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id="toc-Bahadur_Shah_and_his_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahadur_Shah_and_his_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bahadur Shah and his successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahadur_Shah_and_his_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muzaffar_Shah_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muzaffar_Shah_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Muzaffar Shah III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muzaffar_Shah_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunpowder_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunpowder_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gunpowder weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunpowder_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources of history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلطنة الكجرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة الكجرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatu_de_Gujarat" title="Sultanatu de Gujarat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sultanatu de Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qucarat_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Qucarat sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qucarat sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গুজরাত সালতানাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুজরাত সালতানাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Gujarat" title="Sultanat de Gujarat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_von_Gujarat" title="Sultanat von Gujarat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultanat von Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Gujarat" title="Sultanato de Gujarat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_du_Gujarat" title="Sultanat du Gujarat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat du Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A4" title="ગુજરાત સલ્તનત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુજરાત સલ્તનત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="구자라트 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구자라트 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="गुजरात सल्तनत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुजरात सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanaat_Gujarat" title="Sultanaat Gujarat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultanaat Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%9C%9D" title="グジャラート・スルターン朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グジャラート・スルターン朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="گجرات سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گجرات سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Guzarate" title="Sultanato de Guzarate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato de Guzarate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджаратский султанат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуджаратский султанат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatet_Gujarat" title="Sultanatet Gujarat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sultanatet Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucer%C3%A2t_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Gucerât Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gucerât Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Гуджаратський султанат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуджаратський султанат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلطنت گجرات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت گجرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="古吉拉特苏丹国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古吉拉特苏丹国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q507796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Late medieval kingdom in India (1394–1573)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gujarat" title="Kingdom of Gujarat">Kingdom of Gujarat</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Gujarat</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطنت گجرات</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Gujarati-language text"><i lang="gu">Gujarāta Saltanata</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1394–1573</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gujarat Sultanate in 1525.[1]"><img alt="Gujarat Sultanate in 1525.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/250px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/375px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/500px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Gujarat Sultanate in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anhilwad_Patan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwad Patan">Anhilwad Patan</a> (1407–1411)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> (1411–1484, 1535–1573) <a href="/wiki/Champaner" title="Champaner">Champaner</a> (1484–1535)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (official) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Gujarati" title="Middle Gujarati">Middle Gujarati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Monarchy">Absolute Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1407–1411 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1561–1573, 1584 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III" title="Muzaffar Shah III">Muzaffar Shah III</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declared independence from Delhi Sultanate by Muzaffar Shah I </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1394</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1573</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient taka">Taka</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/20px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/30px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/40px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1267" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat under the Delhi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat Subah</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarat Sultanate</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a> (1407–1411)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I" title="Ahmad Shah I">Ahmad Shah I</a> (1411–1442)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Muhammad Shah II">Muhammad Shah II</a> (1442–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_II" title="Ahmad Shah II">Ahmad Shah II</a> (1451–1458)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daud_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Daud Shah of Gujarat">Daud Shah</a> (1458)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Begada" title="Mahmud Begada">Mahmud Begada</a> (1458–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_II" title="Muzaffar Shah II">Muzaffar Shah II</a> (1511–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Sikandar Shah of Gujarat">Sikandar Shah</a> (1526)</li> <li>Mahmud Shah II (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah</a> (1526–1535, 1536–1537)</li> <li>Miran Muhammad Shah I (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Gujarat" title="Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat">Mahmud Shah III</a> (1537–1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_III" title="Ahmad Shah III">Ahmad Shah III</a> (1554–1561)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III" title="Muzaffar Shah III">Muzaffar Shah III</a> (1561–1573, 1584)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div style="float:left;">← <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate</a></div> <div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat Subah</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Akbar" title="Gujarat under Akbar">Akbar</a> →</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Template:Gujarat Sultanate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Template talk:Gujarat Sultanate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat Sultanate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gujarat Sultanate</b> or <b>Sultanate of Guzerat</b> was a late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval</a> Islamic Indian kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a>, primarily in the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat, India">Gujarat</a>. The kingdom was established in 1394 when <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a>, the Governor of Gujarat, declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moti_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, Delhi was devastated and its rule weakened considerably, leading Muzaffar Shah to declare himself independent in 1394, and formally established the Sultanate. The next sultan, his grandson <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I" title="Ahmad Shah I">Ahmad Shah I</a>, moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in 1411. His successor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Muhammad Shah II">Muhammad Shah II</a> subdued most <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> chieftains. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Begada" title="Mahmud Begada">Mahmud Begada</a>. He also subdued most <a href="/wiki/Rajputs_in_Gujarat" title="Rajputs in Gujarat">Gujarati Rajput</a> chieftains and built a navy off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>. </p><p>In 1509, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> wrested <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a> from the Sultanate in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu (1509)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> attacked Gujarat in 1535 and briefly occupied it, during which <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bombay_under_Portuguese_rule_(1534%E2%80%931661)" title="History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)">Bombay, Bassein & Daman</a> would become a Portuguese colony, thereafter <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah</a> was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> annexed the Gujarat Sultanate into his empire. The last ruler, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III" title="Muzaffar Shah III">Muzaffar Shah III</a>, was taken a prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>. In 1583, he escaped from the prison, and with the help of the nobles, succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-i-Khanan" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan">Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Zafar Khan</a>. As per Zafar Khan's lineage, according to <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">André Wink</a> and S.C. Misra, he was from the Tank (Persian <i>tāk</i> or <i>tānk</i>) Khatri (<i>khtry</i>) caste of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> but was born in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Aparna Kapadia states that Sahāran (Sadhāran), the father of Zafar Khan, was a Tank Rajput who lived in Thanesar in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shaikh Sikandar Ibn Muhammad's <i>Mirati Sikandari</i>, who was a contemporary of Gujarat Sultans, Sadhāran was a Khatri of the Tank subdivision and had a long list of ancestors that eventually traced to <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rāmacandra</a>. This claim of the sultans' links with the solar lineage is not found very often in texts and inscriptions they patronised.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Sikandar does not state the Tanks were Rajputs, Misra suggests that the Tanks were probably considered ignoble Rajputs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra1963138_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra1963138-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard M. Eaton</a> simply described Zafar Khan being the son of a "peasant convert to Islam",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with historians such as V. K. Agnihotri and <a href="/wiki/Saiyid_Athar_Abbas_Rizvi" title="Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi">Abbas Rizvi</a> even writing that Sadhāran was a <a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jat</a> convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III,_Sultanate_of_Gujarat,_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty,_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Silver_Tanka_of_Nasir_al-din_Mahmud_shah_III%2C_Sultanate_of_Gujarat%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_from_a_personal_collection_in_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Silver Tanka of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Gujarat" title="Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat">Nasir al-din Mahmud Shah III</a>, Sultanate of Gujarat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rulers">Early rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is said that Zafar Khan's father Wajih-ul-Mulk (Saharan) and his brother were influential <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudharis</a> who were agriculturists by profession but could also muster thousands of fighting men on their call.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delhi Sultan <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firuz Shah Tughluq">Firuz Shah Tughluq</a> appointed Malik Mufarrah, also known as Farhat-ul-Mulk and Rasti Khan governor of Gujarat in 1377. In 1387, Sikandar Khan was sent to replace him, but he was defeated and killed by Farhat-ul-Mulk. In 1391, Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed Zafar Khan, the son of Wajih-ul-Mulk as governor of Gujarat and conferred him the title of Muzaffar Khan (r. 1391–1403, 1404–1411). In 1392, he defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk in the battle of Kamboi, near Anhilwada Patan and occupied the city of Anhilwada Patan.<sup id="cite_ref-m1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1403, Zafar Khan's son Tatar Khan urged his father to march on Delhi, which he declined. As a result, in 1408, Tatar imprisoned him in Ashawal (future Ahmedabad) and declared himself sultan under the title of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_I" title="Muhammad Shah I">Muhammad Shah I</a> (r. 1403–1404). He marched towards Delhi, but on the way he was poisoned by his uncle, Shams Khan. After the death of Muhammad Shah, Muzaffar was released from the prison and he took over the control over administration. In 1407, he declared himself as Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a>, took the insignia of royalty and issued coins in his name. After his death in 1411, he was succeeded by his grandson, the son of Tatar Khan, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I" title="Ahmad Shah I">Ahmad Shah I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19026_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19026-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-m1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmad_Shah_I">Ahmad Shah I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ahmad Shah I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after his accession, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I" title="Ahmad Shah I">Ahmad Shah I</a> was faced with a rebellion of his uncles. The rebellion was led by his eldest uncle Firuz Khan, who declared himself king. Ultimately Firuz and his brothers surrendered to him. During this rebellion Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hoshang_Shah" title="Hoshang Shah">Hushang Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa Sultanate</a> invaded Gujarat. He was repelled this time but he invaded again in 1417 along with Nasir Khan, the <a href="/wiki/Farooqi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Farooqi dynasty">Farooqi dynasty</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> and occupied Sultanpur and Nandurbar. Gujarat army defeated them and later Ahmad Shah led four expeditions into Malwa in 1419, 1420, 1422 and 1438.<sup id="cite_ref-m2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1429, Kanha Raja of <a href="/wiki/Jhalawad_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhalawad State">Jhalawad</a> with the help of the Bahmani Sultan Ahmad Shah ravaged Nandurbar. But Ahmad Shah's army defeated the Bahmani army and they fled to Daulatabad. The Bahmani Sultan Ahmad Shah sent strong reinforcements and the Khandesh army also joined them. They were again defeated by the Gujarat army. Finally, Ahmad Shah annexed <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of his reign, he founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> which he styled as <i>Shahr-i-Mu'azzam</i> (the great city) on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_River" title="Sabarmati River">Sabarmati River</a>. He shifted the capital from <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Anhilwada Patan</a> to Ahmedabad. The <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Ahmedabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad">Jami Masjid</a> (1423) in Ahmedabad were built during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Ahmad Shah died in 1443 and succeeded by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Muhammad Shah II">Muhammad Shah II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successors_of_Ahmad_Shah_I">Successors of Ahmad Shah I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Successors of Ahmad Shah I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Muhammad Shah II">Muhammad Shah II</a> (r. 1442–1451) first led a campaign against Idar and forced its ruler, Raja Hari Rai or Bir Rai to submit to his authority. He then exacted tribute from the Rawal of <a href="/wiki/Dungarpur" title="Dungarpur">Dungarpur</a>. In 1449, he marched against <a href="/wiki/Champaner" title="Champaner">Champaner</a>, but the ruler of Champaner, Raja Kanak Das, with the help of Malwa Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Khilji">Mahmud Khilji</a> forced him to retreat. On the return journey, he fell seriously ill and died in February 1451. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Qutb-ud-Din <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_II" title="Ahmad Shah II">Ahmad Shah II</a> (r. 1451–1458).<sup id="cite_ref-m3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah II defeated Khilji at <a href="/wiki/Kapadvanj" title="Kapadvanj">Kapadvanj</a>. He helped Firuz Khan ruling from <a href="/wiki/Nagaur" title="Nagaur">Nagaur</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kumbha_of_Mewar" title="Kumbha of Mewar">Rana Kumbha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chittor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittor">Chittor</a>'s attempt to overthrow him. After death of Ahmad Shah II in 1458, the nobles raised his uncle <a href="/wiki/Daud_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Daud Shah of Gujarat">Daud Khan</a>, son of Ahmad Shah I, to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahmud_Begada">Mahmud Begada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mahmud Begada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Begada" title="Mahmud Begada">Mahmud Begada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gujarat Sultanate is located in South Asia"><img alt="Gujarat Sultanate is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; 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left:175px; top:140px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GAJAPATI<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x125" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GONDWANA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x153" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:153px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">AHMADNAGAR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x200" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:200px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VIJAYANAGARA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x170" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:170px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">BIJAPUR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x153" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:153px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">BIDAR<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x170" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:170px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">GOLKONDA<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Gujarat Sultanate and neighbouring polities, circa 1500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>But within a short period of seven or twenty-seven days, the nobles deposed Daud Khan and set on the throne Fath Khan, son of Muhammad Shah II. Fath Khan, on his accession, adopted the title Abu-al Fath Mahmud Shah, popularly known as Mahmud Begada. He expanded the kingdom in all directions. He received the sobriquet <i>Begada</i>, which literally means the conqueror of two forts, probably after conquering <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champaner" title="Champaner">Champaner</a> forts. Mahmud died on 23 November 1511.<sup id="cite_ref-m4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muzaffar_Shah_II_and_his_successors">Muzaffar Shah II and his successors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muzaffar Shah II and his successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga%27s_invasion_of_Gujarat" title="Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat">Rana Sanga's invasion of Gujarat</a></div> <p>Khalil Khan, son of Mahmud Begada succeeded his father with the title <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_II" title="Muzaffar Shah II">Muzaffar Shah II</a>. In 1519, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a> of Chittor defeated a joint army of <a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a> and Gujarat sultanates and took Mahmud Shah II of Malwa captive. Muzaffar Shah sent an army to Malwa but their service was not required as Rana Sanga had generously restored Mahmud Shah II to the throne. However, Rana Sanga defeated <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodhi">Ibrahim Lodhi</a> of Delhi at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dholpur" title="Battle of Dholpur">Battle of Dholpur</a> around the same time and Conquered Much of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Chanderi" title="Chanderi">Chanderi</a> and he bestowed it to his Vassal <a href="/wiki/Medini_Rai" title="Medini Rai">Medini Rai</a> who ruled over <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> under his lordship with <a href="/wiki/Chanderi" title="Chanderi">Chanderi</a> as his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002156_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002156-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The victory brought Rajputs within day's march of <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and made them contender of supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002155_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002155-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rana Sanga later invaded Gujarat and plundered the Sultanate's treasuries, greatly damaging its prestige, Sanga also annexed northern Gujarat and appointed one of his <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> vassals to rule there. The invasion of Rana weakened Gujarat, however after Rana Sanga's death, the sultans of Gujarat freed their kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> and grew even more powerful as they sacked Chittor fort in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma195418_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma195418-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaube1975132-137_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaube1975132-137-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 5 April 1526 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sikandar.<sup id="cite_ref-m5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After few months, Sikandar Sháh was murdered by a noble Imád-ul-Mulk, who seated a younger brother of Sikandar, named Násir Khán, on the throne with the title of Mahmúd Shah II and governed on his behalf. Other son of Muzaffar Shah II, Bhadur Khan returned from outside of Gujarat and the nobles joined him. Bahádur marched at once on Chámpáner, captured and executed Imád-ul-Mulk and poisoning Násir Khán ascended the throne in 1527 with the title of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahádur Sháh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahadur_Shah_and_his_successors">Bahadur Shah and his successors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bahadur Shah and his successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/250px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/375px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg/500px-Death_of_Sultan_Bahadur_in_front_of_Diu_against_the_Portuguese_1537_Akbar_Nama_end_of_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>Death of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> ally at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Siege of Diu</a>. He was killed fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> in 1537; (Illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i>, end of 16th century).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png/220px-Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png/330px-Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png/440px-Sultan_of_Gujarat_Codice_Casanatense.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese depiction of the Sultan of Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah</a> expanded his kingdom and made expeditions to help neighbouring kingdoms. In 1532, Gujarat came under attack of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> and fell. Bahadur Shah regained the kingdom in 1536 but he was killed by the Portuguese on board the ship when making a deal with them.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Percival_14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percival_14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahadur had no son, hence there was some uncertainty regarding succession after his death. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaman_Mirza" title="Muhammad Zaman Mirza">Muhammad Zaman Mirza</a>, the fugitive Mughal prince made his claim on the ground that Bahadur's mother adopted him as her son. The nobles selected Bahadur's nephew <a href="/wiki/Faruqi_dynasty#Miran_Muhammad_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Faruqi dynasty">Miran Muhammad Shah</a> of Khandesh as his successor, but he died on his way to Gujarat. Finally, the nobles selected Mahmud Khan, the son of Bahadur's brother Latif Khan as his successor and he ascended to the throne as <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_III_of_Gujarat" title="Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat">Mahmud Shah III</a> in 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-majumdar_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmud Shah III had to battle with his nobles who were interested in independence. He was killed in 1554 by his servant. <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_III" title="Ahmad Shah III">Ahmad Shah III</a> succeeded him but now the reigns of the state were controlled by the nobles who divided the kingdom between themselves. He was assassinated in 1561. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III" title="Muzaffar Shah III">Muzaffar Shah III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muzaffar_Shah_III">Muzaffar Shah III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muzaffar Shah III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muzaffar Shah III's army was legendary in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian mainland</a> with the exception of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and free <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> forced to join wars alike came from these places.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its stealth specialists performed several duties including <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguard</a> work and skirmish combat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stealth warriors were <i>Habshi</i> or Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> annexed Gujarat in his empire in 1573 and Gujarat became a Mughal <a href="/wiki/Subah_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subah (province)">subah</a>. Muzaffar Shah III was taken prisoner to Agra. In 1583, he escaped from the prison and with the help of the nobles succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's general <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana">Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana</a> in January 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitra2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitra2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He fled and finally took asylum under Jam Sataji of <a href="/wiki/Nawanagar_State" title="Nawanagar State">Nawanagar State</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Battle of Bhuchar Mori</a> was fought between the Mughal forces led by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aziz_Koka" title="Mirza Aziz Koka">Mirza Aziz Koka</a> and the combined Kathiawar forces in 1591 to protect him. He finally committed suicide when he was surrendered to the Mughal.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gunpowder_weapons">Gunpowder weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gunpowder weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiro_de_Diu" title="Tiro de Diu">Tiro de Diu</a></div> <p>The Gujarat Sultanate was the second empire in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> to utilize and invent <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> and gunpowder artillery extensively, following the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Image gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg/280px-Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg/420px-Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg/559px-Tiro_de_Diu4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up of the gun"><img alt="Close up of the gun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg/240px-Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg/360px-Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg/480px-Tiro_de_Diu3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up of the gun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alternate view"><img alt="Alternate view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg/240px-Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg/360px-Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg/480px-Tiro_de_Diu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alternate view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabic inscriptions"><img alt="Arabic inscriptions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg/135px-Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg/202px-Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg/270px-Tiro_de_Diu_Inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabic inscriptions</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarid_dynasty_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat">Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gujarát was divided politically into two main parts; one, called the <i>khálsah</i> or crown domain administered directly by the central authority; the other, on payment of tribute in service or in money, left under the control of its former rulers. The amount of tribute paid by the different chiefs depended, not on the value of their territory, but on the terms granted to them when they agreed to become feudatories of the king. This tribute was occasionally collected by military expeditions headed by the king in person and called <i>mulkgíri</i> or country-seizing circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal management of the feudatory states was unaffected by their payment of tribute. Justice was administered and the revenue collected in the same way as under the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulukya">Chaulukya</a> kings. The revenue consisted, as before, of a share of the crops received in kind, supplemented by the levy of special cesses, trade, and transit dues. The chief's share of the crops differed according to the locality; it rarely exceeded one-third of the produce, it rarely fell short of one-sixth. From some parts the chief's share was realised directly from the cultivator by agents called <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">mantris</i></span>; from other parts the collection was through superior landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Districts and crown lands</dt></dl> <p>The Áhmedábád kings divided the portion of their territory which was under their direct authority into districts or <i>sarkár</i>s. These districts were administered in one of two ways. They were either assigned to nobles in support of a contingent of troops, or they were set apart as crown domains and managed by paid officers. The officers placed in charge of districts set apart as crown domains were called <i>muktiă</i>. Their chief duties were to preserve the peace and to collect the revenue. For the maintenance of order, a body of soldiers from the army headquarters at Áhmedábád was detached for service in each of these divisions, and placed under the command of the district governor. At the same time, in addition to the presence of this detachment of regular troops, every district contained certain fortified outposts called <i>tháná</i>s, varying in number according to the character of the country and the temper of the people. These posts were in charge of officers called <i>thánadár</i>s subordinate to the district governor. They were garrisoned by bodies of local soldiery, for whose maintenance, in addition to money payments, a small assignment of land was set apart in the neighbourhood of the post. On the arrival of the tribute-collecting army the governors of the districts through which it passed were expected to join the main body with their local contingents. At other times the district governors had little control over the feudatory chiefs in the neighbourhood of their charge.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gujarat Sultanate had comprised twenty-five <i>sarkar</i>s (administrative units).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Fiscal</dt></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg/300px-Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg/450px-Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg/600px-Islamic_Sultanates._Gujarat._Shams_al-Din_Muzaffar_Shah_II._1511-1525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Coinage of <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_II" title="Muzaffar Shah II">Shams al-Din Muzaffar Shah II</a> (1511–1525).</figcaption></figure> <p>For fiscal purposes each district or sarkár was distributed among a certain number of sub-divisions or <i>parganáh</i>s, each under a paid official styled <i>ámil</i> or <i>tahsildár</i>. These sub-divisional officers realised the state demand, nominally one-half of the produce, by the help of the headmen of the villages under their charge. In the sharehold and simple villages of North Gujarát these village headmen were styled <i><a href="/wiki/Patel" title="Patel">Patel</a></i> or according to Muslim writers <i>mukaddam</i>s and in the simple villages of the south they were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Desai" title="Desai">Desai</a></i>. They arranged for the final distribution of the total demand in joint villages among the shareholders, and in simple villages from the individual cultivators. The sub-divisional officer presented a statement of the accounts of the villages in his sub-division to the district officer, whose record of the revenue of his whole district was in turn forwarded to the head revenue officer at court. As a check on the internal management of his charge, and especially to help him in the work of collecting the revenue, with each district governor was associated an accountant. Further that each of these officers might be the greater check on the other, Ahmad Shah I enforced the rule that when the governor was chosen from among the royal slaves the accountant should be a free man, and that when the accountant was a slave the district governor should be chosen from some other class. This practise was maintained till the end of the reign of Muzaffar Sháh II, when, according to the <i>Mirăt-i-Áhmedi</i>, the army became much increased, and the ministers, condensing the details of revenue, farmed it on contract, so that many parts formerly yielding one rupee now produced ten, and many others seven eight or nine, and in no place was there a less increase than from ten to twenty per cent. Many other changes occurred at the same time, and the spirit of innovation creeping into the administration the wholesome system of checking the accounts was given up and mutiny and confusion spread over Gujarát.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_history">Sources of history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources of history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mirat-i-Sikandari</i> is a Persian work on the complete history of Gujarat Sultanate written by Sikandar, son of Muhammad aka Manjhu, son of Akbar who wrote it soon after Akbar conquered Gujarat. He had consulted earlier works of history and the people of authority. Other Persian works of the history of Gujarat Sultanate are <i>Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi</i> about reign of Muzaffar Shah I, <i>Tarik-i-Ahmad Shah</i> in verse by Hulvi Shirazi, <i>Tarikh-i-Mahmud Shahi</i>, <i>Tabaqat-i-Mahmud Shahi</i>, <i>Maathi-i-Mahmud Shahi</i> about Mahmud I, <i>Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi</i> about Muzaffar Shah II's conquest of Mandu, <i>Tarikh-i-Bahadur Shahi</i> aka <i>Tabaqat-i-Husam Khani</i>, <i>Tarikh-i-Gujarat</i> by Abu Turab Vali, <i>Mirat-i-Ahmadi</i>. Other important work in Arabic about history of Gujarat includes <i>Zafarul-Walih bi Muzaffar wa Alih</i> by Hajji Dabir.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Special:EditPage/Gujarat Sultanate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22">"Gujarat Sultanate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gujarat+Sultanate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Maru-Gurjara architecture</a> and employed them in <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>, roofs, doors, minarets and facades.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Ahmedabad" title="Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad">Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fell down in <a href="/wiki/1819_Rann_of_Kutch_earthquake" title="1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake">an earthquake in 1819</a>. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gujarat Sultans built lavishly, particularly in the capital, Ahmedabad.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultanate commissioned mosques such as the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Ahmedabad" title="Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad">Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Champaner" title="Jama Mosque, Champaner">Jama Masjid at Champaner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Mosque" title="Qutbuddin Mosque">Qutbuddin Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rani_Rupamati%27s_Mosque" title="Rani Rupamati's Mosque">Rani Rupamati Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarkhej_Roza" title="Sarkhej Roza">Sarkhej Roza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bashir_Mosque" title="Sidi Bashir Mosque">Sidi Bashir Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevada_Mosque" title="Kevada Mosque">Kevada Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Saiyyed_Mosque" title="Sidi Saiyyed Mosque">Sidi Sayyed Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagina_Mosque" title="Nagina Mosque">Nagina Mosque</a> and Pattharwali Masjid, as well as structures such as <a href="/wiki/Teen_Darwaza" title="Teen Darwaza">Teen Darwaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_Fort" title="Bhadra Fort">Bhadra Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dada_Harir_Stepwell" title="Dada Harir Stepwell">Dada Harir Stepwell</a> in Ahmedabad. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Champaner-Pavagadh_Archaeological_Park" title="Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park</a>, the 16th century capital of Gujarat Sultanate, documents the early Islamic and pre-<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> city that has remained without any change.<sup id="cite_ref-World_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon his passing at the age of 111,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_II" title="Ahmad Shah II">Ahmed Shah</a>'s son erected a mausoleum and mosque in his honor. Sultan Mahmud Begada, enamored with the site as a summer retreat, expanded it with additional structures such as a small mosque, mausoleum, and palaces, alongside the water tank. Spanning 72 acres, it comprised these edifices, as well as gardens teeming with flowering plants and fruit trees. Serving as a focal point of royal life, it hosted gatherings, religious ceremonies, and spiritual discussions within its palaces, pavilions, and water tanks. </p><p>Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of the architectural elements later found in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>, including ornate <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a></i> and minarets, <i><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">jali</a></i> (perforated screens carved in stone), and <i><a href="/wiki/Chattri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattri">chattris</a></i> (pavilions topped with <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupolas</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jami Mosque, Champaner"><img alt="Jami Mosque, Champaner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg/96px-Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg/144px-Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg/192px-Gujarat_Sultanate_Heritage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jami Mosque, Champaner</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Sikandar Shah of Gujarat"><img alt="Tomb of Sikandar Shah of Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg/240px-Tomb_of_Sikander_Shah_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5920" data-file-height="3947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Sikandar Shah of Gujarat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavagadhmosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavagadh Mosque, built by Sultan Mahmud Begada"><img alt="Pavagadh Mosque, built by Sultan Mahmud Begada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pavagadhmosque.jpg/90px-Pavagadhmosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pavagadhmosque.jpg/135px-Pavagadhmosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pavagadhmosque.jpg/180px-Pavagadhmosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="3219" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavagadh Mosque, built by Sultan Mahmud Begada</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">History of Gujarat</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Stone Age <span class="nobold">(before 4000 BCE)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat#Stone_Age" title="History of Gujarat">Stone Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(before 4000 BCE)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Chalcolithic to Bronze Age <span class="nobold">(4000–1300 BCE)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat#Chalcolithic_to_Bronze_Age_(4000_BCE–1300_BCE)" title="History of Gujarat">Chalcolithic Gujarat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(c. 3950–1900 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Padri Ware</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3600–2000 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Pre-Prabhas Assemblage</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3200–2600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Pre Urban Harappan Sindh Type Pottery</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–2600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">Black and Red Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3950–900 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Reserved Slip Ware</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3950–1900 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Micaceous Red Ware</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> – <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> – <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Late cultures</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2200–1700 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Prabhas Assemblage</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2200–1700 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – Lustrous Red Ware</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1900–1300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BCE)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Iron Age <span class="nobold">(1500–300 BCE)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">Black and Red Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (600–300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Epic_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic India">Epic India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1700–300 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhira kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Anarta_kingdom" title="Anarta kingdom">Anarta kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Dwaraka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwaraka kingdom">Dwaraka kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_kingdom" title="Saurashtra kingdom">Saurashtra kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical period <span class="nobold">(380 BCE – 1299 CE)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BCE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312 BCE − 400 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Western_Satrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Satrap">Western Satraps</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 119 – 405 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(c. 250 – c. 500 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (30 – 375 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Traikutaka_dynasty" title="Traikutaka dynasty">Traikutaka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (388 – 454 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (405 – c. 730 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valabhi" title="Kingdom of Valabhi">Valabhi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475 – 767 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garulaka_dynasty" title="Garulaka dynasty">Garulaka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 500 - c. 700 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saindhava" title="Saindhava">Saindhava</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(c. 725 – c. 950 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjaras_of_Lata" title="Gurjaras of Lata">Gurjaras of Lata</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(c. 580 – c. 738 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Navasarika" title="Chalukyas of Navasarika">Chalukyas of Navasarika</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 660 – c. 739 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">( 7th century)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 730 – c. 960 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">Chavda dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 690 – c. 940 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chudasama_dynasty" title="Chudasama dynasty">Chudasama dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 875 – 1472 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(8–9th century)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (9–10th century)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(9–10th century)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Lata" title="Chalukyas of Lata">Chalukyas of Lata</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 970 – c. 1070 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (c. 940 – 1243 CE)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1243–1299 CE)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern periods <span class="nobold">(1299–1819)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1298–1407)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate#Governors_under_Khalji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1298–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate#Governors_under_Tughluq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1407)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarat Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1407–1573)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Mughal Empire">Mughal Gujarat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1573–1756)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1756–1819)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Gaekwad_dynasty" title="Gaekwad dynasty">Gaekwad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Cutch_State" title="Cutch State">Cutch State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1365–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period <span class="nobold">(1819–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1534–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1819–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(till 1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Residencies_of_British_India" title="Residencies of British India">Residencies</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1819–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_British_India" title="Agencies of British India">Agencies of British India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1819–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  –<a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1618–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-independence <span class="nobold">(1947–)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurashtra State">Saurashtra State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1948–1956)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutch_State" title="Kutch State">Kutch State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1947–1956)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1947–1960)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1960–)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Gujarat" title="Template:History of Gujarat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Gujarat" title="Template talk:History of Gujarat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Gujarat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Gujarat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a map of their territory, under "Ahmad Shahis" see: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (f). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.4+%28f%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moti-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moti_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhir2022" class="citation book cs1">Dhir, Krishna S. (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA498"><i>Urdu: A Multidisciplinary Analysis</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-4301-1"><bdi>978-81-208-4301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Analysis&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-4301-1&rft.aulast=Dhir&rft.aufirst=Krishna+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVx6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitra2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitra2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitra2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudipta_Mitra2005" class="citation book cs1">Sudipta Mitra (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA14"><i>Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion</i></a>. Indus Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-183-2"><bdi>978-81-7387-183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gir+Forest+and+the+Saga+of+the+Asiatic+Lion&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-183-2&rft.au=Sudipta+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0rME6RjC1sC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambly2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hambly, Gavin R. G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat">"Gujarat"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. XI/4: Greece VIII–Hadith II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">385–</span>390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-66-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-66-5"><bdi>978-0-933273-66-5</bdi></a>. <q>Firuzšāh Shah Toḡloq (752–90/1351–88) appointed as governor of Gujarat one of his most trusted lieutenants, Ẓafar Khan I, a Punjabi Khatri convert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gujarat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-66-5&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Gavin+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgujarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60"><i>Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440–1640</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2879-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2879-8"><bdi>978-1-4773-2879-8</bdi></a>. <q>The latter sultanate was founded by a former Tughluq governor, perhaps from a family of Punjabi Khatri converts, who took the title Muzaffar Shah in the early fifteenth century but reigned for only a short time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Green+Sea%3A+Histories+from+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%2C+1440%E2%80%931640&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2879-8&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5nsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2003" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=muzaffar+khan+tank+khatri&pg=PA143"><i>Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries</i></a>. BRILL. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13561-1</bdi></a>. <q>Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign Muslim but a Khatri convert, of low subdivision called Tank, originally from southern Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%3A+14th+%E2%80%93+15th+centuries&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13561-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C%26q%3Dmuzaffar%2Bkhan%2Btank%2Bkhatri%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ&q=in+praise+of+kings,+rajputs"><i>Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8"><bdi>978-1-107-15331-8</bdi></a>. <q>the Gujarati historian Sikandar does narrate the story of their ancestors having once been Hindu 'Tanks', a branch of Khatris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+The+Long+Fifteenth+Century+and+the+Making+of+a+Region&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15331-8&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrxsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Din%2Bpraise%2Bof%2Bkings%2C%2Brajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra1963" class="citation book cs1">Misra, S. C. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofmuslimpowe0000unse"><i>The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat; a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, Asia Pub. House. p. 137. <q>Zafar Khan was not a foreign Muslim. He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as Tank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Muslim+power+in+Gujarat%3B+a+history+of+Gujarat+from+1298+to+1442&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Asia+Pub.+House&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofmuslimpowe0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4PfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566526-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566526-0"><bdi>978-0-19-566526-0</bdi></a>. <q>Zafar Khan (entitled Muzaffar Shah) himself was a convert to Islam from a sub-caste of the Khatris known as Tank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+and+Firearms%3A+Warfare+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566526-0&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iqtidar+Alam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4PfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2020" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=muzaffar+khan+khatri+gujarat+sultanate&pg=PA87"><i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c. 700–1800 CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41774-7"><bdi>978-1-108-41774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+c.+700%E2%80%931800+CE&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41774-7&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuzaffar%2Bkhan%2Bkhatri%2Bgujarat%2Bsultanate%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisraRahman" class="citation book cs1">Misra, S.C.; Rahman, M.L. <i>The Mirat-i-Sikandari: A History of Gujarat from the Inception of the Dynasty of the Sultans of Gujarat to the Conquest of Gujarat by Akbar of Shaikh Sikandar ibn Muhammad urf Manjhu ibn Akbar</i>. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Press. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirat-i-Sikandari%3A+A+History+of+Gujarat+from+the+Inception+of+the+Dynasty+of+the+Sultans+of+Gujarat+to+the+Conquest+of+Gujarat+by+Akbar+of+Shaikh+Sikandar+ibn+Muhammad+urf+Manjhu+ibn+Akbar&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Maharaja+Sayajirao+University+of+Baroda+Press&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft.au=Rahman%2C+M.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Burton (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a369DwAAQBAJ&q=burton+stein+History+of+India"><i>A History of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9509-6</bdi></a>. <q>Ahmedabad in Gujarat received its great congregational mosque in 1423, though it had been a province of Delhi since 1297. It was built by Ahmad Shah, a converted Rajput, who, when governor, declared the province an independent sultanate in 1411.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da369DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dburton%2Bstein%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Sadharan&pg=PA70"><i>Medieval India (From Sultanat to the Mughals), PART ONE Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110645"><bdi>9788124110645</bdi></a>. <q>Sadharan a Rajput who converted to Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India+%28From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals%29%2C+PART+ONE+Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788124110645&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26q%3DSadharan%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, VD (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnscEAAAQBAJ&q=mahajan+zafar+khan+rajput&pg=PA245"><i>History of Medieval India</i></a>. S. Chand. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121903646" title="Special:BookSources/9788121903646"><bdi>9788121903646</bdi></a>. <q>Zafar Khan, a son of Rajput convert to Islam was appointed as governor of Gujarat in 1391AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788121903646&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=VD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnscEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmahajan%2Bzafar%2Bkhan%2Brajput%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Everett (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&q=jenkins+rajput+everett+zafar+khan&pg=PA275"><i>The Muslim Diaspora – A comprehensive reference to the spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the America, 570–1799</i></a>. McFarland & Company Inc. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786447138" title="Special:BookSources/9780786447138"><bdi>9780786447138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Diaspora+%E2%80%93+A+comprehensive+reference+to+the+spread+of+Islam+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+America%2C+570%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780786447138&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgiEkCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Djenkins%2Brajput%2Beverett%2Bzafar%2Bkhan%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ&q=aparna+kapadia+tank+rajput&pg=PA8"><i>Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107153318" title="Special:BookSources/9781107153318"><bdi>9781107153318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+The+Long+Fifteenth+Century+and+the+Making+of+a+Region&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107153318&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrxsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daparna%2Bkapadia%2Btank%2Brajput%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ"><i>In Praise of Kings Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107153318" title="Special:BookSources/9781107153318"><bdi>9781107153318</bdi></a>. <q>These men, a certain Saharan and his brother Sadhu, were, mostly likely peasants or pastoralists, non-Muslim Tank Rajputs from <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a> in northwestern India (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Kings+Rajputs%2C+Sultans+and+Poets+in+Fifteenth-century+Gujarat&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107153318&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrxsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Aparna (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ"><i>Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15331-8"><bdi>978-1-107-15331-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+The+Long+Fifteenth+Century+and+the+Making+of+a+Region&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15331-8&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrxsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra1963138-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra1963138_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMisra1963">Misra 1963</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (17 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXVDwAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+khan+convert+to+islam&pg=PT134"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520974234" title="Special:BookSources/9780520974234"><bdi>9780520974234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000%E2%80%931765&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft.isbn=9780520974234&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFXVDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dzafar%2Bkhan%2Bconvert%2Bto%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnihotri1988" class="citation book cs1">Agnihotri, V. K. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&dq=Zafar+Khan%27s+father+Sadharan%2C+was+a+Jat+convert+to+Islam.&pg=RA1-PA131"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Allied Publishers. pp. B-131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=B-131&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft.aulast=Agnihotri&rft.aufirst=V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26dq%3DZafar%2BKhan%2527s%2Bfather%2BSadharan%252C%2Bwas%2Ba%2BJat%2Bconvert%2Bto%2BIslam.%26pg%3DRA1-PA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1987" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, S. A. A (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheWonderThatWasIndiaVol2SAARizvi/page/n113/mode/2up"><i>The Wonder That Was India</i></a>. Allied Publishers. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184245684" title="Special:BookSources/9788184245684"><bdi>9788184245684</bdi></a>. <q>The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonder+That+Was+India&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788184245684&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=S.+A.+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheWonderThatWasIndiaVol2SAARizvi%2Fpage%2Fn113%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/752803447">"The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat. A history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. [With a map.] | WorldCat.org"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i>. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>The two brothers were chaudharis of a rather numerous agrarian community, tilling the soil, not high in the caste hierarchy but not without strength in the neighborhood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Muslim+Power+in+Gujarat.+A+history+of+Gujarat+from+1298+to+1442.+%5BWith+a+map.%5D+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft.pages=138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F752803447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). <i>The Delhi Sultanate</i>, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 155-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19024-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19024_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1902">Taylor 1902</a>, pp. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBP-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBP_17-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Macnabb_Campbell1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/James_Macnabb_Campbell" title="James Macnabb Campbell">James Macnabb Campbell</a>, ed. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm">"MUSALMÁN GUJARÁT. (A.D. 1297–1760): Introduction) and II. Áhmedábád King. (A.D. 1403–1573."</a>. <i>History of Gujarát</i>. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">210–</span>212, <span class="nowrap">236–</span>270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MUSALM%C3%81N+GUJAR%C3%81T.+%28A.D.+1297%E2%80%931760%29%3A+Introduction%29+and+II.+%C3%81hmed%C3%A1b%C3%A1d+King.+%28A.D.+1403%E2%80%931573.&rft.btitle=History+of+Gujar%C3%A1t&rft.series=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E212%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=The+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1896&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F54652%2F54652-h%2F54652-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19026-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19026_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1902">Taylor 1902</a>, pp. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). <i>The Delhi Sultanate</i>, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 157-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). <i>The Delhi Sultanate</i>, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 709-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). <i>The Delhi Sultanate</i>, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 160-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (d). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147%2C+map+XIV.3+%28d%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m4_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. (2006). <i>The Delhi Sultanate</i>, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 162-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002156-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002156_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaurasia2002">Chaurasia 2002</a>, pp. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002155-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaurasia2002155_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaurasia2002">Chaurasia 2002</a>, pp. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma195418-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma195418_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharma1954">Sharma 1954</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaube1975132-137-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaube1975132-137_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaube1975">Chaube 1975</a>, p. 132-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m5_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, R.C. 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Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanover Square Press">Hanover Square Press</a>. pp. 30, <span class="nowrap">174–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-335-14102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-335-14102-6"><bdi>978-1-335-14102-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091716966">1091716966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Samurai%3A+The+True+Story+of+Yasuke%2C+a+Legendary+Black+Warrior+in+Feudal+Japan&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=30%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Hanover+Square+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1091716966&rft.isbn=978-1-335-14102-6&rft.aulast=Lockley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Girard%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1091716966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2009" class="citation book cs1">A., Nadri, Ghulam (2009). <i>Eighteenth-century Gujarat : the dynamics of its political economy, 1750-1800</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004172029" title="Special:BookSources/9789004172029"><bdi>9789004172029</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568402132">568402132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteenth-century+Gujarat+%3A+the+dynamics+of+its+political+economy%2C+1750-1800&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568402132&rft.isbn=9789004172029&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Nadri%2C+Ghulam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1961" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Z. 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Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mirat-i-Sikandari+as+a+Source+for+the+Study+of+Cultural+and+Social+Condition+of+Gujarat+under+the+Sultanate+%281403-1572%29&rft.btitle=Journal+Of+Oriental+Institute+Baroda+Vol.10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.pub=Maharaja+Sayajirao+University+of+Baroda&rft.date=1961-03&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Z.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.280444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLAMBOURN2010" class="citation journal cs1">LAMBOURN, ELIZABETH A. 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Seeing Micro-Architecture in Sultanate South Asia"</a>. <i>Muqarnas</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">121–</span>156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993_02701007">10.1163/22118993_02701007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769695">25769695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=A+Self-Conscious+Art%3F+Seeing+Micro-Architecture+in+Sultanate+South+Asia&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25769695%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993_02701007&rft.aulast=LAMBOURN&rft.aufirst=ELIZABETH+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25769695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00003000.html">"The Shaking Minarets at Ahmedabad, drawn in 1809"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925233837/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00003000.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 429-430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551/">"Historic City of Ahmadabad"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903221635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Historic+City+of+Ahmadabad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1551%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006154345/http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html">"Champaner-Pavagadh"</a>. Worldheritagesite.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champaner-Pavagadh&rft.pub=Worldheritagesite.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Fsites%2Fchampaner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarat_Sultanate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0123-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0123-4&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaube1975" class="citation book cs1">Chaube, J. 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Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883865736" title="Special:BookSources/9780883865736"><bdi>9780883865736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Gujarat+Kingdom%2C+1458-1537&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780883865736&rft.aulast=Chaube&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm94BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1954" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Gopi Nath (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ"><i>Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)</i></a>. S.L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/104269">the original</a> on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+Of+The+Gujarat+Saltanat&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2015%2F104269&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Georg+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.dli.ernet.in%2Fhandle%2F2015%2F104269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarat+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikhShastri1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rasiklal_Parikh" title="Rasiklal Parikh">Parikh, Rasiklal Chhotalal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Shastri" title="Hariprasad Shastri">Shastri, Hariprasad Gangashankar</a>, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1977GujaratnoRajkiyaAneSanskrutikItihasVol5SaltanatKaal257D/page/n5"><i>ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સલ્તનત કાલ</i></a> [<i>Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Sultanate Era</i>]. Research Series - Book No. 71 (in Gujarati). 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