd G8 summit">33rd G8 summit</a> (many of the autonomists are associated with <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Germany's Antifa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ainsworth_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ainsworth-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portland Anti-Racist Action blamed neo-Nazis for the 2010 shooting of Luke Querner.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was President of the United States, groups on the hard right began to grow<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently, groups emerged to engage in violence with them. Some of these were officially outside the Anti-Racist Action network, such as NYC Antifa (founded in 2010), but others, such as <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>'s Hoosier Anti-Racist Movement (HARM), were officially chapters of ARA.<sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HARM were involved in a significant incident in <a href="/wiki/Tinley_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinley Park">Tinley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County</a>, Illinois on May 19, 2012, when a group of 18 HARM members and others physically attacked members of the Illinois European Heritage Association (which was associated with white supremacists) in a restaurant.<sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chicago_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motherjones_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motherjones-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five people involved were arrested and subsequently charged for their part in the attack with felony mob action, aggravated battery and criminal property damage charges and were sentenced to between 3½ and 6 years, although all were released by the end of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_onwards:_Torch_Network-era">2013 onwards: Torch Network-era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2013 onwards: Torch Network-era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Torch Network continued the legacy of the ARA Network.<sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a post on the ARA website in 2013, the Torch Network announced its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-namechange_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-namechange-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stated that this was not a disbanding or a schism, but an attempt to deal with the new realities of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital age">digital age</a> and changing tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torch Network held the 1st Annual Torch Network Conference in 2014 at Chitown Futbol, Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was attended by South Side Chicago Anti-Racist Action (the hosts), Philly Antifa, Central Texas Anti-Racist Action, Milwaukee Antifa, Hoosier Anti-Racist Movement (HARM) and Los Angeles People Against Racist Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-brayone_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brayone-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was sponsored by the Chicago May First Anarchist Alliance and Black Rose/Rosa Negra Anarchist Federation. There were two speakers at the event: Matthew Nemiroff Lyons and Michael Staudenmaier.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cop_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cop Watch">Cop Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">Red and Anarchist Skinheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth_Organization" title="Sojourner Truth Organization">Sojourner Truth Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Jeffrey Kaplan</a>, an academic at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Oshkosh" title="University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh">University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh</a> stated in his book, <i>The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization</i> (2002): "On 25 September 1995, the second annual "Midwest Anti-Fascist Network" held a three-day conference in Columbus, Ohio. Speakers included Chip Berlet along with the following: Rita Bo Brown, former member of the nominally terrorist <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_Brigade" title="George Jackson Brigade">George Jackson Brigade</a> (GJB). <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson</a> was killed in August 1970 when his brother attempted to free him from <a href="/wiki/Soledad_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Soledad Prison">Soledad Prison</a> by bursting in to a Marin County, CA, courtroom handing guns to three convicts and taking five hostages. In the shootout that ensued five people were killed including the judge. Signe Waller, former member of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Tung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Tung">Jerry Tung</a>'s Worker's Viewpoint Organization (WPO), which evolved into the Communist Workers Party (CWP), a small, violence-prone Marxist-Leninist section. In 1979, armed members of the CWP were killed in a shootout with Ku Klux Klansmen in Greensboro, NC. Her husband, Michael Waller, was one of five people killed. Also in attendance were representatives of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>'s <i>Klanswatch</i> project, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Zeskind" title="Leonard Zeskind">Lenny Zeskind</a>'s <i>Center for Democratic Renewal</i> and <a href="/wiki/RASH" class="mw-redirect" title="RASH">RASH</a>, an anti-racist skinhead organization."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-founder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-founder_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-founder_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncombe2011">Duncombe 2011</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ideology-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ideology_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideology_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideology_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ideology_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray2017">Bray 2017</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullen2020">Mullen 2020</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insurgence.proboards.com/thread/210">"The Lost Boys"</a>. 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City Pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypages.com/2008-02-20/feature/skinheads-at-forty/full/">the original</a> on February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Skinheads+at+Forty&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypages.com%2F2008-02-20%2Ffeature%2Fskinheads-at-forty%2Ffull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mid-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mid_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mid_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mid_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118004455/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/30971/MIDWESTERN-SKINHEADS-VOW-TO-UNITE-AGAINST-THEIR-RACIST-COUNTERPARTS.html">"Midwestern Skinheads Vow to Unite Against Their Racist Counterparts"</a>. <i>Desert News</i>. September 10, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/30971/MIDWESTERN-SKINHEADS-VOW-TO-UNITE-AGAINST-THEIR-RACIST-COUNTERPARTS.html">the original</a> on November 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desert+News&rft.atitle=Midwestern+Skinheads+Vow+to+Unite+Against+Their+Racist+Counterparts&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F30971%2FMIDWESTERN-SKINHEADS-VOW-TO-UNITE-AGAINST-THEIR-RACIST-COUNTERPARTS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncombe2011">Duncombe 2011</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpunk.com/ubb/Forum3/HTML/000113.html">"Blind Approach"</a>. TC Punk. September 10, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115081334/http://www.tcpunk.com/ubb/Forum3/HTML/000113.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Blind+Approach&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcpunk.com%2Fubb%2FForum3%2FHTML%2F000113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribune_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-05-11-8904110718-story.html">"War of the Skinheads"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. September 10, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808121858/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-05-11-8904110718-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Skinheads&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1989-05-11-8904110718-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/skinheads/Content?oid=873583">"Skinheads"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Skinheads&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1989%2F05%2F11%2Fwar-of-the-skinheads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncombe2011">Duncombe 2011</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamm1993">Hamm 1993</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.streetroots.org/2010/09/30/man-action-mic-crenshaw">"A man of action: Mic Crenshaw"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=York+street+fighting+between+neo-Nazis%2C+anti-racists+leads+to+25+arrests&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fregionstate%2F20020113yorkriot0113p5.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wash-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wash_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/05/12/neo-nazis-foes-clash-at-israeli-embassy/2a425fc4-928c-45c4-aa2e-d42c8b7d1280/">"Neo-Nazis, Foes Clash At Israeli Embassy"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazis%2C+Foes+Clash+At+Israeli+Embassy&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2002%2F05%2F12%2Fneo-nazis-foes-clash-at-israeli-embassy%2F2a425fc4-928c-45c4-aa2e-d42c8b7d1280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barr-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barr_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barr_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainfos.ca/02/oct/ainfos00310.html">"Barricada #18: Fascists, Anti-Fascists And The State by Flint, Roundhouse Collective (NEFAC-Baltimore)"</a>. 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AUGUST 24!"</a>. A - I n f o s. September 10, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040127162910/http://www.ainfos.ca/02/jul/ainfos00304.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US%2C+SHUT+DOWN+THE+NEO-NAZIS+IN+D.C.+AUGUST+24%21&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainfos.ca%2F02%2Fjul%2Fainfos00304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310092230/http://baltimore.indymedia.org/newswire/display/1581/index.php">"Support the Baltimore Anti-racist 28"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+charged+in+Tinley+Park+attack+on+white+supremacists&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7chicago.com%2Farchive%2F8670964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-namechange-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-namechange_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiracistaction.org/introducing-the-torch-network-an-antifascist-network/">"Introducing The Torch Network: An Antifascist Network"</a>. Anti-Racist Action. December 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034956/https://antiracistaction.org/introducing-the-torch-network-an-antifascist-network/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+The+Torch+Network%3A+An+Antifascist+Network&rft.pub=Anti-Racist+Action&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantiracistaction.org%2Fintroducing-the-torch-network-an-antifascist-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phillyantifa.org/new-anti-fascist-network-formed-introducing-torch-antifascist-network/">"New Anti-Fascist Network Formed – Introducing Torch Antifascist Network"</a>. Philly Antifa. December 20, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813222630/https://phillyantifa.org/new-anti-fascist-network-formed-introducing-torch-antifascist-network/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Anti-Fascist+Network+Formed+%E2%80%93+Introducing+Torch+Antifascist+Network&rft.pub=Philly+Antifa&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphillyantifa.org%2Fnew-anti-fascist-network-formed-introducing-torch-antifascist-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torchantifa.org/2014-torch-antifa-conference-a-success/">"2014 Torch Conference a Success"</a>. Torch Antifa. September 15, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813223427/https://torchantifa.org/2014-torch-antifa-conference-a-success/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Torch+Conference+a+Success&rft.pub=Torch+Antifa&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorchantifa.org%2F2014-torch-antifa-conference-a-success%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth2019" class="citation book cs1">Ainsworth, Scott H (2019). <i>Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440851971" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440851971"><bdi>978-1440851971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Groups%2C+Parties%2C+and+Organizations+that+Shaped+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1440851971&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Scott+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2006" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Dan (2006). <i>Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity</i>. AK Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1904859410" title="Special:BookSources/1904859410"><bdi>1904859410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlaws+of+America%3A+the+Weather+Underground+and+the+politics+of+solidarity&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1904859410&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Mark (2017). <i>Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook</i>. Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612197043" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612197043"><bdi>978-1612197043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa%3A+The+Antifascist+Handbook&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1612197043&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Eamon (2018). <i>Antifa and the Radical Left</i>. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1534503847" title="Special:BookSources/978-1534503847"><bdi>978-1534503847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa+and+the+Radical+Left&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing+LLC&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1534503847&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncombe2011" class="citation book cs1">Duncombe, Stephen (2011). <i>White Riot: Punk Rock and the Politics of Race</i>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844677993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844677993"><bdi>978-1844677993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Riot%3A+Punk+Rock+and+the+Politics+of+Race&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1844677993&rft.aulast=Duncombe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm1993" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Mark S (1993). <i>American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275949877" title="Special:BookSources/0275949877"><bdi>0275949877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Skinheads%3A+The+Criminology+and+Control+of+Hate+Crime&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0275949877&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Mark+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Jeffrey S (2002). <i>The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization</i>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075911658X" title="Special:BookSources/075911658X"><bdi>075911658X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultic+Milieu%3A+Oppositional+Subcultures+in+an+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=075911658X&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnouff2019" class="citation book cs1">Knouff, Matthew (2019). <i>An Outsider's Guide to Antifa - Volume II</i>. Luxlu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1387388523" title="Special:BookSources/978-1387388523"><bdi>978-1387388523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outsider%27s+Guide+to+Antifa+-+Volume+II&rft.pub=Luxlu&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1387388523&rft.aulast=Knouff&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister2003" class="citation book cs1">McAllister, Pam (2003). <i>Death Defying: Dismantling the Execution Machinery in 21st Century U.S.A</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082641463X" title="Special:BookSources/082641463X"><bdi>082641463X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+Defying%3A+Dismantling+the+Execution+Machinery+in+21st+Century+U.S.A.&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=082641463X&rft.aulast=McAllister&rft.aufirst=Pam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael, George (2003). <i>Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041531500X" title="Special:BookSources/041531500X"><bdi>041531500X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Right+Wing+Extremism+and+Terrorism+in+the+USA&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=041531500X&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2020" class="citation book cs1">Mullen, Bill (2020). <i>The US Antifascism Reader</i>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788733526" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788733526"><bdi>978-1788733526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US+Antifascism+Reader&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1788733526&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Eileen (2001). <i>Whites Confront Racism: Antiracists and Their Paths to Action</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742515826" title="Special:BookSources/0742515826"><bdi>0742515826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whites+Confront+Racism%3A+Antiracists+and+Their+Paths+to+Action&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0742515826&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2012" class="citation book cs1">Travis, Tiffini A. (2012). <i>Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313359538" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313359538"><bdi>978-0313359538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinheads%3A+A+Guide+to+an+American+Subculture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313359538&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Tiffini+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVysotsky2020" class="citation book cs1">Vysotsky, Stanislav (2020). <i>American Antifa: The Tactics, Culture, and Practice of Militant Antifascism</i>. Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0367210601" title="Special:BookSources/978-0367210601"><bdi>978-0367210601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Antifa%3A+The+Tactics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice+of+Militant+Antifascism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0367210601&rft.aulast=Vysotsky&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Racist+Action" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiracistaction.org">Official website</a></span></span> <small>(no longer updated)</small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism" title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skinhead" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skinhead" title="Template:Skinhead"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skinhead" title="Template talk:Skinhead"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skinhead" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skinhead"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skinhead" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vintage subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpies_(Australian_subculture)" title="Sharpies (Australian subculture)">Sharpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooterboy" title="Scooterboy">Scooterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulboy" title="Soulboy">Soulboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern subcultures<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">Football hooliganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_skinhead" title="Gay skinhead">Gay skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_skinhead" title="Hardcore skinhead">Hardcore skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Stand_United" title="Friends Stand United">Friends Stand United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood" title="Aryan Brotherhood">Aryan Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood_of_Texas" title="Aryan Brotherhood of Texas">Aryan Brotherhood of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Circle" title="Aryan Circle">Aryan Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Kindred" title="European Kindred">European Kindred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Lowriders" title="Nazi Lowriders">Nazi Lowriders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_No._1_(street_gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy No. 1 (street gang)">Public Enemy No. 1</a></li> <li>List of peckerwood gangs</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin_(subculture)" title="Redskin (subculture)">Redskin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Action" title="Red Action">Red Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_Anarchist_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and Anarchist Skinheads">Red and Anarchist Skinheads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">Trojan skinhead</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">White power skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_State_Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone State Skinheads">Keystone State Skinheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinlanders_Social_Club" title="Vinlanders Social Club">Vinlanders Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">Mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing and accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Industries" title="Alpha Industries">Alpha Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Sherman" title="Ben Sherman">Ben Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brogue_shoe" title="Brogue shoe">Brogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Jeans" title="Brutus Jeans">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)" title="Crombie (clothing)">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_jacket" title="Donkey jacket">Donkey jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">Flat cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">Flight jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry_(clothing_label)" title="Fred Perry (clothing label)">Fred Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinders_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinders (footwear)">Grinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co." title="Levi Strauss & Co.">Levi Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-on_shoe" title="Slip-on shoe">Loafers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)" title="Lonsdale (clothing)">Lonsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket" title="MA-1 bomber jacket">MA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">Sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solovair" title="Solovair">Solovair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel-toe_boot" title="Steel-toe boot">Steel-toe boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredair" title="Tredair">Tredair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilby" title="Trilby">Trilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skinhead_books" title="List of skinhead books">Skinhead books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skinhead_films" title="List of skinhead films">Skinhead films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hooligan_firms" title="List of hooligan firms">Hooligan firms</a></li> <li>Peckerwood gangs</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&oldid=1256036862">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Racist_Action&oldid=1256036862</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1989" 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