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href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods_and_former_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods_and_former_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Neighbourhoods and former municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods_and_former_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Toronto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Toronto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Old Toronto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Toronto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bay_Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bay_Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bay Street</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bay_Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Media and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Film production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Real estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_biotech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_biotech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Technology and biotech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_biotech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postsecondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postsecondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Postsecondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postsecondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human resources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human resources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Public library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture and contemporary life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and contemporary life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Professional sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegiate_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegiate_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Collegiate sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegiate_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Public transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Intercity transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streets_and_highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streets_and_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Streets and highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streets_and_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sister cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partnership_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnership_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Partnership cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnership_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendship_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Friendship cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">175 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B6" title="ቶሮንቶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶሮንቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تورونتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تورونتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D6%85" title="Թորոնթօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թորոնթօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تورونتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورونتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B" title="টরন্টো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টরন্টো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Таронта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таронта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Таронта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таронта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="टोरंटो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोरंटो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Toronto (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Toronto (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_Bii%CA%BC_T%C3%B3" title="Tsin Biiʼ Tó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin Biiʼ Tó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="टोरन्टो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टोरन्टो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Τορόντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τορόντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Торонто ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Торонто ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تورنتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورنتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐍄𐍉𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌿 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍉𐍂𐍉𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%ED%86%A0" title="토론토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토론토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Տորոնտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տորոնտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="टोरोंटो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोरोंटो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toront%C3%B3" title="Torontó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Torontó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="טורונטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורונטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ಟೊರಾಂಟೊ ನಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೊರಾಂಟೊ ನಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ტორონტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტორონტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" title="Toronto, Ontario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Toronto, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontum" title="Torontum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Torontum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontas" title="Torontas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Torontas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="ടോറോണ്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോറോണ്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronoto" title="Toronoto – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Toronoto" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="टोराँटो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टोराँटो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="ტორონტო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტორონტო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تورونتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تورونتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="تورنتو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورنتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="တိုရွန်တိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုရွန်တိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="टोरन्टो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टोरन्टो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="तोरन्तो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तोरन्तो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="トロント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B" title="ਟੋਰਾਂਟੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਰਾਂਟੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹورانٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹورانٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%BC%D9%88" title="ټورنټو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټورنټو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontu" title="Torontu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Torontu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%88" title="ٽورنٽو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽورنٽو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86" title="تۆرۆنتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆرۆنتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="தொராண்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொராண்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B" title="టొరంటో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టొరంటో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="โทรอนโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรอนโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Торонто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торонто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88" title="ٹورنٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹورنٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E5%A4%9A" title="多倫多 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="多倫多" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%9A" title="多伦多 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多伦多" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90" title="טאראנטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאראנטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%AB%E5%A4%9A" title="多倫多 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多倫多" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronts" title="Toronts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Toronts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%9A" title="多伦多 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多伦多" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Toronto" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toronto&params=43_44_30_N_79_22_24_W_region:CA-ON_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°44′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′24″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.74167°N 79.37333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.74167; -79.37333</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-cgndbtor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgndbtor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of Ontario, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Ontario, Canada. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Toronto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Toronto (disambiguation)">Toronto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"City of Toronto" redirects here. For the city's government, see <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto" title="Municipal government of Toronto">Municipal government of Toronto</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ontario, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Toronto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Toronto</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_(cropped)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg/268px-CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg/402px-CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg/536px-CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">Downtown Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ontario_Legislative_Building,_Toronto,_South_view_20170417_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/143px-Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/215px-Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/286px-Ontario_Legislative_Building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6762" data-file-height="3804" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">Ontario Legislative Building</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathan_Phillips_Square_(33343114810).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg/121px-Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg/182px-Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg/242px-Nathan_Phillips_Square_%2833343114810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sign" title="Toronto Sign">Toronto Sign</a> & <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">City Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg/163px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg/245px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg/326px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Humber_Bay_und_Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bay_Arch_Bridge" title="Humber Bay Arch Bridge">Humber Bay Arch Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Loma_(23170005321).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg/101px-Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg/152px-Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg/202px-Casa_Loma_%2823170005321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1894" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg/126px-Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg/189px-Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg/252px-Royal_Ontario_Museum_in_Fall_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9197" data-file-height="5632" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg/138px-Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg/207px-Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg/276px-Scarborough_bluffs_-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5539" data-file-height="3116" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs" title="Scarborough Bluffs">Scarborough Bluffs</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Toronto,_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Toronto"><img alt="Flag of Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg/125px-Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg/188px-Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg/250px-Flag_of_Toronto%2C_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Toronto" title="Flag of Toronto">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Toronto"><img alt="Official seal of Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg/190px-Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1526" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto" title="Coat of arms of Toronto">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto,_City_of.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Toronto"><img alt="Official logo of Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/140px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/210px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/280px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="165" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: From the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> word <span title="Iroquoian languages collective text"><i lang="iro">tkaronto</i></span>, the name of a channel between Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Simcoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Couchiching</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Toronto#Nicknames" title="Name of Toronto">See list</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Diversity Our Strength<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_d0c569668de1868b1c5f7e2bd2aa97c535d859c0"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Toronto&revid=1259201067&groups=_d0c569668de1868b1c5f7e2bd2aa97c535d859c0" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Toronto&revid=1259201067&groups=_d0c569668de1868b1c5f7e2bd2aa97c535d859c0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toronto is located in Ontario"><img alt="Toronto is located in Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/250px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/375px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg/500px-Canada_Ontario_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2314" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.546%;left:75.008%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Toronto"><img alt="Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Toronto</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Toronto in Ontario</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toronto&params=43_44_30_N_79_22_24_W_region:CA-ON_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°44′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′24″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.74167°N 79.37333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.74167; -79.37333</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-cgndbtor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgndbtor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">August 27, 1793<span class="noprint">; 231 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1793-08-27</span>)</span> (as <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">March 6, 1834<span class="noprint">; 190 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1834-03-06</span>)</span> (as <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto" title="Municipal government of Toronto">City of Toronto</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Ontario" title="List of census divisions of Ontario">Amalgamated into division</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 20, 1953<span class="noprint">; 71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1953-01-20</span>)</span> (as <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto" title="Metropolitan Toronto">Metropolitan Toronto</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">Amalgamated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-01-01</span>)</span> (as current City of Toronto)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">Communities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_York" title="East York">East York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Etobicoke" title="Etobicoke">Etobicoke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/North_York" title="North York">North York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Toronto" title="Old Toronto">Old Toronto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario" title="Scarborough, Ontario">Scarborough</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/York,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="York, Toronto">York</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Single-tier municipality</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council system</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Council" title="Toronto City Council">Toronto City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Mayor of Toronto">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Chow" title="Olivia Chow">Olivia Chow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Deputy Mayor of Toronto">Statutory Deputy Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ausma_Malik" title="Ausma Malik">Ausma Malik</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <sup id="cite_ref-2016censusCSD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusCSD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusPC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusPC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusCMA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusCMA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">630.20 km<sup>2</sup> (243.32 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,792.99 km<sup>2</sup> (692.28 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,905.71 km<sup>2</sup> (2,280.21 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">76.5 m (251.0 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,794,356 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">4th</a> in North America<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">1st</a> in Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,427.8/km<sup>2</sup> (11,468/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,202,225 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Region</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,765,188</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Torontonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code span</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_of_Canada:_M" title="List of postal codes of Canada: M">M</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_416,_647,_and_437" title="Area codes 416, 647, and 437">416, 647, 437</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (Toronto <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a></span>430.9 billion (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (Toronto <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$</span>62,873 (2019)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/">www<wbr />.toronto<wbr />.ca</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Toronto</b> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">most populous city in Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. With a population of 2,794,356 in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">fourth-most populous city in North America</a>. The city is the anchor of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a>, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a> proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports, and culture and is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Vipond2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vipond2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varady2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varady2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuskenNeubert2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuskenNeubert2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a> have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest</a>, for more than 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the broadly disputed <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Purchase" title="Toronto Purchase">Toronto Purchase</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississauga</a> surrendered the area to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWilson198934_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWilson198934-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British established the town of <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a> in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the town was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a> and suffered heavy damage by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York was <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Toronto" title="Name of Toronto">renamed</a> and incorporated in 1834 as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Toronto" title="Old Toronto">city of Toronto</a>. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> has since expanded past its original limits through both <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">amalgamation</a> to its current area of 630.2 km<sup>2</sup> (243.3 sq mi). </p><p>The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants to Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toronto_diversity_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toronto_diversity-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diverse_city_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diverse_city-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of its residents were born outside of Canada and over 200 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic origins</a> are represented among its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversity_Toronto_Facts_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversity_Toronto_Facts-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_census:_Language_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_census:_Language-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Mayor of Toronto">mayor of Toronto</a> is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">chief executive</a> of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Council" title="Toronto City Council">Toronto City Council</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislative body, comprising 25 councillors since the <a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_municipal_election" title="2018 Toronto municipal election">2018 municipal election</a>, representing geographical <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a> throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Council_Members_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_Members-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto is a prominent centre for music,<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Music_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Music-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Theatre_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Theatre-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> motion picture production,<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_motion_picture_production_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_motion_picture_production-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and television production,<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_television_production_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_television_production-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Toronto" title="Media in Toronto">broadcast networks and media outlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Entertainment_and_Creative_Cluster_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Entertainment_and_Creative_Cluster-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its varied <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Toronto" title="Culture in Toronto">cultural institutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Culture_and_Creativity_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Culture_and_Creativity-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Toronto" title="List of museums in Toronto">museums and galleries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annual_events_in_Toronto" title="Annual events in Toronto">festivals and public events</a>, entertainment districts, <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">national historic sites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Toronto" title="Sports in Toronto">sports activities</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attract over <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto" title="Tourism in Toronto">43 million tourists</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto is known for its <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Toronto" title="List of tallest buildings in Toronto">many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">tallest freestanding structure</a> on land outside of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a>, the headquarters of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_banks_of_Canada" title="Big Five banks of Canada">five largest banks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2004154_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2004154-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDinnie201121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinnie201121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto" title="Economy of Toronto">Its economy</a> is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">tech hub</a> in North America after <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and the fastest-growing hub.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTTechHub2022_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTTechHub2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Toronto" title="Name of Toronto">Name of Toronto</a></div> <p>The word <i>Toronto</i> has been recorded with various spellings in French and English, including <i>Tarento</i>, <i>Tarontha</i>, <i>Taronto</i>, <i>Toranto</i>, <i>Torento</i>, <i>Toronto</i>, and <i>Toronton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillet196949_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillet196949-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent early spelling, <i>Taronto</i>, referred to 'The Narrows', a channel of water through which <a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Lake Simcoe</a> discharges into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Lake Couchiching</a> where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. This narrows was called <span title="Mohawk-language text"><i lang="moh">tkaronto</i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>, meaning 'where there are trees standing in the water',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etymology_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was recorded as early as 1615 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Canada,_Provinces_&_Territories:_The_naming_of_their_capital_cities_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatural_Resources_Canada:_Canada,_Provinces_&_Territories:_The_naming_of_their_capital_cities-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Toronto</i>, meaning 'plenty', also appears in a 1632 French lexicon of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Huron language</a>, which is also an Iroquoian language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHounsom197026_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHounsom197026-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also appears on French maps referring to various locations, including Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe, and several rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHounsom197027_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHounsom197027-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Portage" title="Portage">portage</a> route from Lake Ontario to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> running through this point, known as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Carrying-Place_Trail" title="Toronto Carrying-Place Trail">Toronto Carrying-Place Trail</a>, led to widespread use of the name. </p><p>The pronunciation of the city is broadly <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/EN-Toronto.ogg\/EN-Toronto.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"EN-Toronto.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/EN-Toronto.ogg/EN-Toronto.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:EN-Toronto.ogg" title="File:EN-Toronto.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tə-<span style="font-size:90%">RONT</span>-oh</i></a>, which locals pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-CA-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[təˈɹɒnoʊ]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-CA-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈtɹɒnoʊ]</a></span>, leaving the second 't' silent.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">History of Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Toronto_history" title="Timeline of Toronto history">Timeline of Toronto history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">History of Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">Amalgamation of Toronto</a></div> <p>The site of Toronto lay at the entrance to one of the oldest routes to the northwest, a route known and used by the Huron, Iroquois, and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>. Archaeological sites show evidence of human occupation dating back thousands of years. The site was of strategic importance from the beginning of Ontario's recorded history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth19623_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth19623-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1660s, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_settlement_of_the_north_shore_of_Lake_Ontario" title="Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario">Iroquois established two villages</a> within what is today Toronto, <a href="/wiki/Bead_Hill" title="Bead Hill">Ganatsekwyagon</a> (Bead Hill) on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rouge_River_(Ontario)" title="Rouge River (Ontario)">Rouge River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teiaiagon" title="Teiaiagon">Teiaiagon</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Humber_River_(Ontario)" title="Humber River (Ontario)">Humber River</a>. By 1701, the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a> had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, with most returning to their homeland in present-day New York state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmalz1991_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmalz1991-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French traders founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a> in 1750 (the current <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Place" title="Exhibition Place">Exhibition grounds</a> were later developed there), but abandoned it in 1759 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rouille_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rouille-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British defeated the French and their indigenous allies in the war, and the area became part of the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> in 1763. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, an influx of British settlers arrived there as <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario. The Crown granted them land to compensate for their losses in the Thirteen Colonies. The new province of Upper Canada was being created and needed a capital. In 1787, the British <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Lord Dorchester</a> arranged for the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation, thereby securing more than a quarter of a million acres (1000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land in the Toronto area.<sup id="cite_ref-British_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHounsom197027_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHounsom197027-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 25 years after the Toronto purchase were quiet, although "there were occasional independent fur traders" present in the area, with the usual complaints of debauchery and drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth19623_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirth19623-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a> established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, naming it after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a>. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Newark</a> (Niagara-on-the-Lake) to York,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believing the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-[[Fort_York]]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[Fort_York]]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">York garrison</a> was built at the entrance of the town's natural harbour, sheltered by a long sand-bar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the harbour's eastern end behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Street_(Toronto)" title="Parliament Street (Toronto)">Parliament Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Front_Street_(Toronto)" title="Front Street (Toronto)">Front Street</a> (in the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Toronto" title="Old Town, Toronto">Old Town</a>" area). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/220px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/330px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg/440px-Battle_of_York_airborne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>An American squadron exchanging fire with <a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">Fort York</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a>, 1813. The American landing is depicted to the west (left foreground).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1813, as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a> ended in the town's capture and plunder by United States forces.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Strachan" title="John Strachan">John Strachan</a> negotiated the town's surrender. American soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. Because of the sacking of York, British troops retaliated later in the war with the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burning of Washington, D.C.</a> </p><p>York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, adopting the Indigenous name.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reformist politician <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Mayor of Toronto">mayor of Toronto</a>. Mackenzie would later lead the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a> of 1837 against the British colonial government. </p><p>Toronto's population of 9,000 included some <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> slaves,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some of whom had been brought by the Loyalists, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalists</a>, whom the Crown had freed (most of the latter were resettled in Nova Scotia). By 1834, refugee slaves from America's South were also immigrating to Toronto to gain freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-black_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery</a> was banned outright in Upper Canada (and throughout the British Empire) in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torontonians integrated people of colour into their society. In the 1840s, an eating house at Frederick and King Streets, a place of mercantile prosperity in the early city, was operated by a black man named Bloxom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson189425_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson189425-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoCanadaWest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TorontoCanadaWest.jpg/220px-TorontoCanadaWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TorontoCanadaWest.jpg/330px-TorontoCanadaWest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/TorontoCanadaWest.jpg/440px-TorontoCanadaWest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Toronto in 1854. The city was a major destination for immigrants to Canada in the second half of the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a major destination for immigrants to Canada, the city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century. The first significant wave of immigrants were Irish, fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Irish Famine</a>; most of them were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>. By 1851, the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. The Scottish and English population welcomed smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Irish immigrants, some from what is now Northern Ireland, which gave the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> significant and long-lasting influence over Toronto society. Almost every mayor of Toronto was a member of the Orange Order between 1850 and 1950, and the city was sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> of Canada" because of Orange influence in municipal politics and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For brief periods, Toronto was twice the capital of the united <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>: first from 1849 to 1851, following unrest in Montreal, and later from 1855 to 1859. After this date, Quebec was designated as the capital until 1865 (two years before Canadian Confederation). Since then, the capital of Canada has remained <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg/220px-ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg/330px-ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg/440px-ParliamentBuildingsFrontStreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>The second Parliament of Upper Canada building on Front Street, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867. The seat of government of the Ontario briefly returned to the same building that hosted the Third Parliament Building of Upper Canada, before moving to the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">Ontario Legislative Building</a> at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a> in 1893. Because of its provincial capital status, the city was also the location of <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Ontario)" title="Government House (Ontario)">Government House</a>, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceregal</a> representative of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">the Crown</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">in right of Ontario</a>. </p><p>Long before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> was established in 1876, supporters of the concept proposed military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a three-month-long military course at the School of Military Instruction in Toronto. Established by Militia General Order in 1864, the school enabled officers of militia or candidates for commission or promotion in the Militia to learn military duties, drill and discipline, to command a company at Battalion Drill, to drill a company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a company, and the duties of a company's officer.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, Schools of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> instruction were formed in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkville_Town_Hall,_Yonge_St.,_west_side,_opposite_Collier_St._(16526085614).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg/220px-Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg/330px-Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg/440px-Yorkville_Town_Hall%2C_Yonge_St.%2C_west_side%2C_opposite_Collier_St._%2816526085614%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption>A group in front of a horse-drawn streetcar in front of <a href="/wiki/Yorkville_Town_Hall" title="Yorkville Town Hall">Yorkville Town Hall</a> 1870. A <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas streetlamp</a> is visible in the right foreground.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the city built an extensive sewage system to improve sanitation, and streets were illuminated with <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a> as a regular service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Long-distance railway lines were constructed, including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Railway_of_Canada" title="Northern Railway of Canada">Northern Railway of Canada</a> joined in the building of the first <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Union_Station_(1858)" title="Toronto Union Station (1858)">Union Station</a> in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving, commerce and industry, as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before. These enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in northern timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal. Industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years. </p><p>During the late 19th century, Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>) centre in North America. By the 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Gooderham_and_Worts" title="Gooderham and Worts">Gooderham and Worts</a> Distillery operations became the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> factory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the <a href="/wiki/Distillery_District" title="Distillery District">Distillery District</a>. The harbour allowed access to grain and sugar imports used in processing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg/220px-GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg/330px-GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg/440px-GooderhamAndWorts1800s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gooderham_and_Worts" title="Gooderham and Worts">Gooderham and Worts</a> buildings, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">streetcars</a> gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Railway_Company" title="Toronto Railway Company">Toronto Railway Company</a>. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transportation_Commission" title="Toronto Transportation Commission">Toronto Transportation Commission</a>, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">Toronto Transit Commission</a>. The system now has <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American rapid transit systems by ridership">the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Fire_Ruins,_Front_Street_April_19th,_1904_(HS85-10-14899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg/220px-Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg/330px-Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg/440px-Toronto_Fire_Ruins%2C_Front_Street_April_19th%2C_1904_%28HS85-10-14899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>Ruins on Front Street after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Toronto_(1904)" title="Great Fire of Toronto (1904)">Great Toronto Fire of 1904</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Toronto_(1904)" title="Great Fire of Toronto (1904)">Great Toronto Fire of 1904</a> destroyed a large section of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">downtown Toronto</a>. The fire destroyed more than 100 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris1992_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris1992-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire claimed one victim, John Croft, who was an explosive expert clearing the ruins from the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Filey1999_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filey1999-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It caused <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$10,387,000</span> in damage (roughly <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$277,600,000</span> in 2020 terms).<sup id="cite_ref-Evening_Citizen_1948_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evening_Citizen_1948-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city received new European immigrant groups from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, particularly Germans, French, Italians, and Jews. They were soon followed by Russians, Poles, and other Eastern European nations, in addition to the Chinese entering from the West. Like the Irish before them, many of these migrants lived in overcrowded shanty-type slums, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Ward,_Toronto" title="The Ward, Toronto">the Ward</a>", which was centred on <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a>, now the heart of the country's <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a>. </p><p>As new migrants began to prosper, they moved to better housing in other areas, in what is now understood to be succession waves of settlement. Despite its fast-paced growth, by the 1920s, Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec. However, by 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg/220px-VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg/330px-VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg/440px-VE_Day_celebrations_on_Bay_Street_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>People in Toronto celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe</a>, May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954, the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a <a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">regional government</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto" title="Metropolitan Toronto">Metropolitan Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development. It was believed a coordinated land-use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries, including highways, police services, water and <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a>. In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hurricane Hazel</a> brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area, 81 people were killed, nearly 1,900 families were left homeless, and the hurricane caused more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$25 million</span> in damage.<sup id="cite_ref-hurricane_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurricane-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg/330px-Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg/440px-Hurricane_Hazel_--_house2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Flooded houses near the Humber River after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hurricane Hazel</a> passed through Toronto, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged with larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the <a href="/wiki/Old_Toronto" title="Old Toronto">former city of Toronto</a> and the surrounding municipalities of <a href="/wiki/East_York" title="East York">East York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke" title="Etobicoke">Etobicoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_York" title="North York">North York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario" title="Scarborough, Ontario">Scarborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="York, Toronto">York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decades after World War II, refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived, as well as construction labourers, particularly from Italy and Portugal. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began and doubled to two million by 1971. Following the elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s, Toronto became a destination for immigrants from all over the world. By the 1980s, Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and chief economic hub. During this time, in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>, many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canadian</a> cities.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/-First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg/220px--First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/-First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg/330px--First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/-First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg/440px--First_Canadian_Place_under_construction-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Construction of <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Place" title="First Canadian Place">First Canadian Place</a>, the operational headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>, in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexations</a>, but as an <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">amalgamation</a> of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities: East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself. They were dissolved by an act of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Government of Ontario</a> and formed into a single-tier City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)#Canada" title="Merger (politics)">megacity</a>"), replacing all six governments. </p><p>The merger was proposed as a cost-saving measure by the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a> provincial government under premier <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a>. The announcement touched off vociferous public objections. In March 1997, a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in all six municipalities produced a vote of more than 3:1 against amalgamation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, municipal governments in Canada are creatures of the provincial governments, and referendums have little to no legal effect. The Harris government could thus legally ignore the referendum results and did so in April when it tabled the <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_Act" title="City of Toronto Act">City of Toronto Act</a></i>. Both <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">opposition parties</a> <a href="/wiki/Filibuster#Provincial" title="Filibuster">held a filibuster</a> in the provincial legislature, proposing more than 12,000 amendments that allowed residents on streets of the proposed megacity to take part in public hearings on the merger and adding historical designations to the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This only delayed the bill's inevitable passage, given the Progressive Conservatives' majority. </p><p>North York mayor <a href="/wiki/Mel_Lastman" title="Mel Lastman">Mel Lastman</a> became the first "megacity" mayor, and the 62nd mayor of Toronto, with his <a href="/wiki/1997_Toronto_municipal_election" title="1997 Toronto municipal election">electoral victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1997_results_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1997_results-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastman gained national attention after multiple snowstorms, including the January <a href="/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_1999" title="North American blizzard of 1999">Blizzard of 1999</a>, dumped 118 centimetres (46 in) of snow and effectively immobilized the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Mel_calls_in_the_troops_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mel_calls_in_the_troops-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> to aid snow removal by use of their equipment to augment police and emergency services. The move was ridiculed by some in other parts of the country, fuelled in part by what was perceived as a frivolous use of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Megacity_Mel_Snowstorm_critique_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megacity_Mel_Snowstorm_critique-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg/220px-Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Jasonp_blackout2003_toronto_UnionStnInt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Crowds navigating <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast blackout of 2003</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city attracted international attention in 2003 when it became the centre of a major <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak. Public health attempts to prevent the disease from spreading elsewhere temporarily dampened the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From August 14 to 17, 2003, the city was hit by a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">massive blackout</a> which affected millions of Torontonians (it also affected most of Southern Ontario and parts of the United States), stranding some hundreds of people in tall buildings, knocking out traffic lights and suspending subway and streetcar service across the city during those aforementioned days.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 6, 2009, the city celebrated the 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit">4th G20 summit</a> during June 26–27, 2010. This included the largest security operation in Canadian history. Following large-scale <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit_protests" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit protests">protests</a> and rioting, law enforcement arrested more than 1,000 people, the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg/220px-Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg/330px-Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg/440px-Tree_falls_on_vehicle_-_Toronto_Ice_Storm_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="1937" /></a><figcaption>Damage from a fallen tree after the <a href="/wiki/December_2013_North_American_storm_complex" title="December 2013 North American storm complex">December 2013 storm complex</a> passed through Toronto</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 8, 2013, severe flash flooding hit Toronto after an afternoon of slow-moving, intense thunderstorms. Toronto Hydro estimated 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported 126 mm (5 in) of rain had fallen over five hours, more than during Hurricane Hazel.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunderstorm_2013_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorm_2013-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within six months, from December 20 to 22, 2013, Toronto was brought to a near halt by the worst <a href="/wiki/December_2013_North_American_storm_complex" title="December 2013 North American storm complex">ice storm</a> in the city's history, rivalling the severity of the <a href="/wiki/January_1998_North_American_ice_storm" title="January 1998 North American ice storm">1998 Ice Storm</a> (which mainly affected southeastern Ontario, and Quebec). At the height of the storm, over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Hydro" title="Toronto Hydro">Toronto Hydro</a> customers had no electricity or heating.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto hosted <a href="/wiki/WorldPride" title="WorldPride">WorldPride</a> in June 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parapan_American_Games" title="Parapan American Games">Parapan American Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city continues to grow and attract immigrants. A 2019 study by <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a> (then known as Ryerson University) showed that Toronto was the fastest-growing city in North America. The city added 77,435 people between July 2017 and July 2018. The Toronto metropolitan area was the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in North America, adding 125,298 persons, compared with 131,767 in the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metroplex</a> in Texas. The large growth in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a> first occurred in Toronto and was <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto">among the hotspots in the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RC_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RC-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_selected_as_host_site_for_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_|_CTV_News_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_selected_as_host_site_for_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_|_CTV_News-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Toronto" title="Geography of Toronto">Geography of Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/220px-Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/330px-Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/440px-Toronto_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6348" data-file-height="7012" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Toronto and the surrounding area</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-population_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a maximum north–south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi). It has a maximum east–west distance of 43 km (27 mi), and it has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterfront" title="Toronto waterfront">waterfront</a> shoreline, on the northwestern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Lands" title="Port Lands">Port Lands</a> extend out into the lake, allowing for a somewhat sheltered <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto Harbour</a> south of the downtown core.<sup id="cite_ref-northwest_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-northwest-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Outer Harbour was constructed southeast of downtown during the 1950s and 1960s, and it is now used for recreation. The city's limits are formed by Lake Ontario to the south, the western boundary of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curtis_Park" title="Marie Curtis Park">Marie Curtis Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_Creek" title="Etobicoke Creek">Etobicoke Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Avenue" title="Eglinton Avenue">Eglinton Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_427" title="Ontario Highway 427">Highway 427</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Steeles_Avenue" title="Steeles Avenue">Steeles Avenue</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Rouge_River_(Ontario)" title="Rouge River (Ontario)">Rouge River</a> and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">Toronto ravine system</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Toronto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg/220px-Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg/330px-Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg/440px-Leaside_Bridge_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leaside_Bridge" title="Leaside Bridge">Leaside Bridge</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)" title="Don River (Ontario)">Don valley ravine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">Toronto ravine system</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterway_system" title="Toronto waterway system">waterways</a> cut through the city's landscape.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is mostly flat or gentle hills, and the land gently slopes upward away from the lake. The flat land is interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">Toronto ravine system</a>, which is cut by numerous creeks and rivers of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterway_system" title="Toronto waterway system">Toronto waterway system</a>, most notably the Humber River in the west end, the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)" title="Don River (Ontario)">Don River</a> east of downtown (these two rivers flanking and defining the Toronto Harbour), and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits. Most of the ravines and valley lands in Toronto today are parklands and recreational trails are laid out along the ravines and valleys. The original town was laid out in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> on the flat plain north of the harbour, and this plan was extended outwards as the city grew. The width and depth of several of the ravines and valleys are such that several grid streets, such as <a href="/wiki/Finch_Avenue" title="Finch Avenue">Finch Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Street" title="Leslie Street">Leslie Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Avenue" title="Lawrence Avenue">Lawrence Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_Avenue" title="St. Clair Avenue">St. Clair Avenue</a>, terminate on one side of a ravine or valley and continue on the other side. Toronto has many bridges spanning the ravines. Large bridges such as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Viaduct" title="Prince Edward Viaduct">Prince Edward Viaduct</a> were built to span broad river valleys. </p><p>Despite its deep ravines, Toronto is not remarkably hilly, but its elevation does increase steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 76.5 metres (251 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) above sea level near the <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Keele_Street" title="Keele Street">Keele Street</a> and Steeles Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are occasional hilly areas; in particular, <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Toronto" title="Midtown, Toronto">midtown Toronto</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Silverthorn,_Toronto" title="Silverthorn, Toronto">Silverthorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairbank,_Toronto" title="Fairbank, Toronto">Fairbank</a> neighbourhoods, have several sharply sloping hills. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue, 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png/260px-Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png/390px-Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png/520px-Topographical_Map_of_Toronto.png 2x" data-file-width="3819" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of Toronto. The terrain increases steadily away from the shoreline.</figcaption></figure> <p>The other major geographical feature of Toronto is its escarpments. During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>, the lower part of Toronto was beneath <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Lake_Iroquois" title="Glacial Lake Iroquois">Glacial Lake Iroquois</a>. Today, a series of <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpments</a> mark the lake's former boundary, known as the "Iroquois Shoreline". The escarpments are most prominent from <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park_Avenue" title="Victoria Park Avenue">Victoria Park Avenue</a> to the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Highland_Creek_(Toronto)" title="Highland Creek (Toronto)">Highland Creek</a>, where they form the <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs" title="Scarborough Bluffs">Scarborough Bluffs</a>. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Street_(Toronto)" title="Bathurst Street (Toronto)">Bathurst Street</a> and the Don River, and north of <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Road" title="Davenport Road">Davenport Road</a> from Caledonia to <a href="/wiki/Spadina_Avenue" title="Spadina Avenue">Spadina Road</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a> grounds sit above this escarpment.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geography of the lakeshore has dramatically changed since the first settlement of Toronto. Much of the land on the harbour's north shore is landfill, filled in during the late 19th century. Until then, the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back farther inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands on the harbour's east side was a <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> filled in early in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-utoronto1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utoronto1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoreline from the harbour west to the Humber River has been extended into the lake. Further west, landfill has been used to create extensions of land such as Humber Bay Park. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG/220px-Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG/330px-Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG/440px-Views_from_the_CN_Tower_Laslovarga_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a>, an island chain that bounds <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour#Inner_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto's Inner Harbour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Toronto Islands were a natural peninsula until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a channel to the harbour. The peninsula was formed by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> taking the sediments deposited along the Scarborough Bluffs shore and transporting them to the Islands area. </p><p>The other source of sediment for the Port Lands wetland and the peninsula was the deposition of the Don River, which carved a wide valley through the sedimentary land of Toronto and deposited it in the shallow harbour. The harbour and the channel of the Don River have been dredged numerous times for shipping. The lower section of the Don River was straightened and channelled in the 19th century. The former mouth drained into a wetland; today, the Don River drains into the harbour through a concrete waterway, the <a href="/wiki/Keating_Channel" title="Keating Channel">Keating Channel</a>. To mitigate flooding in the area, as well as to create parkland, a second more natural mouth was built to the south during the first half of the 2020s, thereby creating a new island, <a href="/wiki/Ookwemin_Minising" title="Ookwemin Minising">Ookwemin Minising</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods_and_former_municipalities">Neighbourhoods and former municipalities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="History of neighbourhoods in Toronto">History of neighbourhoods in Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="List of neighbourhoods in Toronto">List of neighbourhoods in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto_map.png/220px-Toronto_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto_map.png/330px-Toronto_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto_map.png/440px-Toronto_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Map of Toronto with major traffic routes. Also shown are the limits of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto" title="Metropolitan Toronto">six former municipalities</a>, which form the current City of Toronto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto encompasses an area formerly administered by several separate municipalities that were amalgamated over the years. Each developed a distinct history and identity over the years, and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Former municipalities include East York, Etobicoke, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill,_Toronto" title="Forest Hill, Toronto">Forest Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimico" title="Mimico">Mimico</a>, North York, <a href="/wiki/Parkdale,_Toronto" title="Parkdale, Toronto">Parkdale</a>, Scarborough, <a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Toronto" title="Swansea, Toronto">Swansea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Toronto" title="Weston, Toronto">Weston</a> and York. Throughout the city, there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from the skyscrapers in the commercial core. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian-era</a> residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as <a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto" title="Rosedale, Toronto">Rosedale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto" title="Cabbagetown, Toronto">Cabbagetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto" title="Yorkville, Toronto">Yorkville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wychwood_Park" title="Wychwood Park">Wychwood Park</a> neighbourhood, historically significant for the architecture of its homes, and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities, was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma_(neighbourhood)" title="Casa Loma (neighbourhood)">Casa Loma</a> neighbourhood is named after "Casa Loma", a castle built in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pellatt" title="Henry Pellatt">Sir Henry Pellat</a>, complete with gardens, turrets, stables, an elevator, secret passages, and a bowling alley.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spadina_House" title="Spadina House">Spadina House</a> is a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor</a> that is now a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Toronto">Old Toronto</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabbagetown_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cabbagetown_houses.jpg/220px-Cabbagetown_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cabbagetown_houses.jpg/330px-Cabbagetown_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cabbagetown_houses.jpg/440px-Cabbagetown_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Bay-and-gable" title="Bay-and-gable">Bay-and-gable</a> houses are a distinct architectural <a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">style of residence</a> that is ubiquitous throughout the older neighbourhoods of Toronto.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pre-amalgamation City of Toronto covers the downtown core and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and north. It is the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Place" title="First Canadian Place">First Canadian Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre" title="Toronto-Dominion Centre">Toronto-Dominion Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Plaza" title="Scotia Plaza">Scotia Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Court" title="Commerce Court">Commerce Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(Toronto)" title="Brookfield Place (Toronto)">Brookfield Place</a>. This area includes, among others, the neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/St._James_Town" title="St. James Town">St. James Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_Toronto" title="Garden District, Toronto">Garden District</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence,_Toronto" title="St. Lawrence, Toronto">St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corktown,_Toronto" title="Corktown, Toronto">Corktown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_and_Wellesley" title="Church and Wellesley">Church and Wellesley</a>. From that point, the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves, such as <a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto" title="Yorkville, Toronto">Yorkville</a>, Rosedale, The Annex, Forest Hill, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Park,_Toronto" title="Lawrence Park, Toronto">Lawrence Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Park" title="Lytton Park">Lytton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Toronto" title="Deer Park, Toronto">Deer Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moore_Park,_Toronto" title="Moore Park, Toronto">Moore Park</a>, and Casa Loma, most stretching away from downtown to the north.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> East and west of downtown, neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Toronto" title="Chinatown, Toronto">Chinatown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslieville" title="Leslieville">Leslieville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto" title="Cabbagetown, Toronto">Cabbagetown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Toronto" title="Riverdale, Toronto">Riverdale</a> are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as communities of artists with studio lofts, with many middle- and upper-class professionals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity, including two smaller Chinatowns, the <a href="/wiki/Greektown,_Toronto" title="Greektown, Toronto">Greektown</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Toronto" title="Little Italy, Toronto">Little Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Portugal,_Toronto" title="Little Portugal, Toronto">Portugal Village</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Street_(Toronto)" title="Gerrard Street (Toronto)">Little India</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crescent_Town_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crescent_Town_2022.jpg/220px-Crescent_Town_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crescent_Town_2022.jpg/330px-Crescent_Town_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crescent_Town_2022.jpg/440px-Crescent_Town_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Town" title="Crescent Town">Crescent Town</a> and the surrounding area from the air. Crescent Town was a post-World War II suburban neighbourhood developed in <a href="/wiki/East_York" title="East York">East York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are mature and traditionally working-class areas, consisting primarily of post–World War I small, single-family homes and small apartment blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Town" title="Crescent Town">Crescent Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorncliffe_Park" title="Thorncliffe Park">Thorncliffe Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemingdon_Park" title="Flemingdon Park">Flemingdon Park</a>, Weston, and <a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Village" title="Oakwood Village">Oakwood Village</a> consist mainly of high-rise apartments, which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s, many neighbourhoods became ethnically diverse and underwent <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> due to increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and the early 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were <a href="/wiki/Leaside" title="Leaside">Leaside</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Toronto" title="North Toronto">North Toronto</a>, gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_after_sunset_(2855524410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg/220px-York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg/330px-York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg/440px-York_after_sunset_%282855524410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>In an attempt to curb <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>, many suburban neighbourhoods in Toronto encouraged high-density populations by mixing housing lots with apartment buildings far from the downtown core.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west), Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of metropolitan government, existing towns or villages such as Mimico, <a href="/wiki/Islington-City_Centre_West" title="Islington-City Centre West">Islington</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Toronto" title="New Toronto">New Toronto</a> in Etobicoke; <a href="/wiki/Willowdale,_Toronto" title="Willowdale, Toronto">Willowdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtonbrook" title="Newtonbrook">Newtonbrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downsview" title="Downsview">Downsview</a> in North York; <a href="/wiki/Agincourt,_Toronto" title="Agincourt, Toronto">Agincourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wexford,_Toronto" title="Wexford, Toronto">Wexford</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Hill,_Toronto" title="West Hill, Toronto">West Hill</a> in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bridle_Path,_Toronto" title="Bridle Path, Toronto">Bridle Path</a> in North York, the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in <a href="/wiki/Guildwood" title="Guildwood">Guildwood</a>, and most of central Etobicoke, such as <a href="/wiki/Humber_Valley_Village" title="Humber Valley Village">Humber Valley Village</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsway,_Toronto" title="The Kingsway, Toronto">The Kingsway</a>. One of the largest and earliest "planned communities" was <a href="/wiki/Don_Mills" title="Don Mills">Don Mills</a>, parts of which were first built in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phased development, mixing single-detached housing with higher-density apartment blocks, became more popular as a suburban model of development. During the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/North_York_City_Centre" title="North York City Centre">North York City Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_City_Centre" title="Scarborough City Centre">Scarborough City Centre</a> developed separate downtown districts outside Downtown Toronto after the former boroughs were promoted to cities.<sup id="cite_ref-CHRON_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHRON-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-rise development in these areas has given these former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own, with high-density transit corridors serving them; some of these <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">developments are also transit-oriented</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial">Industrial</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_(52716109425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg/220px-Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg/330px-Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg/440px-Toronto%27s_Distillery_District_in_2023_%2852716109425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Distillery_District" title="Distillery District">Distillery District</a> holds the most extensive collection of preserved Victorian industrial architecture in North America.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1800s, a thriving industrial area developed around Toronto Harbour and the lower Don River mouth, linked by rail and water to Canada and the United States. Examples included the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Canadian Malting Company, the Toronto Rolling Mills, the Union Stockyards and the <a href="/wiki/William_Davies_Company" title="William Davies Company">Davies pork processing facility</a> (the inspiration for the "Hogtown" nickname).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This industrial area expanded west along the harbour and rail lines and was supplemented by the infilling of the marshlands on the east side of the harbour to create the Port Lands. A garment industry developed along lower Spadina Avenue, the "<a href="/wiki/Fashion_District,_Toronto" title="Fashion District, Toronto">Fashion District</a>". Beginning in the late 19th century, industrial areas were set up on the outskirts, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Junction" title="The Junction">West Toronto / The Junction</a>, where the Stockyards relocated in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-stockyards_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockyards-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Fire of 1904 destroyed a large amount of industry in the downtown. Some companies moved west along King Street, and some moved as far west as Dufferin Street, where the large <a href="/wiki/Massey-Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Massey-Harris">Massey-Harris</a> farm equipment manufacturing complex was located.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day; the largest factories and distribution warehouses are in the suburban environs of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="Regional Municipality of York">York</a> Regions, but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Pearson Airport</a>), North York, and Scarborough.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline,_2013_09_14_(17).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG/220px-Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG/330px-Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG/440px-Skyline%2C_2013_09_14_%2817%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Don_Lands" title="West Don Lands">West Don Lands</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">former industrial site</a> in downtown Toronto that has undergone redevelopment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">former industrial sites</a> close to (or in) downtown have been redeveloped, including parts of the Toronto waterfront, the rail yards west of downtown, and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Village" title="Liberty Village">Liberty Village</a>, the Massey-Harris district and large-scale development is underway in the <a href="/wiki/West_Don_Lands" title="West Don Lands">West Don Lands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Gooderham & Worts Distillery produced spirits until 1990 and is preserved today as the "Distillery District", the largest and best-preserved collection of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> industrial architecture in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson2008_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson2008-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some industry remains in the area, including the <a href="/wiki/Redpath_Sugar_Refinery" title="Redpath Sugar Refinery">Redpath Sugar Refinery</a>. Similar areas that retain their industrial character but are now largely residential are the Fashion District, Corktown, and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Brockton_Village" title="Brockton Village">Brockton Village</a>, Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York, the Weston/<a href="/wiki/Mount_Dennis" title="Mount Dennis">Mount Dennis</a> and The Junction areas still contain factories, meat-packing facilities and rail yards close to medium-density residential. However, the Junction's Union Stockyards moved out of Toronto in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-stockyards_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockyards-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brownfield industrial area of the Port Lands, on the east side of the harbour, is one area planned for redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly a marsh that was filled in to create industrial space, it was never intensely developed—its land unsuitable for large-scale development—because of flooding and unstable soil.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It still contains numerous industrial uses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Portlands_Energy_Centre" title="Portlands Energy Centre">Portlands Energy Centre</a> power plant, port facilities, movie and television production studios, concrete processing facilities, and low-density industrial facilities. The <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Toronto" title="Waterfront Toronto">Waterfront Toronto</a> agency has developed plans for a naturalized mouth to the Don River and to create a flood barrier around the Don, making more of the land on the harbour suitable for higher-value residential and commercial development.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former chemicals plant site along the Don River is slated to become a large commercial complex and transportation hub.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Toronto" title="Architecture of Toronto">Architecture of Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Toronto" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto">List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Toronto" title="List of tallest buildings in Toronto">List of tallest buildings in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg/220px-Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg/330px-Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg/440px-Sharp_Centre_for_Design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5792" /></a><figcaption>The Rosalie Sharp Centre for Design, an extension of <a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD University</a>'s main building</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto's buildings vary in design and age, with many structures dating back to the early 19th century, while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence Richards, a member of the Faculty of Architecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, has said, "Toronto is a new, brash, rag-tag place—a big mix of periods and styles."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bay-and-gable" title="Bay-and-gable">Bay-and-gable</a> houses, mainly found in Old Toronto, are a distinct architectural feature of the city. Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower, a telecommunications and tourism hub. Completed in 1976 at a height of 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in), it was the world's tallest<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto is a city of high-rises and had 1,875 buildings over 30 metres (98 ft) as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the 1960s and 1970s, significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or parking. In contrast, since 2000, amid the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a>, Toronto has experienced a condo construction boom and architectural revival, with several buildings opened by world-renowned architects. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> addition, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>'s remake of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Will_Alsop" title="Will Alsop">Will Alsop</a>'s distinctive <a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD University</a> expansion are among the city's new showpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-1800s Distillery District, on the eastern edge of downtown, has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts, culture and entertainment neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This construction boom has some observers call the phenomenon the <a href="/wiki/Manhattanization" title="Manhattanization">Manhattanization</a> of Toronto after <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">the densely built island borough</a> of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:1048px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toronto skyline from Toronto Harbour looking north at dusk, in 2018"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/1040px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="1040" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/1560px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg/2080px-Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6759" data-file-height="3001" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_Toronto_Skyline_Panorama_Crop_from_Snake_Island.jpg" title="File:Sunset Toronto Skyline Panorama Crop from Snake Island.jpg"> </a></div>Toronto skyline from <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Toronto Harbour</a> looking north at dusk, in 2018</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:center;max-width:1048px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:320_L1070205_27-020_(50882129891)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toronto skyline from Riverdale looking west, in 2021"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/1040px-320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1040" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/1560px-320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/2080px-320_L1070205_27-020_%2850882129891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6914" data-file-height="2215" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:320_L1070205_27-020_(50882129891)_(cropped).jpg" title="File:320 L1070205 27-020 (50882129891) (cropped).jpg"> </a></div>Toronto skyline from <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Toronto" title="Riverdale, Toronto">Riverdale</a> looking west, in 2021</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Toronto </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.292em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">65</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.66em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.16em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.078em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">54</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:1.32em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.056em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">53</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.64em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">78</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.78em;height:1.56em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.34em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.528em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">76</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.632em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">82</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.06em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.56em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.53em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">77</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.62em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.438em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">72</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.54em;height:1.68em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.22em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.388em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">69</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.76em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.26em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.382em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">69</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.54em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.92em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.416em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">71</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.46em;height:1.16em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.62em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.96em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.156em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">58</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.46em;height:1.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.52em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">3</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.96em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: Environment Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_(City)_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_(City)-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.292em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.66em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.16em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.078em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:1.32em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.056em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.64em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.78em;height:1.56em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.34em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">53</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.528em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.76em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.632em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.06em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">76</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.56em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">60</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.53em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.62em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.438em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.54em;height:1.68em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.22em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.388em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.76em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.26em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.382em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.54em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.92em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.416em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.46em;height:1.16em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.62em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">47</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.96em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.156em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.46em;height:1.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.52em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">37</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.96em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of Toronto has a hot summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dfa</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though was on the threshold of a warm summer humid continental climate (<i>Dfb</i>) until the 20th century due to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> but still found in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">metropolitan region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with warm, humid summers and cold winters. According to the classification applied by <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>, the city of Toronto is in plant hardiness zone 7a. Some suburbs and nearby towns have lower zone ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv1_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high- and low-pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv1_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv1-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature range</a>. The denser urbanscape makes for warmer nights year-round; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 °C (5.4 °F) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv3_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze, since Lake Ontario is cool relative to the air during these seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv3_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lake breezes mostly occur in summer, bringing relief on hot days.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv3_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include <a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_snow" title="Lake-effect snow">lake-effect snow</a>, fog, and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_lag" title="Seasonal lag">seasonal lag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv3_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winters are cold, with frequent snow.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter months, temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a>. Occasionally, they can drop below −25 °C (−13 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters, melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 °C (68 °F), and often rise above 30 °C (86 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they can occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.<sup id="cite_ref-climatedriverv3_132-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climatedriverv3-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) during these seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_133-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG/220px-NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG/330px-NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG/440px-NorthYorkIceStorm2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Winters in Toronto are typically cold with frequent snowfall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. The average yearly precipitation is 822.7 mm (32.4 in), with an average annual snowfall of 121.5 cm (48 in).<sup id="cite_ref-annex_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto experiences an average of 2,066 sunshine hours or 45 percent of daylight hours, varying between a low of 28 percent in December to 60 percent in July.<sup id="cite_ref-annex_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change has affected Toronto, and as a consequence, the Toronto City Council declared a climate emergency, setting a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2040 through the <a href="/wiki/TransformTO" title="TransformTO">TransformTO</a> climate action plan.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest temperature ever recorded in Toronto was 40.6 °C (105 °F) on July 8, 9, and 10, 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-July_1936_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July_1936-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/1936_North_American_heat_wave" title="1936 North American heat wave">1936 North American heat wave</a>. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −32.8 °C (−27 °F) on January 10, 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_(City)_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_(City)-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Toronto (<a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 71266; coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Toronto&params=43_40_N_79_24_W_type:landmark_region:CA-ON&title=Toronto+%28The+Annex%29"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°24′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.667°N 79.400°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.667; -79.400</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Toronto (The Annex)</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>; elevation: 112.5 m (369 ft); 1991–2020<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> normals, extremes 1840–present<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8 </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5 </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0 </td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6 </td> <td style="background: #DF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.7<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.7<br />(−25.1) </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.7<br />(−16.1) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.6<br />(−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.0<br />(−22.0) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.8<br />(−27.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> </th> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−37 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6<br />(2.54) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9<br />(2.12) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8<br />(2.08) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0<br />(3.07) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.4<br />(3.01) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5<br />(3.01) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.9<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4<br />(2.73) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8<br />(2.79) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.8<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">822.7<br />(32.39) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(1.15) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(1.32) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1<br />(2.41) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0<br />(3.23) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9<br />(2.79) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.1<br />(3.19) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7<br />(3.33) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3<br />(2.53) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4<br />(2.97) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(1.50) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">714.0<br />(28.11) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #004400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #00D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #009600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(9.5) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">121.5<br />(47.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">150.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.08 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 15:00 LST)</span> </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.5 </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1 </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.7 </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.1 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9D9D9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B75A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.3 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">259.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.4 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7A7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 </td> <td style="background: #8E8E8E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.1 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,066.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.7 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Climate_Change_Canada" title="Environment and Climate Change Canada">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-annex_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toronto_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Toronto parks">List of Toronto parks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Toronto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg/220px-Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg/330px-Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg/440px-Finch_Meandor_with_Rouge_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rouge_National_Urban_Park" title="Rouge National Urban Park">Rouge National Urban Park</a> is a <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">national park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario" title="Scarborough, Ontario">Scarborough</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto has diverse public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square" title="Nathan Phillips Square">Nathan Phillips Square</a> is the city's main square in downtown, contains the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sign" title="Toronto Sign">Toronto Sign</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forms the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">City Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yonge%E2%80%93Dundas_Square" title="Yonge–Dundas Square">Yonge–Dundas Square</a>, near City Hall, has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include <a href="/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre" title="Harbourfront Centre">Harbourfront Square</a>, on the Toronto waterfront, and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto, most notably <a href="/wiki/Mel_Lastman_Square" title="Mel Lastman Square">Mel Lastman Square</a> in North York. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Space_Committee" title="Toronto Public Space Committee">Toronto Public Space Committee</a> is an advocacy group concerned with the city's public spaces. In recent years, Nathan Phillips Square has been refurbished with new facilities, and the central waterfront along Queen's Quay West has been updated recently with a new street architecture and a new square next to Harbourfront Centre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_City_Hall_(25383892988).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg/220px-Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg/330px-Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg/440px-Toronto_City_Hall_%2825383892988%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square" title="Nathan Phillips Square">Nathan Phillips Square</a> is the city's main square. The square includes a reflecting pool that is converted into an <a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rink</a> during the winter.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the winter, Nathan Phillips Square, Harbourfront Centre, and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. <a href="/wiki/Earl_Bales_Park" title="Earl Bales Park">Earl Bales Park</a> offers outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a <a href="/wiki/Chairlift" title="Chairlift">chairlift</a>, rental facilities, and lessons. Several parks have marked cross-country skiing trails. </p><p>There are many large downtown parks, which include <a href="/wiki/Allan_Gardens" title="Allan Gardens">Allan Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits" title="Christie Pits">Christie Pits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grange_Park_(Toronto)" title="Grange Park (Toronto)">Grange Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Norway_Park" title="Little Norway Park">Little Norway Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss_Park" title="Moss Park">Moss Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Park_(Toronto)" title="Riverdale Park (Toronto)">Riverdale Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bellwoods_Park" title="Trinity Bellwoods Park">Trinity Bellwoods Park</a>. An almost-hidden park is the compact <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Gardens" title="Cloud Gardens">Cloud Gardens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse, near Queen Street and Yonge Street. South of downtown are two large parks on the waterfront: Tommy Thompson Park on the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Street_Spit" title="Leslie Street Spit">Leslie Street Spit</a>, which has a nature preserve and is open on weekends, and the Toronto Islands, accessible from downtown by ferry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens!_Toronto,_May_13th,_2018_(42086291601).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg/220px-Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg/330px-Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg/440px-Spring_has_arrived_at_James_Gardens%21_Toronto%2C_May_13th%2C_2018_%2842086291601%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Gardens" title="James Gardens">James Gardens</a>, a botanical garden operated by <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Parks,_Forestry_and_Recreation_Division" title="Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division">Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Large parks in the outer areas managed by the city include <a href="/wiki/High_Park" title="High Park">High Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humber_Bay_Park" title="Humber Bay Park">Humber Bay Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_(Toronto)" title="Centennial Park (Toronto)">Centennial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downsview_Park" title="Downsview Park">Downsview Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guild_Park_and_Gardens" title="Guild Park and Gardens">Guild Park and Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnybrook_Park" title="Sunnybrook Park">Sunnybrook Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Park_(Toronto)" title="Morningside Park (Toronto)">Morningside Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto also operates several public golf courses. Most ravine lands and river bank floodplains in Toronto are public parklands. After Hurricane Hazel in 1954, construction of buildings on floodplains was outlawed, and private lands were bought for conservation. In 1999, Downsview Park, a former military base in North York, initiated an international design competition to realize its vision of creating Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a>. The winner, "Tree City", was announced in May 2000. Approximately 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres), or 12.5 percent of Toronto's land base, is maintained parkland.<sup id="cite_ref-gnpark_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnpark-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morningside Park is the largest park managed by the city, which is 241.46 hectares (596.7 acres) in size.<sup id="cite_ref-gnpark_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnpark-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to public parks managed by the municipal government, parts of <a href="/wiki/Rouge_National_Urban_Park" title="Rouge National Urban Park">Rouge National Urban Park</a>, the largest urban park in North America, is in the <a href="/wiki/Rouge,_Toronto" title="Rouge, Toronto">eastern portion</a> of Toronto. Managed by <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">national park</a> is centred around the Rouge River and encompasses several municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Toronto" title="Demographics of Toronto">Demographics of Toronto</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population history of Toronto</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1834</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,249</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,776</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+116.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,821</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">56,092</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">86,415</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">144,023</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+66.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">238,080</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+65.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">381,383</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">521,893</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+36.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">856,955</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+64.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">951,549</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,176,622</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,824,481</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,089,729</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,124,291</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,137,395</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,192,721</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,275,771</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,385,421</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,481,494</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,503,281</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,615,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,731,571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,794,356</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census of Population</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Toronto had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006279435600000000♠"></span>2,794,356</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006116089200000000♠"></span>1,160,892</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006125323800000000♠"></span>1,253,238</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000229849416324891♠" style="display:none"></span>2.3 percent from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006273157100000000♠"></span>2,731,571</span>. With a land area of 631.1 km<sup>2</sup> (243.7 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7003442775471399144♠"></span>4,427.8/km<sup>2</sup> (11,467.8/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Toronto CMA had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006620222500000000♠"></span>6,202,225</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006226247300000000♠"></span>2,262,473</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006239420500000000♠"></span>2,394,205</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000462522182711317♠" style="display:none"></span>4.6 percent from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006592804000000000♠"></span>5,928,040</span>. With a land area of 5,902.75 km<sup>2</sup> (2,279.06 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7003105073482698742♠"></span>1,050.7/km<sup>2</sup> (2,721.4/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusCMA_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, persons aged 14 years and under made up 14.5 percent of the population, and those aged 65 and over made up 15.6 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-sc-profile-to_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-profile-to-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> age was 39.3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-sc-profile-to_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-profile-to-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's gender population is 48 percent male and 52 percent female.<sup id="cite_ref-sc-profile-to_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-profile-to-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-sc-profile-to_153-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-profile-to-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a> (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 1,286,145 persons or 46.6 percent of the total population of Toronto. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (132,980 persons or 10.3%), China (129,750 persons or 10.1%), India (102,155 persons or 7.9%), Sri Lanka (47,895 persons or 3.7%), Jamaica (42,655 persons or 3.3%), Italy (37,705 persons or 2.9%), Iran (37,185 persons or 2.9%), Hong Kong (36,855 persons or 2.9%), United Kingdom (35,585 persons or 2.8%), and Portugal (34,360 persons or 2.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's foreign-born persons comprised 47 percent of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-sc-geo-profile-to_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-geo-profile-to-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 49.9 percent in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-2006diversity_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006diversity-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>, Toronto has the second-highest percentage of constant foreign-born population among world cities, after <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a>. While Miami's foreign-born population has traditionally consisted primarily of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cubans</a> and other Latin Americans, no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population, placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-2006diversity_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006diversity-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, it was estimated over 100,000 immigrants arrived in the Greater Toronto Area each year.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <p>In 2016, the three most commonly reported ethnic origins overall were <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> (332,830 or 12.5 percent), <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English</a> (331,890 or 12.3 percent) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_ethnicity" title="Canadian ethnicity">Canadian</a> (323,175 or 12.0 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-sc-geo-profile-to_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-geo-profile-to-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common regions of ethnic origin were European (47.9 per cent), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1 per cent), African (5.5 per cent), Latin/Central/South American (4.2 per cent), and North American aboriginal (1.2 per cent).<sup id="cite_ref-sc-geo-profile-to_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-geo-profile-to-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Population_Pyramid,_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png/290px-Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png/435px-Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png/580px-Toronto_Population_Pyramid%2C_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Toronto from the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, 51.5 per cent of the residents of the city proper belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a> group, compared to 49.1 per cent in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-sc-geo-profile-to_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-geo-profile-to-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www12.statcan.gc.ca_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13.6 per cent in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest visible minority groups were <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 338,960 or 12.6 percent), <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> at 332,830 or 12.5 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> (239,850 or 8.9 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-sc-geo-profile-to_155-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-geo-profile-to-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visible minorities are projected to increase to 63 percent of the city's population by 2031.<sup id="cite_ref-Visible_minority_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visible_minority-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This diversity is reflected in Toronto's ethnic neighbourhoods, which include Chinatown, <a href="/wiki/Corso_Italia_(Toronto)" title="Corso Italia (Toronto)">Corso Italia</a>, Greektown, <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Toronto" title="Koreatown, Toronto">Koreatown</a>, Little India, Little Italy, <a href="/wiki/Little_Jamaica" title="Little Jamaica">Little Jamaica</a>, Little Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Roncesvalles,_Toronto" title="Roncesvalles, Toronto">Roncesvalles</a> (Polish community).<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the City of Toronto (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016 </th> <th colspan="2">2011 </th> <th colspan="2">2006 </th> <th colspan="2">2001 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr>Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr>%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a> </td> <td>1,201,075 </td> <td>43.5% </td> <td>1,282,750 </td> <td>47.66% </td> <td>1,292,365 </td> <td>50.17% </td> <td>1,300,330 </td> <td>52.51% </td> <td>1,394,310 </td> <td>56.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>385,440 </td> <td>13.96% </td> <td>338,965 </td> <td>12.59% </td> <td>317,100 </td> <td>12.31% </td> <td>298,370 </td> <td>12.05% </td> <td>253,920 </td> <td>10.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a> </td> <td>351,625 </td> <td>12.73% </td> <td>354,510 </td> <td>13.17% </td> <td>327,930 </td> <td>12.73% </td> <td>329,260 </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td>301,060 </td> <td>12.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Black</a> </td> <td>265,005 </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>239,850 </td> <td>8.91% </td> <td>218,160 </td> <td>8.47% </td> <td>208,555 </td> <td>8.42% </td> <td>204,075 </td> <td>8.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> </td> <td>224,260 </td> <td>8.12% </td> <td>194,360 </td> <td>7.22% </td> <td>179,270 </td> <td>6.96% </td> <td>140,050 </td> <td>5.66% </td> <td>120,330 </td> <td>4.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a> </td> <td>111,360 </td> <td>4.03% </td> <td>96,355 </td> <td>3.58% </td> <td>79,155 </td> <td>3.07% </td> <td>65,240 </td> <td>2.63% </td> <td>59,560 </td> <td>2.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>92,455 </td> <td>3.35% </td> <td>77,160 </td> <td>2.87% </td> <td>71,205 </td> <td>2.76% </td> <td>64,855 </td> <td>2.62% </td> <td>54,350 </td> <td>2.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>22,925 </td> <td>0.83% </td> <td>23,065 </td> <td>0.86% </td> <td>19,265 </td> <td>0.75% </td> <td>13,605 </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>11,370 </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> </td> <td>107,135 </td> <td>3.88% </td> <td>84,650 </td> <td>3.14% </td> <td>71,590 </td> <td>2.78% </td> <td>56,295 </td> <td>2.27% </td> <td>57,840 </td> <td>2.35% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total: Visible minority </th> <th>1,537,280 </th> <th>55.7% </th> <th>1,385,850 </th> <th>51.5% </th> <th>1,264,410 </th> <th>49.1% </th> <th>1,162,625 </th> <th>47% </th> <th>1,062,505 </th> <th>42.8% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>2,761,285 </th> <th>98.82% </th> <th>2,691,665 </th> <th>98.54% </th> <th>2,576,025 </th> <th>98.51% </th> <th>2,476,565 </th> <th>98.93% </th> <th>2,456,805 </th> <th>99.01% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>2,794,356 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,731,571 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,615,060 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,503,281 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,481,494 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="15">Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Toronto included:<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (1,274,450 persons or 46.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">No religion and secular perspectives</a> (845,615 persons or 30.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (264,155 persons or 9.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (171,980 persons or 6.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (99,390 persons or 3.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (62,475 persons or 2.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (21,545 persons or 0.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (935 persons or <0.1%)</li> <li>Other (20,730 persons or 0.8%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin,_May_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg/220px-Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg/330px-Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg/440px-Toronto_tripartite_rubbish_bin%2C_May_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>A waste receptacle in Toronto with an advert for the local multilingual emergency telephone service (from left to right and top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Canadians" title="Russian Canadians">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Canadians" title="Vietnamese Canadians">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians#Language" title="Chinese Canadians">Traditional Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Canadians" title="Spanish Canadians">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians#Language" title="Chinese Canadians">Simplified Chinese</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians, with approximately 95 percent of residents having proficiency in it, although only 54.7 percent of Torontonians reported English as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-langcen_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcen-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater Toronto English, or simply <a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Toronto slang</a>, is a dialect found primarily in Toronto, primarily spoken by <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>. English is one of two <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">official languages of Canada</a>, with the other being French. Approximately 1.6 percent of Torontonians reported French as their mother tongue, although 9.1 percent reported being bilingual in both official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-langcen_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcen-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to services provided by the federal government, provincial services in Toronto are available in both official languages as a result of the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Language_Services_Act" title="French Language Services Act">French Language Services Act</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 4.9 percent of Torontonians reported having no knowledge in either of the official languages of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-langcen_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcen-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the city is also home to many other languages, municipal services, most notably its <a href="/wiki/911_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="911 (emergency telephone number)">9-1-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone service</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is equipped to respond in over 150 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-911service_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-911service-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lan3_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan3-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001 Canadian census</a>, the collective <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> are the most widely spoken languages at work after English.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lang2_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang2-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 55 percent of respondents who reported proficiency in a Chinese language reported knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> in the 2016 census.<sup id="cite_ref-langcen_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcen-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto" title="Economy of Toronto">Economy of Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/220px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/330px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg/440px-Toronto_from_above_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>View looking towards Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial and industrial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_stock_exchanges" title="List of major stock exchanges">seventh-largest</a> stock exchange by market capitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_banks_of_Canada" title="Big Five banks of Canada">Big Five</a>, all have their global corporate headquarters in Toronto, alongside Canada's major insurance giants.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_Toronto_harbour_(4675522485).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg/220px-Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg/330px-Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg/440px-Frozen_Toronto_harbour_%284675522485%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighters</a> moored in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Toronto" title="Port of Toronto">Port of Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torstar" title="Torstar">Torstar</a>. Other prominent Canadian corporations and Canadian subsidiaries of international corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include <a href="/wiki/Magna_International" title="Magna International">Magna International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Pizza" title="Pizza Pizza">Pizza Pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Sub" title="Mr. Sub">Mr. Sub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestica" title="Celestica">Celestica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manulife" title="Manulife">Manulife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Life_Financial" title="Sun Life Financial">Sun Life Financial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Canada_Inc." title="Toyota Canada Inc.">Toyota Canada Inc.</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, and major hotel companies and operators, such as <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts">Four Seasons Hotels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Fairmont Hotels and Resorts">Fairmont Hotels and Resorts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although much of the region's manufacturing activities occur outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> in 1959 gave ships access to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. </p><p>Toronto's unemployment rate was 6.7 percent as of July 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the website Numbeo, Toronto's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada (of 31 cities).<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada, mid-2017.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average monthly social assistance caseload for January to October 2014 was 92,771. The number of impoverished seniors increased from 10.5 percent in 2011 to 12.1 percent in 2014. Toronto's 2013 child poverty rate was 28.6 percent, the highest among large Canadian cities of 500,000 or more residents.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bay_Street">Bay Street</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg/220px-Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg/330px-Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg/440px-Toronto_Financial_District_August_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Buildings in the Financial District, including the operational headquarters of three major Canadian banks</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a> in Toronto centres on <a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a>, the equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city hosts the headquarters of all five of Canada's largest banks, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Toronto-Dominion Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce" title="Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce">Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce</a>, and was ranked as the safest banking system in the world between 2007 and 2014 according to the World Economic Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto's economy has seen a steady growth boom thanks to many corporations relocating their Canadian headquarters into the city and Canada's growing cultural significance, resulting in several companies setting up shop in Toronto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Toronto" title="Media in Toronto">Media in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg/220px-Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg/330px-Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg/440px-Omni-City-33Dundas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/33_Dundas_Street_East" title="33 Dundas Street East">33 Dundas Street East</a> is a studio complex used by <a href="/wiki/Citytv" title="Citytv">Citytv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omni_Television" title="Omni Television">Omni Television</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is Canada's largest media market,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has four conventional dailies, two <a href="/wiki/Alternative_newspaper" title="Alternative newspaper">alt-weeklies</a>, and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants. The <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i> are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i> are also headquartered in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Toronto Star</i>, <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, and <i>National Post</i> are broadsheet newspapers. <i><a href="/wiki/StarMetro_(newspaper)" title="StarMetro (newspaper)">StarMetro</a></i> is distributed as free commuter newspapers. Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto, including <i><a href="/wiki/Now_(newspaper)" title="Now (newspaper)">Now</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Life" title="Toronto Life">Toronto Life</a></i>, while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Business" title="Canadian Business">Canadian Business</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)" title="Chatelaine (magazine)">Chatelaine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flare_(magazine)" title="Flare (magazine)">Flare</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Hive" title="Daily Hive">Daily Hive</a>, Western Canada's largest online-only publication, opened its Toronto office in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citytv" title="Citytv">Citytv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sports_Network" title="The Sports Network">The Sports Network</a> (TSN) and <a href="/wiki/Sportsnet" title="Sportsnet">Sportsnet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">Much (formerly MuchMusic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/M3_(Canadian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 (Canadian TV channel)">M3 (formerly MuchMore)</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTV_(Canadian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Canadian TV channel)">MTV Canada</a> are the main music television channels based in the city. However, they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of <a href="/wiki/Channel_drift" title="Channel drift">channel drift</a> and a shift in demographics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_production">Film production</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg/220px-The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg/330px-The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg/440px-The_Boys_Season_12_filmed_at_Pecaut_Square_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Film production for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boys_(TV_series)" title="The Boys (TV series)">The Boys</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Pecaut_Square" title="Pecaut Square">Pecaut Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is one of the centres of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada's film and television industry</a> due in part to the lower cost of production in Canada. The city's streets and landmarks are seen in a variety of films, mimicking the scenes of American cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. The city provides diverse settings and neighbourhoods to shoot films, with production facilitated by Toronto's Film and Television Office. Toronto's film industry has extended beyond the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area#Toronto_CMA" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto CMA</a> into adjoining cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_estate">Real estate</h3></div> <p>Real estate is a major force in the city's economy; Toronto is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most expensive real estate. The Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB), formerly the Toronto Real Estate Board, is a non-profit professional association of registered <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> brokers and salespeople in Toronto, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-who_we_are_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_we_are-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TRREB was formed in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-who_we_are_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_we_are-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many large <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">real estate investment trusts</a> are based in Toronto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_and_biotech">Technology and biotech</h3></div> <p>Toronto is a large hub of the Canadian and global technology industry, generating $52 billion in revenues annually. In 2017, Toronto tech firms offered almost 30,000 jobs which is higher than the combination of San Francisco Bay area, Seattle and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area bound between the Greater Toronto Area, the region of <a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a> was termed a "digital corridor" by the Branham Group,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a region highly concentrated with technology companies and jobs similar to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> in California.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto is home to a large startup ecosystem and is the third-largest center for information and communications technology in North America, behind <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTTechHub2022_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTTechHub2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the city was ranked as the 17th best startup scene in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto" title="Tourism in Toronto">Tourism in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_Toronto" title="Hotels in Toronto">Hotels in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg/220px-Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg/330px-Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg/440px-Kensington_Market_Toronto_August_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="3233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>, a neighbourhood that is also partly an outdoor market</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, 27.5 million tourists visited Toronto, generating $10.3 billion (~$12.3 billion in 2023) in economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre" title="Toronto Eaton Centre">Toronto Eaton Centre</a> receives over 47 million visitors per year.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commercial areas popular with tourists include the <a href="/wiki/Path_(Toronto)" title="Path (Toronto)">Path</a> network, which is the world's largest<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> underground shopping complex, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Market" title="St. Lawrence Market">St. Lawrence Market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a> are close to downtown Toronto and do not permit private motor vehicles beyond the airport. Other tourist attractions include the CN Tower, <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a>, Toronto's theatres and musicals, <a href="/wiki/Yonge%E2%80%93Dundas_Square" title="Yonge–Dundas Square">Yonge–Dundas Square</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Aquarium_of_Canada" title="Ripley's Aquarium of Canada">Ripley's Aquarium of Canada</a>. </p><p>The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of world culture and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Zoo" title="Toronto Zoo">Toronto Zoo</a><sup id="cite_ref-aboutzoo_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutzoo-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zoo_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zoo-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains an extensive collection of Canadian, European, African and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary artwork</a>. Also, it hosts exhibits from museums and galleries from all over the world. The <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Museum" title="Gardiner Museum">Gardiner Museum</a> of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Science_Centre" title="Ontario Science Centre">Ontario Science Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum" title="Bata Shoe Museum">Bata Shoe Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada" title="Textile Museum of Canada">Textile Museum of Canada</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_(38637506756).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg/220px-Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg/330px-Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg/440px-Art_Gallery_of_Ontario_%2838637506756%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4891" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption>The southern façade of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other prominent art galleries and museums include the <a href="/wiki/Design_Exchange" title="Design Exchange">Design Exchange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/TIFF_Lightbox" title="TIFF Lightbox">TIFF Lightbox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Toronto_Canada" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada">Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Contemporary_Culture" title="Institute for Contemporary Culture">Institute for Contemporary Culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sculpture_Garden" title="Toronto Sculpture Garden">Toronto Sculpture Garden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CBC_Museum" title="CBC Museum">CBC Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Redpath_Sugar_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Redpath Sugar Museum">Redpath Sugar Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University of Toronto Art Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_House_(University_of_Toronto)" title="Hart House (University of Toronto)">Hart House</a>, the TD Gallery of Inuit Art, <a href="/wiki/Little_Canada_(attraction)" title="Little Canada (attraction)">Little Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Aga Khan Museum</a>. The city also runs its own museums, which include the <a href="/wiki/Spadina_House" title="Spadina House">Spadina House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Brick_Works" title="Don Valley Brick Works">Don Valley Brick Works</a> is a former industrial site that opened in 1889 and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration being completed in stages since then. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition" title="Canadian National Exhibition">Canadian National Exhibition</a> ("The Ex") is held annually at Exhibition Place and is the oldest annual fair in the world. The Ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Toronto" title="Queen Street, Toronto">Queen West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbourfront,_Toronto" title="Harbourfront, Toronto">Harbourfront</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Entertainment_District" title="Toronto Entertainment District">Entertainment District</a>, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre" title="Toronto Eaton Centre">Eaton Centre</a> is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building,_Toronto,_South_view_20170417_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/220px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/330px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg/440px-Hockey_Hall_of_Fame_building%2C_Toronto%2C_South_view_20170417_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5628" data-file-height="4020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a> is a museum dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_halls_and_walks_of_fame" title="List of halls and walks of fame">Hall of Fame</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greektown on the Danforth is home to the annual "<a href="/wiki/Taste_of_the_Danforth" title="Taste of the Danforth">Taste of the Danforth</a>" festival, which attracts over one million people in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> days.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto is also home to Casa Loma, the former estate of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pellatt" title="Henry Pellatt">Sir Henry Pellatt</a>, a prominent Toronto financier, industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions in Toronto include <a href="/wiki/The_Beaches,_Toronto" title="The Beaches, Toronto">The Beaches</a>, the Toronto Islands, <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a>, Fort York, and the <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Toronto" title="Education in Toronto">Education in Toronto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Ontario#City_of_Toronto" title="List of secondary schools in Ontario">List of secondary schools in Ontario § City of Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg/220px-TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg/330px-TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg/440px-TorontoDistrictSchoolBoardEducationCentre_-_2015May30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board" title="Toronto District School Board">Toronto District School Board</a>, one of four public school boards that operate in the city</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public</a> <a href="/wiki/School_board" class="mw-redirect" title="School board">school boards</a> that provide <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">elementary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> in Toronto, the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a> (CSV), the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Toronto Catholic District School Board">Toronto Catholic District School Board</a> (TCDSB), and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board" title="Toronto District School Board">Toronto District School Board</a> (TDSB). CSV and TDSB are <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular</a> public school boards, whereas MonAvenir and TCDSB are <a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">separate</a> public school boards. CSV and MonAvenir are French <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> school boards, whereas TCDSB and TDSB are English first language school boards. </p><p>TDSB operates the most schools among the four Toronto-based school boards, with 451 elementary schools, 105 secondary schools, and five <a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">adult learning centres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TCDSB operates 163 elementary schools, 29 secondary schools, three combined institutions, and one adult learning centre. CSV operates 11 elementary schools, and three secondary schools in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MonAvenir operates nine elementary schools,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three secondary schools in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postsecondary_education">Postsecondary education</h3></div> <p>There are several public universities and colleges based in Toronto. The city is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_school" title="Supplementary school">supplementary schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a>. Examples of such institutions include <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Conservatory_of_Music" title="The Royal Conservatory of Music">The Royal Conservatory of Music</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/The_Glenn_Gould_School" title="The Glenn Gould School">the Glenn Gould School</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Film_Centre" title="Canadian Film Centre">Canadian Film Centre</a>, a media training institute founded by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_University" title="Tyndale University">Tyndale University</a>, a Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universities">Universities</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uoft_universitycollege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uoft_universitycollege.jpg/220px-Uoft_universitycollege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uoft_universitycollege.jpg/330px-Uoft_universitycollege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uoft_universitycollege.jpg/440px-Uoft_universitycollege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a> at the University of Toronto. University College is one of eleven constituent colleges at the University of Toronto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Five <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a> are based in Toronto. Four of these universities are based in downtown Toronto: <a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">Université de l'Ontario français</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Toronto also operates two satellite campuses, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Scarborough" title="University of Toronto Scarborough">one of which</a> is in the city's eastern district of Scarborough, while <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Mississauga" title="University of Toronto Mississauga">the other</a> is in the neighbouring city of <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> is the only Toronto-based university not situated in downtown Toronto, maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Keele_Campus" title="Keele Campus">primary campus</a> in the northwestern portion of North York and a <a href="/wiki/Glendon_College" title="Glendon College">secondary campus</a> in midtown Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other public universities based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite campuses or facilities in Toronto, including <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ttceligsch_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttceligsch-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter operates a satellite campus in northwestern Etobicoke together with <a href="/wiki/Humber_Polytechnic" title="Humber Polytechnic">Humber Polytechnic</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph-Humber" title="University of Guelph-Humber">University of Guelph-Humber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to public universities, Toronto also holds the satellite campus for <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private university</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colleges">Colleges</h4></div> <p>There are four public <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">colleges</a> based in Toronto, <a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial College</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown College</a>, Humber College, and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Polytechnic" title="Seneca Polytechnic">Seneca Polytechnic</a> (formerly Seneca College). The four institutions operate several campuses throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several public colleges based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite facilities and campuses in Toronto, including <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_College" title="Cambrian College">Cambrian College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadore_College" title="Canadore College">Canadore College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Bor%C3%A9al" title="Collège Boréal">Collège Boréal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_La_Cit%C3%A9" title="Collège La Cité">Collège La Cité</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleming_College" title="Fleming College">Fleming College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_College" title="Georgian College">Georgian College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambton_College" title="Lambton College">Lambton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_College" title="Loyalist College">Loyalist College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Clair_College" title="St. Clair College">St. Clair College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sault_College" title="Sault College">Sault College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ttceligsch_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttceligsch-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_resources">Human resources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health">Public health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Toronto" title="Health in Toronto">Health in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Toronto" title="List of hospitals in Toronto">List of hospitals in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg/220px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg/330px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg/440px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Toronto_General_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> in downtown Toronto.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is home to twenty public hospitals, including the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_for_Sick_Children_(Toronto)" title="Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)">Hospital for Sick Children</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="St. Michael's Hospital (Toronto)">St. Michael's Hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_York_General_Hospital" title="North York General Hospital">North York General Hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Toronto_General_Hospital" title="Toronto General Hospital">Toronto General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Western_Hospital" title="Toronto Western Hospital">Toronto Western Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etobicoke_General_Hospital" title="Etobicoke General Hospital">Etobicoke General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Health_Centre" title="St. Joseph's Health Centre">St. Joseph's Health Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_General_Hospital_(Toronto)" title="Scarborough General Hospital (Toronto)">Scarborough General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birchmount_Hospital" title="Birchmount Hospital">Birchmount Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centenary_Hospital" title="Centenary Hospital">Centenary Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnybrook_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre">Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Addiction_and_Mental_Health" title="Centre for Addiction and Mental Health">Centre for Addiction and Mental Health</a> (CAMH), and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Cancer_Centre" title="Princess Margaret Cancer Centre">Princess Margaret Cancer Centre</a>, many of which are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine">University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine</a>. </p><p>Specialized hospitals are also outside of the downtown core. These hospitals include the <a href="/wiki/Baycrest_Health_Sciences" title="Baycrest Health Sciences">Baycrest Health Sciences</a> geriatric hospital and the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Bloorview_Kids_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital">Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital</a> for children with disabilities. </p><p>Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Discovery_District" title="Discovery District">Discovery District</a><sup id="cite_ref-district_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-district-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a centre of research in <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a>. It is on a 2.5-square-kilometre (620-acre) research park that is integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/MaRS_Discovery_District" title="MaRS Discovery District">MaRS Discovery District</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mars_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).<sup id="cite_ref-mole_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mole-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaRSfromCollege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MaRSfromCollege.jpg/220px-MaRSfromCollege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MaRSfromCollege.jpg/330px-MaRSfromCollege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MaRSfromCollege.jpg/440px-MaRSfromCollege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>MaRS Discovery District building at Bloor Street. The organization is a medical research trust.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is also host to a wide variety of health-focused non-profit organizations that work to address specific illnesses for Toronto, Ontario and Canadian residents. Organizations include <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_and_Colitis_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crohn's and Colitis Canada">Crohn's and Colitis Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heart_and_Stroke_Foundation_of_Canada" title="Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada">Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society" title="Canadian Cancer Society">Canadian Cancer Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer_Society_of_Canada" title="Alzheimer Society of Canada">Alzheimer Society of Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer_Society_of_Ontario" title="Alzheimer Society of Ontario">Alzheimer Society of Ontario</a>, all located in the same office at <a href="/wiki/Yonge%E2%80%93Eglinton" title="Yonge–Eglinton">Yonge–Eglinton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leukemia_%26_Lymphoma_Society_of_Canada" title="Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada">Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Breast_Cancer_Foundation" title="Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation">Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Foundation_for_AIDS_Research" title="Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research">Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Canada" title="Cystic Fibrosis Canada">Cystic Fibrosis Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mental_Health_Association" title="Canadian Mental Health Association">Canadian Mental Health Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ALS_Society_of_Canada" title="ALS Society of Canada">ALS Society of Canada</a>. </p><p>In 2022, 187 homeless people died in Toronto, with 47 percent dying of drug toxicity, the leading cause.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto Public Health described it as an "urgent public health issue", and has responded by opening supervised drug consumption sites, and by advocating for the allowance of personal drug possession.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_library">Public library</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg/220px-TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg/330px-TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg/440px-TorontoReferenceLibrary8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Reference_Library" title="Toronto Reference Library">Toronto Reference Library</a>, the largest branch operated by <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto Public Library is the largest public library system in Canada. In 2008, it averaged a higher circulation per capita than any other public library system internationally, making it the largest neighbourhood-based library system in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors when compared to other large urban systems.<sup id="cite_ref-An2009_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An2009-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established as the library of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Mechanics%27_Institute" title="Toronto Mechanics' Institute">Mechanics' Institute</a> in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries<sup id="cite_ref-100branches_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100branches-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has over 12 million items in its collection.<sup id="cite_ref-An2009_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An2009-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kupferman_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kupferman-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coll_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coll-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hist_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_contemporary_life">Culture and contemporary life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Toronto" title="Culture in Toronto">Culture in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annual_events_in_Toronto" title="Annual events in Toronto">Annual events in Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Toronto" title="List of festivals in Toronto">List of festivals in Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recreation_in_Toronto" title="Recreation in Toronto">Recreation in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Toronto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_(29465981882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg/220px-TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg/330px-TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg/440px-TIFF_comes_in_Toronto_%2829465981882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Crowds walk past the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Theatre" title="Royal Alexandra Theatre">Royal Alexandra Theatre</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto's theatre and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> scene has more than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, two symphony orchestras, <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_venues_in_Toronto" title="List of music venues in Toronto">many music venues</a>, and a host of theatres. The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Ballet_of_Canada" title="National Ballet of Canada">National Ballet of Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Opera_Company" title="Canadian Opera Company">Canadian Opera Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Toronto Symphony Orchestra">Toronto Symphony Orchestra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electronic_Ensemble" title="Canadian Electronic Ensemble">Canadian Electronic Ensemble</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Stage_Company" title="Canadian Stage Company">Canadian Stage Company</a>. Notable performance venues include the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Centre" title="Four Seasons Centre">Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomson_Hall" title="Roy Thomson Hall">Roy Thomson Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre" title="Princess of Wales Theatre">Princess of Wales Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Theatre" title="Royal Alexandra Theatre">Royal Alexandra Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massey_Hall" title="Massey Hall">Massey Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Arts_Centre" title="Meridian Arts Centre">Meridian Arts Centre</a> (formerly the Toronto Centre for the Arts), the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_and_Winter_Garden_Theatres" title="Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres">Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hall_(Toronto)" title="Meridian Hall (Toronto)">Meridian Hall</a> (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre" and the "Sony Centre for the Performing Arts"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Place" title="Ontario Place">Ontario Place</a> features the world's first permanent <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> movie theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Cinesphere" title="Cinesphere">Cinesphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Budweiser_Stage" title="Budweiser Stage">Budweiser Stage</a> (formerly Molson Amphitheatre), an open-air venue for music concerts. In the spring of 2012, Ontario Place closed after declining attendance. Although the Budweiser Stage and harbour still operate, the park and Cinesphere are no longer in use. There are ongoing plans to revitalise Ontario Place.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg/220px-OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg/330px-OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg/440px-OntarioPlaceCinesphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cinesphere" title="Cinesphere">Cinesphere</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Place" title="Ontario Place">Ontario Place</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each summer, the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> production in Toronto's High Park called "Dream in High Park". <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame" title="Canada's Walk of Fame">Canada's Walk of Fame</a> acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street. </p><p>The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. As of 2011, Toronto ranks as the third-largest production centre for film and television after <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharing the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a>" with Vancouver.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Accessing_City_Hall_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accessing_City_Hall-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="Toronto International Film Festival">Toronto International Film Festival</a> is an annual event celebrating the international film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another film festival is the Take 21 (formerly the Toronto Student Film Festival), which screens the works of students 12–18 years of age from many different countries across the globe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribana_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Caribana_2010.jpg/220px-Caribana_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Caribana_2010.jpg/330px-Caribana_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Caribana_2010.jpg/440px-Caribana_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The grand parade for the <a href="/wiki/Caribana" title="Caribana">Caribana</a> festival on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Boulevard" title="Lake Shore Boulevard">Lake Shore Boulevard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Caribana" title="Caribana">Caribana</a> (formerly known as Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Caribana_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caribana-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily based on the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a>, the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">Canada's Centennial</a>. More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Boulevard" title="Lake Shore Boulevard">Lake Shore Boulevard</a> annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundreds of thousands, and each year, the event generates over $400 million in revenue for Ontario's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most significant events in the city, <a href="/wiki/Pride_Toronto" title="Pride Toronto">Pride Week</a>, takes place in late June and is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>+ festivals in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Michelin-starred_restaurants_in_Toronto" title="List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Toronto">List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Toronto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Toronto" title="Sports in Toronto">Sports in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sport_in_Toronto" title="Amateur sport in Toronto">Amateur sport in Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_teams_in_Toronto" title="List of sports teams in Toronto">List of sports teams in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Toronto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg/220px-Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg/330px-Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg/440px-Toronto_Island_Queen_City_Yacht_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Queen City Yacht Club facilities and piers on the Toronto Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is represented in five <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major league sports</a>, with teams in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL), <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB), <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA), <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL), and <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS). It was formerly represented in a sixth and seventh; the <a href="/wiki/USL_W-League_(1995%E2%80%932015)" title="USL W-League (1995–2015)">USL W-League</a> that announced on November 6, 2015, that it would cease operation ahead of the 2016 season and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Women's Hockey League">Canadian Women's Hockey League</a> ceased operations in May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's major sports venues include the <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a> (formerly Air Canada Centre), <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre" title="Rogers Centre">Rogers Centre</a> (formerly SkyDome), <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Coliseum" title="Coca-Cola Coliseum">Coca-Cola Coliseum</a> (formerly Ricoh Coliseum), and <a href="/wiki/BMO_Field" title="BMO Field">BMO Field</a>. Toronto is one of six North American cities (alongside <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Dallas" title="Sports in Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Chicago" title="Sports in Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Los_Angeles" title="Sports in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Sports in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Sports in the New York metropolitan area">the New York Tri-state area</a>) to have won titles in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either NFL or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League. </p><p>Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the <a href="/wiki/Granite_Club" title="Granite Club">Granite Club</a> (established in 1836), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Canadian Yacht Club">Royal Canadian Yacht Club</a> (established in 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established before 1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924).<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_(30243609331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg/220px-The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg/330px-The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg/440px-The_Blue_Jays_host_the_Orioles_in_the_AL_Wild_Card_Game_%2830243609331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2016_American_League_Wild_Card_Game" title="2016 American League Wild Card Game">2016 American League Wild Card Game</a> played at <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre" title="Rogers Centre">Rogers Centre</a>. The Toronto Blue Jays use the stadium.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is home to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a>, one of the NHL's <a href="/wiki/Original_Six" title="Original Six">Original Six</a> clubs, and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a rich history of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> titles, the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Marlboros" title="Toronto Marlboros">Toronto Marlboros</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_College_School" title="St. Michael's College School">St. Michael's College School</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Hockey League">Ontario Hockey League</a> teams, combined, have won a record 12 <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Cup" title="Memorial Cup">Memorial Cup</a> titles.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Marlies" title="Toronto Marlies">Toronto Marlies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> also play in Toronto at Coca-Cola Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Six" title="Toronto Six">Toronto Six</a>, the first Canadian franchise in the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Women's Hockey League">National Women's Hockey League</a>, began play with the 2020–21 season.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a> MLB baseball team. The team has won two <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> titles (<a href="/wiki/1992_World_Series" title="1992 World Series">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Series" title="1993 World Series">1993</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre in the downtown core. Toronto has a long history of minor-league professional baseball dating back to the 1800s, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs_(International_League)" title="Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)">Toronto Maple Leafs</a> baseball team, whose owner first proposed an MLB team for Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Raptors" title="Toronto Raptors">Toronto Raptors</a> basketball team entered the NBA in 1995 and has since earned eleven playoff spots and five <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Division_(NBA)" title="Atlantic Division (NBA)">Atlantic Division</a> titles in 24 seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They won their first NBA title in <a href="/wiki/2019_NBA_Finals" title="2019 NBA Finals">2019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel, <a href="/wiki/NBA_TV_Canada" title="NBA TV Canada">NBA TV Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena, which is shared with the Maple Leafs. In 2016, Toronto hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2016 NBA All-Star Game">65th NBA All-Star game</a>, the first to be held outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_hosts_2016_All_Star_game_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_hosts_2016_All_Star_game-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg/220px-Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg/330px-Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg/440px-Scotiabank_Arena_summer_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a> from Bremner Boulevard. The <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>'s Toronto Raptors and the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a>'s Toronto Maple Leafs play their home games at the arena.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is represented in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> by the CFL's <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts" title="Toronto Argonauts">Toronto Argonauts</a>, which was founded in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The club has won 18 <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a> Canadian championship titles. The club's home games are played at BMO Field. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg/220px-Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg/330px-Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg/440px-Bmo_Field_2016_East_Stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/BMO_Field" title="BMO Field">BMO Field</a> from the grandstands. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a>'s Toronto Argonauts and <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a>' Toronto FC play their home games at the outdoor stadium.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is represented in soccer by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_FC" title="Toronto FC">Toronto FC</a> MLS team, who have won seven <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Championship" title="Canadian Championship">Canadian Championship</a> titles, as well as the <a href="/wiki/MLS_Cup" title="MLS Cup">MLS Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/MLS_Cup_2017" title="MLS Cup 2017">2017</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supporters%27_Shield" title="Supporters' Shield">Supporters' Shield</a> for best regular season record, also in <a href="/wiki/2017_Major_League_Soccer_season" title="2017 Major League Soccer season">2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They share BMO Field with the Toronto Argonauts. Toronto has a high level of participation in soccer across the city at several smaller stadiums and fields. Toronto FC entered the league as an expansion team in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rock" title="Toronto Rock">Toronto Rock</a> is the city's <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> team. They won five <a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League_Cup" title="National Lacrosse League Cup">National Lacrosse League Cup</a> titles in seven years in the late 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL-record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock formerly shared the Scotiabank Arena with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors. However, the Toronto Rock moved to the nearby city of Hamilton while retaining its Toronto name. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Wolfpack" title="Toronto Wolfpack">Toronto Wolfpack</a> became Canada's first professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> team and the world's first transatlantic professional sports team when they began play in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RFL_League_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RFL League 1">League One</a> competition in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to COVID-19 restrictions on international travel the team withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> in 2020 with its future uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rugby club's ownership changed in 2021, now 'Team Wolfpack' will play in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rugby_League" title="North American Rugby League">North American Rugby League</a> tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto is home to the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rush" title="Toronto Rush">Toronto Rush</a>, a semi-professional ultimate team that competes in the <a href="/wiki/American_Ultimate_Disc_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ultimate Disc League">American Ultimate Disc League</a> (AUDL).<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate (disc)</a>, in Canada, has its beginning roots in Toronto, with 3300 players competing annually in the Toronto Ultimate Club (League).<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto has hosted several <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) exhibition games at the Rogers Centre. <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Rogers_Jr." title="Edward S. Rogers Jr.">Ted Rogers</a> leased the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wilson" title="Ralph Wilson">Ralph Wilson</a> for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"> <caption>Professional sports teams in Toronto </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Club </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Established </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts" title="Toronto Argonauts">Toronto Argonauts</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">CFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BMO_Field" title="BMO Field">BMO Field</a> </td> <td>1873 </td> <td>18 (last in <a href="/wiki/109th_Grey_Cup" title="109th Grey Cup">2022</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Arrows" title="Toronto Arrows">Toronto Arrows</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">MLR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/York_Lions_Stadium" title="York Lions Stadium">York Lions Stadium</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Toronto Blue Jays</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre" title="Rogers Centre">Rogers Centre</a> </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>2 (last in <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Series" title="1993 World Series">1993</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_FC" title="Toronto FC">Toronto FC</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BMO_Field" title="BMO Field">BMO Field</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1 (last in <a href="/wiki/MLS_Cup_2017" title="MLS Cup 2017">2017</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Lady_Lynx" title="Toronto Lady Lynx">Toronto Lady Lynx</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_W-League_(1995%E2%80%932015)" title="USL W-League (1995–2015)">USL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Women's soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford_Stadium" title="Rob Ford Stadium">Rob Ford Stadium</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs" title="Toronto Maple Leafs">Toronto Maple Leafs</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td>13 (last in <a href="/wiki/1967_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1967 Stanley Cup Finals">1967</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Marlies" title="Toronto Marlies">Toronto Marlies</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">AHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Coliseum" title="Coca-Cola Coliseum">Coca-Cola Coliseum</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>1 (last in <a href="/wiki/2018_Calder_Cup_playoffs" title="2018 Calder Cup playoffs">2018</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Raptors" title="Toronto Raptors">Toronto Raptors</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1 (last in <a href="/wiki/2019_NBA_Finals" title="2019 NBA Finals">2019</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Rock" title="Toronto Rock">Toronto Rock</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">Box lacrosse</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FirstOntario_Centre" title="FirstOntario Centre">FirstOntario Centre</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>6 (last in <a href="/wiki/2011_NLL_season" title="2011 NLL season">2011</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Wolfpack" title="Toronto Wolfpack">Toronto Wolfpack</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/North_American_Rugby_League" title="North American Rugby League">NARL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamport_Stadium" title="Lamport Stadium">Lamport Stadium</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>1 (in <a href="/wiki/2017_League_1" title="2017 League 1">2017 League 1</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/York_United_FC" title="York United FC">York United FC</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">CPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/York_Lions_Stadium" title="York Lions Stadium">York Lions Stadium</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shooting_Stars" title="Scarborough Shooting Stars">Scarborough Shooting Stars</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">CEBL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pan_Am_Sports_Centre" title="Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre">Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/PWHL_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="PWHL Toronto">Toronto</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Professional_Women%27s_Hockey_League" title="Professional Women's Hockey League">PWHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mattamy_Athletic_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattamy Athletic Centre">Mattamy Athletic Centre</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collegiate_sports">Collegiate sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg/220px-2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg/330px-2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg/440px-2017_Red_and_Blue_Bowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian football game between the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues" title="Toronto Varsity Blues">Toronto Varsity Blues</a> and the <a href="/wiki/York_University_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="York University Lions">York University Lions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alumni_Field_(York_University)" title="Alumni Field (York University)">York's Alumni Field</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in downtown Toronto was where the first recorded <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> game was held in November 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many post-secondary institutions in Toronto are members of <a href="/wiki/U_Sports" title="U Sports">U Sports</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association">Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association</a>, the former for universities and the latter for colleges. </p><p>Toronto was home to the <a href="/wiki/International_Bowl" title="International Bowl">International Bowl</a>, an <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> sanctioned post-season college football game that pitted a <a href="/wiki/Mid-American_Conference" title="Mid-American Conference">Mid-American Conference</a> team against a <a href="/wiki/Big_East_Conference_(1979%E2%80%932013)" title="Big East Conference (1979–2013)">Big East Conference</a> team. From 2007 to 2010, the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_at_the_Queen%27s_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Arrival of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Plate" title="King's Plate">Queen's Plate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack" title="Woodbine Racetrack">Woodbine Racetrack</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto, along with Montreal, hosts an annual <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> tournament called the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Open_(tennis)" title="Canadian Open (tennis)">Canadian Open</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Open_(golf)" title="Canadian Open (golf)">identically named golf tournament</a>) between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years. </p><p>The city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Waterfront_Marathon" title="Toronto Waterfront Marathon">Toronto Waterfront Marathon</a> annually, one of the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Label_Road_Races" title="World Athletics Label Road Races">World Athletics Label Road Races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto also hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Toronto" title="Grand Prix of Toronto">Grand Prix of Toronto</a> car race (officially named Honda Indy Toronto), part of the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> schedule, held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was known previously as the <a href="/wiki/Champ_Car_World_Series" title="Champ Car World Series">Champ Car</a>'s Molson Indy Toronto from 1986 to 2007. Both <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standardbred" title="Standardbred">standardbred</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> events are conducted at <a href="/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack" title="Woodbine Racetrack">Woodbine Racetrack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rexdale" title="Rexdale">Rexdale</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg/220px-2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg/330px-2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg/440px-2018_Honda_Indy_Toronto_at_Exhibition_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3767" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>The 2018 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Toronto" title="Grand Prix of Toronto">Grand Prix of Toronto</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> race held at <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Place" title="Exhibition Place">Exhibition Place</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto hosted the <a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015 Pan American Games</a> in July 2015 and the <a href="/wiki/2015_Parapan_American_Games" title="2015 Parapan American Games">2015 Parapan American Games</a> in August 2015. It beat the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru, and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia, to win the rights to stage the games.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The games were the largest <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport event</a> ever to be held in Canada (in terms of athletes competing), double the size of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto was a candidate city for the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, which were awarded to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_selected_as_host_site_for_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_|_CTV_News_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_selected_as_host_site_for_2026_FIFA_World_Cup_|_CTV_News-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto" title="Municipal government of Toronto">Municipal government of Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Toronto" title="Politics of Toronto">Politics of Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_services_in_Toronto" title="Public services in Toronto">Public services in Toronto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <p>Toronto is a <a href="/wiki/Single-tier_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-tier municipality">single-tier municipality</a> governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council system</a>. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the <i>City of Toronto Act</i>. The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">chief executive</a> of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Council" title="Toronto City Council">Toronto City Council</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislative body, comprising 25 councillors, since the <a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_municipal_election" title="2018 Toronto municipal election">2018 municipal election</a>, representing geographical <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a> throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Council_Members_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_Members-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limits</a>. (Until the <a href="/wiki/2006_Toronto_municipal_election" title="2006 Toronto municipal election">2006 municipal election</a>, the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cityhalltoronto1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cityhalltoronto1.JPG/220px-Cityhalltoronto1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cityhalltoronto1.JPG/330px-Cityhalltoronto1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cityhalltoronto1.JPG/440px-Cityhalltoronto1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">Toronto City Hall</a> is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto" title="Municipal government of Toronto">municipal government of Toronto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2016, the city council has twelve standing committees, each consisting of a chair (some have a vice-chair) and several councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-TCC_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCC-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining members of the committees are appointed by city council. An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each standing committee, the mayor, the deputy mayor and four other councillors. Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Services_Board" title="Toronto Police Services Board">Toronto Police Services Board</a>. </p><p>The city has four community councils that consider local matters. The City council has delegated final decision-making authority on local, routine matters, while others—like planning and zoning issues—are recommended to the city council. Each city councillor serves as a member of a community council.<sup id="cite_ref-TCC_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCC-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council. These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee, Waste Diversion Task Force 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_to_Bring_Back_the_Don" title="Task Force to Bring Back the Don">Task Force to Bring Back the Don</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The City of Toronto had an approved operating budget of <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$13.53 billion</span> in 2020 and a ten-year capital budget and plan of <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$43.5 billion</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's revenues include subsidies from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> and the Government of Ontario (for programs mandated by those governments), 33 per cent from property tax, 6 per cent from the land transfer tax and the rest from other tax revenues and user fees.<sup id="cite_ref-cot-chart_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cot-chart-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's largest operating expenditures are the Toronto Transit Commission at <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$2.14 billion</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service" title="Toronto Police Service">Toronto Police Service</a>, <span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$1.22 billion</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Toronto" title="Crime in Toronto">Crime in Toronto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Canada">Gun politics in Canada</a></div> <p>The historically low <a href="/wiki/Crime_statistics" title="Crime statistics">crime rate</a> in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-crime_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crime1_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime1-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crime2_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime2-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate for Toronto was 3.43 per 100,000 people, compared with Atlanta (19.7), Boston (10.3), Los Angeles (10.0), New York City (6.3), Vancouver (3.1), and Montreal (2.6). Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared with Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), and Montreal (235.3).<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> Toronto has a comparable rate of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">car theft</a> to various U.S. cities, although it is not among the highest in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-crime_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun" because of a record number of gun-related homicides, 52 out of 80 homicides in total.<sup id="cite_ref-crime2_285-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime2-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006; that year, nearly 2,000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun-related crime, about one-quarter of the national total.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 86 homicides were committed in 2007, roughly half of which involved guns. Gang-related incidents have also been on the rise; between the years 1997 and 2005, over 300 gang-related homicides have occurred. As a result, the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Toronto's murder rate plummeted to 51 murders—nearly a 26% drop from the previous year. The 51 homicides were the lowest number the city has recorded since 1999 when there were 47.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While subsequent years did see a return to higher rates, it remained nearly flat line of 57–59 homicides in from 2012 to 2015. 2016 went to 75 for the first time in over eight years. 2017 had a drop off of 10 murders to close the year at 65, with a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.<sup id="cite_ref-TPS2015YTD_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPS2015YTD-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of homicides in Toronto reached a record 98 in 2018; the number included fatalities from the <a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_van_attack" title="2018 Toronto van attack">Toronto van attack</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_shooting" title="2018 Toronto shooting">Danforth shooting</a>, which gave the city a homicide rate of around 3.6 per 100,000 people. The record year for murders was previously 1991, with 89, at a rate of 3.9 murders per 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Major_Crime_Indicators_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_Crime_Indicators-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2018 homicide rate was higher than in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Vancouver, Ottawa, Montreal, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homicides in 2019 dropped to 80 (a rate of 2.9 per 100,000 people) <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_crime_rate" title="List of United States cities by crime rate">below the rate of most US cities</a>, but still higher than the Canadian average of 1.8.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shooting incidents also increased to an all-time high of 492 in 2019, even outpacing gun incidents that occurred in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2020 saw another decrease in homicides with the city having a total of 71 murders for the year (a rate of around 2.6 per 100,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2021, the city saw an increase in homicides, with the city murders increasing to 85, giving Toronto a homicide rate of 3.04 per 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decrease in murders happened the following year with 71 being reported in 2022 (a murder rate of 2.5 per 100,000), which was then followed by a slight increase in homicides with 73 being reported in 2023, giving the city a murder rate of 2.6 per 100,000 people, along with a record 12,143 reports of auto theft in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_Crime_Indicators_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_Crime_Indicators-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Toronto" title="Transportation in Toronto">Transportation in Toronto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Bike_Lanes_(Sherbourne_Street)_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_(rue_Sherbourne)_(38301287985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg/220px-Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg/330px-Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg/440px-Toronto_Bike_Lanes_%28Sherbourne_Street%29_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_%28rue_Sherbourne%29_%2838301287985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A roadway with <a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">bike lanes</a>. A public bus service operated by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">Toronto Transit Commission</a> is visible in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Toronto is a central transportation hub for road, rail, and air networks in Southern Ontario. The city has many forms of transport, including <a href="/wiki/400-series_highways" title="400-series highways">highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_Toronto" title="Public transportation in Toronto">public transit</a>. Toronto also has an extensive <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Toronto" title="Cycling in Toronto">network of bicycle lanes</a> and multi-use trails and paths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_Toronto" title="Public transportation in Toronto">Public transportation in Toronto</a></div> <p>Toronto's primary public transportation system is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backbone of its public transport network is the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Toronto subway</a> system, which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines spanning the city, including the U-shaped <a href="/wiki/Line_1_Yonge%E2%80%93University" title="Line 1 Yonge–University">Line 1</a>, east–west <a href="/wiki/Line_2_Bloor%E2%80%93Danforth" title="Line 2 Bloor–Danforth">Line 2</a>, and the short east–west <a href="/wiki/Line_4_Sheppard" title="Line 4 Sheppard">Line 4</a> with Line 1 extending as far beyond city limits as <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Metropolitan_Centre" title="Vaughan Metropolitan Centre">Vaughan Metropolitan Centre</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flexity_Outlook_(Toronto_streetcar);_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg/220px-Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg/330px-Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg/440px-Flexity_Outlook_%28Toronto_streetcar%29%3B_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4902" data-file-height="2942" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">TTC streetcar</a> on King Street. The streetcar system is the largest and <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_light_rail_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of North American light rail systems by ridership">busiest system in North America</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The TTC also operates an extensive network of <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission_bus_system" title="Toronto Transit Commission bus system">buses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">streetcars</a>, with the latter serving the downtown core and buses serving many parts of the city not served by the sparse subway network. TTC buses and streetcars use the same fare system as the subway, and many subway stations offer a fare-paid area for transfers between rail and surface vehicles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_(20180909173532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg/220px-TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg/330px-TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg/440px-TTC_Rosedale_Station_in_Toronto_-_%2820180909173532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">TTC subway</a> for <a href="/wiki/Line_1_Yonge%E2%80%93University" title="Line 1 Yonge–University">Line 1 Yonge–University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rosedale_station_(Toronto)" title="Rosedale station (Toronto)">Rosedale station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines, but budgetary concerns have thwarted many efforts. By November 2011, construction on <a href="/wiki/Line_5_Eglinton" title="Line 5 Eglinton">Line 5 Eglinton</a> began. Line 5 is scheduled to finish construction by 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-CityNews-2023-05-16_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityNews-2023-05-16-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the Ontario government promised to fund <a href="/wiki/Line_6_Finch_West" title="Line 6 Finch West">Line 6 Finch West</a>, which is to be completed by 2024. In 2019, the Government of Ontario released a transit plan for the Greater Toronto Area which includes a new 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Line" title="Ontario Line">Ontario Line</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Line 1 extension to <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill_Centre_Terminal" title="Richmond Hill Centre Terminal">Richmond Hill Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Line 2 extension to Sheppard Avenue / McCowan Road to replace <a href="/wiki/Line_3_Scarborough" title="Line 3 Scarborough">Line 3</a>, and an extension for Line 5 Eglinton to Toronto Pearson Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toronto's century-old <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a> is also getting a major renovation and upgrade which would be able to accommodate more rail traffic from <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit_rail_services" title="GO Transit rail services">GO Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Pearson_Express" title="Union Pearson Express">UP Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction on a new <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_Bus_Terminal" title="Union Station Bus Terminal">Union Station Bus Terminal</a> is also in the works with an expected completion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toronto's public transit network also connects to other municipal networks such as <a href="/wiki/York_Region_Transit" title="York Region Transit">York Region Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viva_Rapid_Transit" title="Viva Rapid Transit">Viva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Region_Transit" title="Durham Region Transit">Durham Region Transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brampton_Transit" title="Brampton Transit">Brampton Transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MiWay" title="MiWay">MiWay</a>. </p><p>The Government of Ontario operates a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">regional rail</a> and bus transit system called <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a> in the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday (2013) and 57 million annually, with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station.<sup id="cite_ref-GO_Numbers_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GO_Numbers-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metrolinx" title="Metrolinx">Metrolinx</a> is currently implementing <a href="/wiki/GO_Transit_Regional_Express_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="GO Transit Regional Express Rail">Regional Express Rail</a> into its GO Transit network and plans to electrify many of its rail lines by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Skyscrapers_by_railway_station_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_Rail_Corridor" title="Union Station Rail Corridor">Union Station Rail Corridor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a>. The corridor is used by <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercity_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity rail">intercity rail</a> services.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_transportation">Intercity transportation</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Toronto Union Station</a> serves as a hub for VIA Rail's intercity services in Central Canada and includes services to various parts of Ontario, <i>Corridor</i> services to Montreal and national capital Ottawa, and long-distance services to Vancouver and New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GO Transit provides intercity bus services from the Union Station Bus Terminal and other bus terminals in the city to destinations within the Golden Horseshoe. Long-distance <a href="/wiki/Intercity_coach_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity coach service">intercity coach services</a> by multiple companies also operated from the Union Station Bus Terminal and provide a network of services to further cities in Ontario, neighbouring provinces, and the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Coach_Terminal" title="Toronto Coach Terminal">Toronto Coach Terminal</a> formerly served as the city's intercity coach hub from 1931 to 2021, when the terminal was decommissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearson_International.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pearson_International.JPG/220px-Pearson_International.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pearson_International.JPG/330px-Pearson_International.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pearson_International.JPG/440px-Pearson_International.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a>'s Terminal 1. Toronto Pearson serves as the <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada's busiest airport, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: YYZ), straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. The Union Pearson Express (UP Express) train service provides a direct link between Pearson International and Union Station. It began carrying passengers in June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Limited commercial and passenger service to nearby destinations in Canada and the United States is offered from the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport" title="Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport">Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport</a> (IATA: YTZ) on the Toronto Islands, southwest of downtown. <a href="/wiki/Buttonville_Municipal_Airport" title="Buttonville Municipal Airport">Buttonville Municipal Airport</a> (IATA: YKZ) in <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a> provides <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> facilities. <a href="/wiki/Downsview_Airport" title="Downsview Airport">Downsview Airport</a> (IATA: YZD), near the city's north end, is owned by <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada" title="De Havilland Canada">de Havilland Canada</a> and serves the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aviation" title="Bombardier Aviation">Bombardier Aviation</a> aircraft factory. </p><p>Within a few hours' drive, Hamilton's <a href="/wiki/John_C._Munro_Hamilton_International_Airport" title="John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport">John C. Munro International Airport</a> (IATA: YHM) and Buffalo's <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Niagara_International_Airport" title="Buffalo Niagara International Airport">Buffalo Niagara International Airport</a> (IATA: BUF) serve as alternate airports for the Toronto area in addition to serving their respective cities. A <a href="/wiki/Pickering_Airport_Lands" title="Pickering Airport Lands">secondary international airport</a>, to be located northeast of Toronto in <a href="/wiki/Pickering,_Ontario" title="Pickering, Ontario">Pickering</a>, has been planned by the Government of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Streets_and_highways">Streets and highways</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_401_Densification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Highway_401_Densification.jpg/220px-Highway_401_Densification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Highway_401_Densification.jpg/330px-Highway_401_Densification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Highway_401_Densification.jpg/440px-Highway_401_Densification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a> is a <a href="/wiki/400-series_highways" title="400-series highways">400-series highway</a> that passes west to east through Greater Toronto. Toronto's portion of Highway 401 is the busiest highway in North America.</figcaption></figure> <p>The grid of major city streets was laid out by a <a href="/wiki/Concession_road" title="Concession road">concession road</a> system, in which major <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial roads</a> are 6,600 ft (2.0 km) apart (with some exceptions, particularly in Scarborough and Etobicoke, as they used a different survey). Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline, and major north–south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, though slightly angled north of Eglinton Avenue. This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents, most notably the Don River ravines. Toronto's grid north is approximately 18.5° to the west of true north. Many arterials, particularly north–south ones, due to the city originally being within the former <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Ontario" title="York County, Ontario">York County</a>, continue beyond the city into the <a href="/wiki/Area_code_905" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 905">905 suburbs</a> and further into the rural countryside. </p><p>There are several municipal <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Provincial_Highway_Network" title="Ontario Provincial Highway Network">provincial highways</a> that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a> bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-fhwa_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fhwa-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the busiest highways in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other provincial highways include <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_400" title="Ontario Highway 400">Highway 400</a>, which connects the city with Northern Ontario and beyond and <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_404" title="Ontario Highway 404">Highway 404</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Parkway" title="Don Valley Parkway">Don Valley Parkway</a> into the northern suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a> (QEW), North America's first divided intercity highway, terminates at Toronto's western boundary and connects Toronto to <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>. The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the <a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Expressway" title="Gardiner Expressway">Gardiner Expressway</a>, the Don Valley Parkway, and, to some extent, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Road" title="Allen Road">Allen Road</a>. Toronto's traffic congestion is one of the highest in North America, and is the second highest in Canada after Vancouver.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Toronto" title="Sister cities of Toronto">Sister cities of Toronto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnership_cities">Partnership cities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, United States (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, China (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_cities">Friendship cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamihara" title="Sagamihara">Sagamihara</a>, Japan (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-relationships_323-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Toronto" title="List of people from Toronto">List of people from Toronto</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Toronto" title="Outline of Toronto">Outline of Toronto</a> (extensive topic list)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas" title="Largest cities in the Americas">Largest cities in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">List of metropolitan areas in the Americas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The motto is typically rendered without punctuation, while the city's coat of arms uses <a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">typographical bullets</a> to space the words used in the motto. However, some sources from the municipal government of Toronto use punctuation to describe the motto as "Diversity, Our Strength."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Humidex, wind chill, average rain, average snow, rain days, snow days, and sunshine are from 1981–2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maximum and minimum temperature data at <a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a> was recorded by human observers from March 1840 to June 2003 under the station name "TORONTO". From July 2003 to present, climate data has been recorded by an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_weather_station" title="Automatic weather station">automatic weather station</a> under the name "TORONTO CITY".<sup id="cite_ref-annex_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annex-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">9-1-1 is the phone number for local emergency services, although GSM providers will also redirect phone calls made to <a href="/wiki/112_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="112 (emergency telephone number)">1-1-2</a> to local emergency services.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/tributes/history-of-city-symbols/">"History of City Symbols"</a>. <i>www.toronto.ca</i>. City of Toronto. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812134238/https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/tributes/history-of-city-symbols/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toronto.ca&rft.atitle=History+of+City+Symbols&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Fcity-government%2Fawards-tributes%2Ftributes%2Fhistory-of-city-symbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarzigJuteauSchmitt2006" class="citation book cs1">Harzig, Christiane; <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Juteau" title="Danielle Juteau">Juteau, Danielle</a>; Schmitt, Irina (2006). <i>The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-376-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-376-3"><bdi>978-1-57181-376-3</bdi></a>. <q>In reflecting and capturing this sense of the city, one of the first actions of the newly amalgamated Toronto City Council in 1998 was to adopt "Diversity Our Strength" as its official motto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Construction+of+Diversity%3A+Recasting+the+Master+Narrative+of+Industrial+Nations&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-376-3&rft.aulast=Harzig&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft.au=Juteau%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Toronto_Government2017" class="citation web cs1">City of Toronto Government (August 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/accessibility-human-rights/equity-diversity-inclusion/">"Equity, Diversity & Inclusion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009135713/https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/accessibility-human-rights/equity-diversity-inclusion/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equity%2C+Diversity+%26+Inclusion&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.au=City+of+Toronto+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Fcity-government%2Faccessibility-human-rights%2Fequity-diversity-inclusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cgndbtor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cgndbtor_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEUZB">"Toronto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toronto&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DFEUZB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016censusCSD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016censusCSD_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="2016csd" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All">"Toronto (Code 3520005) Census Profile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 census</a></i>. Government of Canada - <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2016+census&rft.atitle=Toronto+%28Code+3520005%29+Census+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3520005%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusPC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011censusPC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=801&PR=0&RPP=9999&SR=1&S=3&O=D">"Population and dwelling counts, for population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 Census of Population</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. January 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026043520/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=801&PR=0&RPP=9999&SR=1&S=3&O=D">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+population+centres%2C+2011+and+2006+censuses&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D801%26PR%3D0%26RPP%3D9999%26SR%3D1%26S%3D3%26O%3DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusCMA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011censusCMA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=50">"Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 Census of Population</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. January 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622041944/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=205&S=3&RPP=50">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+census+metropolitan+areas%2C+2011+and+2006+censuses&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D205%26S%3D3%26RPP%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Toronto&DGUIDlist=2021A00053520005&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210174708/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Toronto&DGUIDlist=2021A00053520005&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 6, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+basic+prices%2C+by+census+metropolitan+area+%28CMA%29&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134619/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Findex.cfm%3FLang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091530/http://geodepot.statcan.gc.ca/Diss/Maps/ThematicMaps/regional_horseshoe_e.cfm">"Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006: Subprovincial population dynamics, Greater Golden Horseshoe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, 2006 Census of Population</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geodepot.statcan.gc.ca/Diss/Maps/ThematicMaps/regional_horseshoe_e.cfm">the original</a> on January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada%2C+2006+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+the+Canadian+Population+in+2006%3A+Subprovincial+population+dynamics%2C+Greater+Golden+Horseshoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeodepot.statcan.gc.ca%2FDiss%2FMaps%2FThematicMaps%2Fregional_horseshoe_e.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vipond2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vipond2017_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Vipond2017" class="citation book cs1">Robert Vipond (April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_p7CDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP147"><i>Making a Global City: How One Toronto School Embraced Diversity</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-2443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-2443-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-2443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+Global+City%3A+How+One+Toronto+School+Embraced+Diversity&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-2443-6&rft.au=Robert+Vipond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_p7CDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varady2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varady2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Varady2012" class="citation book cs1">David P. 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SUNY Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8328-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-8328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desegregating+the+City%3A+Ghettos%2C+Enclaves%2C+and+Inequality&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8328-2&rft.au=David+P.+Varady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuifwpL0qZ_EC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuskenNeubert2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HuskenNeubert2011_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUte_HuskenFrank_Neubert2011" class="citation book cs1">Ute Husken; Frank Neubert (November 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WhtwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>Negotiating Rites</i></a>. 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April 21, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711021619/http://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2013/04/21/the_battle_of_york_200_years_ago_shaped_toronto_and_canada_editorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/policy/fed-prov/can-ont-toronto-mou.html">the original</a> on March 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada-Ontario-Toronto+Memorandum+of+Understanding+on+Immigration+and+Settlement+%28electronic+version%29&rft.date=2006-09&rft.au=Citizenship+and+Immigration+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cic.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fpolicy%2Ffed-prov%2Fcan-ont-toronto-mou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diverse_city-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diverse_city_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlewHumphries,_LynnPress,_LimelightMcPhee,_Margaret2004" class="citation book cs1">Flew, Janine; Humphries, Lynn; Press, Limelight; McPhee, Margaret (2004). <i>The Children's Visual World Atlas</i>. 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City of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=dbe867b42d853410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=57a12cc817453410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD">the original</a> on April 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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City of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.toronto.ca/city_of_toronto/social_development_finance__administration/files/pdf/language_2011_backgrounder.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=toronto.ca&rft.atitle=Social+Development%2C+Finance+%26+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.toronto.ca%2Fcity_of_toronto%2Fsocial_development_finance__administration%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Flanguage_2011_backgrounder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_Members-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Council_Members_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Council_Members_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715180346/http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=c3a83293dc3ef310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD">"Council Members"</a>. <i>toronto.ca</i>. City of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=c3a83293dc3ef310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD">the original</a> on July 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=toronto.ca&rft.atitle=Council+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.toronto.ca%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fcontentonly%3Fvgnextoid%3Dc3a83293dc3ef310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronto_Music-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toronto_Music_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728061830/https://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=28682dbb5cce2410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=401132d0b6d1e310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD">"Music – Key Industry Sectors"</a>. City of Toronto. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Toronto+Architecture&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Takhar&rft.aufirst=Jas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40jastakhar13%2Fthe-history-of-toronto-architecture-6f7dbbf1ff3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101083629/http://www.where.ca/Toronto/article_feature~listing_id~95.htm">"Toronto Architecture"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tyndale.ca&rft.atitle=History+Overview+%E2%80%93+Tyndale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndale.ca%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfccreates.com/about/">"Who we are – Canadian Film Centre"</a>. <i>cfccreates.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101173943/https://cfccreates.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=SARS+costs+for+%27Hollywood+North%27+and+more&rft.date=2004-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fin-brief-sars-costs-for-hollywood-north-and-more-1.468842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheese2023" class="citation web cs1">Cheese, Tyler (September 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tiff-23-economic-impact-1.6965715">"TIFF generates big bucks for Toronto, Will the Hollywood actor's strike change that?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101175531/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tiff-23-economic-impact-1.6965715">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=TIFF+generates+big+bucks+for+Toronto%2C+Will+the+Hollywood+actor%27s+strike+change+that%3F&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.aulast=Cheese&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Ftiff-23-economic-impact-1.6965715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caribana-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caribana_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribana.com/">Toronto Caribbean Carnival (Caribana) Festival 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209010245/http://caribana.com/">Archived</a> February 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, WORD Magazine (2006). 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The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with an average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004, and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Long-Life+Concrete+Pavements+in+Europe+and+Canada&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpubs%2Fpl07027%2Fllcp_07_02.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914064434/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html">"Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401"</a>. <i>ogov.newswire.ca</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario" title="Ministry of Transportation of Ontario">Ontario Ministry of Transportation</a>. August 6, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html">the original</a> on September 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ogov.newswire.ca&rft.atitle=Ontario+government+investing+%24401+million+to+upgrade+Highway+401&rft.date=2002-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fogov.newswire.ca%2Fontario%2FGPOE%2F2002%2F08%2F06%2Fc0057.html%3Flmatch%3D%26lang%3D_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Gray2004" class="citation news cs1">Brian Gray (April 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459">"GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 – North America's Busiest Freeway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a>, transcribed at Urban Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227131438/http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2007</span>. <q>The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun%2C+transcribed+at+Urban+Planet&rft.atitle=GTA+Economy+Dinged+by+Every+Crash+on+the+401+%E2%80%93+North+America%27s+Busiest+Freeway&rft.date=2004-04-10&rft.au=Brian+Gray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanplanet.org%2Fforums%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D3459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616060403/https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=NA&country=ALL">"TomTom Congestion Index: North America"</a>. <i>tomtom.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/list?citySize=LARGE&continent=NA&country=ALL">the original</a> on June 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tomtom.com&rft.atitle=TomTom+Congestion+Index%3A+North+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomtom.com%2Fen_gb%2Ftrafficindex%2Flist%3FcitySize%3DLARGE%26continent%3DNA%26country%3DALL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relationships-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relationships_323-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/business-economy/business-operation-growth/international-alliance-program/">"International Alliance Program"</a>. <i>City of Toronto</i>. July 14, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623170347/https://www.toronto.ca/business-economy/business-operation-growth/international-alliance-program/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=International+Alliance+Program&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Fbusiness-economy%2Fbusiness-operation-growth%2Finternational-alliance-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinnie2011" class="citation book cs1">Dinnie, Keith (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW69d3qY9h8C&pg=PA21"><i>City Branding: Theory and Cases</i></a>. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-36231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-36231-0"><bdi>978-0-203-36231-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914171843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9wIBVb8Q9AC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Publications of the Champlain Society. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442617940">10.3138/9781442617940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1794-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-1794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Town+of+York+1793%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents+of+Early+Toronto+%28Ontario+Series%29&rft.pub=The+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442617940&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1794-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2008" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Sally (2008). <i>Toronto's Distillery District: history by the lake</i>. Cityscape Holdings Inc. and Dundee Distillery District (GP) Commercial Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9809905-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9809905-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9809905-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toronto%27s+Distillery+District%3A+history+by+the+lake&rft.pub=Cityscape+Holdings+Inc.+and+Dundee+Distillery+District+%28GP%29+Commercial+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9809905-0-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillet1969" class="citation book cs1">Guillet, Edwin C. (1969) [1933]. <i>Pioneer Settlements in Upper Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802061102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802061102"><bdi>978-0802061102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Settlements+in+Upper+Canada&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0802061102&rft.aulast=Guillet&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHounsom1970" class="citation book cs1">Hounsom, Eric Wilfrid (1970). <i>Toronto in 1810</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/toronto_e.php">the original</a> on November 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+real+story+of+how+Toronto+got+its+name&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Feducation%2Ftoronto_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Canada,_Provinces_&_Territories:_The_naming_of_their_capital_cities" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211051722/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/cap_e.php">"Canada, Provinces & Territories: The naming of their capital cities"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/education/cap_e.php">the original</a> on December 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%2C+Provinces+%26+Territories%3A+The+naming+of+their+capital+cities&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Feducation%2Fcap_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAklerHood2003" class="citation book cs1">Akler, Howard; Hood, Sarah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9INeDSqwJ1MC&q=Toronto&pg=PA1"><i>Toronto: The Unknown City</i></a>. Arsenal Pulp Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55152-146-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55152-146-6"><bdi>978-1-55152-146-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914171915/https://books.google.com/books?id=9INeDSqwJ1MC&q=Toronto&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toronto%3A+The+Unknown+City&rft.pub=Arsenal+Pulp+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55152-146-6&rft.aulast=Akler&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Hood%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9INeDSqwJ1MC%26q%3DToronto%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareless" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._S._Careless" title="J. M. S. Careless">Careless, J.M.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103123419/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008050">"Toronto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. Historica Foundation of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008050">the original</a> on January 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toronto&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Foundation+of+Canada&rft.aulast=Careless&rft.aufirst=J.M.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1ARTA0008050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareless1984" class="citation book cs1">Careless, J. M. S (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7V5-PlPhwnAC&q=Toronto&pg=PP1"><i>Toronto to 1918: An Illustrated History</i></a>. J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-665-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-665-3"><bdi>978-0-88862-665-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914171844/https://books.google.com/books?id=7V5-PlPhwnAC&q=Toronto&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toronto+to+1918%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=J.+Lorimer+and+National+Museum+of+Man&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-665-3&rft.aulast=Careless&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7V5-PlPhwnAC%26q%3DToronto%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&output=nl&msid=105047441964785653381.0000011358da39f6cf7dd">"Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1.5"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Google Earth)</span>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025025337/http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&output=nl&msid=105047441964785653381.0000011358da39f6cf7dd">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Inline+Skating+Guide+to+Toronto+v1.5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fms%3Fie%3DUTF8%26hl%3Den%26msa%3D0%26output%3Dnl%26msid%3D105047441964785653381.0000011358da39f6cf7dd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiley2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Filey" title="Mike Filey">Filey, Mike</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToQcKz0DFM4C&q=Toronto&pg=PP1"><i>Toronto: the way we were</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Press" title="Dundurn Press">Dundurn Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-842-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-842-3"><bdi>978-1-55002-842-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914172344/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToQcKz0DFM4C&q=Toronto&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toronto%3A+the+way+we+were&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-842-3&rft.aulast=Filey&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToQcKz0DFM4C%26q%3DToronto%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford1995" class="citation book cs1">Fulford, Robert (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/accidentalcitytr00fulf"><i>Accidental city: the transformation of Toronto</i></a></span>. Toronto: Macfarlane, Walter & Ross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921912-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921912-91-0"><bdi>978-0-921912-91-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+city%3A+the+transformation+of+Toronto&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macfarlane%2C+Walter+%26+Ross&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-921912-91-0&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faccidentalcitytr00fulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55199-010-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55199-010-5">1-55199-010-5</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1999" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Richard (October 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC"><i>Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6282-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6282-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914172344/https://books.google.com/books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unplanned+Suburbs%3A+Toronto%27s+American+Tragedy%2C+1900+to+1950&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999-10-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6282-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEF2uN3v0i9gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The novel "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Skin_of_a_Lion" title="In the Skin of a Lion">In the Skin of a Lion</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a> depicts Toronto in the 1920s, giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Viaduct" title="Prince Edward Viaduct">Prince Edward Viaduct</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R._C._Harris_Water_Treatment_Plant" title="R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant">R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant</a>, and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsBramDickey1971" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Robert; Bram, Leon; Dickey, Norma (1971). <i>Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 23. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8343-0025-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8343-0025-5"><bdi>978-0-8343-0025-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+New+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8343-0025-5&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Bram%2C+Leon&rft.au=Dickey%2C+Norma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayburn2001" class="citation book cs1">Rayburn, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&q=Naming%20Canada%3A%20stories%20about%20Canadian%20place%20names&pg=PP1"><i>Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names</i></a> (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8293-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8293-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914172345/https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&q=Naming%20Canada%3A%20stories%20about%20Canadian%20place%20names&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Canada%3A+stories+about+Canadian+place+names&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0&rft.aulast=Rayburn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiUZMOypNB4C%26q%3DNaming%2520Canada%253A%2520stories%2520about%2520Canadian%2520place%2520names%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2003" class="citation web cs1">Statistics Canada (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022220053/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">"Toronto"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">the original</a> on October 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada.+2002.+2001+Community+Profiles.&rft.atitle=Toronto&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fprofil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3520005%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dtoronto%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Toronto" class="citation web cs1">City of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619141654/http://www.toronto.ca/economic_profile/index.htm">"Toronto's Economic Profile"</a>. City of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toronto.ca/economic_profile/index.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toronto%27s+Economic+Profile&rft.pub=City+of+Toronto&rft.au=City+of+Toronto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toronto.ca%2Feconomic_profile%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitzman2009" class="citation book cs1">Whitzman, Carolyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcyQvnb0EiEC"><i>Suburb, slum, urban village: transformations in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood, 1875–2002</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1535-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1535-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-1535-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914172345/https://books.google.com/books?id=dcyQvnb0EiEC">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suburb%2C+slum%2C+urban+village%3A+transformations+in+Toronto%27s+Parkdale+neighbourhood%2C+1875%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1535-2&rft.aulast=Whitzman&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdcyQvnb0EiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToronto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Toronto</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Toronto" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Toronto">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Toronto" class="extiw" title="c:Toronto">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Toronto,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="n:Portal:Toronto, Ontario">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Toronto" class="extiw" title="q:Toronto">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Toronto" class="extiw" title="voy:Toronto">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/324211">Toronto</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Toronto</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Toronto</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Pickering,_Ontario" title="Pickering, Ontario">Pickering</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></i></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toronto" title="Template:Toronto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toronto" title="Template talk:Toronto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Toronto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Toronto" title="Outline of Toronto">General outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Toronto" title="Demographics of Toronto">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Toronto" title="Name of Toronto">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Toronto" title="Flag of Toronto">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Toronto" title="Coat of arms of Toronto">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Toronto" title="Sister cities of Toronto">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Toronto" title="List of people from Toronto">Notable Torontonians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto,_City_of.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of Toronto"><img alt="Logo of Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/60px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/90px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Toronto%2C_City_of.svg/120px-Toronto%2C_City_of.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Toronto" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto">Oldest buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_buildings_and_structures_in_Toronto" title="List of lost buildings and structures in Toronto">Lost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Toronto_history" title="Timeline of Toronto history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:TorontoMunicipalities" title="Template:TorontoMunicipalities">Former municipalities</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before<br />1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teiaiagon" title="Teiaiagon">Teiaiagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Carrying-Place_Trail" title="Toronto Carrying-Place Trail">Toronto Carrying-Place Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Purchase" title="Toronto Purchase">Toronto Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">Fort York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Toronto_(1849)" title="Great Fire of Toronto (1849)">Great Fire of 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order ascendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Toronto_(1904)" title="Great Fire of Toronto (1904)">Great Fire of 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Toronto_anti-Greek_riot" title="1918 Toronto anti-Greek riot">1918 anti-Greek riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits_riot" title="Christie Pits riot">Christie Pits riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_of_the_City_of_Toronto" title="Centennial of the City of Toronto">Centennial of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Toronto" title="Metropolitan Toronto">Metro Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel" title="Hurricane Hazel">Hurricane Hazel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Hazel_in_Canada" title="Effects of Hurricane Hazel in Canada">effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancelled_expressways_in_Toronto" title="Cancelled expressways in Toronto">Cancelled expressways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Board_of_Control" title="Toronto Board of Control">Board of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto#1967_merger" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">First Amalgamation of Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since <br />1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_of_Toronto#1998_amalgamation" title="Amalgamation of Toronto">Second Amalgamation of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Etobicoke_gas_explosion" title="2003 Etobicoke gas explosion">2003 Etobicoke gas explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003" title="Northeast blackout of 2003">Northeast blackout of 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_propane_explosion" title="Toronto propane explosion">2008 propane explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit">2010 G20 Toronto summit</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Toronto_summit_protests" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit protests">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Street_shooting" title="Danzig Street shooting">Danzig Street shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rob_Ford_crack_video_scandal" title="Timeline of Rob Ford crack video scandal">Rob Ford video scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015 Pan American Games</a>/<a href="/wiki/2015_Parapan_American_Games" title="2015 Parapan American Games">Parapan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_van_attack" title="2018 Toronto van attack">2018 van attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Toronto_shooting" title="2018 Toronto shooting">2018 mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Toronto_machete_attack" title="2020 Toronto machete attack">2020 machete attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ken_Lee" title="Killing of Ken Lee">Ken Lee's stabbing of December 2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Toronto" title="Geography of Toronto">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Peninsula" title="Ontario Peninsula">Ontario Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="List of neighbourhoods in Toronto">Neighbourhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Toronto_neighbourhoods" title="Demographics of Toronto neighbourhoods">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="History of neighbourhoods in Toronto">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Toronto" title="Downtown Toronto">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Harbour" title="Toronto Harbour">Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterfront" title="Toronto waterfront">Waterfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterway_system" title="Toronto waterway system">Waterways</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Ontario)" title="Don River (Ontario)">Don River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_River_(Ontario)" title="Humber River (Ontario)">Humber River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_River_(Ontario)" title="Rouge River (Ontario)">Rouge River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Toronto" title="List of parks in Toronto">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">Ravines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Toronto" title="Fauna of Toronto">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_trees_in_Toronto" title="Native trees in Toronto">Native trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Street_Spit" title="Leslie Street Spit">Leslie Street Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Bluffs" title="Scarborough Bluffs">Scarborough Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ookwemin_Minising" title="Ookwemin Minising">Ookwemin Minising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Toronto" title="Economy of Toronto">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Street" title="Bay Street">Bay Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_Toronto" title="Hotels in Toronto">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Toronto" title="List of tallest buildings in Toronto">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto" title="Tourism in Toronto">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Region_Board_of_Trade" title="Toronto Region Board of Trade">Toronto Region Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Toronto" title="Politics of Toronto">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Toronto_Act" title="City of Toronto Act">City of Toronto Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Council" title="Toronto City Council">City Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_Toronto_City_Council" title="Speaker of Toronto City Council">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Toronto_municipal_elections" title="List of Toronto municipal elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Mayor of Toronto">Mayor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Toronto" title="List of mayors of Toronto">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Deputy Mayor of Toronto">Deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_of_Toronto" title="Municipal government of Toronto">Municipal government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_services_in_Toronto" title="Public services in Toronto">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Fire_Services" title="Toronto Fire Services">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Toronto" title="Health in Toronto">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Health" title="Toronto Public Health">Toronto Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Toronto" title="List of hospitals in Toronto">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Paramedic_Services" title="Toronto Paramedic Services">Paramedic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Parks,_Forestry_and_Recreation_Division" title="Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division">Parks, Forestry & Recreation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Toronto_recreation_centres" title="List of Toronto recreation centres">Recreation Centres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service" title="Toronto Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Solid_Waste_Management" title="Toronto Solid Waste Management">Solid Waste Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Water" title="Toronto Water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Works_and_Emergency_Services" title="Toronto Works and Emergency Services">Works and Emergency Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Toronto" title="Education in Toronto">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary/secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board" title="Toronto District School Board">Toronto District School Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Toronto Catholic District School Board">Toronto Catholic District School Board</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Bor%C3%A9al" title="Collège Boréal">Collège Boréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber College">Humber College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCAD_University" title="OCAD University">OCAD University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca College">Seneca College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University" title="Toronto Metropolitan University">Toronto Metropolitan University</a> (formerly Ryerson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndale_University" title="Tyndale University">Tyndale University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_l%27Ontario_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Université de l'Ontario français">Université de l'Ontario français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph-Humber" title="University of Guelph-Humber">University of Guelph-Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Public_Library" title="Toronto Public Library">Toronto Public Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Toronto_Public_Library_branches" title="List of Toronto Public Library branches">List of branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Reference_Library" title="Toronto Reference Library">Toronto Reference Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Tool_Library" title="Toronto Tool Library">Toronto Tool Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Toronto" title="Culture in Toronto">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_events_in_Toronto" title="Annual events in Toronto">Annual events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_events_in_Toronto" title="List of Asian events in Toronto">Asian events in Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Toronto" title="Architecture of Toronto">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Toronto" title="List of cinemas in Toronto">Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_in_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine in Toronto">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Toronto" title="List of fiction set in Toronto">Fiction set in Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Toronto" title="List of films set in Toronto">Films set in Toronto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_All_Hate_Toronto" title="Let's All Hate Toronto">Let's All Hate Toronto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_North" title="Hollywood North">Hollywood North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Toronto" title="List of films shot in Toronto">Films shot in Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toronto_landmarks" title="Template:Toronto landmarks">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Toronto" title="Media in Toronto">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_venues_in_Toronto" title="List of music venues in Toronto">Music venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures">Places of worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Toronto" title="Category:Churches in Toronto">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Toronto" title="Category:Synagogues in Toronto">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Toronto" title="List of shopping malls in Toronto">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Toronto" title="Sports in Toronto">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sport_in_Toronto" title="Amateur sport in Toronto">Amateur sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day_Classic" title="Labour Day Classic">Labour Day Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_teams_in_Toronto" title="List of sports teams in Toronto">Sports teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Toronto" title="Tourism in Toronto">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Toronto" title="Transportation in Toronto">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_Toronto" title="Public transportation in Toronto">Public transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">Toronto Transit Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission_bus_system" title="Toronto Transit Commission bus system">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_subway" title="Toronto subway">Subway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrolinx" title="Metrolinx">Metrolinx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GO_Transit" title="GO Transit">GO Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Pearson_Express" title="Union Pearson Express">Union Pearson Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brampton_Transit" title="Brampton Transit">Brampton Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCm" title="Züm">Züm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiWay" title="MiWay">MiWay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Region_Transit" title="York Region Transit">York Region Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Rapid_Transit" title="Viva Rapid Transit">viva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Region_Transit" title="Durham Region Transit">Durham Region Transit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transportation,<br />infrastructure, and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="List of airports in the Greater Toronto Area">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Toronto" title="List of bridges in Toronto">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Toronto" title="Cycling in Toronto">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bike_Share_Toronto" title="Bike Share Toronto">Bike Share</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Island_ferries" title="Toronto Island ferries">Island Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Parking_Authority" title="Toronto Parking Authority">Parking Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Toronto" title="Port of Toronto">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PortsToronto" title="PortsToronto">PortsToronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_roads_in_Toronto" title="Lists of roads in Toronto">Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contour_roads_in_Toronto" title="List of contour roads in Toronto">Contour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_east%E2%80%93west_roads_in_Toronto" title="List of east–west roads in Toronto">East–West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_north%E2%80%93south_roads_in_Toronto" title="List of north–south roads in Toronto">North–South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Transportation_Services" title="Toronto Transportation Services">Toronto Transportation Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Toronto" title="Category:Toronto">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Toronto" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Toronto">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greater_Toronto_Area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Template:Greater Toronto Area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Template talk:Greater Toronto Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Toronto Area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greater_Toronto_Area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Largest city: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Durham" title="Regional Municipality of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Halton" title="Regional Municipality of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="Regional Municipality of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toronto"><img alt="Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg/100px-Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg/150px-Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg/200px-Greater_Toronto_Area_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering,_Ontario" title="Pickering, Ontario">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax,_Ontario" title="Ajax, Ontario">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Ontario" title="Aurora, Ontario">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledon,_Ontario" title="Caledon, Ontario">Caledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Gwillimbury" title="East Gwillimbury">East Gwillimbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina,_Ontario" title="Georgina, Ontario">Georgina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Hills" title="Halton Hills">Halton Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Ontario" title="Milton, Ontario">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Ontario" title="Newmarket, Ontario">Newmarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario" title="Oakville, Ontario">Oakville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby,_Ontario" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitchurch-Stouffville" title="Whitchurch-Stouffville">Whitchurch-Stouffville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Townships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock,_Ontario" title="Brock, Ontario">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King,_Ontario" title="King, Ontario">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scugog" title="Scugog">Scugog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Ontario" title="Uxbridge, Ontario">Uxbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarington" title="Clarington">Clarington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Template:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_County" title="Bruce County">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufferin_County" title="Dufferin County">Dufferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_County" title="Elgin County">Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_County" title="Frontenac County">Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_County" title="Grey County">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliburton_County" title="Haliburton County">Haliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_County" title="Hastings County">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ontario" title="Huron County, Ontario">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_County" title="Lambton County">Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_County" title="Lanark County">Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Leeds_and_Grenville" title="United Counties of Leeds and Grenville">Leeds and Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_and_Addington_County" title="Lennox and Addington County">Lennox and Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Ontario" title="Middlesex County, Ontario">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Ontario" title="Northumberland County, Ontario">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_County,_Ontario" title="Perth County, Ontario">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_County" title="Peterborough County">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Prescott_and_Russell" title="United Counties of Prescott and Russell">Prescott and Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrew_County" title="Renfrew County">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcoe_County" title="Simcoe County">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry" title="United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry">Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_County,_Ontario" title="Wellington County, Ontario">Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_District" title="Algoma District">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_District" title="Cochrane District">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenora_District" title="Kenora District">Kenora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_District" title="Manitoulin District">Manitoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_District" title="Nipissing District">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry_Sound_District" title="Parry Sound District">Parry Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_District" title="Rainy River District">Rainy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_District" title="Sudbury District">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District" title="Thunder Bay District">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District" title="Timiskaming District">Timiskaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Regional_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Regional municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Durham" title="Regional Municipality of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Halton" title="Regional Municipality of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Municipality_of_Muskoka" title="District Municipality of Muskoka">Muskoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario" title="Oxford County, Ontario">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="Regional Municipality of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Single-tier municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Brant" title="County of Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham-Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldimand_County" title="Haldimand County">Haldimand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawartha_Lakes" title="Kawartha Lakes">Kawartha Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario" title="Norfolk County, Ontario">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario" title="Prince Edward County, Ontario">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_separated_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ontario separated municipalities">Separated municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockville" title="Brockville">Brockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gananoque" title="Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orillia" title="Orillia">Orillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario" title="Pembroke, Ontario">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinte_West" title="Quinte West">Quinte West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_Falls" title="Smiths Falls">Smiths Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys,_Ontario" title="St. Marys, Ontario">St. Marys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas,_Ontario" title="St. Thomas, Ontario">St. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ontario" title="Central Ontario">Central Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario" title="Northeastern Ontario">Northeastern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario" title="Northwestern Ontario">Northwestern Ontario</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Ontario" title="List of communities in Ontario">Ontario communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Ontario municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontario_electoral_districts" title="Category:Ontario electoral districts">Ontario electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_counties_of_Ontario" title="Former counties of Ontario">Former counties of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ontario" title="Geography of Ontario">Geography of Ontario</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontario" title="Category:Ontario">Category:Ontario</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ontario" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ontario">WikiProject: Ontario</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial_and_territorial_capitals_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_capitals" title="Template:Canada capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_capitals" title="Template talk:Canada capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial_and_territorial_capitals_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provincial and territorial</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table align="center" style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></td><td style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></td><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.75em;"><b>Territories:</b></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:20%;"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent; text-align:left; line-height:1.4em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:3.0em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Iqaluit" title="Iqaluit">Iqaluit</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></td><td style=""> <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse" title="Whitehorse">Whitehorse</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_in_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toronto_landmarks" title="Template:Toronto landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toronto_landmarks" title="Template talk:Toronto landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_in_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">Landmarks</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMO_Field" title="BMO Field">BMO Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Coliseum" title="Coca-Cola Coliseum">Coca-Cola Coliseum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanlan%27s_Point_Stadium" title="Hanlan's Point Stadium">Hanlan's Point Stadium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens" title="Maple Leaf Gardens">Maple Leaf Gardens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Stadium" title="Maple Leaf Stadium">Maple Leaf Stadium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Street_Arena" title="Mutual Street Arena">Mutual Street Arena</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Centre" title="Rogers Centre">Rogers Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobeys_Stadium" title="Sobeys Stadium">Sobeys Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack" title="Woodbine Racetrack">Woodbine Racetrack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame" title="Canada's Walk of Fame">Canada's Walk of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Centre" title="Canadian Broadcasting Centre">Canadian Broadcasting Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbourfront_Centre" title="Harbourfront Centre">Harbourfront Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Walk_of_Fame" title="Italian Walk of Fame">Italian Walk of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Science_Centre" title="Ontario Science Centre">Ontario Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Aquarium_of_Canada" title="Ripley's Aquarium of Canada">Ripley's Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Farm" title="Riverdale Farm">Riverdale Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenor" title="The Tenor">The Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Canada_(attraction)" title="Little Canada (attraction)">Little Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Zoo" title="Toronto Zoo">Toronto Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amusement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centreville_Amusement_Park" title="Centreville Amusement Park">Centreville Amusement Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Place" title="Exhibition Place">Exhibition Place</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition" title="Canadian National Exhibition">Canadian National Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair" title="Royal Agricultural Winter Fair">Royal Agricultural Winter Fair</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanlan%27s_Point_Amusement_Park" title="Hanlan's Point Amusement Park">Hanlan's Point Amusement Park</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Place" title="Ontario Place">Ontario Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarboro_Beach_Amusement_Park" title="Scarboro Beach Amusement Park">Scarboro Beach Amusement Park</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside_Amusement_Park" title="Sunnyside Amusement Park">Sunnyside Amusement Park</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Toronto" title="Chinatown, Toronto">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre" title="Toronto Eaton Centre">Eaton Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherway_Gardens" title="Sherway Gardens">Sherway Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Market" title="St. Lawrence Market">St. Lawrence Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkdale_Shopping_Centre" title="Yorkdale Shopping Centre">Yorkdale Shopping Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto" title="Yorkville, Toronto">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_(Toronto)" title="Centennial Park (Toronto)">Centennial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_Park_and_Gardens" title="Guild Park and Gardens">Guild Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Park" title="High Park">High Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Street_Spit" title="Leslie Street Spit">Leslie Street Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_Square" title="Nathan Phillips Square">Nathan Phillips Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sign" title="Toronto Sign">Toronto Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge_National_Urban_Park" title="Rouge National Urban Park">Rouge National Urban Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonge%E2%80%93Dundas_Square" title="Yonge–Dundas Square">Yonge–Dundas Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional<br />and infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop_Toronto_City_Airport" title="Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport">Billy Bishop Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_City_Hall" title="Toronto City Hall">City Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Toronto)" title="Old City Hall (Toronto)">Old City Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">Ontario Legislative Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Pearson Airport</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Union Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Toronto" title="List of museums in Toronto">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">National Historic Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Toronto" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto">Oldest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Toronto_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Toronto parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_ravine_system" title="Toronto ravine system">Ravine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Toronto" title="List of shopping malls in Toronto">Shopping centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Toronto" title="List of tallest buildings in Toronto">Skyscrapers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate structures now defunct or demolished.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toronto_neighbourhoods" title="Template:Toronto neighbourhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toronto_neighbourhoods" title="Template talk:Toronto neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto_neighbourhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toronto neighbourhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="List of neighbourhoods in Toronto">Neighbourhoods</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Toronto" title="Old Toronto">Old Toronto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Park,_Toronto" title="Alexandra Park, Toronto">Alexandra Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenby,_Toronto" title="Allenby, Toronto">Allenby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Annex" title="The Annex">The Annex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beaches,_Toronto" title="The Beaches, Toronto">The Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_Toronto" title="Bedford Park, Toronto">Bedford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston-Little_Italy" title="Palmerston-Little Italy">Bickford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloor_West_Village" title="Bloor West Village">Bloor West Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloor_Street_Culture_Corridor" title="Bloor Street Culture Corridor">Bloor Street Culture Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloordale_Village" title="Bloordale Village">Bloordale Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracondale_Hill" title="Bracondale Hill">Bracondale Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton_Village" title="Brockton Village">Brockton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto" title="Cabbagetown, Toronto">Cabbagetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_Village" title="Carleton Village">Carleton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma_(neighbourhood)" title="Casa Loma (neighbourhood)">Casa Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplin_Estates" title="Chaplin Estates">Chaplin Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Toronto" title="Chinatown, Toronto">Chinatown</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/First_Chinatown,_Toronto" title="First Chinatown, Toronto">First Chinatown</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits" title="Christie Pits">Christie Pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_Wellesley" title="Church and Wellesley">Church and Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityPlace,_Toronto" title="CityPlace, Toronto">CityPlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corktown,_Toronto" title="Corktown, Toronto">Corktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corso_Italia_(Toronto)" title="Corso Italia (Toronto)">Corso Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corso_Italia-Davenport" title="Corso Italia-Davenport">Corso Italia-Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Toronto" title="Davenport, Toronto">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davisville_Village" title="Davisville Village">Davisville Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Toronto" title="Deer Park, Toronto">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_District" title="Discovery District">Discovery District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillery_District" title="Distillery District">Distillery District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Yonge" title="Downtown Yonge">Downtown Yonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovercourt_Park" title="Dovercourt Park">Dovercourt Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufferin_Grove" title="Dufferin Grove">Dufferin Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlscourt" title="Earlscourt">Earlscourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bayfront" title="East Bayfront">East Bayfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Chinatown,_Toronto" title="East Chinatown, Toronto">East Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danforth" title="East Danforth">East Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Toronto" title="East Toronto">East Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Entertainment_District" title="Toronto Entertainment District">Entertainment District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_District,_Toronto" title="Fashion District, Toronto">Fashion District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Toronto" title="Financial District, Toronto">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill,_Toronto" title="Forest Hill, Toronto">Forest Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_Toronto" title="Garden District, Toronto">Garden District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_India_Bazaar" title="Gerrard India Bazaar">Gerrard India Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grange_Park_(neighbourhood)" title="Grange Park (neighbourhood)">Grange Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown,_Toronto" title="Greektown, Toronto">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbord_Village" title="Harbord Village">Harbord Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbourfront,_Toronto" title="Harbourfront, Toronto">Harbourfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Park_North" title="High Park North">High Park North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Junction" title="The Junction">The Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_Triangle" title="Junction Triangle">Junction Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Market" title="Kensington Market">Kensington Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Toronto" title="Koreatown, Toronto">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Park,_Toronto" title="Lawrence Park, Toronto">Lawrence Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslieville" title="Leslieville">Leslieville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Village" title="Liberty Village">Liberty Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Toronto" title="Little Italy, Toronto">Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Portugal,_Toronto" title="Little Portugal, Toronto">Little Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Tibet,_Toronto" title="Little Tibet, Toronto">Little Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Park" title="Lytton Park">Lytton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Toronto" title="Midtown, Toronto">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Park,_Toronto" title="Moore Park, Toronto">Moore Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Park" title="Moss Park">Moss Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara,_Toronto" title="Niagara, Toronto">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Toronto" title="North Toronto">North Toronto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Beaches" title="Upper Beaches">Norway</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Toronto" title="Old Town, Toronto">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston-Little_Italy" title="Palmerston-Little Italy">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkdale,_Toronto" title="Parkdale, Toronto">Parkdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playter_Estates" title="Playter Estates">Playter Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lands" title="Port Lands">Port Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quayside,_Toronto" title="Quayside, Toronto">Quayside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Street West">Queen Street West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Lands" title="Railway Lands">Railway Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Park" title="Regent Park">Regent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Toronto" title="Riverdale, Toronto">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncesvalles,_Toronto" title="Roncesvalles, Toronto">Roncesvalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto" title="Rosedale, Toronto">Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede,_Toronto" title="Runnymede, Toronto">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Town" title="St. James Town">St. James Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence,_Toronto" title="St. Lawrence, Toronto">St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Village" title="Seaton Village">Seaton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hill,_Toronto" title="South Hill, Toronto">South Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Core,_Toronto" title="South Core, Toronto">South Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerhill,_Toronto" title="Summerhill, Toronto">Summerhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Toronto" title="Swansea, Toronto">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trefann_Court" title="Trefann Court">Trefann Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity-Bellwoods" title="Trinity-Bellwoods">Trinity-Bellwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Beaches" title="Upper Beaches">Upper Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Toronto" title="Uptown Toronto">Uptown Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Emerson" title="Wallace Emerson">Wallace Emerson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ward,_Toronto" title="The Ward, Toronto">The Ward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Don_Lands" title="West Don Lands">West Don Lands</a> (Canary District)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wychwood_Park" title="Wychwood Park">Wychwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonge%E2%80%93Eglinton" title="Yonge–Eglinton">Yonge–Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Toronto" title="Yorkville, Toronto">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_York" title="North York">North York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Toronto" title="Amesbury, Toronto">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour_Heights" title="Armour Heights">Armour Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Manor" title="Bathurst Manor">Bathurst Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview_Village" title="Bayview Village">Bayview Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayview_Woods-Steeles" title="Bayview Woods-Steeles">Bayview Woods-Steeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermondsey,_Toronto" title="Bermondsey, Toronto">Bermondsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_Path,_Toronto" title="Bridle Path, Toronto">Bridle Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanton_Park,_Toronto" title="Clanton Park, Toronto">Clanton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mills" title="Don Mills">Don Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Village" title="Don Valley Village">Don Valley Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downsview" title="Downsview">Downsview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemingdon_Park" title="Flemingdon Park">Flemingdon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Park,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Park, Toronto">Glen Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graydon_Hall" title="Graydon Hall">Graydon Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farm" title="Henry Farm">Henry Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Village" title="Hillcrest Village">Hillcrest Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoggs_Hollow" title="Hoggs Hollow">Hoggs Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Summit" title="Humber Summit">Humber Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbermede" title="Humbermede">Humbermede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_and_Finch" title="Jane and Finch">Jane and Finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Toronto" title="Lansing, Toronto">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Heights" title="Lawrence Heights">Lawrence Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Manor" title="Lawrence Manor">Lawrence Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf,_Toronto" title="Maple Leaf, Toronto">Maple Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonbrook" title="Newtonbrook">Newtonbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_York_City_Centre" title="North York City Centre">North York City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway_Forest" title="Parkway Forest">Parkway Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwoods" title="Parkwoods">Parkwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelmo_Park-Humberlea" title="Pelmo Park-Humberlea">Pelmo Park-Humberlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_View,_Toronto" title="Pleasant View, Toronto">Pleasant View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustic,_Toronto" title="Rustic, Toronto">Rustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Park" title="Teddington Park">Teddington Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Village" title="Victoria Village">Victoria Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster-Branson" title="Westminster-Branson">Westminster-Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowdale,_Toronto" title="Willowdale, Toronto">Willowdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Mills" title="York Mills">York Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_University_Heights" title="York University Heights">York University Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario" title="Scarborough, Ontario">Scarborough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agincourt,_Toronto" title="Agincourt, Toronto">Agincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armadale,_Ontario" title="Armadale, Ontario">Armadale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendale" title="Bendale">Bendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Cliff" title="Birch Cliff">Birch Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchmount_Park-Warden_Woods,_Toronto" title="Birchmount Park-Warden Woods, Toronto">Birchmount Park-Warden Woods</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_Corners,_Toronto" title="Brown's Corners, Toronto">Brown's Corners</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairlea" title="Clairlea">Clairlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffcrest" title="Cliffcrest">Cliffcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffside,_Toronto" title="Cliffside, Toronto">Cliffside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Park" title="Dorset Park">Dorset Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglinton_East" title="Eglinton East">Eglinton East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Mile,_Toronto" title="Golden Mile, Toronto">Golden Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildwood" title="Guildwood">Guildwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Creek,_Toronto" title="Highland Creek, Toronto">Highland Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionview" title="Ionview">Ionview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Amoreaux" title="L'Amoreaux">L'Amoreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Toronto" title="Malvern, Toronto">Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryvale,_Toronto" title="Maryvale, Toronto">Maryvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliken,_Ontario" title="Milliken, Ontario">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside,_Toronto" title="Morningside, Toronto">Morningside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights,_Toronto" title="Morningside Heights, Toronto">Morningside Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakridge,_Toronto" title="Oakridge, Toronto">Oakridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Union,_Toronto" title="Port Union, Toronto">Port Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouge,_Toronto" title="Rouge, Toronto">Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_City_Centre" title="Scarborough City Centre">Scarborough City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Junction" title="Scarborough Junction">Scarborough Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Village" title="Scarborough Village">Scarborough Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeles,_Toronto" title="Steeles, Toronto">Steeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_O%27Shanter-Sullivan" title="Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan">Tam O'Shanter-Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Hill,_Toronto" title="West Hill, Toronto">West Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rouge" title="West Rouge">West Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford,_Toronto" title="Wexford, Toronto">Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Toronto" title="Woburn, Toronto">Woburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Etobicoke" title="Etobicoke">Etobicoke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderwood,_Toronto" title="Alderwood, Toronto">Alderwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairville,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairville, Toronto">Clairville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eatonville,_Toronto" title="Eatonville, Toronto">Eatonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elms,_Toronto" title="The Elms, Toronto">The Elms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eringate-Centennial-West_Deane" title="Eringate-Centennial-West Deane">Eringate-Centennial-West Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Heights-Westmount" title="Humber Heights-Westmount">Humber Heights-Westmount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Valley_Village" title="Humber Valley Village">Humber Valley Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberwood" title="Humberwood">Humberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington-City_Centre_West" title="Islington-City Centre West">Islington-City Centre West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsview_Village" title="Kingsview Village">Kingsview Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingsway,_Toronto" title="The Kingsway, Toronto">The Kingsway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_Toronto" title="Long Branch, Toronto">Long Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markland_Wood" title="Markland Wood">Markland Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimico" title="Mimico">Mimico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Toronto" title="New Toronto">New Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Gardens" title="Princess Gardens">Princess Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexdale" title="Rexdale">Rexdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richview,_Toronto" title="Richview, Toronto">Richview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queensway-Humber_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queensway-Humber Bay">The Queensway-Humber Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Toronto" title="Smithfield, Toronto">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistletown" title="Thistletown">Thistletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorncrest_Village" title="Thorncrest Village">Thorncrest Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/York,_Ontario" title="York, Ontario">York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Point" title="Baby Point">Baby Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbank,_Toronto" title="Fairbank, Toronto">Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humewood%E2%80%93Cedarvale" title="Humewood–Cedarvale">Humewood–Cedarvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton,_Toronto" title="Lambton, Toronto">Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Jamaica" title="Little Jamaica">Little Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dennis" title="Mount Dennis">Mount Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_Village" title="Oakwood Village">Oakwood Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mill,_Toronto" title="Old Mill, Toronto">Old Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockcliffe%E2%80%93Smythe" title="Rockcliffe–Smythe">Rockcliffe–Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverthorn,_Toronto" title="Silverthorn, Toronto">Silverthorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="York, Toronto">Tichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Toronto" title="Weston, Toronto">Weston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_York" title="East York">East York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermondsey,_Toronto" title="Bermondsey, Toronto">Bermondsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Town" title="Crescent Town">Crescent Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Bridge,_Toronto" title="Governor's Bridge, Toronto">Governor's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaside" title="Leaside">Leaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor%E2%80%93Parkview" title="O'Connor–Parkview">O'Connor–Parkview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_York" title="Old East York">Old East York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pape_Village" title="Pape Village">Pape Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorncliffe_Park" title="Thorncliffe Park">Thorncliffe Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate neighbourhoods now defunct. For information on the evolution of each neighbourhood in general, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_neighbourhoods_in_Toronto" title="History of neighbourhoods in Toronto">History of neighbourhoods in Toronto</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Museums_and_galleries_in_Toronto" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_Toronto" title="Template:Museums and galleries in Toronto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_and_galleries_in_Toronto" title="Template talk:Museums and galleries in Toronto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_and_galleries_in_Toronto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Museums and galleries in Toronto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Museums_and_galleries_in_Toronto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Museums and galleries in Toronto</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Toronto" title="List of museums in Toronto">List of museums in Toronto</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Aga Khan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum" title="Bata Shoe Museum">Bata Shoe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Language_Museum" title="Canadian Language Museum">Canadian Language Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Museum" title="Gardiner Museum">Gardiner Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Aquarium_of_Canada" title="Ripley's Aquarium of Canada">Ripley's Aquarium of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada" title="Textile Museum of Canada">Textile Museum of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Galleries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Art Gallery of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Arcturus" title="Gallery Arcturus">Gallery Arcturus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koffler_Centre_of_the_Arts" title="Koffler Centre of the Arts">Koffler Centre of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Toronto_Canada" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Image_Centre" title="The Image Centre">The Image Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Plant" title="The Power Plant">The Power Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Historic sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_House_(Toronto)" title="Campbell House (Toronto)">Campbell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colborne_Lodge" title="Colborne Lodge">Colborne Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Turner_School" title="Enoch Turner School">Enoch Turner School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Toronto_Post_Office" title="First Toronto Post Office">First Toronto Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_York" title="Fort York">Fort York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_House" title="Gibson House">Gibson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_House" title="Mackenzie House">Mackenzie House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery%27s_Inn" title="Montgomery's Inn">Montgomery's Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Farm" title="Riverdale Farm">Riverdale Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spadina_House" title="Spadina House">Spadina House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todmorden_Mills" title="Todmorden Mills">Todmorden Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Village_at_Black_Creek" title="The Village at Black Creek">The Village at Black Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Air and Space Museum">Canadian Air and Space Museum</a> (moved)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBC_Museum" title="CBC Museum">CBC Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_Planetarium" title="McLaughlin Planetarium">McLaughlin Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Inuit_Art" title="Museum of Inuit Art">Museum of Inuit Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Science_Centre" title="Ontario Science Centre">Ontario Science Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Maritime_Museum" title="Toronto Maritime Museum">Toronto Maritime Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPC_logo_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/30px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/45px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg/60px-IPC_logo_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer Paralympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Paralympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Paralympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="1960 Summer Paralympics">1960</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Paralympics" title="1964 Summer Paralympics">1964</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="1968 Summer Paralympics">1968</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Paralympics" title="1972 Summer Paralympics">1972</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Paralympics" title="1976 Summer Paralympics">1976</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Paralympics" title="1980 Summer Paralympics">1980</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Paralympics" title="1984 Summer Paralympics">1984</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Mandeville" title="Stoke Mandeville">Stoke Mandeville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Paralympics" title="1988 Summer Paralympics">1988</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">1992</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Paralympics" title="1996 Summer Paralympics">1996</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Paralympics" title="2000 Summer Paralympics">2000</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Paralympics" title="2004 Summer Paralympics">2004</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="2020 Summer Paralympics">2020</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Paralympics" title="2024 Summer Paralympics">2024</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Paralympics" title="2028 Summer Paralympics">2028</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Paralympics" title="2032 Summer Paralympics">2032</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan_American_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan_American_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1951_Pan_American_Games" title="1951 Pan American Games">1951</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1955_Pan_American_Games" title="1955 Pan American Games">1955</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1959_Pan_American_Games" title="1959 Pan American Games">1959</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games" title="1963 Pan American Games">1963</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1967_Pan_American_Games" title="1967 Pan American Games">1967</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1971_Pan_American_Games" title="1971 Pan American Games">1971</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1975_Pan_American_Games" title="1975 Pan American Games">1975</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1979_Pan_American_Games" title="1979 Pan American Games">1979</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1983_Pan_American_Games" title="1983 Pan American Games">1983</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1987_Pan_American_Games" title="1987 Pan American Games">1987</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1991_Pan_American_Games" title="1991 Pan American Games">1991</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1995_Pan_American_Games" title="1995 Pan American Games">1995</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Pan_American_Games" title="1999 Pan American Games">1999</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games" title="2003 Pan American Games">2003</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">2007</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toronto</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2023_Pan_American_Games" title="2023 Pan American Games">2023</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2027_Pan_American_Games" title="2027 Pan American Games">2027</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Winter_Pan_American_Games" title="1990 Winter Pan American Games">1990</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Las_Le%C3%B1as" title="Las Leñas">Las Leñas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" title="Metro East">Metro East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404093523">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244542798">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205798/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpTXwhyWg6TcM8tk47fv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060459-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toronto (Ont.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079328">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381418">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381418">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628822">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36291677">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Toronto (Ontario)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134545&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455342">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000197475&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=262613">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlkmzq14lqntj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547797805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/74b24e62-d2fe-42d2-9d96-31f2da756c77">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1242666">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027311694">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045500">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-4kg5w","wgBackendResponseTime":204,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_d0c569668de1868b1c5f7e2bd2aa97c535d859c0":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-79.386666666667,43.670277777778],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Toronto","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q172","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#808080","title":"Toronto"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.710","walltime":"4.248","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38886,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1265120,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":145819,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":69,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1278523,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3441.808 1 -total"," 42.20% 1452.308 2 Template:Reflist"," 28.70% 987.682 240 Template:Cite_web"," 14.54% 500.420 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 13.19% 454.049 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.28% 181.797 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.08% 174.702 14 Template:Sfn"," 4.35% 149.595 37 Template:Cite_news"," 4.09% 140.752 12 Template:Navbox"," 3.93% 135.144 31 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.137","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27820209,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAklerHood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcoba2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrongMcAllister2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeattie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBingley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Gray2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuhasz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCBC_News_Staff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCareless\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCareless1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCayley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheese2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChief2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitizenship_and_Immigration_Canada2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Toronto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Toronto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Toronto_Government2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_P._Varady2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinnie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonkin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoucette2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaba2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirth1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlewHumphries,_LynnPress,_LimelightMcPhee,_Margaret2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancine_KopunNicholas_Keung2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Clayton_and_Hong_Yun_(Eva)_Shi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulford1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallingerMotskin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenome\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillet1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarzigJuteauSchmitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolcombe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHounsom1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICF_Consulting2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaved2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Clark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohansen_Aase2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonWilson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupferman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurance2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewingtonMcLeod2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangione2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansbridgeAdrienne_Arsenault1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewsMeasner1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehrabi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelanson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Filey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyrvoldFahey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada:_Canada,_Provinces_\u0026amp;_Territories:_The_naming_of_their_capital_cities\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNightendale1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOeter_Morris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOram1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzanian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsBramDickey1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlummer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanger2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayburn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRider2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Vipond2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmalz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilagadze2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurr2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Canada2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_CanadaThe_Daily2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakhar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopping2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsmani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUte_HuskenFrank_Neubert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitzman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFadmin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"who_we_are\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bsn\"] = 1,\n [\"CAD\"] = 9,\n [\"Canada capitals\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite cgndb\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 238,\n [\"Climate chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div\"] = 2,\n [\"Col div end\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 31,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Toronto\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Great Lakes Megalopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"Greater Toronto Area\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Museums and galleries in Toronto\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Pan American Games host cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 2,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 4,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SCref\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 4,\n [\"Subdivisions of Ontario\"] = 1,\n [\"Toronto\"] = 1,\n [\"Toronto Neighbourhoods\"] = 1,\n [\"Toronto landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Toronto weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 8,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","26.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","9.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","1.6"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","1.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::get","40","1.6"],["[others]","660","27.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-zlddl","timestamp":"20241125142749","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Toronto","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toronto","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q172","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-29T03:40:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T22:37:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/CC_2022-06-18_193-Pano_%28cropped%29_01.jpg","headline":"capital and largest city of the province of Ontario, Canada"}</script> </body> </html>