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Revolutionary activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agrarian_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agrarian_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Agrarian activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agrarian_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Journey to Moscow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Makhnovist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Makhnovist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Leader of the Makhnovist movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_the_Makhnovist_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leader of the Makhnovist movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Makhnovist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Return to Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insurgent_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insurgent_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Insurgent actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insurgent_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_into_the_Red_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_into_the_Red_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Integration into the Red Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_into_the_Red_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealings_with_Hryhoriv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealings_with_Hryhoriv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dealings with Hryhoriv </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealings_with_Hryhoriv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_the_White_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_the_White_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Against the White Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_the_White_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_the_Bolsheviks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_the_Bolsheviks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Alliance with the Bolsheviks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_the_Bolsheviks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Bolshevik_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Bolshevik_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Anti-Bolshevik rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Bolshevik_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Exile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_to_allegations_of_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_allegations_of_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Response to allegations of antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_allegations_of_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years:_Failing_health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years:_Failing_health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Later years: Failing health and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years:_Failing_health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nestor Makhno</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%88" title="نستور ماخنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نستور ماخنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Maxno" title="Nestor Maxno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nestor Maxno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестар Іванавіч Махно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нестар Іванавіч Махно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестар Махно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нестар Махно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестор Махно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нестор Махно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mac%27hno" title="Nestor Mac'hno – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nestor Mac'hno" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8stor_Makhn%C3%B2" title="Nèstor Makhnò – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nèstor Makhnò" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Νέστορ Μαχνό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέστορ Μαχνό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Majn%C3%B3" title="Néstor Majnó – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Néstor Majnó" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ma%C4%A5no" title="Nestor Maĥno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nestor Maĥno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%88" title="نستور ماخنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نستور ماخنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4_%EB%A7%88%ED%9D%90%EB%85%B8" title="네스토르 마흐노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네스토르 마흐노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovich_Magno" title="Nestor Ivanovich Magno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nestor Ivanovich Magno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Machno" title="Nestor Ivanovič Machno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nestor Ivanovič Machno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95" title="נסטור מאכנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נסטור מאכנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ნესტორ მახნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნესტორ მახნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Maxno" title="Nestor Maxno – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nestor Maxno" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestors_Mahno" title="Nestors Mahno – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nestors Mahno" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestoras_Machno" title="Nestoras Machno – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nestoras Machno" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesztor_Ivanovics_Mahno" title="Nesztor Ivanovics Mahno – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nesztor Ivanovics Mahno" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%88" title="نستور ماخنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نستور ماخنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестор Махно – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нестор Махно" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%95%E3%83%8E" title="ネストル・マフノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネストル・マフノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Makhno" title="Nestor Ivanovič Makhno – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nestor Ivanovič Makhno" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8stor_Makhn%C3%B2" title="Nèstor Makhnò – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nèstor Makhnò" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Maxno" title="Nestor Maxno – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nestor Maxno" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%88" title="نستور ماخنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نستور ماخنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Махно, Нестор Иванович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махно, Нестор Иванович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makno" title="Nestor Makno – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nestor Makno" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovy%C4%8D_Machno" title="Nestor Ivanovyč Machno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nestor Ivanovyč Machno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Mahno" title="Nestor Ivanovič Mahno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nestor Ivanovič Mahno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Machno" title="Nestor Machno – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nestor Machno" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестор Махно – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нестор Махно" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Нестор Махно – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нестор Махно" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Mahno" title="Nestor Mahno – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nestor Mahno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Махно Нестор Іванович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махно Нестор Іванович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Ivanovych_Makhno" title="Nestor Ivanovych Makhno – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nestor Ivanovych Makhno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nestor Makhno" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (1888–1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Ivanovych and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Makhno.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:батько">Bat'ko</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nestor Makhno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="uk"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Нестор Махно</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Nestor Makhno wearing a dark suit and a moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/1921._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="660" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Makhno in 1921</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Otaman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 September 1918 – 28 August 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Council" title="Military Revolutionary Council">Military Revolutionary Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 July 1919 – 1 September 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chernoknizhny" title="Ivan Chernoknizhny">Ivan Chernoknizhny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 October] 1888 <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now Ukraine)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1934(1934-07-25) (aged 45) Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Nastia Vasetskaia </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917⁠–⁠1918)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kuzmenko" title="Halyna Kuzmenko">Halyna Kuzmenko</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1918⁠–⁠1934)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Mikhnenko" title="Elena Mikhnenko">Elena Mikhnenko</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Makhnovshchina" title="Category:Makhnovshchina">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Makhnovshchina" title="Flags of the Makhnovshchina"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/100px-Black_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/150px-Black_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Black_flag.svg/200px-Black_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_after_the_Russian_Revolution" title="Ukraine after the Russian Revolution">1917 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandrovsk_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Aleksandrovsk Bolshevik Uprising">Oleksandrivsk Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Austro-German invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Battle of Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Donbas_(1919)" title="Battle for the Donbas (1919)">Battle of Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Battle of Perehonivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichenfeld_massacre" title="Eichenfeld massacre">Eichenfeld massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonsky_conspiracy" title="Polonsky conspiracy">Polonsky conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement" title="Starobilsk agreement">Starobilsk agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Taurida_Operation" title="Northern Taurida Operation">Northern Taurida Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1920)" title="Siege of Perekop (1920)">Siege of Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">Military commanders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Belochub" title="Panteleimon Belochub">Belochub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luka_Bondarets" title="Luka Bondarets">Bondarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Brova" title="Mykhailo Brova">Brova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Budanov" title="Abram Budanov">Budanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Cherednyak" title="Maksim Cherednyak">Cherednyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Chubenko" title="Oleksiy Chubenko">Chubenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Havrylenko" title="Petro Havrylenko">Havrylenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyryd_Kotsur" title="Svyryd Kotsur">Kotsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foma_Kozhyn" title="Foma Kozhyn">Kozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Kurylenko" title="Vasyl Kurylenko">Kurylenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petya_Lyuty" title="Petya Lyuty">Lyuty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Makhno" title="Hryhorii Makhno">H. Makhno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savelii_Makhno" title="Savelii Makhno">S. Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Marchenko" title="Oleksiy Marchenko">Marchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Maskalevsky" title="Yakov Maskalevsky">Maskalevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Maslakov" title="Grigori Maslakov">Maslakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Petrenko" title="Petro Petrenko">Petrenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Popov" title="Dmitry Ivanovich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Pravda" title="Simeon Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Sharovsky" title="Vasyl Sharovsky">Sharovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osip_Tsebriy" title="Osip Tsebriy">Tsebriy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hryhory_Vasylivsky" title="Hryhory Vasylivsky">Vasylivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zadov" title="Lev Zadov">Zadov</a></li></ul> Civilian leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arshinov" title="Peter Arshinov">Arshinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aron_Baron" title="Aron Baron">Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chernoknizhny" title="Ivan Chernoknizhny">Chernoknizhny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senya_Fleshin" title="Senya Fleshin">Fleshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosif_Gotman" title="Yosif Gotman">Gotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolii_Horelik" title="Anatolii Horelik">Horelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kuzmenko" title="Halyna Kuzmenko">Kuzmenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mratchny" title="Mark Mratchny">Mratchny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakiv_Sukhovolski" title="Yakiv Sukhovolski">Sukhovolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Taratuta" title="Olga Taratuta">Taratuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Teper" title="Isaac Teper">Teper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;">Institutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_soviets" title="Free soviets">Free soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Council" title="Military Revolutionary Council">Military Revolutionary Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Congress_of_Peasants,_Workers_and_Insurgents" title="Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents">Regional Congress</a></li></ul> Military organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontrrazvedka" title="Kontrrazvedka">Kontrrazvedka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Donetsk_Corps" title="1st Donetsk Corps">1st Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Azov_Corps" title="2nd Azov Corps">2nd Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Kyiv_Corps" title="6th Kyiv Corps">6th Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Fleet_of_the_Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Air Fleet of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Air Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov-Black_Sea_Flotilla" title="Azov-Black Sea Flotilla">Flotilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Army" title="Ukrainian Soviet Army">Ukrainian Soviet Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Zadneprovsk_Ukrainian_Soviet_Division" title="1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division">1st Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Ukrainian_Soviet_Division" title="7th Ukrainian Soviet Division">7th Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Makhnovshchina_sidebar" title="Template:Makhnovshchina sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Makhnovshchina_sidebar" title="Template talk:Makhnovshchina sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Makhnovshchina_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Makhnovshchina sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nestor Ivanovych Makhno<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Нестор Івaнович Махно, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ˈnɛstor iˈʋɑnowɪt͡ʃ mɐxˈnɔ]</a>; 7 November 1888 – 25 July 1934), also known as Bat'ko Makhno (батько Махно, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Father Makhno'),<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> was a Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> revolutionary and the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a>. He established the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> (loosely translated as "Makhno movement"), a <a href="/wiki/Mass_movement_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass movement (politics)">mass movement</a> by the Ukrainian peasantry to establish <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a> in the country between 1918 and 1921. Initially centered around Makhno's home province of <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Katerynoslav</a> and hometown of <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>, it came to exert a strong influence over large areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">southern Ukraine</a>, specifically in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a> of Ukraine. Raised by a peasant family and coming of age amid the fervor around the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a>, Makhno participated in <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poor_Peasants" title="Union of Poor Peasants">a local anarchist group</a> and spent seven years imprisoned for his involvement. With his release during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 Revolution</a>, Makhno became a local revolutionary leader in his hometown and oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">expropriation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a> of large estates to the peasantry. In the Ukrainian Civil War, Makhno sided with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>, but his alliances with the Bolsheviks did not last. He rallied Bolshevik support to lead an insurgency, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">occupation forces</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Battle of Dibrivka</a> and establishing the Makhnovshchina. Makhno's troops briefly integrated with the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a>, but split over differences on the movement's autonomy. Makhno rebuilt his army from the remains of <a href="/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Nykyfor Hryhoriv</a>'s forces in western Ukraine, routed the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Battle of Perehonivka</a>, and captured most of southern and eastern Ukraine, where they again attempted to establish anarchist communism. Makhno's army fought the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">Bolshevik re-invasion of Ukraine in 1920</a> until a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Taurida_Operation" title="Northern Taurida Operation">White Army offensive</a> forced a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement" title="Starobilsk agreement">Bolshevik–Makhnovist alliance</a> that <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1920)" title="Siege of Perekop (1920)">drove the Whites out of Crimea</a> and ended the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern Front of the Russian Civil War</a>. The Bolsheviks immediately turned on Makhno, wounding him and driving him westward in August 1921 to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, and Europe, before he settled in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kuzmenko" title="Halyna Kuzmenko">his wife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Mikhnenko" title="Elena Mikhnenko">daughter</a>. Makhno wrote memoirs and articles for radical newspapers, playing a role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">platformism</a>. He became alienated from <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">the French anarchist movement</a> after disputes over <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">synthesis anarchism</a> and personal allegations of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. His family continued to be persecuted in the decades following his death of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at the age of 45. Anarchist groups continue to draw on his name for inspiration. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Nestor Makhno was born on 7 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 October] 1888,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a> into a poor peasant family in <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>, a town in the <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Katerynoslav Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987232–233Darch2020176Malet1982xxPalij197667Skirda200417Sysyn1977273-10">[7]</a> He was the youngest of five children born to Ivan and Evdokia Mikhnenko, former <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a> who had been <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipated in 1861</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20201Peters197014Skirda200417-11">[8]</a> After Nestor's birth, his father went to work as a <a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">coachman</a> for a wealthy industrialist when the Makhnos' small plot of land could not feed the family. His father died when Nestor was only ten months old, leaving behind his impoverished family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20201Malet1982xxiPalij197667Skirda200417–18-12">[9]</a> Makhno was briefly <a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">fostered</a> by a more well-off peasant couple, but he was unhappy with them and returned to his family of birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200418-13">[10]</a> At only seven years old, he was put to work tending livestock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Lincoln1989324Palij197668-14">[11]</a> Makhno started to attend a local <a href="/wiki/Secular_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular school">secular school</a> when he turned eight years old. He was a good student at first but grew to <a href="/wiki/Truancy" title="Truancy">skip school</a> to play games and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">ice skate</a>. He worked at a local estate in the summer after his first <a href="/wiki/School_year" class="mw-redirect" title="School year">school year</a>. His brothers<a href="#cite_note-brothers-16">[d]</a> also worked as farmhands to support the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200418-13">[10]</a> Makhno attended one more year of school before his family's extreme poverty forced the ten-year-old to work the fields full-time, which led Makhno to develop a "sort of rage, resentment, even hatred for the wealthy property-owner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200418–19-17">[13]</a> His aversion to the landlords grew, nurtured by his mother's stories of her time in serfdom. In 1902, he observed a farm manager and the landlord's sons physically beating a young farmhand. He quickly alerted an older <a href="/wiki/Groom_(profession)" title="Groom (profession)">stable hand</a> Bat'ko Ivan, who attacked the assailants and led a spontaneous workers' revolt against the landlord. After the affair was settled, Ivan left Makhno with words that would inspire a rebellious spirit within him: "if one of your masters should ever strike you, pick up the first pitchfork you lay hands on and let him have it..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200419-18">[14]</a> The following year, Makhno quit working in the fields and found a job in a <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Malet1982xxiPeters197015Skirda200420-19">[15]</a> By this time, most of his older brothers had left home and started their own families. Makhno rapidly moved between jobs, focusing most of his work on his mother's land, while occasionally returning to employment to help provide for his brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200420-20">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_activity">Revolutionary activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutionary activity">edit</a>]</div> When the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 revolution</a> broke out, the sixteen-year-old Makhno quickly joined the revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202Malet1982xxiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273-21">[17]</a> He distributed propaganda for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Social Democratic Labor Party</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20202Skirda200420-22">[18]</a> before affiliating with his home town's local anarchist communist group, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poor_Peasants" title="Union of Poor Peasants">Union of Poor Peasants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202–3Footman1961246Malet1982xx–xxiiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273-23">[19]</a> Despite increased political repression against revolutionaries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204Footman1961246Peters197018–19Skirda200420-24">[20]</a> the Union continued to meet weekly and inspired Makhno to devote himself to the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200420–21-25">[21]</a> Makhno was initially distrusted by other members of the group due to his apparent penchant for drinking and getting into fights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Peters197022-26">[22]</a> After six months in the Union of Poor Peasants, Makhno had thoroughly educated himself on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">libertarian communism</a> and became a formal member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200422-27">[23]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/Stolypin_reform" title="Stolypin reform">agrarian reforms</a> disempowered the traditional <a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">peasant communes</a> by creating a <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">wealthier land-owning class</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200423-28">[24]</a> and growing <a href="/wiki/Khutor" title="Khutor">private estates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20201-29">[25]</a> In response, the Union of Poor Peasants initiated a campaign of "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Black Terror</a>" against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">large landowners</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200423-28">[24]</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Police_Department_of_Russia" title="Police Department of Russia">Tsarist police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204-30">[26]</a> The group carried out a series of <a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">expropriations</a> against local businessmen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204–6Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21Skirda200422–24-31">[27]</a> using the money they stole to print propaganda that attacked the recent reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21-32">[28]</a> Suspected of being involved in these attacks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6Skirda200423–24-33">[29]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazarii_Zuichenko" title="Nazarii Zuichenko">Nazarii Zuichenko</a> naming him as a participant in an attack on a post office cart,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6-34">[30]</a> Makhno was arrested in September 1907 but was eventually released without charges due to a lack of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6Skirda200423–24-33">[29]</a> As the rest of the group's members had been declared <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaws</a> by the Tsarist authorities, Makhno founded another anarchist study group in a neighboring village, where two dozen members gathered on a weekly basis to discuss anarchist theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200423–24-35">[31]</a> But after the assassination of a <a href="/wiki/Police_informant" class="mw-redirect" title="Police informant">police informant</a> by the Union of Poor Peasants, the police launched a crackdown against the group and arrested many of its members, including Makhno in August 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20206–7Malet1982xxii–xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200424–25-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imprisonment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a large prison with red walls, surrounded by the city of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg/220px-Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg/330px-Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg/440px-Butyrka_prison_ed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butyrka" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrka">Butyrka prison</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where Makhno was imprisoned from 1911 to 1917 (pictured in 2010)</figcaption></figure> On 26 March 1910, a <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Katerynoslav</a> district <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> sentenced Makhno to be hanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Malet1982xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200428-37">[33]</a> Although he had refused to appeal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200428-38">[34]</a> Makhno's sentence was <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commuted</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hard_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labor">hard labor</a>, due to his young age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20208Malet1982xxiiiPalij197669Peters197022–23Skirda200429-39">[35]</a> While in prison, Makhno contracted a near-fatal bout of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> but eventually recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200429–30-40">[36]</a> He was moved several times: to the <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a> prison, where family briefly visited him, to the Katerynoslav prison, and in August 1911, to <a href="/wiki/Butyrka" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyrka">Butyrka prison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where over 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> were being held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Skirda200430-41">[37]</a> Through the other prisoners he learned Russian history and political theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxivSkirda200430-42">[38]</a> taking a particular interest in <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a> (1902) by the Russian anarchist communist theorist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200430-43">[39]</a> Makhno's frequent boasting in prison earned him the nickname "Modest".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Malet1982xxiii–xxiv-44">[40]</a> He sometimes even antagonized the guards, which landed him in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxiii–xxiv-45">[41]</a> Due to prison conditions, Makhno quickly fell sick again and was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. He spent many periods in the prison hospital throughout his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Skirda200430-46">[42]</a> In Butyrka prison, Makhno met the anarchist communist politician <a href="/wiki/Peter_Arshinov" title="Peter Arshinov">Peter Arshinov</a>, who took the young anarchist on as a student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20208Footman1961246Palij197669Peters197025–28Malet1982xxivSysyn1977273-47">[43]</a> Makhno also became <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">disillusioned with intellectualism</a> during this time after seeing the <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">prejudice</a> with which guards treated prisoners of different <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208–9Skirda200430–31-48">[44]</a> As the years passed, Makhno began to write his own works and to distribute them among his fellow prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961246Skirda200431-49">[45]</a> starting off with a poem titled "Summons" that called for a libertarian communist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200431–32-50">[46]</a> Prison did not break his desire for revolution, as Makhno swore that he would "contribute to the free re-birth of his country". Although exposed to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> in prison, Makhno nevertheless remained hostile to all forms of nationalism, adopting an <a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">internationalist</a> position during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200432-51">[47]</a> and even circulating an anti-war petition around the prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Malet1982xxiv-52">[48]</a> When political prisoners were released during the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20209Footman1961247Malet1982xxivPalij197669–70Peters197022Sysyn1977273-53">[49]</a> Makhno's shackles were removed for the first time in eight years. He found himself physically off-balance without the chains weighing him down<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200432-51">[47]</a> and in need of <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a> after years in dark prison cells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209-54">[50]</a> He remained in Moscow for three weeks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028-55">[51]</a> briefly joining an anarchist group in Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Lefortovo_District" title="Lefortovo District">Lefortovo District</a> until late March,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19823-56">[52]</a> when his mother and his old anarchist communist comrades convinced him to return to Huliaipole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Skirda200432–33-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrarian_activism">Agrarian activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agrarian activism">edit</a>]</div> In March 1917, the 28-year-old Makhno returned to <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197669–70Peters197028Skirda200434-58">[54]</a> where he was reunited with his mother and elder brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200434-59">[55]</a> At the station, he was greeted by many of the town's peasants, who were curious to see the return of the famous political exile, as well as surviving members from the now-defunct Union of Poor Peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202010Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028–29Skirda200434-60">[56]</a> Clashing with many of the group's former members, who wanted to focus on propaganda, Makhno proposed that anarchists take clear leadership of the masses to ignite peasant <a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">mass action</a>. The Huliaipole anarchists did not agree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202011Footman1961247–248Malet19823Palij197670Skirda200434-61">[57]</a> He instead led the establishment of a local Peasants' Union on 29 March and was elected as its chairman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Footman1961248Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153Skirda200434–35-62">[58]</a> The union quickly came to represent the majority of Huliaipole's peasantry and even those from the surrounding region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Palij197670Skirda200434–35-63">[59]</a> Carpenters and metalworkers also formed their own industrial unions and elected Makhno as their chairman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalij197670Skirda200434–35-64">[60]</a> By April, Huliaipole's Public Committee, the local organ of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>, had been brought under the control of the town's peasantry and anarchist communist activists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012–13Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153-65">[61]</a> Makhno met Nastia Vasetskaia, who would become his first wife, during this period but his activism left little time for his marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19823–4-66">[62]</a> Makhno quickly became a leading figure in Huliaipole's revolutionary movement, sidelining any political parties that sought to control the workers' organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Skirda200435-67">[63]</a> He justified his leadership as only a temporary responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200435-68">[64]</a> As a union leader, Makhno led workers in <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike actions</a> against their employers, demanding doubled wages and vowing continued work stoppages if refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202013–14Malet19824Skirda200435–36-69">[65]</a> This resulted in full <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a> over all Huliaipole industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Skirda200435–36-70">[66]</a> As Huliaipole's delegate to the regional peasant congress in <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Oleksandrivsk</a>, he called for the expropriation of large estates from landowners and their transfer to communal ownership by the peasants that worked them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200435-68">[64]</a> He quickly became disillusioned with the long debates and party politics that dominated the congress, considering Huliaipole to have "advanced beyond what the congresses were merely talking about, without the constant wrangling and jockeying for position."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824–5-71">[67]</a> Makhno and his supporters subsequently disarmed and minimized the powers of local law enforcement, before seizing property from local landlords and equally redistributing the lands to the peasantry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Peters197029–32Skirda200436-72">[68]</a> in open defiance of the Russian Provisional Government and its officials in Oleksandrivsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824-73">[69]</a> Local peasants compared him to the Cossack rebel leaders <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Chamberlin1987232-74">[70]</a> Huliaipole rallied around the slogan, "<a href="/wiki/Land_and_liberty_(slogan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and liberty (slogan)">Land and Liberty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112-75">[71]</a> Despite Makhno's success at home, the wider anarchist movement's general disorganization disappointed him. Despite its growing size, the anarchist movement found itself unable to compete with the established political parties, as it had yet to establish a coordinated organization capable of playing a leading role in the revolutionary movement. Makhno criticized the movement for largely dedicating itself to propaganda activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200436–37-76">[72]</a> Following news of <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">attempted coup</a> against the Provisional Government, Makhno led the establishment of a "Committee for the Defense of the Revolution", which organized armed peasant detachments against the Huliaipole landlords, bourgeoisie, and <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202014Footman1961248Lincoln1989325Malet19825Palij197671Skirda200437-77">[73]</a> He called for disarming the local bourgeoisie, expropriating their property, and bringing all private enterprise under workers' control. Peasants withheld rent and took control of the lands they worked; large estates were collectivized and transformed into agrarian communes. Makhno personally organized communes on former Mennonite estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202014–16Palij197671–73Peters197029–32Skirda200437-78">[74]</a> He and Nastia lived together on a commune and Makhno himself worked two days per week, helping with the farming and occasionally fixing machines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200438-79">[75]</a> Following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, Makhno witnessed the rising hostilities between the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202015–16Malet19825–6-80">[76]</a> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Ukrainian War">Soviet–Ukrainian War</a>, Makhno advised anarchists to take up arms alongside the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a> against the forces of the Ukrainian nationalists and the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202016–17Footman1961248–249Malet19826–7Skirda200440Sysyn1977283-81">[77]</a> Makhno dispatched his brother <a href="/wiki/Savelii_Makhno" title="Savelii Makhno">Savelii</a> to Oleksandrivsk at the head of an armed anarchist detachment to assist the Bolsheviks in retaking the city from the Nationalists. The city was taken and Makhno was chosen as the anarchists' representative to the Oleksandrivsk <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(Soviet)" title="Revolutionary committee (Soviet)">Revolutionary Committee</a>. He was also elected chairman of a commission, which reviewed the cases of accused <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> military prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19827Skirda200440-82">[78]</a> and oversaw the release of still imprisoned workers and peasants. During this period Makhno participated in Oleksandrivsk's successful defence against an assault by <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a>. Makhno thereafter returned to Huliaipole, where he organized the town bank's expropriation to fund the local anarchist movement's revolutionary activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202017Malet19827Skirda200441-83">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Moscow">Journey to Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journey to Moscow">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_(1918).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Eastern Ukraine and Southern Russia, featuring the cities that Makhno travelled through on his way to Moscow and back to Huliaipole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg/370px-Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg/555px-Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg/740px-Makhno%27s_journey_to_Moscow_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Map of Makhno's journey to and from Moscow in 1918</figcaption></figure> In February 1918, representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (UPR) signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">peace treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, inviting the forces of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">invade and occupy Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202020Footman1961249–250Malet19828Peters197034Skirda200444Sysyn1977273-84">[80]</a> In response, Makhno formed a volunteer detachment to resist the occupation. They joined the Bolshevik Red Guards in Oleksandrivsk. Makhno was personally summoned to the train of Bolshevik Commander <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yegorov_(soldier)" title="Alexander Yegorov (soldier)">Alexander Yegorov</a> but failed to link up with Yegorov who was in fast retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202023–24Footman1961250Malet19828Skirda200445-85">[81]</a> In Makhno's absence, Ukrainian nationalists seized control of Huliaipole and invited <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> forces to occupy the town in April 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024Footman1961250Malet19828–9Skirda200445-86">[82]</a> Unable to return home, Makhno retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>, where he held a conference of Huliaipole's exiled anarchists. Makhno left to rally Russian support for the Ukrainian anarchist cause with plans to retake Huliaipole in July 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman1961250–251Malet19829Skirda200445–46-87">[83]</a> In early May, Makhno visited <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikhoretsk" title="Tikhoretsk">Tikhoretsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Tsaritsyn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202025–26Malet19829–10-88">[84]</a> where he was briefly reunited with Nastia and some of his Huliaipole comrades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200447-89">[85]</a> On his travels, Makhno witnessed the newly established Bolshevik secret police – the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> – confront, disarm, and kill revolutionary partisans who disobeyed their <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">decrees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961252Malet198210Skirda200447-90">[86]</a> causing Makhno to question whether "institutional revolutionaries" would extinguish the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200447–48-91">[87]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Makhno found himself working for the local soviet's propaganda department and giving speeches to Red soldiers bound for the front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202026Malet198210-92">[88]</a> While traveling by rail to Moscow near the end of May,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202026Malet198210-92">[88]</a> Makhno used the <a href="/wiki/Armored_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored train">armored train</a>'s artillery to impede the Don Cossacks in pursuit of Makhno and the Red Guards in his company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200448-93">[89]</a> After passing through the <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga region</a>, Makhno finally arrived in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202026Malet198210Skirda200448-94">[90]</a> He pejoratively dubbed the city "the capital of the paper revolution" after its local anarchist intellectuals, whom Makhno considered more inclined to slogans and manifestos than action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122Darch202027Footman1961252–253Malet198210–12Skirda200448-95">[91]</a> Here he reunited with Peter Arshinov and others in the Muscovite anarchist movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Malet198210Skirda200448-96">[92]</a> many of whom were under surveillance by the Bolshevik authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200448-97">[93]</a> He also met the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961253-98">[94]</a> who at this time were beginning to <a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">turn against</a> the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961253-99">[95]</a> Makhno discussed the situation in Ukraine with Peter Kropotkin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202028Footman1961253Peters197040Skirda200448Sysyn1977273-100">[96]</a> Satisfied with his time in Moscow, Makhno applied to the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> for forged identity papers so that he could cross the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Russia–Ukraine border">Ukrainian border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Malet198212Peters197040–41Skirda200450-101">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> immediately arranged for Makhno to meet <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961254Malet198212Skirda200450-102">[98]</a> who believed that anarchism had "contaminated" the peasantry<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Skirda200450-103">[99]</a> and questioned Makhno extensively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028–29Footman1961254Skirda200450-104">[100]</a> Makhno staunchly defended the Ukrainian anarchist movement from charges of "counter-revolution", criticizing the Red Guards for sticking to the railways while peasant partisans fought on the front lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200450–51-105">[101]</a> Lenin expressed his admiration for Makhno and admitted he had made mistakes in his analysis of the revolutionary conditions in Ukraine, where anarchists had already become the predominant revolutionary force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112–113Malet198212Peters197040Skirda200451-106">[102]</a> Lenin passed Makhno to <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198212-107">[103]</a> who fulfilled his request for a false passport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961256Malet198212Peters197040–41-108">[104]</a> Makhno finally departed for the border in late June 1918,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198212-109">[105]</a> content that he had taken "the temperature of the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200452-110">[106]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Makhnovist_movement">Leader of the Makhnovist movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leader of the Makhnovist movement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nestor Makhno is located in Ukraine"><img alt="Nestor Makhno is located in Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg/250px-Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg/375px-Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg/500px-Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2540" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.721%;left:76.909%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Huliaipole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Huliaipole</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.978%;left:77.98%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Battle of Dibrivka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/7px-Battle_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/10px-Battle_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/13px-Battle_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="49" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Battle of Dibrivka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.449%;left:46.268%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Battle of Perehonivka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/7px-Battle_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/10px-Battle_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Battle_icon.jpg/13px-Battle_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="49" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Battle of Perehonivka</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine_adm_location_map_improved.svg" title="File:Ukraine adm location map improved.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Major Makhnovist movement events, as shown with modern-day Ukraine borders</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Ukraine">Return to Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return to Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> During Makhno's absence from Ukraine, the Austro-German occupation forces orchestrated a coup in late April 1918 against their former allies within the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, removing the UPR's <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council</a> and installing <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> of a new conservative <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman196123Malet198213Peters197038Skirda200454-111">[107]</a> Carrying a fake passport and disguised as a Ukrainian officer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453-112">[108]</a> Makhno crossed the Ukrainian border in July 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453Sysyn1977273-113">[109]</a> He learned that the forces occupying Huliaipole had shot, tortured, and arrested many of the town's revolutionaries. His brother Savelii had been arrested, and his brother Omelian, a disabled war veteran, executed. Their mother's house was also destroyed by the occupation forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453-114">[110]</a> Makhno himself was forced to take precautions to evade capture. To avoid recognition while aboard the crowded train carriages, he changed at <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synelnykove" title="Synelnykove">Synelnykove</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198213Skirda200453-115">[111]</a> and ultimately decided to walk the final 27 kilometers to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizdvianka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizdvianka (page does not exist)">Rozhdestvenka</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="uk:Різдвянка (Запорізький район)">uk</a>] after his train was searched by police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Malet198213Skirda200453-116">[112]</a> Through correspondence, Makhno's comrades in Huliaipole discouraged him from returning, fearing he would be caught by the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257Malet198213–14-117">[113]</a> After weeks in hiding, Makhno clandestinely returned to Huliaipole. In secret meetings, he began to lay plans for an insurrection and started to organize peasant partisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988113Darch202030–31Footman1961258Malet198214Skirda200455Sysyn1977273-118">[114]</a> He advocated coordinated attacks on the estates of large landowners,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Malet198214-119">[115]</a> advised against individual acts of terrorism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961257–258Skirda200455–56-120">[116]</a> and forbade anti-semitic <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Skirda200455–56-121">[117]</a> From the outset, Makhno emphasized tactical and theoretical unity, patiently awaiting favorable conditions for a general insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200456-122">[118]</a> The authorities discovered Makhno's presence and placed a bounty on his head, forcing him to retreat from Huliaipole. In <a href="/wiki/Ternivka" title="Ternivka">Ternivka</a>, Makhno revealed himself to the local population and established a peasant detachment to lead attacks against the occupation and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030–31Footman1961258–259Malet198214Skirda200456-123">[119]</a> In coordination with partisans in Rozhdestvenka, Makhno resolved to reoccupy and establish Huliaipole as the insurgency's permanent headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961258–259Malet198214-124">[120]</a> He raided Austrian positions, seizing weapons and money, which led to the insurrection's intensification in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961258–259Malet198214-125">[121]</a> While disguised as a woman, Makhno even briefly returned to Huliaipole, where he planned to blow up the local command center of the occupation forces. According to Makhno's account, he called off the attack to avoid civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200456–57-126">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insurgent_actions">Insurgent actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insurgent actions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhno_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nestor Makhno and Fedir Shchus standing together with other Makhnovists in front of a train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/220px-Makhno_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/330px-Makhno_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Makhno_group.jpg/440px-Makhno_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Makhno (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a> (right), together with other Insurgent command staff in <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a> (1919)</figcaption></figure> In September 1918, Makhno briefly reoccupied Huliaipole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961259Skirda200458–59-127">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German Imperial Army">German occupation forces</a> had spread misinformation about him there, claiming he had robbed the local peasantry and ran away with the money to buy a <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200459-128">[124]</a> After defeating Austrian units in the nearby village of Marfopil, Makhno produced a letter that was translated into the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, encouraging the conscripted occupation troops to <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, return home and launch <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">revolutions of their own</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259Skirda200459-129">[125]</a> While his comrades scattered themselves throughout the region to rouse the peasants to revolt, Makhno prepared proclamations to announce the region was under insurgent control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259–260Skirda200459–60-130">[126]</a> When the occupation forces counterattacked, Makhno was forced to evacuate Huliaipole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Skirda200460-131">[127]</a> Makhno's detachment withdrew north, where it sought refuge in the Dibrivka forest, neighboring the village of <a href="/wiki/Velykomykhailivka" title="Velykomykhailivka">Velykomykhailivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198215–16Palij1976100-132">[128]</a> There they joined forces with another small insurgent detachment led by <a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Malet198216Palij1976100–101Patterson202056Peters197041Skirda200460–61-133">[129]</a> When Austrian units surrounded the insurgents in their forest encampment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260–261Patterson202056Skirda200460–61-134">[130]</a> to break the encirclement, Makhno launched a surprise counterattack against the troops in the village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198216Palij1976101–102Patterson202056Skirda200461-135">[131]</a> Led by Makhno and Shchus, the insurgents' gamble succeeded in forcing the Austrians into retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961261Malet198216–17Palij1976102Peters197041–42Skirda200461–62-136">[132]</a> For his role in their victory, the insurgents bestowed Makhno with the title Bat'ko (English: Father), which remained his moniker throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198216–17Palij1976102Patterson202056Peters197042Skirda200462-137">[133]</a> Makhno's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">battle of Dibrivka</a> provoked a retaliation from the occupation forces. Austrian troops attacked Velykomykhailovka, reinforced by National Guard and German colonist units. The village was set on fire, killing many inhabitants and destroying some 600 houses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198217Palij1976102–103Skirda200463-138">[134]</a> Makhno, in turn, led a campaign of retributive attacks against the occupation forces and their collaborators, including much of the region's <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonite population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032–33Malet198217Palij1976103Patterson202056–57Shubin2010163–164Skirda200463–64-139">[135]</a> Makhno also focused much of his energies on agitating among the peasantry, gathering much support in the region through impassioned impromptu village speeches against his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200464-140">[136]</a> By November 1918, the insurgents definitively recaptured Huliaipole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Malet198218–19Palij1976103Skirda200478–79-141">[137]</a> At a regional insurgent conference, Makhno proposed that they open up a war on four simultaneous fronts against the Hetmanate, Central Powers, Don Cossacks, and nascent <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–41Malet198225–26Skirda200480–81-142">[138]</a> He argued that to prosecute such a conflict, it would be necessary to organize a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a> according to a federal model, directly answerable to him as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Skirda200465–66-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_into_the_Red_Army">Integration into the Red Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Integration into the Red Army">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhno-1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photograph of Nestor Makhno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhno-1919.jpg/220px-Makhno-1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhno-1919.jpg/330px-Makhno-1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhno-1919.jpg/440px-Makhno-1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Makhno wearing his <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> uniform (1919)</figcaption></figure> The Central Powers' defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw their withdrawal from Ukraine, resulting in the overthrow of the Hetmanate government by the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202034Malet198219Peters197042Skirda200467-144">[140]</a> which established a new nationalist government in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198220–21Peters197042–43Skirda200467-145">[141]</a> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">Bolsheviks invaded Ukraine</a> from the north,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202038Skirda200481–83Sysyn1977273–274-146">[142]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> faced pressure from a growing <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039Malet198225Skirda200479–80-147">[143]</a> Caught between these forces, Makhno proposed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–40Malet198221–22Skirda200481–82Sysyn1977273–274-148">[144]</a> During a joint Insurgent-Bolshevik attack against the nationalist-held city of <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Katerynoslav</a>, Makhno was appointed as commander-in-chief of the combined Soviet forces in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">the province</a>. After capturing the city, Makhno oversaw the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(Soviet)" title="Revolutionary committee (Soviet)">revolutionary committee</a> equally representing Bolsheviks, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> (SRs), and anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198223Skirda200478-149">[145]</a> When a nationalist counteroffensive forced Makhno to retreat to Huliaipole, he undertook a complete reorganization of insurgent forces on every front, culminating in the January 1919 integration of Makhnovist units into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Army" title="Ukrainian Soviet Army">Ukrainian Soviet Army</a>. In this <a href="/wiki/1st_Zadneprovsk_Ukrainian_Soviet_Division#Actions_of_the_2nd_and_3rd_brigades" title="1st Zadneprovsk Ukrainian Soviet Division">3rd Trans-Dnieper Brigade</a>, Makhno was subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a>'s command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114–115Darch202039–41Malet198224–26Shubin2010169–170Skirda200478–81-150">[146]</a> The next month, Makhno extricated himself from the front to attend the movement's <a href="/wiki/Regional_Congress_of_Peasants,_Workers_and_Insurgents#Second_Congress_(February_1919)" title="Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents">second regional congress</a> in Huliaipole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Malet198227Skirda200486-151">[147]</a> He was elected honorary chairman, but rejected official chairmanship as the front required his attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Skirda200486-152">[148]</a> At the congress, he declared his support for "non-party soviets" in open defiance of his Bolshevik commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114Skirda200487Chamberlin1987233–234-153">[149]</a> Makhno justified the integration of the insurgent forces into the Red Army as a matter of placing the "revolution's interests above ideological differences".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200489-154">[150]</a> He was, nevertheless, open about his contempt for the new order of <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Skirda200489–90-155">[151]</a> Bolshevik interference in front-line operations even led to Makhno arresting a <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> detachment, which had directly obstructed his command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200491-156">[152]</a> Despite his hostility towards the Bolsheviks, Makhno authorized Bolshevik newspapers to be distributed in Huliaipole, <a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, even as their pages denounced the Makhnovists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200492-157">[153]</a> By April 1919, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> was publishing glowing reports of Makhno's activities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202046Peters197079Skirda200493-158">[154]</a> praising his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a>, his successful assault against Katerynoslav, and his continued successes against the White movement. These reports also detailed Makhno's widespread support among the Ukrainian peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200493-159">[155]</a> This did not stop Dybenko from declaring the insurgents' subsequent regional congresses to be "counter-revolutionary", <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlawing</a> their participants, and ordering Makhno to prevent future congresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202049Peters197080Skirda200493–94-160">[156]</a> The Makhnovist <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Council" title="Military Revolutionary Council">Military Revolutionary Council</a> issued an excoriating reply to Dybenko rejecting his demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200493–95Malet1982127-161">[157]</a> To resolve the dispute, Makhno invited Ukrainian Soviet Army Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko</a> to visit Huliaipole, which impressed him and allayed his doubts about Makhno's command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200495–98-162">[158]</a> Upon his return, Antonov-Ovseenko openly praised Makhno and the insurgents, criticizing the Bolshevik press for publishing misinformation about Makhno and requesting the Makhnovists be supplied with the necessary equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200498–99-163">[159]</a> His reports quickly attracted <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> member <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> to himself visit Huliaipole the very next week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202053Malet198233–34Skirda2004100-164">[160]</a> Kamenev too was greeted by Makhno and his new wife <a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kuzmenko" title="Halyna Kuzmenko">Halyna Kuzmenko</a>, who gave the Bolshevik functionary a tour of the town, making sure to show off a tree where Makhno had personally <a href="/wiki/Lynched" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynched">lynched</a> a White army officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004100-165">[161]</a> Despite disagreements between the two over the autonomy of the insurgent movement, Kamenev bade farewell to Makhno with an embrace and warm words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202055Malet198234Skirda2004100-166">[162]</a> Kamenev immediately published an open letter to Makhno, praising him as an "honest and courageous fighter" in the war against the White movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202054Skirda2004100–101-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dealings_with_Hryhoriv">Dealings with Hryhoriv</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dealings with Hryhoriv">edit</a>]</div> In May 1919, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">otaman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nykyfor_Hryhoriv" title="Nykyfor Hryhoriv">Nykyfor Hryhoriv</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Hryhoriv_Uprising" title="Hryhoriv Uprising">uprising</a> against the Bolsheviks, seizing part of <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson province</a>. Kamenev of the Politburo telegrammed Makhno to condemn Hryhoriv or else face a declaration of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202056–57Malet198234–35Shubin2010175Skirda2004101–102-168">[164]</a> (Hryhoriv had previously attempted to ally with Makhno against the Bolsheviks, unsuccessfully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Skirda2004102–104Sysyn1977274-169">[165]</a>) In reply to Kamenev, Makhno reaffirmed his commitment to fight the White movement, worried that open conflict with Hryhoriv would endanger that commitment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175Skirda2004103-170">[166]</a> declared his loyalty to the revolution, but also stated that he would continue to oppose the Cheka and any other "organs of oppression and violence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Darch202057Skirda2004103–104-171">[167]</a> In an insurgent military congress in May, Makhno expanded on this anti-authoritarian position with a denunciation of the Bolsheviks, their implementation of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism" title="Bureaucratic collectivism">bureaucratic collectivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">their political repression</a>, which he compared to the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175–176-172">[168]</a> After Makhnovist emissaries uncovered evidence of Hryhoriv's participation in <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">pogroms</a>, Makhno openly denounced him for his displays of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and Ukrainian nationalism, going on to blame the Bolsheviks for the rise of Hryhoriv, claiming it was their political repression that had caused the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202057Shubin2010176–177-173">[169]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Donbas_(1919)" title="Battle for the Donbas (1919)">Donbas front</a> collapsed, the Red Army high command began to blame Makhno for their defeat and attempted to rein in his influence over his detachment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004107–108-174">[170]</a> Makhno's Red Army superior Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Skachko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Skachko (page does not exist)">Anatoly Skachko</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Скачко, Анатолий Евгеньевич">ru</a>] even declared that "he is to be liquidated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004108–109-175">[171]</a> By the end of May 1919, the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> pronounced Makhno to be an <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Skirda2004111-176">[172]</a> issuing a warrant for his arrest and for him to be tried before a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tribunal_(Russia)" title="Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)">revolutionary tribunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202060Skirda2004111-177">[173]</a> On 2 June, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> published a diatribe attacking Makhno for his anarchist ideology and labeling him a <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202059Malet198238Skirda2004112–115-178">[174]</a> A few days later, while preoccupied at the front, Makhno learned that the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a> had captured Huliaipole. This forced him to retreat from his positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202061Malet198238Peters197081–82Skirda2004117–118-179">[175]</a> In an attempt to appease Trotsky, Makhno resigned his command of the insurgent army so that the insurgents would not be caught in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer</a> between the Red and White armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202061–62Malet198239Shubin2010178Skirda2004118-180">[176]</a> Despite a rebuff from Trotsky, he again attempted to offer the Bolsheviks his resignation on 9 June,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197082Shubin2010178Skirda2004120-181">[177]</a> reaffirming his commitment to the Revolution and his belief in the "inalienable right of workers and peasants".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004120-182">[178]</a> Makhno relinquished command of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Ukrainian_Soviet_Division" title="7th Ukrainian Soviet Division">7th Ukrainian Soviet Division</a> and declared his intention to wage a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> against the Whites from the rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004121-183">[179]</a> Trotsky then ordered <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> to arrest Makhno, but sympathetic officers reported the order to him, preventing his capture by the Cheka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198239Skirda2004121-184">[180]</a> Despite having broken with the Red Army, Makhno still considered the White movement to be the Makhnovists' "main enemy" and insisted that they could settle their scores with Bolsheviks after the Whites were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2010179-185">[181]</a> Makhno's small <a href="/wiki/Sotnia" title="Sotnia">sotnia</a> then linked up with other insurgent detachments that had mutinied against the Red Army. In early July 1919, Makhno fell back into <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson province</a>, where he met with Hryhoriv's <a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">green army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202067Malet198240Peters197069–70Shubin2010179Skirda2004124–125-186">[182]</a> Initially Makhno sought to form a strategic alliance with the latter due to Hryhoriv's popularity among the local peasantry. But revelations of Hryhoriv's antisemitism, extensive pogroms, and connections with the White movement led the Makhnovists to openly denounce the otaman at a public meeting. When Hryhoriv reached for his revolver, he was gunned down by <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Chubenko" title="Oleksiy Chubenko">Oleksiy Chubenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202067–68Malet198241Peters197070Shubin2010179–180Skirda2004125-187">[183]</a> In the assassination's aftermath, Makhno quickly rebuilt his army. A portion of Hryhoriv's army was integrated into the Makhnovist forces, which numbered as high as 20,000 insurgents at this time. By August, Makhno was also attracting many Red Army deserters who joined him as the Bolsheviks once again retreated from Ukrainian territory in the face of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>'s White Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202068–69Malet198241–42Peters197070Skirda2004126–127-188">[184]</a> Red Army mutinies became so bad that the Ukrainian Bolshevik leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Golubenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Golubenko (page does not exist)">Nikolai Golubenko</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Голубенко, Николай Васильевич">ru</a>] even telephoned Makhno, begging him to subordinate himself again to Bolshevik command, which Makhno refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004127-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Against_the_White_Army">Against the White Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Against the White Army">edit</a>]</div> By September 1919, the Bolsheviks had largely retreated from Ukraine, leaving the Makhnovists to face the White Army alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198244Skirda2004129–130-190">[186]</a> Reports by the White commander <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Slashchov" title="Yakov Slashchov">Yakov Slashchov</a> depicted Makhno as a formidable adversary with tactical ability and disciplinary command over his troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202071Skirda2004129–130-191">[187]</a> The insurgents launched several effective attacks behind White lines, Makhno himself commanding a cavalry assault against <a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka,_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Mykolaivka, Mykolaiv Oblast">Mykolaivka</a> that resulted in the capture of sorely needed munitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004130–131-192">[188]</a> His brother <a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Makhno" title="Hryhorii Makhno">Hryhorii</a> died during one of these attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004131-193">[189]</a> The White offensive eventually pushed the insurgents back as far as <a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a>, the last stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>. There Makhno negotiated a temporary truce with Petliura, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">Ukrainian People's Army</a> (UPA), to allow wounded insurgents to recuperate on neutral ground before launching a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202071–72Malet198245–46Skirda2004133–134Sysyn1977274–275-194">[190]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">Battle of Perehonivka</a>, the tide of the battle turned in the insurgents' favor when Makhno led his sotnia in a <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a> against the White positions, charging the much larger enemy force and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-quarters combat">close-quarters combat</a> that forced the Whites to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202077–80Malet198246Peters197082Skirda2004134–135-195">[191]</a> Makhno led the pursuit of the retreating Whites, decisively routing the enemy forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202080Malet198247Peters197082Skirda2004135–136-196">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makhnovia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Makhnovist territory, which covers most of southern and eastern Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhnovia.svg/220px-Makhnovia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhnovia.svg/330px-Makhnovia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Makhnovia.svg/440px-Makhnovia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>The territory of the <a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a> at its greatest extent (light red), following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perehonivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Perehonivka">battle of Perehonivka</a>, with the core of Makhnovist territory in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate" title="Yekaterinoslav Governorate">Katerynoslav province</a> (dark red)</figcaption></figure> The Makhnovists split up to capitalize on their victory and capture as much territory as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202080–81Malet198247Peters197082–83Skirda2004137-197">[193]</a> Makhno himself led his sotnia in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Katerynoslav</a> from the Whites on 20 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Darch202086Peters197083Skirda2004137-198">[194]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">southern Ukraine</a> brought almost entirely under insurgent control, the White <a href="/wiki/Supply_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply lines">supply lines</a> were broken and the <a href="/wiki/Advance_on_Moscow_(1919)" title="Advance on Moscow (1919)">advance on Moscow</a> was halted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Chamberlin1987234–235Darch202075–76Lincoln1989326–327Malet198248Peters197083–84Skirda2004137–138Sysyn1977274–275-199">[195]</a> The insurgent advance also attacked the region's <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Eichenfeld_massacre" title="Eichenfeld massacre">Eichenfeld massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Patterson2020109-200">[196]</a> Mennonite historiography has held Makhno himself directly responsible for the massacres, as commander-in-chief of the perpetrating forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020109–110-201">[197]</a> and Makhnovist historiography has attributed the violence to <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020140Peters1970106–107-202">[198]</a> the result of deep-seated resentments between the native Ukrainians and Mennonite colonists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029–30Patterson2020140–141-203">[199]</a> Bolsheviks in Katerynoslav attempted to establish a revolutionary committee to control the city, proposing to Makhno that he confine himself exclusively to military activity. But Makhno no longer held any sympathy for the Bolsheviks, who he described as "parasites upon the workers' lives". He quickly ordered the revolutionary committee be shut down and forbade their activities under penalty of death, telling the Bolshevik officials to "take up a more honest trade".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004153-204">[200]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Regional_Congress_of_Peasants,_Workers_and_Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents">a regional congress in Oleksandrivsk</a>, Makhno presented the <a href="/wiki/Draft_Declaration_of_the_Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Draft Declaration of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Draft Declaration of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a>, which called for the establishment of "<a href="/wiki/Free_soviets" title="Free soviets">free soviets</a>" outside of political party control. <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> delegates objected, believing instead in the legitimacy of the dissolved <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>. Makhno denounced them as "counter-revolutionaries", causing them to walk out in protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982109,_123–124Skirda2004154–156-205">[201]</a> When he returned to Katerynoslav in November 1919, the local railway workers looked to Makhno to pay their wages, which they had gone without for two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004156-206">[202]</a> He responded by proposing the workers <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-manage</a> the railways and levy payment for their services directly from the customers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Skirda2004156-207">[203]</a> By December, Makhnovist control of Katerynoslav began to slip under increasing attacks from the White Cossacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Skirda2004160-208">[204]</a> On 5 December, Makhno survived <a href="/wiki/Polonsky_conspiracy" title="Polonsky conspiracy">an assassination attempt</a> by the Bolsheviks, who had planned to poison him and seize control of the city. After the plot was uncovered, the conspirators were shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004160-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_the_Bolsheviks">Alliance with the Bolsheviks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alliance with the Bolsheviks">edit</a>]</div> Renewed White attacks forced the Makhnovists to abandon Katerynoslav and retreat towards Oleksandrivsk and <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine" title="Nikopol, Ukraine">Nikopol</a>. During this period, many of the insurgents were beset by <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus#20th_century" title="Epidemic typhus">epidemic typhus</a>. Makhno himself contracted the disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Malet198252–53Peters197084–85Skirda2004160–161-210">[206]</a> In January 1920, the Red Army returned to Ukraine, filling a <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> that had been left in the wake of the White retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165Sysyn1977275-211">[207]</a> Makhnovist and Red forces greeted each other in Oleksandrivsk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Skirda2004165-212">[208]</a> but negotiations between the two sides collapsed when the Red command ordered Makhno to the Polish front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Skirda2004165-213">[209]</a> Makhno refused and the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee">All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee</a> declared him to be an outlaw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165-214">[210]</a> In response, the Makhnovists fled to Huliaipole, initiating a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict#First_phase_(January–September_1920)" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">nine-month period of hostilities with the Bolsheviks</a>. At this time, Makhno's typhus worsened, and he slipped into prolonged coma,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Skirda2004165-215">[211]</a> during which local peasants provided him refuge and hid him from the Cheka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202094Skirda2004166–167-216">[212]</a> Once Makhno recovered, he immediately began to lead a campaign of guerrilla warfare against the Cheka and <a href="/wiki/Prodrazvyorstka" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodrazvyorstka">requisitioning units</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202095–97Skirda2004178-217">[213]</a> Makhno also implemented a discriminatory policy for dealing with captured Red Army units: commanding officers and political commissars would be immediately shot, and the rank-and-file soldiers would be given the choice to either join the insurgent army or be stripped of their uniforms and sent home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004178-218">[214]</a> With increased Makhnovist attacks Bolshevik positions and Red Army defections to the insurgents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004181–186-219">[215]</a> the two factions considered alliance proposals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198262Skirda2004187Sysyn1977275-220">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers gathered around a large sheet of paper, with individuals reading from smaller copies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Insurgent army troops reading the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement" title="Starobilsk agreement">Starobilsk agreement</a></figcaption></figure> Though initially sceptical of a proposed Bolshevik alliance in June,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004187–189-221">[217]</a> Makhno grew amenable and left the decision to his army, which narrowly voted in favor in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198262–63Skirda2004194–195-222">[218]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Starobilsk_agreement" title="Starobilsk agreement">Starobilsk agreement</a> extended freedoms to Ukrainian anarchists while again integrating the insurgents into the Red Army command structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238Darch2020110–111Malet198265–66Peters1970126–128Skirda2004196–197-223">[219]</a> Despite these outcomes, Makhno reaffirmed his distrust for his "irreconcilable enemies" in the Bolshevik Party, stating that the necessity of a military alliance with them should not be confused with a recognition of their <a href="/wiki/Political_authority" title="Political authority">political authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004200–201-224">[220]</a> Makhno still hoped that victory over the Whites would oblige the Bolsheviks to honor his desire for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">soviet democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> in Ukraine. He would later consider this to be a "grave error" on his part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004201-225">[221]</a> Under the terms of the pact, Makhno was able to seek treatment from the medical corps of the Red Army, physicians and surgeons seeing to a wound in his ankle, where he had been hit by an <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">expanding bullet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004201-225">[221]</a> He was also visited by the Hungarian communist leader <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, who gave him gifts, including over 100 photographs and postcards depicting the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Executive Committee of the Communist International">Executive Committee of the Communist International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197086–87Skirda2004223-226">[222]</a> In October, the insurgents successfully reoccupied Huliaipole, driving the Whites out of the city for the last time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004224–225-227">[223]</a> Back in his hometown, Makhno's request for three days of <a href="/wiki/R%26R_(military)" title="R&R (military)">rest and recuperation</a> was rejected by the Bolshevik command, which ordered the insurgents to continue their offensive, under penalty of nullifying their alliance. The still-wounded Makhno stayed behind in Huliaipole anyway, along with his black guard, while dispatching <a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a> to lead the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1920)" title="Siege of Perekop (1920)">Makhnovist offensive</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Wrangel" title="Army of Wrangel">Army of Wrangel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004225-228">[224]</a> Makhno once again turned his attention towards reconstructing his vision of <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>, overseeing the reestablishment of the local <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a> and other anarchist projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004232–233-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Bolshevik_rebellion">Anti-Bolshevik rebellion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti-Bolshevik rebellion">edit</a>]</div> After the combined Bolshevik-Makhnovist forces defeated <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a> in Crimea and ended the Russian Civil War's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern Front</a>, the Bolsheviks once again turned on their anarchist allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238–239Malet198267–71Shubin2010185–186Sysyn1977275-230">[226]</a> In late November 1920, the Red Army launched a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik%E2%80%93Makhnovist_conflict#Surprise_attack" title="Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict">surprise attack</a> against the insurgent forces, putting the Makhnovist capital of Huliaipole under siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988116Chamberlin1987238–239Malet198272Skirda2004239-231">[227]</a> Caught unprepared, Makhno rallied together 150 <a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a> to defend the town. After spotting a gap in the Red lines, he escaped with his detachment<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198272Skirda2004239-232">[228]</a> and led a counterattack that pushed the Red forces back to <a href="/wiki/Novouspenivka" title="Novouspenivka">Novouspenivka</a>. His own forces regrouped<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004239-233">[229]</a> and gained some defecting Red soldiers before recapturing Huliaipole a week later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121Skirda2004239-234">[230]</a> The Red Army command justified the attacks against the Makhnovists on grounds that Makhno had refused orders and intended to betray them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020116–117Malet198270–71Skirda2004241–242-235">[231]</a> though the Red Army had planned to break the alliance with the Makhnovists even before the beginning of the offensive against Wrangel's White Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020118–119Skirda2004242–245-236">[232]</a> The following week in <a href="/wiki/Staromlynivka" title="Staromlynivka">Kermenchyk</a>, Makhno was finally reunited with Karetnyk's detachment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198273Skirda2004246–247-237">[233]</a> which had been reduced to a fifth of its original size after its commander was assassinated by the Bolsheviks in Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004246–247-238">[234]</a> Lenin gave direct orders for the Red Army to "liquidate Makhno", the insurgents leading a guerrilla campaign in the face of their encirclement. On 3 December, Makhno led a detachment of 4,000 insurgents in an assault routing a <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Red Kirghiz brigade</a> at <a href="/wiki/Komar,_Donetsk_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Komar, Donetsk Oblast">Komar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004248-239">[235]</a> In the following weeks, he recaptured <a href="/wiki/Berdiansk" title="Berdiansk">Berdiansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andriivka,_Berdiansk_Raion,_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Andriivka, Berdiansk Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Andriivka</a> from the Bolsheviks, defeating several Red divisions before a stalemate with the remaining divisions at <a href="/wiki/Fedorivka,_Polohy_Raion,_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Fedorivka, Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Fedorivka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121–122Malet198273–74Skirda2004248–249-240">[236]</a> Makhno had hoped that simply defeating a few Red divisions would halt the offensive but found himself having to change tactics in the face of his encirclement by overwhelming numbers. He consequently split up his contingent into smaller detachments and sent them in different directions, to carry out their guerrilla sabotage efforts more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004249-241">[237]</a> Taking his own 2,000-strong detachment north on horseback at a pace of 80 kilometers each day, he derailed a Bolshevik armored train at <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Oleksandrivsk</a>, before pushing deep into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Governorate" title="Kherson Governorate">Kherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kyiv</a>, all the while pursued by Red divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004249-242">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a tachanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg/220px-Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg/330px-Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg/440px-Tachanka_in_Huliaipole_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tachanka" title="Tachanka">tachanka</a>, a horse-drawn cart with a mounted machine gun, was widely used by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Surrounded and under constant pursuit by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cossacks" title="Red Cossacks">Red Cossacks</a>, Makhno's detachment could only advance slowly under heavy machine gun fire and artillery bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251-243">[239]</a> Makhno led his detachment to the <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galician</a> border before suddenly swinging around and heading back across the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>. Heading north from <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, they finally managed to shake off the pursuing Cossacks at the end of January 1921. By this point he had travelled more than 1,500 kilometers, lost most of his equipment and half of his detachment, but he also found himself in a position to once again lead an offensive against the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251–252-244">[240]</a> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a>, Makhno dispatched detachments to various regions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a> to foment insurrection, while he himself stuck to the banks of the Dnieper River. At this time, Makhno was wounded in the foot and had to be carried by a <a href="/wiki/Tachanka" title="Tachanka">tachanka</a>, but still managed to personally lead the detachment from the front. After crossing back over to <a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">left-bank Ukraine</a>, he split his detachment again, sending one to stir up revolt against the Cheka near the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> while Makhno's own contingent of 1,500 cavalry and two infantry regiments continued along its path, seizing the equipment of the Red units it routed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004255–256-245">[241]</a> During one engagement, Makhno was wounded in the stomach and fell unconscious, having to be evacuated on a tachanka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004255–256-246">[242]</a> Upon his resuscitation, he again divided his forces and sent them out in all directions, leaving himself behind with only his black sotnia remaining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004255–256-245">[241]</a> Makhno was unable to withdraw from the front and tend to his injuries, as his sotnia repeatedly came under attack by the Red Army. During one engagement, several Makhnovists sacrificed themselves to ensure Makhno's escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198276Skirda2004256-247">[243]</a> Towards the end of May 1921, Makhno attempted to organize a large-scale offensive to take the Ukrainian Bolshevik capital of <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, pulling together thousands of partisans before he was forced to call it off due to substantial Red defenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198276–77Skirda2004258-248">[244]</a> The Red Army command resolved to focus its efforts on Makhno's small 200-strong sotnia, deploying a motorized detachment to pursue them. Upon its arrival, Makhno led the ambush of one armored car, taking it for himself and driving it until it ran out of fuel. The subsequent pursuit of Makhno lasted five days and covered 520 kilometers, causing his sotnia heavy losses and almost running them out of ammunition, before they were finally able to shake the armored detachment off their trail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004258–259-249">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exile">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> Red Army commander <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> demanded the "definitive liquidation" of the Makhnovist movement in July 1921. Makhno continued to execute raids in the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don river basin</a> despite having suffered several wounds. By August, the severity of his wounds convinced him to seek treatment abroad. Leaving <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a> in command of the Insurgent Army, Makhno, his wife Halyna, and around 100 loyalists set out for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of Poland">Polish</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259-250">[246]</a> The Red Army followed them with sustained attacks; Makhno took a bullet in the neck<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129-251">[247]</a> and several of his old friends died in battle in late August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259–260-252">[248]</a> When a scout was captured by the Reds, Makhno diverted his forces south towards <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>. After crossing the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, Romanian border guards disarmed and interned Makhno's group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129Footman1961301Skirda2004260-253">[249]</a> Makhno and his wife were eventually released from the <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a> and granted permission to stay in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> under police surveillance while Makhno recovered from his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129–130Malet1982183Peters197089-254">[250]</a> Bolshevik politicians <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a> demanded Makhno's <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130Footman1961301Malet1982183Skirda2004264-255">[251]</a> which the Romanian government of <a href="/wiki/Take_Ionescu" title="Take Ionescu">Take Ionescu</a> refused. The two states had no extradition treaty and Romania had abolished <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, so the Romanian government requested a formal assurance that the Ukrainian Soviet government would not sentence Makhno to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130–131Skirda2004265-256">[252]</a> Makhno came into contact with the exiled <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalists</a> associated with Petliura, themselves allies of both Romania and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020131Malet1982183Skirda2004266–267-257">[253]</a> Makhno's calls for an alliance between the Makhnovists and the Petliurists to reignite an insurgency in Ukraine were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132Malet1982183Skirda2004267-258">[254]</a> With Romania still caught up in the extradition demands, Makhno fled to Poland. He was caught at the border and sent to the Polish <a href="/wiki/Strza%C5%82kowo,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Strzałkowo, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Strzałkowo</a> internment camp in April 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132–133Malet1982184–185Peters197089–90Skirda2004268-259">[255]</a> The Polish government refused Makhno's requests to move to <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133Malet1982185-260">[256]</a> The Russian Bolshevik government sent an <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a> to entrap Makhno and force his extradition by embroiling him in a plan to launch an insurgency in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>. Makhno and his wife were formally charged by the Polish authorities and for over a year held in <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">pre-trial detention</a>, where Halyna gave birth to their daughter in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133–134Malet1982185–186Skirda2004268–269-261">[257]</a> In prison, Makhno drafted his first memoir, which <a href="/wiki/Peter_Arshinov" title="Peter Arshinov">Peter Arshinov</a> published in 1923 in his <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-based newspaper Anarkhicheskii vestnik (Russian: Анархический вестник; English: Anarchist Messenger). Makhno also sent <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letters</a> to exiled Don Cossacks and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party" title="Ukrainian Communist Party">Ukrainian Communist Party</a>, and began to learn <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapsed</a> under the prison's conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004269–270-262">[258]</a> Makhno received support from the European anarchist movement. <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgarian anarchists</a> even threatened violence in the event of Makhno's extradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004270-263">[259]</a> At their five-day trial in November 1923, Makhno and Halyna were acquitted on all charges and given residence permits for <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020135–137Malet1982185–186Skirda2004270-264">[260]</a> The following month he and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, where he was under close police surveillance. He was also arrested and interrogated several times in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Lenin's death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137-265">[261]</a> Unable to secure a visa to travel to Germany and facing a severe strain on his marriage with Halyna, Makhno attempted suicide in April 1924 and was hospitalized by his injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137–138-266">[262]</a> In July 1924, Polish authorities let Makhno and his family move to the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004270-267">[263]</a> Here, Makhno was swiftly arrested by the Danzig authorities for visa violations. While interned he was struck again by tuberculosis and transferred to a prison hospital. Makhno's anarchist allies helped him escape the hospital and, after a time in hiding, leave for Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Patterson202032–35Skirda2004271-268">[264]</a> With Russian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a> acting as his interpreter, Makhno met with prominent anarchists that were also living in the city such as <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Fedeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Fedeli (page does not exist)">Ugo Fedeli</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Fedeli" class="extiw" title="it:Ugo Fedeli">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004271-269">[265]</a> He finally moved to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in April 1925.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138–139Skirda2004271-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris">Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Nestor Makhno writing at his desk, while his young daughter Elena climbs over the desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg/170px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg/255px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg/340px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Makhno and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Elena_Mikhnenko" title="Elena Mikhnenko">Elena</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> Upon his arrival in Paris in April 1925, Makhno wrote that he had found himself "amongst a foreign people and political enemies whom I have so often declaimed against".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187-271">[267]</a> He was reunited with his wife and daughter in the city, where <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">French anarchists</a> like <a href="/wiki/May_Picqueray" title="May Picqueray">May Picqueray</a> provided the family with lodging and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187–188Skirda2004273-272">[268]</a> Makhno found work at a local foundry and a <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> factory but was forced to leave both jobs due to his health problems. His right foot was considered for amputation because of an old bullet wound in his ankle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274-273">[269]</a> His health care was overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">libertarian feminist</a> Lucile Pelletier, who described his body as being "literally encased in scar tissue". She advised his family to move out to prevent them from contracting tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004274-274">[270]</a> Between his debilitating illness, homesickness and a strong <a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">language barrier</a>, Makhno fell into a deep depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301Malet1982188-275">[271]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a>, Makhno particularly despised living in a big city and dreamed of returning to the Ukrainian countryside, where he could "tak[e] up again the struggle for liberty and social justice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988124-276">[272]</a> Makhno undertook to write his Memoirs, which sold poorly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274-273">[269]</a> He also collaborated with exiled Russian anarchists to establish the bimonthly libertarian communist journal <a href="/wiki/Dielo_Truda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielo Truda">Delo Truda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Дело Труда, English: The Cause of Labor), in which Makhno published an article in each issue over three years. Arshinov, the journal's editor, criticized Makhno's articles as poorly written, which upset Makhno greatly and exacerbated his resentment of those anarchists whom he considered to be "<a href="/wiki/Armchair_theorizing" title="Armchair theorizing">armchair theoreticians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139-277">[273]</a> The theoretical developments of the journal eventually culminated in the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists</a>, which called for the reorganization of the anarchist movement into a more cohesive structure, based on the experiences of revolutionary Ukraine and the defeat by the Bolsheviks. The Platform attracted criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">synthesists</a>, such as Volin, who regarded it as a <a href="/wiki/Bolshevization" title="Bolshevization">Bolshevization</a> of anarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020140–145Malet1982189–191Skirda2004274-278">[274]</a> A March 1927 meeting to discuss the Platform in <a href="/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses" title="L'Haÿ-les-Roses">L'Haÿ-les-Roses</a> attracted anarchists from <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a>. When the meeting was raided by police, Makhno was arrested and threatened with deportation, but he was defended by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lecoin" title="Louis Lecoin">Louis Lecoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Sellier" title="Henri Sellier">Henri Sellier</a>, who secured his continued stay in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Skirda2004274–275-279">[275]</a> During this period, Makhno often met with anarchist friends in cafes and restaurants, reminiscing over a bottle of wine about their time in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197092–93-280">[276]</a> In June 1926, during a meal with May Picqueray and the exiled Russian-American Jewish anarchist Alexander Berkman in a Russian restaurant, Makhno met with the Ukrainian Jewish anarchist <a href="/wiki/Sholem_Schwarzbard" title="Sholem Schwarzbard">Sholem Schwarzbard</a>, who went pale upon seeing the Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura walk into the room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197093-281">[277]</a> Schwarzbard immediately informed Makhno of his intention to assassinate Petliura in revenge for the anti-Jewish pogroms carried out in the Ukrainian People's Republic, during which some 15 of his family members had been killed. Makhno attempted to dissuade him but the deed was carried out anyway. <a href="/wiki/Schwartzbard_trial" title="Schwartzbard trial">Schwarzbard's subsequent trial</a> revealed a trove of documentary evidence regarding the pogroms in Ukraine, which helped exonerate the assassin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982189Skirda2004275-282">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_to_allegations_of_antisemitism">Response to allegations of antisemitism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Response to allegations of antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> Around this time, rumors began to circulate about Makhno's own relationship to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, resulting in public debates on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189–190-283">[279]</a> Citing stories of Makhno told by <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kessel" title="Joseph Kessel">Joseph Kessel</a> published a novel that portrayed a fictionalized version of Makhno as an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> and antisemite, an accusation which Makhno categorically denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Skirda2004275–276-284">[280]</a> Makhno defended himself by speaking up about the pogroms in Ukraine: in To the Jews of all Countries, published in Delo Truda, he asked for evidence of antisemitism in the Makhnovist ranks; at an open debate in June 1927, Makhno claimed that he had defended Ukrainian Jews from persecution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004276-285">[281]</a> an assertion that was backed up by Russian and Ukrainian Jews in attendance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Peters197094Skirda2004276-286">[282]</a> During his time in Ukraine, Makhno had condemned and severely punished cases of antisemitism within the Makhnovist ranks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Footman1961284Malet1982169–171Shubin2010172-287">[283]</a> even having ordered the execution of Makhnovists that had participated in a pogrom against the Jewish settlement at Gorkaya and redistributed weapons to the Jewish community for their own protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982170Skirda2004338-288">[284]</a> According to Volin, investigations by the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Elias_Tcherikower" title="Elias Tcherikower">Elias Tcherikower</a> had found no evidence of Makhno himself having perpetrated antisemitic violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122–123Malet1982173–174Peters197094–95Skirda2004339-289">[285]</a> Allegations of antisemitism were later also disputed by historians and some of Makhno's biographers, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Paul Avrich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123-290">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Peter Kenez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenez1992296-291">[287]</a> Michael Malet<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982168–174-292">[288]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Alexandre Skirda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004338–340-293">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years:_Failing_health_and_death">Later years: Failing health and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later years: Failing health and death">edit</a>]</div> By the late 1920s, Makhno was succumbing to physical and mental illness. His relationships with fellow Ukrainian exiles deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004277–278-294">[290]</a> His wife grew to resent him, causing the couple to separate several times; Halyna unsuccessfully applied for permission to return to Soviet Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982187-295">[291]</a> Over the editing of his memoirs, Makhno quarreled with <a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Ida Mett</a>, who quit out of frustration with Makhno's "indecipherable and meandering manuscripts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982190-296">[292]</a> He also came into a serious personal and political conflict with Volin, which would last until their deaths,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004278–279-297">[293]</a> resulting in the later volumes of Makhno's memoirs only being published posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301–302Malet1982190-298">[294]</a> As gossip spread about Makhno, he became increasingly defensive against any criticisms of himself, no matter how minor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004279–280-299">[295]</a> In the pages of Delo Truda, he published categorical denials of anything from allegations of antisemitism to whether the Makhnovists had used <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Makhnovshchina" title="Flags of the Makhnovshchina">a flag</a> that carried a <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(military)" title="Skull and crossbones (military)">skull and crossbones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280-300">[296]</a> Due to the threats of deportation, he mostly kept to his writing, as he was no longer able to attend meetings or engage in active organizing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280–281-301">[297]</a> In great pain, increasingly isolated and financially precarious, Makhno got odd jobs as an <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior decorator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">shoemaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188Skirda2004281-302">[298]</a> He was also supported by the income of his wife, who worked as a <a href="/wiki/Cleaner" title="Cleaner">cleaner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004281-303">[299]</a> In April 1929, May Picqueray and other French anarchists established a "Makhno Solidarity Committee" to raise funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188Peters197089-304">[300]</a> Much of the money was contributed by the Spanish anarchists of the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT), who greatly admired Makhno; the fundraiser in Le Libertaire eventually secured Makhno's family a weekly allowance of 250 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>, barely one-third of the <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188-305">[301]</a> Makhno spent most of this money on his daughter, neglecting his own self-care, which contributed further to his declining health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188–189-306">[302]</a> His ideological conflict with the synthesis anarchists escalated and, in July 1930, Le Libertaire suspended his allowance. Individual fundraising attempts were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004281–282-307">[303]</a> Alienated from many of the Russian and French anarchists in Paris, Makhno turned his attention towards <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004282-308">[304]</a> Following the release of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spanish anarchists</a> from prison, Makhno met with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ascaso" title="Francisco Ascaso">Francisco Ascaso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a>. The Spaniards expressed their admiration for Makhno, who himself displayed a sense of optimism about the Spanish anarchist movement and foretold of a coming <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">anarchist revolution in Spain</a>. Makhno was particularly impressed by the revolutionary traditions of the Spanish working classes and the tight organization of the Spanish anarchists, declaring that if a revolution broke out in Spain before he died, then he would join the fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988124Skirda2004276–277-309">[305]</a> Around this time, Makhno learned that Peter Arshinov had defected to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which left him even more isolated from the Ukrainian exiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020145Malet1982191–192Peters197096Skirda2004283-310">[306]</a> Makhno spent his last years writing criticisms of the Bolsheviks and encouraging other anarchists to learn from the mistakes of the Ukrainian experience. His final article, an obituary for his old friend <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rogdaev" title="Nikolai Rogdaev">Nikolai Rogdaev</a>, went unsent as Makhno could not afford the postage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004284–285-311">[307]</a> As he suffered from malnutrition, Makhno's tuberculosis worsened to the point that he was hospitalized on 16 March 1934. After several operations failed to help, Makhno died in the early hours of 25 July 1934. He was cremated three days after his death; five hundred people attended his funeral at the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020145Malet1982192Peters197096–97Skirda2004285-312">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> While imprisoned in the 1910s, Makhno received "warm letters" from one Nastia Vasetskaia, a young peasant woman from Huliaipole. After his return home in 1917, the two met and married,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202010-313">[309]</a> living together on a <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_commune" title="Agricultural commune">commune</a> where Makhno contributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200438-79">[75]</a> But his activism during this time left him "little time for personal affairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824-73">[69]</a> Vasetskaia was eventually forced to flee Huliaipole after being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a>, taking their child with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202010-313">[309]</a> After Makhno himself was forced into exile by the invasion of the Central Powers in early 1918, he managed to reunite with Vasetskaia in <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Tsaritsyn</a>, finding her lodging at a nearby farm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19829–10-314">[310]</a> Makhno soon left her to continue his travels. They never saw each other again. Their baby died young and, after hearing a rumor that Makhno had also died, Vasetskaia found another partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda2004302–303-315">[311]</a> Following the Makhnovist capture of Huliaipole from the Central Powers in late 1918, Makhno met a local schoolteacher called <a href="/wiki/Halyna_Kuzmenko" title="Halyna Kuzmenko">Halyna Kuzmenko</a>, who became his wife and a leading figure in the Makhnovshchina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187Skirda2004303-316">[312]</a> With the defeat of the Makhnovist movement, the couple fled to Romania<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259–261-317">[313]</a> and then on to Poland, where Kuzmenko gave birth to their daughter <a href="/wiki/Elena_Mikhnenko" title="Elena Mikhnenko">Elena</a> while she and Makhno were both in prison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004268–269-318">[314]</a> The family finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> but were forced to live separately for some time due to Makhno's worsening tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274-273">[269]</a> Years after Makhno's death, Volin described Makhno's "greatest failing" as being <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a>, claiming that "under the influence of alcohol, he became perverse, over-excitable, unfair, intractable and violent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988121Peters1970100Skirda2004305–306-319">[315]</a> These claims of alcoholism were disputed by Ida Mett and Makhno's biographer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Alexandre Skirda</a>, who respectively noted Makhno's low <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">alcohol tolerance</a> and his enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004299–302-320">[316]</a> Other biographers, such as Michael Malet and Victor Peters, wrote that Makhno began to drink heavily during the final years of his life, "when he knew that the tuberculosis was killing him anyway".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982101Peters197096-321">[317]</a> Makhno's widow and his daughter Elena were deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> for forced labor during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146Shubin2010191-322">[318]</a> After the end of the war they were arrested by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and taken to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> for trial in 1946. For the crime of "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">anti-Soviet agitation</a>", Halyna was sentenced to eight years of hard labor in <a href="/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mordovia</a> and Elena was sentenced to five years in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">death of Stalin</a>, the two were reunited in <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>, where they spent the rest of their lives: Halyna would die in 1978, followed by Elena in 1993. Makhno's relatives in <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a> faced harassment by Ukrainian authorities up until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146-323">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Ukrainian anarchist insurgency continued after Makhno's 1921 flight to Romania. Makhnovist militant groups operated clandestinely throughout the 1920s. Some continued to fight as partisans during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004260–261-324">[320]</a> Although the Soviets eventually extinguished the Ukrainian anarchist movement, it experienced a resurgence following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. Various anarchist groups draw on the name of Makhno for inspiration, such as the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Confederation_of_Anarcho-Syndicalists" title="Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists">Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists</a> (RKAS), established in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-openDemocracy-325">[321]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ot_Vinta!.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a rock band playing on a stage, with a large image of Nestor Makhno behind them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ot_Vinta%21.JPG/220px-Ot_Vinta%21.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ot_Vinta%21.JPG/330px-Ot_Vinta%21.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ot_Vinta%21.JPG/440px-Ot_Vinta%21.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>The band Ot Vinta! playing at Makhnofest-2006 in Huliaipole</figcaption></figure> Makhno is a local hero in his hometown of Huliaipole, where a statue of him stands in its main town square.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–165-326">[322]</a> The Huliaipole Local History Museum hosts a permanent exhibition dedicated to Makhno.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> In the late 2010s, the Huliaipole City Council prepared documentation requesting the return of Makhno's ashes from France, as part of a campaign to attract tourists to the city, declaring Makhno to be part of the city's <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164-328">[324]</a> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, sections of the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Ukraine" title="Far-right politics in Ukraine">Ukrainian far right</a> have also attempted to reclaim Makhno as a Ukrainian nationalist and to downplay his anarchist politics.<a href="#cite_note-openDemocracy-325">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–166-329">[325]</a> Several Soviet and Russian films depicted Makhno, often in a negative light. Makhno was the antagonist in the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Red_Devils_(film)" title="Red Devils (film)">Red Devils</a>, portrayed by the Odesa gangster and part-time actor Vladimir Kucherenko. He reprised his role in the 1926 sequel <a href="/wiki/Savur-Mohyla_(film)" title="Savur-Mohyla (film)">Savur-Mohyla</a> and returned to crime under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym#Criminal_activity" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Makhno".<a href="#cite_note-Sadkov-330">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Chirkov" title="Boris Chirkov">Boris Chirkov</a> portrayed Makhno in the 1942 epic film <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parkhomenko_(film)" title="Alexander Parkhomenko (film)">Alexander Parkhomenko</a> in which he famously sang the traditional Cossack song "<a href="/wiki/Lyubo,_bratsy,_lyubo" title="Lyubo, bratsy, lyubo">Lovely, brothers, lovely</a>" while drinking vodka. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Zolotukhin" title="Valeri Zolotukhin">Valeri Zolotukhin</a> played Makhno in the drama film <a href="/wiki/Hail,_Mary!" title="Hail, Mary!">Hail, Mary!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sadkov-330">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Tolstoy</a>'s novel trilogy <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Calvary" title="The Road to Calvary">The Road to Calvary</a> portrays Makhno as a dangerous deformation of the revolution with a corrupting influence on the morally unstable.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> Television miniseries adaptations of the novel have also presented Makhno in a negative light.<a href="#cite_note-Sadkov-330">[326]</a> In 2005, a Russian biographical miniseries – <a href="/wiki/Nine_Lives_of_Nestor_Makhno" title="Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno">Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno</a> – was made about Nestor Makhno's life. The series was noted for its positive portrayal of Makhno, although some reviewers also criticized the series for lacking narrative coherence.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Ch%C3%A2telain" title="Hélène Châtelain">Hélène Châtelain</a> directed a 1995 French documentary about Makhno.<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> Cultural allusions to Makhno in popular media have included a supporting role in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>'s 1981 <a href="/wiki/Alternative_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative history">alternative history</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Steel_Tsar" title="The Steel Tsar">The Steel Tsar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> the opening track in the Russian rock band <a href="/wiki/Lyube" title="Lyube">Lyube</a>'s 1989 album <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alert_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alert (album) (page does not exist)">Alert</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Атас (альбом)">ru</a>] during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of communism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> a song <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a> had written and played for the 1991 official visit of a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine" title="People's Deputy of Ukraine">People's Deputy of Ukraine</a>, and the pseudonym used by the leader of an "anti-yuppie crusade" in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> against perceived <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cipko338-336">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022, the legacy of Nestor Makhno and the Makhnovshchina was again taken up by Ukrainian anti-authoritarians that joined the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_Forces_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine)">Territorial Defense Forces</a> (TDF).<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukrainian Armed Forces</a> also adopted the name "Makhno's bow" (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Махновський лук) for their defense forces engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huliaipole" title="Battle of Huliaipole">battle of Huliaipole</a>, which has occupied a key place in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ukraine campaign">line of contact</a> between Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> A museum exhibition on Makhno was damaged during the Russian shelling of Huliaipole; his statue in the town center was protected by sandbags.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> On 23 May 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(politician)" title="Ivan Fedorov (politician)">Ivan Fedorov</a>, the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a>, reported that the statue was destroyed by Russian artillery;<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> and on 23 August the museum was reported to have been destroyed after catching fire as a result of Russian strikes on the town.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> Local authorities spent a month restoring the statue, which was unveiled on 11 September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a group of squatters inspired by Makhno occupied the mansion of Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a>, in protest against the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a> – Russian revolutionary and military leader (1889–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rummu_J%C3%BCri" title="Rummu Jüri">Rummu Jüri</a> – Estonian itinerant and thief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyryd_Kotsur" title="Svyryd Kotsur">Svyryd Kotsur</a> – Ukrainian insurgent (1890–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a> – 19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, social reform activist, and revolutionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a> – Russian anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary (1892–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danylo_Terpylo" title="Danylo Terpylo">Danylo Terpylo</a> – Ukrainian military commander; leader of the Green armies (1886-1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> – Mexican revolutionary (1879–1919)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The surname "Makhno" was itself a corruption of his father's surname "Mikhnenko" (Міхненко).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalij197667Peters197014-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ukrainian: Бáтько Махно́ <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ˈbɑtʲko mɐxˈnɔ]</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Alexandre Skirda</a>, the term Bat'ko had been used by the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> as an honorific for elected military leaders. As Makhno was still quite young when he was given the name Bat'ko by his detachment, the literal translation of "father" may not be entirely accurate, as the term is not exclusively used in a paternal sense. Makhno was also not the only person with the title of Bat'ko in Ukraine, there were even some other Bat'kos within the ranks of the Makhnovshchina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda20049-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Other sources have listed his birth year as being in 1889,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Chamberlin1987233Darch2020167Footman1961245Lincoln1989324Palij197667Peters197014Sysyn1977273-6">[4]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> listing it 1884,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197014-7">[5]</a> but Church records indicate 1888 as Makhno's true birth year. It is possible that even Makhno himself did not know his correct birth date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020167-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brothers-16"><a href="#cite_ref-brothers_16-0">^</a> Nestor's brothers also went on to become anarchists and active partisans of the Makhnovist movement. In 1918, Omelian was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a>; in September 1919, <a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Makhno" title="Hryhorii Makhno">Hryhorii</a> was killed in <a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Army" title="Volunteer Army">Volunteer Army</a>; and in February 1920, <a href="/wiki/Savelii_Makhno" title="Savelii Makhno">Savelii</a> was killed by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197015-15">[12]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalij197667Peters197014-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalij197667Peters197014_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda20049-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda20049_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoly_Cross_Church1888" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holy Cross Church (1888). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE.jpg">"Запис в метричній книзі про народження Нестора Махно"</a> [Record in the register of the birth of Nestor Makhno]. Register of 1888 (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Huliaipole" title="Huliaipole">Huliaipole</a>: State Archive of Zaporizhzhia Oblast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718060216/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%96+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.place=Huliaipole&rft.series=Register+of+1888&rft.pub=State+Archive+of+Zaporizhzhia+Oblast&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Holy+Cross+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581_%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Chamberlin1987233Darch2020167Footman1961245Lincoln1989324Palij197667Peters197014Sysyn1977273-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Chamberlin1987233Darch2020167Footman1961245Lincoln1989324Palij197667Peters197014Sysyn1977273_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 233; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 167; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 245; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197014-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters197014_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020167-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020167_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987232–233Darch2020176Malet1982xxPalij197667Skirda200417Sysyn1977273-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987232–233Darch2020176Malet1982xxPalij197667Skirda200417Sysyn1977273_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 232–233; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 176; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xx; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20201Peters197014Skirda200417-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20201Peters197014Skirda200417_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20201Malet1982xxiPalij197667Skirda200417–18-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20201Malet1982xxiPalij197667Skirda200417–18_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxi; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200418-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200418_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200418_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Lincoln1989324Palij197668-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Lincoln1989324Palij197668_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197015-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters197015_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200418–19-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200418–19_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200419-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200419_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Malet1982xxiPeters197015Skirda200420-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Malet1982xxiPeters197015Skirda200420_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxi; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200420-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200420_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202Malet1982xxiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202Malet1982xxiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxi; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20202Skirda200420-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20202Skirda200420_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202–3Footman1961246Malet1982xx–xxiiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20202–3Footman1961246Malet1982xx–xxiiSkirda200420Sysyn1977273_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 2–3; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. xx–xxii; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204Footman1961246Peters197018–19Skirda200420-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20204Footman1961246Peters197018–19Skirda200420_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 18–19; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200420–21-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200420–21_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Peters197022-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Peters197022_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200422-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200422_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200423-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200423_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200423_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20201-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20201_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20204_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20204–6Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21Skirda200422–24-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20204–6Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21Skirda200422–24_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 4–6; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxii; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 22–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20205Malet1982xxiiPeters197020–21_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxii; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6Skirda200423–24-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6Skirda200423–24_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6Skirda200423–24_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 5–6; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20205–6_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200423–24-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200423–24_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20206–7Malet1982xxii–xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200424–25-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20206–7Malet1982xxii–xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200424–25_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 6–7; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. xxii–xxiii; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Malet1982xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200428-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Malet1982xxiiiPeters197022Skirda200428_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiii; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200428-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200428_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20208Malet1982xxiiiPalij197669Peters197022–23Skirda200429-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988111Darch20208Malet1982xxiiiPalij197669Peters197022–23Skirda200429_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiii; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 22–23; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200429–30-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200429–30_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Skirda200430-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Skirda200430_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxivSkirda200430-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20208Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxivSkirda200430_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiv; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200430-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200430_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Malet1982xxiii–xxiv-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Malet1982xxiii–xxiv_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. xxiii–xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxiii–xxiv-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Footman1961246Lincoln1989324Malet1982xxiii–xxiv_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. xxiii–xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Skirda200430-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Skirda200430_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20208Footman1961246Palij197669Peters197025–28Malet1982xxivSysyn1977273-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20208Footman1961246Palij197669Peters197025–28Malet1982xxivSysyn1977273_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 25–28; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiv; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20208–9Skirda200430–31-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20208–9Skirda200430–31_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 8–9; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961246Skirda200431-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961246Skirda200431_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 246; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200431–32-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200431–32_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200432-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200432_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200432_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Malet1982xxiv-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209Malet1982xxiv_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20209Footman1961247Malet1982xxivPalij197669–70Peters197022Sysyn1977273-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch20209Footman1961247Malet1982xxivPalij197669–70Peters197022Sysyn1977273_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. xxiv; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 69–70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19823-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19823_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Skirda200432–33-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Skirda200432–33_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 9–10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197669–70Peters197028Skirda200434-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch20209–10Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197669–70Peters197028Skirda200434_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 9–10; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 69–70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200434-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200434_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202010Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028–29Skirda200434-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202010Footman1961247Malet19823Palij197670Peters197028–29Skirda200434_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 28–29; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202011Footman1961247–248Malet19823Palij197670Skirda200434-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202011Footman1961247–248Malet19823Palij197670Skirda200434_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 247–248; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Footman1961248Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153Skirda200434–35-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Footman1961248Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153Skirda200434–35_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 248; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Palij197670Skirda200434–35-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Palij197670Skirda200434–35_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalij197670Skirda200434–35-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalij197670Skirda200434–35_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012–13Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202012–13Malet19823Palij197670Peters197029Shubin2010153_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19823–4-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19823–4_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Skirda200435-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202012Skirda200435_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200435-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200435_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200435_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202013–14Malet19824Skirda200435–36-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202013–14Malet19824Skirda200435–36_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 13–14; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Skirda200435–36-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Skirda200435–36_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824–5-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19824–5_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Peters197029–32Skirda200436-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19824Peters197029–32Skirda200436_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 29–32; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19824-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19824_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19824_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Chamberlin1987232-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Chamberlin1987232_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200436–37-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200436–37_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202014Footman1961248Lincoln1989325Malet19825Palij197671Skirda200437-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202014Footman1961248Lincoln1989325Malet19825Palij197671Skirda200437_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 248; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 325; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 71; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202014–16Palij197671–73Peters197029–32Skirda200437-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202014–16Palij197671–73Peters197029–32Skirda200437_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 14–16; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 71–73; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 29–32; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200438-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200438_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200438_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202015–16Malet19825–6-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202015–16Malet19825–6_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202016–17Footman1961248–249Malet19826–7Skirda200440Sysyn1977283-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202016–17Footman1961248–249Malet19826–7Skirda200440Sysyn1977283_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 248–249; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 6–7; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet19827Skirda200440-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet19827Skirda200440_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202017Malet19827Skirda200441-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202017Malet19827Skirda200441_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202020Footman1961249–250Malet19828Peters197034Skirda200444Sysyn1977273-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202020Footman1961249–250Malet19828Peters197034Skirda200444Sysyn1977273_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 249–250; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202023–24Footman1961250Malet19828Skirda200445-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202023–24Footman1961250Malet19828Skirda200445_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 23–24; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 250; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024Footman1961250Malet19828–9Skirda200445-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202024Footman1961250Malet19828–9Skirda200445_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 250; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 8–9; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman1961250–251Malet19829Skirda200445–46-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman1961250–251Malet19829Skirda200445–46_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 250–251; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202025–26Malet19829–10-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202025–26Malet19829–10_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 25–26; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200447-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200447_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961252Malet198210Skirda200447-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961252Malet198210Skirda200447_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 252; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200447–48-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200447–48_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202026Malet198210-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202026Malet198210_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202026Malet198210_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200448-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200448_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202026Malet198210Skirda200448-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202026Malet198210Skirda200448_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122Darch202027Footman1961252–253Malet198210–12Skirda200448-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122Darch202027Footman1961252–253Malet198210–12Skirda200448_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 122; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 252–253; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 10–12; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Malet198210Skirda200448-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Malet198210Skirda200448_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200448-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198210Skirda200448_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961253-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961253_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961253-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961253_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202028Footman1961253Peters197040Skirda200448Sysyn1977273-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112Darch202028Footman1961253Peters197040Skirda200448Sysyn1977273_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 253; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Malet198212Peters197040–41Skirda200450-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Malet198212Peters197040–41Skirda200450_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 40–41; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961254Malet198212Skirda200450-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202028Footman1961254Malet198212Skirda200450_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Skirda200450-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961254Skirda200450_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202028–29Footman1961254Skirda200450-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202028–29Footman1961254Skirda200450_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 28–29; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200450–51-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200450–51_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112–113Malet198212Peters197040Skirda200451-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988112–113Malet198212Peters197040Skirda200451_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, pp. 112–113; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198212-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198212_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961256Malet198212Peters197040–41-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961256Malet198212Peters197040–41_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198212-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198212_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200452-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200452_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman196123Malet198213Peters197038Skirda200454-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202024–25Footman196123Malet198213Peters197038Skirda200454_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 24–25; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453Sysyn1977273-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453Sysyn1977273_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961256Malet198213Skirda200453_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 256; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198213Skirda200453-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198213Skirda200453_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Malet198213Skirda200453-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Malet198213Skirda200453_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257Malet198213–14-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257Malet198213–14_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 257; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988113Darch202030–31Footman1961258Malet198214Skirda200455Sysyn1977273-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988113Darch202030–31Footman1961258Malet198214Skirda200455Sysyn1977273_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 113; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Malet198214-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Malet198214_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 257–258; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961257–258Skirda200455–56-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961257–258Skirda200455–56_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 257–258; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Skirda200455–56-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202030Footman1961257–258Skirda200455–56_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 257–258; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200456-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200456_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202030–31Footman1961258–259Malet198214Skirda200456-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202030–31Footman1961258–259Malet198214Skirda200456_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 30–31; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 258–259; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961258–259Malet198214-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961258–259Malet198214_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 258–259; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961258–259Malet198214-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961258–259Malet198214_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 258–259; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200456–57-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200456–57_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961259Skirda200458–59-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202031–32Footman1961259Skirda200458–59_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 31–32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 259; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200459-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200459_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259Skirda200459-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259Skirda200459_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 259; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259–260Skirda200459–60-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961259–260Skirda200459–60_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 259–260; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Skirda200460-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Skirda200460_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 260; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198215–16Palij1976100-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198215–16Palij1976100_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Malet198216Palij1976100–101Patterson202056Peters197041Skirda200460–61-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260Malet198216Palij1976100–101Patterson202056Peters197041Skirda200460–61_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 260; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 100–101; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260–261Patterson202056Skirda200460–61-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961260–261Patterson202056Skirda200460–61_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 260–261; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198216Palij1976101–102Patterson202056Skirda200461-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198216Palij1976101–102Patterson202056Skirda200461_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 101–102; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961261Malet198216–17Palij1976102Peters197041–42Skirda200461–62-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Footman1961261Malet198216–17Palij1976102Peters197041–42Skirda200461–62_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198216–17Palij1976102Patterson202056Peters197042Skirda200462-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032Malet198216–17Palij1976102Patterson202056Peters197042Skirda200462_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198217Palij1976102–103Skirda200463-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198217Palij1976102–103Skirda200463_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, pp. 102–103; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202032–33Malet198217Palij1976103Patterson202056–57Shubin2010163–164Skirda200463–64-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202032–33Malet198217Palij1976103Patterson202056–57Shubin2010163–164Skirda200463–64_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 32–33; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, pp. 56–57; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 163–164; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200464-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200464_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Malet198218–19Palij1976103Skirda200478–79-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Malet198218–19Palij1976103Skirda200478–79_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 18–19; <a href="#CITEREFPalij1976">Palij 1976</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–41Malet198225–26Skirda200480–81-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–41Malet198225–26Skirda200480–81_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 39–41; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 25–26; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Skirda200465–66-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202033Skirda200465–66_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202034Malet198219Peters197042Skirda200467-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202034Malet198219Peters197042Skirda200467_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198220–21Peters197042–43Skirda200467-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198220–21Peters197042–43Skirda200467_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 42–43; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202038Skirda200481–83Sysyn1977273–274-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202038Skirda200481–83Sysyn1977273–274_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 81–83; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039Malet198225Skirda200479–80-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202039Malet198225Skirda200479–80_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–40Malet198221–22Skirda200481–82Sysyn1977273–274-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202039–40Malet198221–22Skirda200481–82Sysyn1977273–274_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 39–40; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 21–22; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 81–82; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198223Skirda200478-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198223Skirda200478_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114–115Darch202039–41Malet198224–26Shubin2010169–170Skirda200478–81-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114–115Darch202039–41Malet198224–26Shubin2010169–170Skirda200478–81_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, pp. 114–115; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 39–41; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 24–26; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 169–170; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 78–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Malet198227Skirda200486-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Malet198227Skirda200486_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Skirda200486-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202043Skirda200486_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114Skirda200487Chamberlin1987233–234-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988114Skirda200487Chamberlin1987233–234_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 233–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200489-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200489_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Skirda200489–90-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Skirda200489–90_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200491-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200491_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200492-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200492_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202046Peters197079Skirda200493-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202046Peters197079Skirda200493_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200493-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200493_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202049Peters197080Skirda200493–94-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Darch202049Peters197080Skirda200493–94_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 49; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 93–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda200493–95Malet1982127-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda200493–95Malet1982127_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 93–95; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200495–98-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200495–98_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 95–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200498–99-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202052Malet198233Skirda200498–99_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202053Malet198233–34Skirda2004100-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202053Malet198233–34Skirda2004100_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 53; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 33–34; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004100-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004100_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202055Malet198234Skirda2004100-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202055Malet198234Skirda2004100_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 55; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202054Skirda2004100–101-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202054Skirda2004100–101_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 54; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202056–57Malet198234–35Shubin2010175Skirda2004101–102-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202056–57Malet198234–35Shubin2010175Skirda2004101–102_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 56–57; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 34–35; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 175; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Skirda2004102–104Sysyn1977274-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Skirda2004102–104Sysyn1977274_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 233–234; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 102–104; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175Skirda2004103-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175Skirda2004103_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 175; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Darch202057Skirda2004103–104-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987233–234Darch202057Skirda2004103–104_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 233–234; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175–176-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2010175–176_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202057Shubin2010176–177-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202057Shubin2010176–177_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004107–108-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004107–108_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004108–109-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004108–109_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Skirda2004111-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Skirda2004111_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202060Skirda2004111-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202060Skirda2004111_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202059Malet198238Skirda2004112–115-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202059Malet198238Skirda2004112–115_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 234; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 112–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202061Malet198238Peters197081–82Skirda2004117–118-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987234Darch202061Malet198238Peters197081–82Skirda2004117–118_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 234; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 81–82; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202061–62Malet198239Shubin2010178Skirda2004118-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202061–62Malet198239Shubin2010178Skirda2004118_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 178; 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<a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 40; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 69–70; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 179; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202067–68Malet198241Peters197070Shubin2010179–180Skirda2004125-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202067–68Malet198241Peters197070Shubin2010179–180Skirda2004125_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 67–68; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 179–180; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202068–69Malet198241–42Peters197070Skirda2004126–127-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202068–69Malet198241–42Peters197070Skirda2004126–127_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 68–69; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 41–42; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004127-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004127_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198244Skirda2004129–130-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198244Skirda2004129–130_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202071Skirda2004129–130-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202071Skirda2004129–130_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 71; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004130–131-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004130–131_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004131-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004131_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202071–72Malet198245–46Skirda2004133–134Sysyn1977274–275-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202071–72Malet198245–46Skirda2004133–134Sysyn1977274–275_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 71–72; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 45–46; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 133–134; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, pp. 274–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202077–80Malet198246Peters197082Skirda2004134–135-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202077–80Malet198246Peters197082Skirda2004134–135_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 77–80; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 46; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 82; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202080Malet198247Peters197082Skirda2004135–136-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202080Malet198247Peters197082Skirda2004135–136_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 82; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202080–81Malet198247Peters197082–83Skirda2004137-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202080–81Malet198247Peters197082–83Skirda2004137_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 80–81; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 82–83; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Darch202086Peters197083Skirda2004137-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Darch202086Peters197083Skirda2004137_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 83; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Chamberlin1987234–235Darch202075–76Lincoln1989326–327Malet198248Peters197083–84Skirda2004137–138Sysyn1977274–275-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988115Chamberlin1987234–235Darch202075–76Lincoln1989326–327Malet198248Peters197083–84Skirda2004137–138Sysyn1977274–275_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 115; <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 234–235; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 75–76; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, pp. 326–327; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 83–84; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 137–138; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, pp. 274–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Patterson2020109-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029Patterson2020109_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020109–110-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020109–110_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020140Peters1970106–107-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2020140Peters1970106–107_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202029–30Patterson2020140–141-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202029–30Patterson2020140–141_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 29–30; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004153-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004153_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982109,_123–124Skirda2004154–156-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982109,_123–124Skirda2004154–156_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 109, 123–124; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004156-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004156_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Skirda2004156-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987235Skirda2004156_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Skirda2004160-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Skirda2004160_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 237; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004160-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004160_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Malet198252–53Peters197084–85Skirda2004160–161-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Malet198252–53Peters197084–85Skirda2004160–161_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 52–53; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 84–85; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165Sysyn1977275-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165Sysyn1977275_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 327; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Skirda2004165-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202092Skirda2004165_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Skirda2004165-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Skirda2004165_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 237; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202093–94Lincoln1989327Skirda2004165_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 237; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFLincoln1989">Lincoln 1989</a>, p. 327; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Skirda2004165-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202093–94Skirda2004165_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch202094Skirda2004166–167-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch202094Skirda2004166–167_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202095–97Skirda2004178-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987237Darch202095–97Skirda2004178_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 237; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 95–97; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004178-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004178_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004181–186-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004181–186_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 181–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198262Skirda2004187Sysyn1977275-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198262Skirda2004187Sysyn1977275_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 62; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 187; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004187–189-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004187–189_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 187–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198262–63Skirda2004194–195-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198262–63Skirda2004194–195_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238Darch2020110–111Malet198265–66Peters1970126–128Skirda2004196–197-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238Darch2020110–111Malet198265–66Peters1970126–128Skirda2004196–197_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, p. 238; <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 65–66; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 126–128; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004200–201-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004200–201_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004201-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004201_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004201_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters197086–87Skirda2004223-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters197086–87Skirda2004223_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004224–225-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004224–225_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004225-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004225_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004232–233-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004232–233_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238–239Malet198267–71Shubin2010185–186Sysyn1977275-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlin1987238–239Malet198267–71Shubin2010185–186Sysyn1977275_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 238–239; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 67–71; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, pp. 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFSysyn1977">Sysyn 1977</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988116Chamberlin1987238–239Malet198272Skirda2004239-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988116Chamberlin1987238–239Malet198272Skirda2004239_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFChamberlin1987">Chamberlin 1987</a>, pp. 238–239; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198272Skirda2004239-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198272Skirda2004239_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 72; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004239-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004239_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121Skirda2004239-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121Skirda2004239_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 121; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020116–117Malet198270–71Skirda2004241–242-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020116–117Malet198270–71Skirda2004241–242_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 116–117; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 70–71; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020118–119Skirda2004242–245-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020118–119Skirda2004242–245_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 118–119; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 242–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198273Skirda2004246–247-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020120Malet198273Skirda2004246–247_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 73; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004246–247-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004246–247_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004248-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004248_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121–122Malet198273–74Skirda2004248–249-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020121–122Malet198273–74Skirda2004248–249_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 121–122; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 73–74; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004249-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004249_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004249-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004249_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251–252-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004251–252_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004255–256-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004255–256_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004255–256_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004255–256-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020125Skirda2004255–256_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198276Skirda2004256-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198276Skirda2004256_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet198276–77Skirda2004258-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet198276–77Skirda2004258_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 76–77; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004258–259-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004258–259_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259–260-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004259–260_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 259–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129Footman1961301Skirda2004260-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129Footman1961301Skirda2004260_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 301; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129–130Malet1982183Peters197089-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020129–130Malet1982183Peters197089_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 129–130; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130Footman1961301Malet1982183Skirda2004264-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130Footman1961301Malet1982183Skirda2004264_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 301; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130–131Skirda2004265-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020130–131Skirda2004265_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020131Malet1982183Skirda2004266–267-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020131Malet1982183Skirda2004266–267_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132Malet1982183Skirda2004267-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132Malet1982183Skirda2004267_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 132; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 183; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132–133Malet1982184–185Peters197089–90Skirda2004268-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020132–133Malet1982184–185Peters197089–90Skirda2004268_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 132–133; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 184–185; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133Malet1982185-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133Malet1982185_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 133; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133–134Malet1982185–186Skirda2004268–269-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020133–134Malet1982185–186Skirda2004268–269_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 133–134; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004269–270-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004269–270_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 269–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004270-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004270_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020135–137Malet1982185–186Skirda2004270-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020135–137Malet1982185–186Skirda2004270_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 135–137; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 185–186; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137–138-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020137–138_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004270-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004270_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Patterson202032–35Skirda2004271-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Patterson202032–35Skirda2004271_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2020">Patterson 2020</a>, pp. 32–35; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004271-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138Malet1982186Skirda2004271_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138–139Skirda2004271-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020138–139Skirda2004271_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 138–139; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187–188Skirda2004273-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982187–188Skirda2004273_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 187–188; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004273–274_273-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004274-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004274_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301Malet1982188-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301Malet1982188_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 301; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988124-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988124_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020140–145Malet1982189–191Skirda2004274-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020140–145Malet1982189–191Skirda2004274_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 140–145; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 189–191; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Skirda2004274–275-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Skirda2004274–275_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 189; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 274–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197092–93-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197092–93_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 189; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197093-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189Peters197093_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 189; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982189Skirda2004275-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982189Skirda2004275_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 139; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 189; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189–190-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982189–190_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Skirda2004275–276-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Skirda2004275–276_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 139; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 275–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004276-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004276_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Peters197094Skirda2004276-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Peters197094Skirda2004276_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 123; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Footman1961284Malet1982169–171Shubin2010172-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123Footman1961284Malet1982169–171Shubin2010172_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 123; <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, p. 284; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 169–171; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982170Skirda2004338-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982170Skirda2004338_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 170; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122–123Malet1982173–174Peters197094–95Skirda2004339-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988122–123Malet1982173–174Peters197094–95Skirda2004339_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, pp. 122–123; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 173–174; <a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, pp. 94–95; <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvrich1988123_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvrich1988">Avrich 1988</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenez1992296-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenez1992296_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenez1992">Kenez 1992</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982168–174-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982168–174_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, pp. 168–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004338–340-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004338–340_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 338–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004277–278-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004277–278_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982187-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020139Malet1982187_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 139; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982190-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982190_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004278–279-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004278–279_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301–302Malet1982190-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1961301–302Malet1982190_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFootman1961">Footman 1961</a>, pp. 301–302; <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004279–280-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004279–280_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 279–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280–281-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004280–281_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 280–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188Skirda2004281-302"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalet1982188Skirda2004281_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalet1982">Malet 1982</a>, p. 188; 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<a href="#CITEREFPeters1970">Peters 1970</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146Shubin2010191-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146Shubin2010191_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFShubin2010">Shubin 2010</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020146_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkirda2004260–261-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkirda2004260–261_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkirda2004">Skirda 2004</a>, pp. 260–261. </li> <li id="cite_note-openDemocracy-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-openDemocracy_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-openDemocracy_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorbach2015" class="citation web cs1">Gorbach, Denys (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/anarchism-in-makhnos-homeland-adventures-of-red-and-black-flag/">"Anarchism in Makhno's homeland: adventures of the red-and-black flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5888">1476-5888</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604230120/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/anarchism-in-makhnos-homeland-adventures-of-red-and-black-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=Anarchism+in+Makhno%27s+homeland%3A+adventures+of+the+red-and-black+flag&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.issn=1476-5888&rft.aulast=Gorbach&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fanarchism-in-makhnos-homeland-adventures-of-red-and-black-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–165-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–165_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKubijovyc2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kubijovyc, Volodymyr, ed. 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Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442632813">10.3138/9781442632813</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442632813" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442632813"><bdi>978-1442632813</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165480101">1165480101</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706095856/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHuliaipole.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Huliaipole&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165480101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442632813&rft.isbn=978-1442632813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CH%255CU%255CHuliaipole.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–166-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarch2020164–166_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarch2020">Darch 2020</a>, pp. 164–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadkov-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sadkov_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadkov_330-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadkov_330-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSadkov2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sadkov, Pavel (4 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kp.ru/daily/23929.3/69592/">"Какими были наши батьки Махно"</a> [What was our Bat'ki Makhno like?]. <a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0233-433X">0233-433X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508063859/https://www.kp.ru/daily/23929.3/69592/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komsomolskaya+Pravda&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.date=2007-07-04&rft.issn=0233-433X&rft.aulast=Sadkov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kp.ru%2Fdaily%2F23929.3%2F69592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoupard1985" class="citation book cs1">Poupard, Dennis, ed. (1985). "Tolstoy, Alexey Nikolayevich (1883–1945), An Introduction to". Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 18. 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Makhno, un drapeau noir qui dérange l'Histoire"</a> ["Nestor Makhno, peasant of Ukraine", documentary by Hélène Chatelain. Makhno, a black flag that unsettles history.]. <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0335-1793">0335-1793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610172622/https://www.liberation.fr/medias/1997/02/26/arte-20h45-nestor-makhno-paysan-d-ukraine-documentaire-d-helene-chatelain-makhno-un-drapeau-noir-qui_195799/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=ARTE%2C+20h45%2C+%22Nestor+Makhno%2C+paysan+d%27Ukraine%22%2C+documentaire+d%27H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Chatelain.+Makhno%2C+un+drapeau+noir+qui+d%C3%A9range+l%27Histoire.&rft.date=1997-02-26&rft.issn=0335-1793&rft.aulast=Waintrop&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fmedias%2F1997%2F02%2F26%2Farte-20h45-nestor-makhno-paysan-d-ukraine-documentaire-d-helene-chatelain-makhno-un-drapeau-noir-qui_195799%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrthofer2002" class="citation web cs1">Orthofer, Michael, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/moorcock/nomad3.htm">"The complete review's Review: The Steel Tsar by Michael Moorcock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Complete_Review" title="Complete Review">Complete Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204101414/https://www.complete-review.com/reviews/moorcock/nomad3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+Review&rft.atitle=The+complete+review%27s+Review%3A+The+Steel+Tsar+by+Michael+Moorcock&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complete-review.com%2Freviews%2Fmoorcock%2Fnomad3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntyukhova2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antyukhova, Anna (16 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trud.ru/article/16-08-2007/119730_aleksandr_shaganov_ja_byl_rozhden_radi_kombata.html">"Александр Шаганов: Я был рожден ради "Комбата"!"</a> [Alexander Shaganov: I was born for "Kombat"!]. <a href="/wiki/Trud_(Russian_newspaper)" title="Trud (Russian newspaper)">Trud</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1025-1189">1025-1189</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211115804/https://www.trud.ru/article/16-08-2007/119730_aleksandr_shaganov_ja_byl_rozhden_radi_kombata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trud&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%AF+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%22%21&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft.issn=1025-1189&rft.aulast=Antyukhova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trud.ru%2Farticle%2F16-08-2007%2F119730_aleksandr_shaganov_ja_byl_rozhden_radi_kombata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cipko338-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Cipko338_336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCipko2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cipko, Serge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3664432">"Reviewed work: Nestor Makhno: Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921, Alexandre Skirda, Paul Sharkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Review" title="The Russian Review">The Russian Review</a>. 65 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 338. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3664432">3664432</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/440194142">440194142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403140358/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3664432">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Nestor+Makhno%3A+Anarchy%27s+Cossack%3A+The+Struggle+for+Free+Soviets+in+the+Ukraine+1917%E2%80%931921%2C+Alexandre+Skirda%2C+Paul+Sharkey&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=338&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F440194142&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3664432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cipko&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3664432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoshiw2022" class="citation web cs1">Koshiw, Isobel (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/26/putin-anarchists-join-ukraine-war-effort">"'Putin's terror affects everyone': anarchists join Ukraine's war effort"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905115726/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/26/putin-anarchists-join-ukraine-war-effort">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Putin%27s+terror+affects+everyone%27%3A+anarchists+join+Ukraine%27s+war+effort&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.issn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Koshiw&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmay%2F26%2Fputin-anarchists-join-ukraine-war-effort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFioriti2022" class="citation web cs1">Fioriti, Joris (26 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaljournal.com/life/ukrainian-town-draws-inspiration-from-anarchist-hero/article">"Ukrainian town draws inspiration from anarchist hero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101204727/https://www.digitaljournal.com/life/ukrainian-town-draws-inspiration-from-anarchist-hero/article">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023 – via Digital Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+town+draws+inspiration+from+anarchist+hero&rft.date=2022-04-26&rft.aulast=Fioriti&rft.aufirst=Joris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Flife%2Fukrainian-town-draws-inspiration-from-anarchist-hero%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZvorygina2022" class="citation web cs1">Zvorygina, Natalia (10 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uacrisis.org/en/huliaipole_en">"Huliaipole. Where one man is an island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Crisis_Media_Center" title="Ukraine Crisis Media Center">Ukraine Crisis Media Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819092300/https://uacrisis.org/en/huliaipole_en">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukraine+Crisis+Media+Center&rft.atitle=Huliaipole.+Where+one+man+is+an+island&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft.aulast=Zvorygina&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuacrisis.org%2Fen%2Fhuliaipole_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2023" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Colin (4 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/04/huliaipole-nestor-makhno-ukrainian-anarchist-russia-war/">"Bomb-ravaged town turns to memory of Ukrainian anarchist for inspiration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph#Website" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095102/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/10/04/huliaipole-nestor-makhno-ukrainian-anarchist-russia-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bomb-ravaged+town+turns+to+memory+of+Ukrainian+anarchist+for+inspiration&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2023%2F10%2F04%2Fhuliaipole-nestor-makhno-ukrainian-anarchist-russia-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeecher2022" class="citation web cs1">Beecher, Jay (29 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/post/6207">"Snowfall, Soup and Shelling: Christmas in Zaporizhzhia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1563-6429">1563-6429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126110953/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/6207">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Snowfall%2C+Soup+and+Shelling%3A+Christmas+in+Zaporizhzhia&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.issn=1563-6429&rft.aulast=Beecher&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fpost%2F6207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandouil2024" class="citation web cs1">Bandouil, Sonya (24 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/monument-honoring-ukrainian-revolutionary-nestor-makhno-destroyed-by-russian-missiles/">"Monument honoring Ukrainian revolutionary Nestor Makhno destroyed by Russian missiles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a>. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kyiv+Independent&rft.atitle=Monument+honoring+Ukrainian+revolutionary+Nestor+Makhno+destroyed+by+Russian+missiles&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft.aulast=Bandouil&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyivindependent.com%2Fmonument-honoring-ukrainian-revolutionary-nestor-makhno-destroyed-by-russian-missiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomanenko2024" class="citation web cs1">Romanenko, Valentyna (24 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/08/24/7471686/">"Russians destroy local history museum in Huliaipole, Zaporizhzhia Oblast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. 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Retrieved 20 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+News&rft.atitle=The+life%2C+death%2C+and+resurrection+of+the+Nestor+Makhno+monument&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomnews.org.uk%2F2024%2F09%2F20%2Fthe-life-death-and-resurrection-of-the-nestor-makhno-monument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2022" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Diane (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/mar/14/squatters-occupy-russian-billionaire-oleg-deripaska-london-mansion">"Four arrested after protest at Oleg Deripaska's London mansion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021022127/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/mar/14/squatters-occupy-russian-billionaire-oleg-deripaska-london-mansion">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Four+arrested+after+protest+at+Oleg+Deripaska%27s+London+mansion&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.issn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2022%2Fmar%2F14%2Fsquatters-occupy-russian-billionaire-oleg-deripaska-london-mansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonSabinTidman2022" class="citation web cs1">Middleton, Joe; Sabin, Lamiat; Tidman, Zoe (14 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/met-police-oligarch-squatters-london-b2035403.html">"Huge police response as squatters occupy Belgravia mansion owned by oligarch Oleg Deripaska"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-9743">1741-9743</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101210034/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/met-police-oligarch-squatters-london-b2035403.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Huge+police+response+as+squatters+occupy+Belgravia+mansion+owned+by+oligarch+Oleg+Deripaska&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft.issn=1741-9743&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Sabin%2C+Lamiat&rft.au=Tidman%2C+Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmet-police-oligarch-squatters-london-b2035403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvrich1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1988). "Nestor Makhno: The Man and the Myth". <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Portraits" title="Anarchist Portraits">Anarchist Portraits</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anarchistportrai00avri/page/111">111–124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04753-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04753-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17727270">17727270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nestor+Makhno%3A+The+Man+and+the+Myth&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Portraits&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=111-124&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17727270&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04753-9&rft.aulast=Avrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Chamberlin" title="William Henry Chamberlin">Chamberlin, William Henry</a> (1987) [1935]. "Ukraina, Whirlpool of Peasant Anarchism". The Russian Revolution. Vol. II. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 221–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05493-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05493-2"><bdi>0-691-05493-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311567963">311567963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraina%2C+Whirlpool+of+Peasant+Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311567963&rft.isbn=0-691-05493-2&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarch2020" class="citation book cs1">Darch, Colin (2020). Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917–1921. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786805263" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786805263"><bdi>978-1786805263</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1225942343">1225942343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno+and+Rural+Anarchism+in+Ukraine%2C+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1225942343&rft.isbn=978-1786805263&rft.aulast=Darch&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFootman1961" class="citation book cs1">Footman, David (1961). "Makhno". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwarinrussia000722mbp">Civil War in Russia</a>. Praeger Publications in Russian History and World Communism. Vol. 114. New York: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwarinrussia000722mbp/page/n246">245</a>–302. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254495418">254495418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Makhno&rft.btitle=Civil+War+in+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Praeger+Publications+in+Russian+History+and+World+Communism&rft.pages=245-302&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254495418&rft.aulast=Footman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilwarinrussia000722mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenez1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez, Peter</a> (1992). "Pogroms and White ideology in the Russian Civil War". In <a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">Klier, John D.</a>; Lambroza, Shlomo (eds.). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 293–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521405327" title="Special:BookSources/0521405327"><bdi>0521405327</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895464910">895464910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogroms+and+White+ideology+in+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.btitle=Pogroms%3A+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+Modern+Russian+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895464910&rft.isbn=0521405327&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Bruce_Lincoln" title="W. Bruce Lincoln">Lincoln, William Bruce</a> (1989). "The Ukraine in Ferment". Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 302–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-63166-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-63166-7"><bdi>0-671-63166-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795310657">795310657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ukraine+in+Ferment&rft.btitle=Red+Victory%3A+A+History+of+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795310657&rft.isbn=0-671-63166-7&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=William+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalet1982" class="citation book cs1">Malet, Michael (1982). Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-25969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-25969-6"><bdi>978-0-333-25969-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8514426">8514426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno+in+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8514426&rft.isbn=978-0-333-25969-6&rft.aulast=Malet&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalij1976" class="citation book cs1">Palij, Michael (1976). <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchism_of_Nestor_Makhno,_1918%E2%80%931921:_An_Aspect_of_the_Ukrainian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution">The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution</a>. Publications on Russia and Eastern Europe. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95511-7"><bdi>978-0-295-95511-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/81941010">81941010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchism+of+Nestor+Makhno%2C+1918%E2%80%931921%3A+An+Aspect+of+the+Ukrainian+Revolution&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=Publications+on+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F81941010&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95511-7&rft.aulast=Palij&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2020" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Sean (2020). <a href="/wiki/Makhno_and_Memory:_Anarchist_and_Mennonite_Narratives_of_Ukraine%27s_Civil_War,_1917%E2%80%931921" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921">Makhno and Memory: Anarchist and Mennonite Narratives of Ukraine's Civil War, 1917–1921</a>. Manitoba: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba_Press" title="University of Manitoba Press">University of Manitoba Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88755-578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88755-578-7"><bdi>978-0-88755-578-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1134608930">1134608930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makhno+and+Memory%3A+Anarchist+and+Mennonite+Narratives+of+Ukraine%27s+Civil+War%2C+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Manitoba&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1134608930&rft.isbn=978-0-88755-578-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters1970" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Victor (1970). Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist. Winnipeg: Echo Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7925080">7925080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno%3A+The+Life+of+an+Anarchist&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Echo+Books&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7925080&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShubin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vladlenovich_Shubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vladlenovich Shubin">Shubin, Aleksandr</a> (2010). "The Makhnovist Movement and the National Question in the Ukraine, 1917–1921". In Hirsch, Steven J.; <a href="/wiki/Lucien_van_der_Walt" title="Lucien van der Walt">van der Walt, Lucien</a> (eds.). Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940. Studies in Global Social History. Vol. 6. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 147–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004188495" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004188495"><bdi>978-9004188495</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868808983">868808983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Makhnovist+Movement+and+the+National+Question+in+the+Ukraine%2C+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Syndicalism+in+the+Colonial+and+Postcolonial+World%2C+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Global+Social+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868808983&rft.isbn=978-9004188495&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkirda2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Skirda, Alexandre</a> (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-68-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-68-5"><bdi>978-1-902593-68-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60602979">60602979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno%E2%80%93Anarchy%27s+Cossack%3A+The+Struggle+for+Free+Soviets+in+the+Ukraine+1917%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60602979&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-68-5&rft.aulast=Skirda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSysyn1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sysyn" title="Frank Sysyn">Sysyn, Frank</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215305/http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/1917.html">"Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Revolution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Taras_Hunczak" title="Taras Hunczak">Hunczak, Taras</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/1917.html">The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 271–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674920095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674920095"><bdi>978-0674920095</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942852423">942852423</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/sysyn/makhno.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nestor+Makhno+and+the+Ukrainian+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Ukraine%2C+1917%E2%80%931921%3A+A+Study+in+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942852423&rft.isbn=978-0674920095&rft.aulast=Sysyn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fsysyn%2Fmakhno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArshinov1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Arshinov" title="Peter Arshinov">Arshinov, Peter</a> (1974) [1923]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/arshinov/makhno.html">History of the Makhnovist Movement</a>. Detroit: Black & Red. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/579425248">579425248</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205074457/http://www.ditext.com/arshinov/makhno.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Makhnovist+Movement&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Black+%26+Red&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F579425248&rft.aulast=Arshinov&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Farshinov%2Fmakhno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChâtelain1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Ch%C3%A2telain" title="Hélène Châtelain">Châtelain, Hélène</a> (1998). "Nestor Makhno – Les images et les mots". L'Homme et la société (in French). 127 (1): 135–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhomso.1998.3562">10.3406/homso.1998.3562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-4306">0018-4306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Homme+et+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Nestor+Makhno+%E2%80%93+Les+images+et+les+mots&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhomso.1998.3562&rft.issn=0018-4306&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A2telain&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEichenbaum1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Eichenbaum, Vsevolod Mikhailovich</a> (1955) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/voline/unknown.html">The Unknown Revolution</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Holley_Cantine" title="Holley Cantine">Cantine, Holley</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Book Club">Libertarian Book Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0919618251" title="Special:BookSources/0919618251"><bdi>0919618251</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/792898216">792898216</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225032812/http://www.ditext.com/voline/unknown.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Libertarian+Book+Club&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F792898216&rft.isbn=0919618251&rft.aulast=Eichenbaum&rft.aufirst=Vsevolod+Mikhailovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fvoline%2Funknown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrynta2023" class="citation journal cs1">Frynta, Jakub (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lukomor.mosk.mksat.net/index.php/lukomor/article/view/225">"Czechoslovakia in the Context of Nestor Makhno's Exile (1922-1924)"</a>. Antiquities of Lukomorie/Старожитності Лукомор'я (4): 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33782%2F2708-4116.2023.4.225">10.33782/2708-4116.2023.4.225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2708-4116">2708-4116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263811935">263811935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103222716/http://www.lukomor.mosk.mksat.net/index.php/lukomor/article/view/225">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquities+of+Lukomorie%2F%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%27%D1%8F&rft.atitle=Czechoslovakia+in+the+Context+of+Nestor+Makhno%27s+Exile+%281922-1924%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263811935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2708-4116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33782%2F2708-4116.2023.4.225&rft.aulast=Frynta&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lukomor.mosk.mksat.net%2Findex.php%2Flukomor%2Farticle%2Fview%2F225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gilley, Christopher (8 October 2014). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/makhno_nestor_ivanovich/2014-10-08">"Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/1914-1918-online" class="mw-redirect" title="1914-1918-online">1914–1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15463%2Fie1418.10117">10.15463/ie1418.10117</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895280021">895280021</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925111139/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/makhno_nestor_ivanovich/2014-10-08">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=1914%E2%80%931918-Online+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Makhno%2C+Nestor+Ivanovich&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895280021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15463%2Fie1418.10117&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fmakhno_nestor_ivanovich%2F2014-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman, Emma</a> (1923). "A Visit from the Ukraina". <a href="/wiki/My_Disillusionment_in_Russia" title="My Disillusionment in Russia">My Disillusionment in Russia</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. pp. 94–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-3601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-3601-6"><bdi>978-1-4191-3601-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250732439">250732439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Visit+from+the+Ukraina&rft.btitle=My+Disillusionment+in+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250732439&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-3601-6&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGora1930" class="citation book cs1">Gora, Dirk (1930) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporiana.org.ua/memuari/gora-d-russian-dance-of-death/">A Russian Dance of Death</a>. Claremont, California: Key Books Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2002299">2002299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204024207/https://diasporiana.org.ua/memuari/gora-d-russian-dance-of-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Russian+Dance+of+Death&rft.place=Claremont%2C+California&rft.pub=Key+Books+Publishers&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2002299&rft.aulast=Gora&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporiana.org.ua%2Fmemuari%2Fgora-d-russian-dance-of-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuérin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin, Daniel</a> (2005). "Nestor Makhno". No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. pp. 497–540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904859-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-904859-25-9"><bdi>1-904859-25-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1156129943">1156129943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nestor+Makhno&rft.btitle=No+Gods%2C+No+Masters%3A+An+Anthology+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E497-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1156129943&rft.isbn=1-904859-25-9&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9rin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz1999" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rageofnations0000kant/page/173">The Rage of Nations</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rage+of+Nations&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4455-2&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frageofnations0000kant%2Fpage%2F173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakhno1996" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Makhno, Nestor</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Skirda, Alexandre</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/struggle-against-state-other-essays-makhno">The Struggle Against the State and Other Essays</a>. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873176783" title="Special:BookSources/1873176783"><bdi>1873176783</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924883878">924883878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126232418/http://libcom.org/library/struggle-against-state-other-essays-makhno">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+Against+the+State+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924883878&rft.isbn=1873176783&rft.aulast=Makhno&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fstruggle-against-state-other-essays-makhno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakhno2007" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Makhno, Nestor</a> (2007) [1928]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/memoirs/book1/index.htm">The Russian Revolution in Ukraine (March 1917 – April 1918)</a>. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm. Edmonton: Black Cat Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0973782714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0973782714"><bdi>978-0973782714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187835001">187835001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110210635/http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/memoirs/book1/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+in+Ukraine+%28March+1917+%E2%80%93+April+1918%29&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Black+Cat+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187835001&rft.isbn=978-0973782714&rft.aulast=Makhno&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nestormakhno.info%2Fenglish%2Fmemoirs%2Fbook1%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakhno2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Makhno, Nestor</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Skirda" title="Alexandre Skirda">Skirda, Alexandre</a> (ed.). Mémoires et écrits: 1917–1932 [Memoirs and writings: 1917–1932] (in French). Paris: Ivrea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2851842862" title="Special:BookSources/978-2851842862"><bdi>978-2851842862</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690866794">690866794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+et+%C3%A9crits%3A+1917%E2%80%931932&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ivrea&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F690866794&rft.isbn=978-2851842862&rft.aulast=Makhno&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenzies1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Menzies, Malcolm (1972). Makhno, une épopée: le soulèvement anarchiste en Ukraine, 1918–1921 [Makhno, an epic: the anarchist uprising in Ukraine, 1918–1921] (in French). Translated by Chrestien, Michel. Paris: P. Belfond. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/370883941">370883941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makhno%2C+une+%C3%A9pop%C3%A9e%3A+le+soul%C3%A8vement+anarchiste+en+Ukraine%2C+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=P.+Belfond&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F370883941&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrzyborowskiWierzchoś2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Przyborowski, Michal; Wierzchoś, Dariusz (2012). Machno w Polsce [Makhno in Poland] (in Polish). Poznan: Oficyna Wydawnicza Bractwa 'Trojka'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-933082-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-933082-1-7"><bdi>978-83-933082-1-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814303677">814303677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machno+w+Polsce&rft.place=Poznan&rft.pub=Oficyna+Wydawnicza+Bractwa+%27Trojka%27&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814303677&rft.isbn=978-83-933082-1-7&rft.aulast=Przyborowski&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Wierzcho%C5%9B%2C+Dariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNomad1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nomad" title="Max Nomad">Nomad, Max</a> (1939). "The Warrior: Nestor Makhno, the Bandit Who Saved Moscow". Apostles of Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 302–342. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717604079">717604079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Warrior%3A+Nestor+Makhno%2C+the+Bandit+Who+Saved+Moscow&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Revolution&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717604079&rft.aulast=Nomad&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavchenko2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Savchenko" title="Victor A. Savchenko">Savchenko, Victor</a> (2005). Махно [Makhno] (in Ukrainian). Kharkiv: Folio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9660330537" title="Special:BookSources/9660330537"><bdi>9660330537</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/66091188">66091188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.place=Kharkiv&rft.pub=Folio&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F66091188&rft.isbn=9660330537&rft.aulast=Savchenko&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemanov2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Semanov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich (2005). Нестор Махно: вожак анархистов [Nestor Makhno: Anarchist Chieftain] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5953305192" title="Special:BookSources/5953305192"><bdi>5953305192</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1171373855">1171373855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%3A+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Veche&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1171373855&rft.isbn=5953305192&rft.aulast=Semanov&rft.aufirst=Serge%C4%AD+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSemanov2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Semanov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich (2001). Махно: подлинная история [Makhno: An Authentic History] (in Russian). Moscow: AST-PRESS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5780508305" title="Special:BookSources/5780508305"><bdi>5780508305</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50990634">50990634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=AST-PRESS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50990634&rft.isbn=5780508305&rft.aulast=Semanov&rft.aufirst=Serge%C4%AD+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWierzchoś2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wierzchoś, D. (2011). "Nestor Machno i jego kontakty z Polakami i Polską" [Nestor Makhno and his contacts with Poles and Poland]. In Krasucki, Eryk; Przyborowski, Michał; Skrycki, Radosław (eds.). Studia z dziejów polskiego anarchizmu [Studies in the history of Polish anarchism] (in Polish). Szczecin: <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Scientific_Society" title="Szczecin Scientific Society">Szczecin Scientific Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8393394210" title="Special:BookSources/978-8393394210"><bdi>978-8393394210</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804017743">804017743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nestor+Machno+i+jego+kontakty+z+Polakami+i+Polsk%C4%85&rft.btitle=Studia+z+dziej%C3%B3w+polskiego+anarchizmu&rft.place=Szczecin&rft.pub=Szczecin+Scientific+Society&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804017743&rft.isbn=978-8393394210&rft.aulast=Wierzcho%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestor_Makhno&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nestor Makhno at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nestor_Makhno" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nestor Makhno">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" class="extiw" title="q:Nestor Makhno">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nestor_Makhno" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Nestor Makhno">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestormakhno.info/">The Nestor Makhno Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/author/nestor-makhno">Works by and</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/nestor-makhno">about Nestor Makhno</a> at The Anarchist Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/nestor-makhno">Works by and about Nestor Makhno</a> at <a href="/wiki/Libcom.org" title="Libcom.org">Libcom.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Ch%C3%A2telain" title="Hélène Châtelain">Hélène Châtelain</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nestormakhnopayasansdukraine">Nestor Makhno, paysan d'Ukraine</a> [Nestor Makhno, Peasant of Ukraine] (<a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary film</a>) (in French). Marseille: 13 Production. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038580600">1038580600</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno%2C+paysan+d%27Ukraine&rft.place=Marseille&rft.pub=13+Production&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038580600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnestormakhnopayasansdukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Evans2020" class="citation podcast cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(journalist)" title="Robert Evans (journalist)">Robert Evans</a> (22 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iheart.com/podcast/105-behind-the-bastards-29236323/episode/part-one-nestor-makhno-anarchist-warlord-75468315/">"Nestor Makhno: Anarchist Warlord and Book Club Aficionado"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IHeartRadio" title="IHeartRadio">Behind the Bastards</a> (Podcast). <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno%3A+Anarchist+Warlord+and+Book+Club+Aficionado&rft.pub=iHeartMedia&rft.date=2020-12-22&rft.au=Robert+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iheart.com%2Fpodcast%2F105-behind-the-bastards-29236323%2Fepisode%2Fpart-one-nestor-makhno-anarchist-warlord-75468315%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Tristan Johnson (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQED76ly7Cs">Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Black Army: No Harmless Power</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a>). London, Ontario: Step Back. Retrieved 29 December 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nestor+Makhno+and+the+Ukrainian+Black+Army%3A+No+Harmless+Power&rft.place=London%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Step+Back&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUQED76ly7Cs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqphVZ8Jl-E">"Nestor Makhno"</a>. Making History. 12 May 2019. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">National News Agency of Ukraine</a>. UATV. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+History&rft.date=2019-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGqphVZ8Jl-E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANestor+Makhno" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism" title="Template talk:Anarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism662" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical anarchism">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence anarchism">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Religious_anarchism_and_anarchist_themes_in_religions" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion#Buddhism" title="Anarchism and religion">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-anarchism">Post-anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of federation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anarchism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li>Makhno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism_by_region" title="Category:Anarchism by region">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchist_communism329" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchist_communism" title="Template talk:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchist communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchist_communism329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Red_star#Use_by_socialist_or_revolutionary_organizations" title="Red star"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/75px-Rb-star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/113px-Rb-star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rb-star.svg/150px-Rb-star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="952" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-communists" title="Category:Anarcho-communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Clarissa Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Bleikhman" title="Iosif Bleikhman">Iosif Bleikhman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Ricardo Flores Magón</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Albert Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Sergey Nechayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizational forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Other_Essays" title="Anarchism and Other Essays">Anarchism and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields,_Factories,_and_Workshops" title="Fields, Factories, and Workshops">Fields, Factories, and Workshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Aid:_A_Factor_of_Evolution" title="Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution">Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_and_After" title="Now and After">Now and After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Scarcity_Anarchism" title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism">Post-Scarcity Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_a_Revolutionary" title="Catechism of a Revolutionary">Catechism of a Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaa;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol-red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/10px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/15px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Anarchy-symbol-red.svg/20px-Anarchy-symbol-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/10px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/15px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/20px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/10px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/15px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/20px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3815" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47900#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3815" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47900#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575805">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82098456">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015705h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015705h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621053">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009015">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003853&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1012651">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1012717">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1214588">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073395536">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90243070">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065856&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000353829&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=183505">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027307">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlgf9q2lq2183">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810630937305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264953905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000105878">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613035406706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14084597">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0683379X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118575805">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575805">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028291603">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62n8vsp">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=62965">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=67136">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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