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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security_and_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Security and privacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-SMS/MMS_user_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-SMS/MMS_user_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Anti-SMS/MMS user sentiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-SMS/MMS_user_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="آي مسج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آي مسج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="آی‌مسیج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌مسیج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AC" title="ئایمەسج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایمەسج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0Message" title="İMessage – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İMessage" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IMessage" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q290267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Instant messaging service by Apple</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">iMessage</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IMessage_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IMessage_logo.svg/64px-IMessage_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IMessage_logo.svg/96px-IMessage_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IMessage_logo.svg/128px-IMessage_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="234" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IMessage_macOS_Sonoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/IMessage_macOS_Sonoma.png/300px-IMessage_macOS_Sonoma.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/75/IMessage_macOS_Sonoma.png 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="265" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A thread of conversation in the <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> application on <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS Sonoma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-10-12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Mac</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">iOS 5</a> and later, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a> and later, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.apple.com/explore/messages">support.apple.com/explore/messages</a></td></tr></tbody></table> iMessage is an <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> service developed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms – including <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a> – as part of <a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Apple's approach to inter-device integration</a>, which has been described by media outlets as a means of achieving <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> iMessage is accessed and used using the <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> app client. Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sending <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messages</a>, images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (<a href="/wiki/Read_receipts" class="mw-redirect" title="Read receipts">read receipts</a>); and <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> so only the sender and recipient can read the messages, and no one else, even Apple itself cannot read them. The service also allows sending location data and <a href="/wiki/Sticker_(messaging)" title="Sticker (messaging)">stickers</a>. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions, an example being quick sharing of recently played songs. Launched on iOS in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-mtnlion-6">[6]</a> In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOS <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages app</a> which adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> iMessage was announced by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC 2011</a> keynote on June 6, 2011. A version of the <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> app for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> with support for iMessage was included in the <a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">iOS 5</a> update on October 12, 2011. On February 16, 2012, Apple announced that a new Messages app replacing <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a> would be part of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mtnlion-6">[6]</a> Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. On October 23, 2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced that Apple device users have sent 300 billion messages using iMessage and that Apple delivers an average of 28,000 messages per second.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In February 2016, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a> announced that the number of iMessages sent per second had grown to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In May 2014, a lawsuit was filed against Apple over an issue where, if a user switched from an Apple device to a non-Apple device, messages being delivered to them through iMessage would not reach their destination.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In November 2014 Apple addressed this problem by providing instructions and an online tool to deregister iMessage.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A federal court dismissed the suit in Apple's favor.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On March 21, 2016, a group of researchers from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> published a report in which they demonstrated that an attacker in possession of iMessage <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertexts</a> could potentially decrypt photos and videos that had been sent via the service. The researchers published their findings after the vulnerability had been <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patched</a> by Apple.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On June 13, 2016, Apple announced the addition of Apps to iMessage service, accessible via the Messages apps. Apps can create and share content, add stickers, make payments, and more within iMessage conversations without having to switch to standalone apps. One could develop standalone iMessage apps or an extension to existing iOS apps. Publishers can also create standalone stickers apps without writing any code.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to Sensor Tower, a data company that provides "App Store Optimization (ASO)", as of March 2017 the iMessage App Store features nearly 5,000 Message-enabled apps.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At the WWDC 2020 keynote on June 22, 2020, Apple previewed <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">the next version</a> of its <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> operating system, planned for release in late 2020. Big Sur shipped with a redesigned version of Messages, with features previously available only on iOS devices, such as message effects, <a href="/wiki/Implementation_of_emojis" title="Implementation of emojis">memoji</a>, stickers and location sharing. On February 21, 2024, Apple announced that they were going to upgrade the iMessage protocol with a new <a href="/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography"> post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) protocol</a> called "PQ3."<a href="#cite_note-apple-pq3-blog-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Apple stated that, although quantum computers don't exist yet, they wanted to mitigate risks from future quantum computers as well as so-called "<a href="/wiki/Harvest_now,_decrypt_later" title="Harvest now, decrypt later">Harvest now, decrypt later</a>" attack scenarios. Apple stated that they believe their PQ3 implementation provides protections that "surpass those in all other widely deployed messaging apps." Furthermore, because, according to Apple, there is no standard on security properties for messaging security levels that allow for easy comparison, Apple decided to create their own definitions consisting of 4 levels between 0 and 3. On this scale, Apple considers its PQ3 protocol to reach what Apple calls "Level 3 security". The main differentiator of PQ3, compared to other PQC protocols, is that PQ3 utilizes ongoing keying.<a href="#cite_note-apple-pq3-blog-18">[18]</a> Apple rolled out PQ3 with the public release of <a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17"> iOS 17.4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17"> iPadOS 17.4</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 14"> macOS 14.4</a> and <a href="/wiki/WatchOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 10"> watchOS 10.4</a>, stating that “iMessage conversations between devices that support PQ3 are automatically ramping up to the post-quantum encryption protocol” and that PQ3 "will fully replace the existing protocol within all supported conversations [in 2024]."<a href="#cite_note-apple-pq3-blog-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Markets_Act_(European_Union)">Digital Markets Act (European Union)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digital Markets Act (European Union)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">Digital Markets Act</a></div> In 2022, iMessage was included on a list of potential "gatekeeper services" to be regulated by new legislation in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> This would have required iMessage to be interoperable with other messaging services that either serve a certain number of users or generates significant revenue.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In September 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> reported based on two sources with direct knowledge on the matter, that Apple appealed the inclusion of iMessage on the grounds that the iMessage userbase in Europe was not large enough to warrant labeling iMessage as a gatekeeper service.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In December 2023, several media outlets reported that the appeal was successful.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a> speculated that this "tentative" decision was reached because while iMessage's userbase is large enough to qualify, the service is not popular enough with businesses, specifically.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This rumored tentative decision was later formalized on February 13, 2024, when the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> announced that they had decided that, together with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing"> Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge"> Edge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Advertising" title="Microsoft Advertising">Microsoft Advertising</a>, iMessage does not qualify as gatekeeper services.<a href="#cite_note-ec-imessage-decision-29">[29]</a> The European Commission did not go into detail on their decision beyond stating that it was the result of "a thorough assessment of all arguments, taking into account input by relevant stakeholders, and after hearing the Digital Markets Advisory Committee."<a href="#cite_note-ec-imessage-decision-29">[29]</a> Despite the lack of detail provided by the European Commission on their decision, multiple outlets speculated that the decision was indeed based on iMessage not meeting the threshold necessary to be classified as a gatekeeper service as was reported in the prior year.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This ultimately meant that Apple didn't have to make iMessage interoperable with other messaging services, nor did Apple have to conform to the other <a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">DMA</a> regulations insofar it pertained to iMessage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> iMessage allows users to send texts, documents, photos, videos, contact information, and group messages over the Internet to other <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a> users. iMessage is an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a> and RCS messaging for most users with devices running iOS 5 or later. The "Send as SMS" setting under Messages will cause the message to be sent via SMS if the sender does not have an active Internet connection. If the receiver has no Internet connection, the message should be stored on a server until a connection is restored.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] iMessage is accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> app on an <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> or <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a> running iOS 5 or later, a <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Mac</a> running OS X Mountain Lion or later or an <a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Apple Vision Pro</a> running visionOS 1 or later. Owners of these devices can register one or more <a href="/wiki/Email_address" title="Email address">email addresses</a> with Apple. Additionally, iPhone owners can register their phone numbers with Apple, provided their carrier is supported. When a message is sent to a mobile number, Messages will check with Apple if the mobile number is set up for iMessage. If it is not, the message will seamlessly transition from iMessage to SMS.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> In Messages, the user's sent communication is aligned to the right, with replies from other people on the left. A user can see if the other iMessage user is typing a message. A pale gray <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> appears in the text bubble of the other user when a reply is started. It is also possible to start a conversation on one iOS device and continue it on another.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> On iPhones, green buttons and text bubbles indicate SMS-based communication; on all iOS devices, blue buttons and text bubbles indicate iMessage communication. All iMessages are encrypted and can be tracked using delivery receipts.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> If the recipient enables Read Receipts, the sender will be able to see when the recipient has read the message. iMessage also allows users to set up chats with more than two people—a "group chat". With the launch of <a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">iOS 10</a>, users can send messages accompanied by a range of "bubble" or "screen" effects.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By holding down the send button with force, the range of effects is surfaced for users to select from. With the launches of <a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">iOS 14</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</a>, users gain a myriad of features such as the ability to pin individual conversations, mention other users, set an image for group conversations, and send inline replies. Additionally, more of the features from the Messages app on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> were ported over to their <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> With the launch of <a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">iOS 15.2</a>, Apple added automated blurring of photos containing explicit images that are sent to underage users. The feature relies on scanning the photos on the device and can optionally be set to alert the underage user's parents if explicit material is received. The feature was originally launched only for the US with a later expansion to the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The feature remains regionally restricted for the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> With the launch of <a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">iOS 16</a>, Apple added the ability for users to edit and unsend sent iMessages. Users can unsend an iMessage for up to 2 minutes after it being sent, and can edit it for up to 15 minutes. Users also have the ability to recover deleted messages for up to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> The iMessage protocol is based on the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a> (APNs)—a proprietary, <a href="/wiki/Binary_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary protocol">binary protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> It sets up a Keep-Alive connection with the Apple servers. Every connection has its own unique code, which acts as an identifier for the route that should be used to send a message to a specific device. The connection is encrypted with TLS using a client-side certificate, that is requested by the device on the activation of iMessage. Each message recipient's public keys are retrieved from Apple Identity Service (IDS), "Apple's directory of iMessage public keys, Apple Push Notification service (APNs) addresses, and phone numbers and email addresses that are used to look up the keys and device addresses."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Each message is individually encrypted for each recipient device in a conversation. Message attachments are encrypted and uploaded to <a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> to be retrieved separately by the recipient. Messages are stored on Apple servers for up to 30 days.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platforms">Platforms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Platforms">edit</a>]</div> iMessage is only officially available on Apple operating systems, such as <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a>. Unlike some other messaging apps, it does not support <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, and does not have any web access interface. On May 3, 2016, an independent open-source project named "PieMessage" was announced by app developer Eric Chee,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> consisting of code for OS X that communicates with iMessage and connects to an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> client, allowing the Android client to send and receive messages.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On December 5, 2023, an independent app called <a href="/wiki/Beeper_Mini" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeper Mini">Beeper Mini</a>, which used reverse engineering of the iMessage protocol, was released for Android.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It quickly reached the top five free communications apps on Google Play and became the fastest-growing paid Android app in history, gaining more than 100,000 downloads in the first 48 hours. A few days after the launch, it was briefly shut down by Apple, but resumed operations again.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a>, who lead the Senate's antitrust committee, wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> expressing concern that Apple was not allowing competition.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The developers of Beeper Mini restored the service again, which was soon shut down again by Apple. Ultimately, the creators of Beeper Mini gave up on bypassing Apple's attempts to shut down the service, so they stopped trying to reverse engineer iMessage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> On November 12, 2012, Chetan Sharma, a technology and strategy consulting firm, published the US Mobile Data Market Update Q3 2012, noting the decline of <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> in the United States, and suggested the decline may be attributed to Americans using alternative free messaging services such as iMessage.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> announced they would compete with iMessage with their own messaging service, <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Google)" class="mw-redirect" title="Messages (Google)">Messages</a> (formerly Android Messages).<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_privacy">Security and privacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Security and privacy">edit</a>]</div> On November 4, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) listed iMessage on its "Secure Messaging Scorecard", giving it a score of 5 out of 7 points. It received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the provider doesn't have access to (<a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a>), having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (<a href="/wiki/Forward_secrecy" title="Forward secrecy">forward secrecy</a>), having their security designs well-documented, and having a recent independent <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_security_audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology security audit">security audit</a>. It missed points because users can not verify contacts' identities and because the source code is not open to independent review.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_D._Green" title="Matthew D. Green">Matthew Green</a> noted that, because iMessage does not display <a href="/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint" title="Public key fingerprint">key fingerprints</a> for out-of-band verification, users are unable to verify that a <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> has not occurred. The post also noted that iMessage uses RSA key exchange. This means that, as opposed to what EFF's scorecard claims, iMessage does not feature <a href="/wiki/Forward_secrecy" title="Forward secrecy">forward secrecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On August 7, 2019, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Project_Zero" title="Project Zero">Project Zero</a> presented 6 "interaction-less" exploits in iMessage that could be used to take over control of a user's device.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These six exploits have been fixed in iOS 12.4, released on July 22, 2019, however there are still some undisclosed exploits which will be patched in a future update.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Pegasus_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Pegasus revelations">Project Pegasus revelations</a> in July 2021 found the software used iMessage exploits. In 2021, an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> document obtained by Property of the People, Inc., a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit organization, through an <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">FOIA</a> request, reveals, that <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> and iMessage are vulnerable to law-enforcement <a href="/wiki/Real-time_web" title="Real-time web">real-time</a> searches.<a href="#cite_note-propertyofthepeople/21114562-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-jpost/687360-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-rollingstone/1261816-63">[63]</a> Reuters also reported that Apple had plans to encrypt <a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> backups of iMessage data, but dropped those plans after the FBI complained.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Migicovsky" title="Eric Migicovsky">Eric Migicovsky</a>, founder of third-party iMessage client Beeper Mini, has criticized Apple for preventing iMessage access on Android phones. Migicovsky argues that it is hypocritical of Apple to claim iMessage is private and secure while simultaneously allowing only SMS messages when communicating with users on non-Apple devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), even when alternatives exist.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Apple has implied that third-party applications like Beeper Mini are less secure because "techniques posed significant risks to user security and privacy, including the potential for metadata exposure and enabling unwanted messages, spam, and phishing attacks."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> All four of the security and privacy risks suggested by Apple's statement also apply to SMS, which iMessage uses for fallback when communicating with non-iMessage users.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Apple has long-resisted bringing iMessage to non-Apple devices, with CEO Tim Cook previously offering the solution of "buy your mom an iPhone" when questioned at Code Conference about a better way to message with family that uses Android. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> commented on the conflict between Beeper Mini and Apple, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweeting</a>: "Green bubble texts are less secure. So why would Apple block a new app allowing Android users to chat with iPhone users on iMessage? <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a> executives are protecting profits by squashing competitors. Chatting between different platforms should be easy and secure."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-SMS/MMS_user_sentiment">Anti-SMS/MMS user sentiment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-SMS/MMS user sentiment">edit</a>]</div> According to a survey from <a href="/wiki/Piper_Sandler_Companies" title="Piper Sandler Companies">Piper Sandler</a> from Autumn 2023, 87% of teenagers in the United States have iPhones.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Claims have been made that the app's use of different colors for messages using iMessage's protocol vs SMS fallback has contributed to social exclusion among some teens.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On November 16, 2023, Apple announced <a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">Rich Communication Services</a> (RCS) support coming to iOS the following year,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> to work as a fallback when iMessage is not available and the other user is also using RCS,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> although they followed up by confirming that the RCS messages will remain green.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> After the news broke, Google revealed that they will be working alongside Apple to implement RCS onto iOS and iMessage.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMessage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) 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Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Apple+responds+to+the+Beeper+iMessage+saga%3A+%27We+took+steps+to+protect+our+users%27&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F12%2F9%2F23995150%2Fbeeper-imessage-android-apple-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller2016" class="citation web cs1">Geller, Eric (May 17, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/debug/surveillance-phone-metadata-identifiable-stanford-study/">"Study shows phone metadata is much more sensitive than top spies admit"</a>. The Daily Dot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162530/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/surveillance-phone-metadata-identifiable-stanford-study/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. 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Which?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211001940/https://www.which.co.uk/news/article/three-in-five-people-have-received-a-scam-delivery-text-in-the-last-year-aA3fF1B3qT81">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Which%3F&rft.atitle=Three+in+five+people+have+received+a+scam+delivery+text+in+the+past+year+-+Which%3F+News&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Merryweather&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.which.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fthree-in-five-people-have-received-a-scam-delivery-text-in-the-last-year-aA3fF1B3qT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-recognize-and-report-spam-text-messages">"How to Recognize and Report Spam Text Messages"</a>. Consumer Advice. February 19, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211001939/https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-recognize-and-report-spam-text-messages">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Advice&rft.atitle=How+to+Recognize+and+Report+Spam+Text+Messages&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsumer.ftc.gov%2Farticles%2Fhow-recognize-and-report-spam-text-messages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2023" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Wes (December 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/10/23996021/senator-elizabeth-warren-weighs-in-on-beepers-fight-with-apple">"Senator Elizabeth Warren weighs in on Beeper's fight with Apple"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210231022/https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/10/23996021/senator-elizabeth-warren-weighs-in-on-beepers-fight-with-apple">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Senator+Elizabeth+Warren+weighs+in+on+Beeper%27s+fight+with+Apple.&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F12%2F10%2F23996021%2Fsenator-elizabeth-warren-weighs-in-on-beepers-fight-with-apple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2023" class="citation web cs1">Perez, Sarah (December 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/10/senator-warren-calls-out-apple-for-shutting-down-beepers-imessage-to-android-solution/">"Senator Warren calls out Apple for shutting down Beeper's 'iMessage to Android' solution"</a>. TechCrunch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162531/https://techcrunch.com/2023/12/10/senator-warren-calls-out-apple-for-shutting-down-beepers-imessage-to-android-solution/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Senator+Warren+calls+out+Apple+for+shutting+down+Beeper%27s+%27iMessage+to+Android%27+solution&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2023%2F12%2F10%2Fsenator-warren-calls-out-apple-for-shutting-down-beepers-imessage-to-android-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pipersandler.com/teens">"Taking Stock With Teens®"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162504/https://www.pipersandler.com/teens">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. 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Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020010550/https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+Apple%27s+iMessage+Is+Winning%3A+Teens+Dread+the+Green+Text+Bubble&rft.date=2022-01-08&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-apples-imessage-is-winning-teens-dread-the-green-text-bubble-11641618009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspósito" class="citation web cs1">Espósito, Filipe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/rcs-ios-iphone-users/">"RCS is coming to iOS, but will it change anything for most iPhone users?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162532/https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/rcs-ios-iphone-users/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. 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The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162553/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/16/23964171/apple-iphone-rcs-support">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved December 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Apple+says+iPhones+will+support+RCS+in+2024&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2F23964171%2Fapple-iphone-rcs-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Chance (November 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/apple-confirms-rcs-messages-will-have-green-bubbles/">"RCS messages will use green bubbles, Apple confirms"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118203335/https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/apple-confirms-rcs-messages-will-have-green-bubbles/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RCS+messages+will+use+green+bubbles%2C+Apple+confirms&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F9to5mac.com%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2Fapple-confirms-rcs-messages-will-have-green-bubbles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi" class="citation web cs1">Li, Abner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://9to5google.com/2023/11/16/google-rcs-iphone/">"Google will work with Apple on implementing RCS on iPhone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162507/https://9to5google.com/2023/11/16/google-rcs-iphone/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+will+work+with+Apple+on+implementing+RCS+on+iPhone&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Abner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F9to5google.com%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2Fgoogle-rcs-iphone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattelberg2023" class="citation web cs1">Sattelberg, Will (November 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidpolice.com/apple-rcs-imessage-b/">"Apple is adding RCS support to the iPhone next year"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716162507/https://www.androidpolice.com/apple-rcs-imessage-b/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+is+adding+RCS+support+to+the+iPhone+next+year&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.aulast=Sattelberg&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidpolice.com%2Fapple-rcs-imessage-b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMessage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMessage&oldid=1259752423">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMessage&oldid=1259752423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:End-to-end_encryption" title="Category:End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Instant_messaging_protocols" title="Category:Instant messaging protocols">Instant messaging protocols</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2024">Use mdy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 21:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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