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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth,_family_and_marriage_to_Sita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth,_family_and_marriage_to_Sita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Youth, family and marriage to Sita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth,_family_and_marriage_to_Sita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Exile and war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_rule,_death_and_re-appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_rule,_death_and_re-appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-war rule, death and re-appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_rule,_death_and_re-appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_and_historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_and_historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dating and historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_and_historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Iconography and characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Philosophy and symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literary sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ramayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tamil_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tamil_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 In Tamil literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tamil_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adhyatma_Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhyatma_Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Adhyatma Ramayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhyatma_Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramacharitmanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramacharitmanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Ramacharitmanas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramacharitmanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_Vasistha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Vasistha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Yoga Vasistha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Vasistha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Upanishad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_major_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_major_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Other major texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_major_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Worship and festivals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship and festivals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hymns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rama_Navami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rama_Navami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Rama Navami </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rama_Navami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramlila_and_Dussehra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramlila_and_Dussehra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Ramlila and Dussehra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramlila_and_Dussehra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Diwali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasanthotsavam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasanthotsavam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Vasanthotsavam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasanthotsavam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Outside Hinduism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside Hinduism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Influence and depiction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_depiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and depiction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_arts_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_arts_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Hindu arts in Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_arts_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-YouTube" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YouTube"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.3 YouTube </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YouTube-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rama</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="راما (هندوسية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راما (هندوسية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ৰাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_awatara" title="Rama awatara – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rama awatara" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari_Rama" title="Sari Rama – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sari Rama" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(divinitat)" title="Rama (divinitat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rama (divinitat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ma" title="Ráma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ráma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(Mythologie)" title="Rama (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rama (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81ma" title="Rāma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rāma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Ράμα (θεός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράμα (θεός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(dios)" title="Rama (dios) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rama (dios)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramo_(Ramajano)" title="Ramo (Ramajano) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramo (Ramajano)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="راما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81ma" title="Rāma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rāma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(god)" title="Rama (god) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rama (god)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(hindu%C3%ADsmo)" title="Rama (hinduísmo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rama (hinduísmo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="રામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88_(%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EA%B5%90)" title="라마 (힌두교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라마 (힌두교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ռամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(hinduizam)" title="Rama (hinduizam) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rama (hinduizam)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81ma" title="Rāma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rāma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%9C)" title="ראמה (אל) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראמה (אל)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ರಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81ma" title="Rāma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rāma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ma" title="Ráma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ráma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="രാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="راما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯔꯥꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯥꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="ラーマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ରାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="राम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="राम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="ព្រះរាម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះរាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(b%C3%B3g)" title="Rama (bóg) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rama (bóg)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Рама (индуизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рама (индуизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Раама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Раама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83" title="रामः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रामः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="رام چندر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="رام چندر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="රාම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ma" title="Ráma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ráma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(hinduizam)" title="Rama (hinduizam) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rama (hinduizam)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இராமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இராமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రామావతారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రామావతారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="พระราม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ರಾಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(avatar)" title="Rama (avatar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rama (avatar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rama" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_(diyos)" title="Rama (diyos) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rama (diyos)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9" title="罗摩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗摩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major deity in Hinduism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu god Rama, Râm, Ramachandra, Sriram. For other Ram, see <a href="/wiki/Ram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ram (disambiguation)">Ram (disambiguation)</a>. For other Ramchandra, see <a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ramchandra (disambiguation)">Ramchandra (disambiguation)</a>. For other Sriram, see <a href="/wiki/Sriram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sriram (disambiguation)">Sriram (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rama (disambiguation)">Rama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Rama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>The Ideal Man<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>Embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">The Supreme Being</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramaism</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg/220px-Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg/330px-Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg/440px-Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2008" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Rama holding arrows, early 19th century depiction</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Ramachandra, Raghava, <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">राम</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration</th><td class="infobox-data">Rāma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data">Seventh <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a> (North Kosala) <a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)"> Kusha</a> (South Kosala)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a> <a href="/wiki/Jai_Siya_Ram" title="Jai Siya Ram">Jai Siya Ram</a> <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Rama</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramanama" title="Ramanama">Ramanama</a> repetition</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a> <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">(bow)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Army</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vanaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaras">Vanara Sena</a> Ayodhyan Army</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a> <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">(bow)</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">its other versions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Samhita" title="Valmiki Samhita">Valmiki Samhita</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Matabja_Bhaskara" title="Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara">Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Patrika" title="Vinaya Patrika">Vinaya Patrika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Raghuvamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghuvamsa">Raghuvamsa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ramopakhyana" title="Ramopakhyana">Ramopakhyana</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaha_Panchami" title="Vivaha Panchami">Vivaha Panchami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasanthotsavam" title="Vasanthotsavam">Vasanthotsavam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avatar birth</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avatar end</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Sarayu River</a>, Ayodhya, Kosala (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a> (mother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a> (step-mother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sumitra" title="Sumitra">Sumitra</a> (step-mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> (half-brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a> (half-brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a> (half-brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a> (son)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a> (son)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba_(dynasty)" title="Raghuvaṃśa (dynasty)">Raghuvamsha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Dynasty">Suryavamsha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> Sequence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9">Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> Traditional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Vedic Deities:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Post-Vedic:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mokṣa-related topics:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Divisions</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd>Rigveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Yajurveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Samaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Atharvaveda:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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He is worshipped as the seventh and one of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Rama-centric</a> Hindu traditions, he is considered the Supreme Being. Also considered as the ideal man (maryāda puruṣottama), Rama is the male protagonist of the Hindu epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. His birth is celebrated every year on <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a>, which falls on the ninth day of the bright half (<a href="/wiki/Paksha" title="Paksha">Shukla Paksha</a>) of the lunar cycle of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> (March–April), the first month in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to the Ramayana, Rama was born to <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasaratha</a> and his first wife <a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>, the capital of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>. His siblings included <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>. Born in a royal family, Rama's life is described in the Hindu texts as one challenged by unexpected changes, such as an exile into impoverished and difficult circumstances, and challenges of ethical questions and moral dilemmas.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney2013p238-8">[8]</a> The most notable story involving Rama is the kidnapping of Sita by the demon-king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, followed by Rama and Lakshmana's journey to rescue her. The entire life story of Rama, Sita and their companions allegorically discusses duties, rights and social responsibilities of an individual. It illustrates <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and dharmic living through model characters.<a href="#cite_note-Brackney2013p238-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindery1978p95-9">[9]</a> Rama is especially important to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>. He is the central figure of the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana, a text historically popular in the South Asian and Southeast Asian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dimock1963-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> His ancient legends have attracted <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">bhashya</a> (commentaries) and extensive secondary literature and inspired performance arts. Two such texts, for example, are the <a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a> – a spiritual and theological treatise considered foundational by <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a> monasteries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201228-13">[13]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a> – a popular treatise that inspires thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> festival performances during autumn every year in India.<a href="#cite_note-SchechnerHess51-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_Lindsay_2006_12–14-16">[16]</a> Rama legends are also found in the texts of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, though he is sometimes called Pauma or Padma in these texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010337–338-17">[17]</a> and their details vary significantly from the Hindu versions.<a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p508-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Jain Texts</a> also mentioned <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Rama</a> as the eighth <a href="/wiki/Balabhadra" title="Balabhadra">balabhadra</a> among the 63 <a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">salakapurusas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matchett-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200272–73-21">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, Rama is mentioned as twentieth of the <a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>twenty-four divine avatars of Vishnu in the <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2></div> Rama is also known as Ram, Raman, Ramar,<a href="#cite_note-25">[α]</a> and Ramachandra (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌrɑːməˈtʃəndrə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Rāmacandra, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: रामचन्द्र). Rāma is a Vedic Sanskrit word with two contextual meanings. In one context, as found in <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, as stated by <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, it means "dark, dark-colored, black" and is related to the term ratri, which means night. In another context in other <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> texts, the word means "pleasing, delightful, charming, beautiful, lovely".<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-parpola264-28">[27]</a> The word is sometimes used as a suffix in different Indian languages and religions, such as Pali in Buddhist texts, where -rama adds the sense of "pleasing to the mind, lovely" to the composite word.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Rama as a first name appears in the Vedic literature, associated with two patronymic names – Margaveya and Aupatasvini – representing different individuals. A third individual named Rama Jamadagnya is the purported author of hymn 10.110 of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> in the Hindu tradition.<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a> The word Rama appears in ancient literature in reverential terms for three individuals:<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashu-rama</a>, as the sixth <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Vishnu. He is linked to the Rama Jamadagnya of the Rigveda fame.</li> <li>Rama-chandra, as the seventh avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and of the ancient Ramayana fame.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Bala-rama</a>, also called Halayudha, as the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> both of whom appear in the legends of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.</li></ol> The name Rama appears repeatedly in Hindu texts, for many different scholars and kings in mythical stories.<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a> The word also appears in ancient <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a> layer of Vedic literature, as well as music and other post-Vedic literature, but in qualifying context of something or someone who is "charming, beautiful, lovely" or "darkness, night".<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a> The Vishnu avatar named Rama is also known by other names. He is called Ramachandra (beautiful, lovely moon),<a href="#cite_note-parpola264-28">[27]</a> or Dasarathi (son of Dasaratha), or Raghava (descendant of Raghu, solar dynasty in Hindu cosmology).<a href="#cite_note-mmwrama-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Additional names of Rama include Ramavijaya (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>), Phreah Ream (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>), Phra Ram (<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>), Megat Seri Rama (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>), Raja Bantugan (<a href="/wiki/Maranao" class="mw-redirect" title="Maranao">Maranao</a>), Ramar or Raman (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>), and Ramudu (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_sahasranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu sahasranama">Vishnu sahasranama</a>, Rama is the 394th name of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. In some Advaita Vedanta inspired texts, Rama connotes the metaphysical concept of Supreme <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> who is the eternally blissful spiritual Self (Atman, soul) in whom <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> delight nondualistically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201231-32">[31]</a> The root of the word Rama is ram- which means "stop, stand still, rest, rejoice, be pleased".<a href="#cite_note-parpola264-28">[27]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Douglas Q. Adams</a>, the Sanskrit word Rama is also found in other Indo-European languages such as <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> ram, reme, *romo- where it means "support, make still", "witness, make evident".<a href="#cite_note-parpola264-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The sense of "dark, black, soot" also appears in other Indo European languages, such as *remos or Old English romig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA160_160]-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[β]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> This summary is a traditional legendary account, based on literary details from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and other historic mythology-containing texts of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>, the figure of Rama incorporates more ancient "morphemes of Indian myths", such as the mythical legends of Bali and Namuci. The ancient sage <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> used these morphemes in his Ramayana <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a> as in sections 3.27, 3.59, 3.73, 5.19 and 29.28.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya,_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22,_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-PM_at_the_Pran_Pratishtha_ceremony_of_Shree_Ram_Janmaboomi_Temple_in_Ayodhya%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_on_January_22%2C_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balak_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Balak Ram">Balak Ram</a>, the 5-year-old form of Rama, is the principal deity of the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient epic Ramayana states in the Balakanda that Rama and his brothers were born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a>, a city on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Sarayu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guruge1991p51-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The Jain versions of the Ramayana, such as the Paumacariya (literally deeds of Padma) by Vimalasuri, also mention the details of the early life of Rama. The Jain texts are dated variously, but generally pre-500 CE, most likely sometime within the first five centuries of the common era.<a href="#cite_note-cort313-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Moriz Winternitz</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> Ramayana was already famous before it was recast in the Jain Paumacariya poem, dated to the second half of the 1st century CE, which pre-dates a similar retelling found in the Buddha-carita of Asvagosa, dated to the beginning of the 2nd century CE or prior.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a> was the king of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">solar dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku" title="Ikshvaku">Iksvakus</a>. His mother's name <a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kaushalya</a> literally implies that she was from Kosala. The kingdom of Kosala is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain texts</a>, as one of the sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha janapadas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, and as an important center of pilgrimage for Jains and Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-Guruge1991p51-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> However, there is a scholarly dispute whether the modern Ayodhya is indeed the same as the Ayodhya and Kosala mentioned in the Ramayana and other ancient Indian texts.<a href="#cite_note-veer157-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[γ]</a> Rama's birth, according to Ramayana, is an incarnation of God (Vishnu) as human. When demigods went to Brahma to seek liberation from Ravana's menace on the Earth (due to powers he had from Brahma's boon to him), Vishnu himself appeared and said he will incarnate as Rama (human) and kill Ravana (since Brahma's boon made him invincible from all, including God, except humans).<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth,_family_and_marriage_to_Sita">Youth, family and marriage to Sita</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rama%27s_Journey_in_Mithila" title="Rama's Journey in Mithila">Rama's Journey in Mithila</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg/180px-An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg/270px-An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg/360px-An_early_20th_century_Hindu_deity_Rama_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Rama is portrayed in Hindu arts and texts as a compassionate person who cares for all living beings.<a href="#cite_note-hindery106-47">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Śrī Rāma Jaya Rāma Jaya Jaya Rāma (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: श्री राम जय राम जय जय राम) </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Chant of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> containing thirteen syllables. It is known as Śrī Rāma Tāraka mantra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'The Rama <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> for <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Salvation</a>').<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a></cite></div> </div> Rama had three brothers, according to the <a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Balakanda</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555-3">[3]</a> The extant manuscripts of the text describes their education and training as young princes, but this is brief. Rama is portrayed as a polite, self-controlled, virtuous youth always ready to help others. His education included the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a> as well as the martial arts.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a> The years when Rama grew up are described in much greater detail by later Hindu texts, such as the Ramavali by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. The template is similar to those found for <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, but in the poems of <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>, Rama is milder and reserved introvert, rather than the prank-playing extrovert personality of Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg/220px-Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg/330px-Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg/440px-Marriage_of_Rama_to_Sita_with_Brahmins_making_fire_sacrifice._Coloured_transfer_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3643" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The marriage ceremony of Rama and Sita.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> In the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(ancient_city)" title="Mithila (ancient city)">Mithilā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a> conducted a <a href="/wiki/Swayamvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Swayamvara">svayamvara</a> ceremony at his capital with the condition that she would marry only a prince who would possess the strength to string the <a href="/wiki/Pinaka_(Hinduism)" title="Pinaka (Hinduism)">Pinaka</a>, the bow of the deity <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. Many princes attempted and failed to string the bow.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> During this time, <a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a> had brought Rama and his brother Lakshmana to the forest for the protection of a <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yajna</a> (ritual sacrifice). Hearing about the svayamvara, Vishvamitra asked Rama to participate in the ceremony with the consent of Janaka, who agreed to offer Sita's hand in marriage to the prince if he could fulfil the requisite task. When the bow was brought before him, Rama seized the centre of the weapon, fastened the string taut, and broke it in two in the process. Witnessing his prowess, Janaka agreed to marry his daughter to Rama and invited Dasharatha to his capital.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> During the homeward journey to Ayodhya, another avatar of Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, challenged Rama to combat, on the condition that he was able to string the bow of Vishnu, <a href="/wiki/Sharanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharanga">Sharanga</a>. When Rama obliged him with success, Parashurama acknowledged the former to be a form of Vishnu and departed to perform penance at the mountain Mahendra. The wedding entourage then reached Ayodhya, entering the city amid great fanfare.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-55">[52]</a> Thereafter, Rama lived happily with Sita for twelve (12) years.<a href="#cite_note-hindery99-56">[53]</a> Meanwhile Rama and his brothers were away, <a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a>, the mother of Bharata and the third wife of King <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a>, reminds the king that he had promised long ago to comply with one thing she asks, anything. Dasharatha remembers and agrees to do so. She demands that Rama be exiled for fourteen years to Dandaka forest.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a> Dasharatha grieves at her request. Her son Bharata, and other family members become upset at her demand. Rama states that his father should keep his word, adds that he does not crave for earthly or heavenly material pleasures, and seeks neither power nor anything else. He informs of his decision to his wife and tells everyone that time passes quickly. <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> leaves with him to live in the forest, and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> joins them in their exile as the caring close brother.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg/220px-Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg/330px-Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg/440px-Rama_draws_Parashurama_Bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Rama draws Parashurama Bow</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_and_war">Exile and war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Rama" title="Exile of Rama">Exile of Rama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg/220px-Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg/330px-Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg/440px-Rama_exiled_to_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Rama, along with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> and wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, exiled to the forest.</figcaption></figure> Rama heads outside the Kosala kingdom, crosses Yamuna river and initially stays at Chitrakuta, on the banks of river Mandakini, in the hermitage of sage <a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalal99-58">[55]</a> During the exile, Rama meets one of his devotee, <a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a> who happened to love him so much that when Rama asked something to eat she offered her <a href="/wiki/Ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Ber">ber</a>, a fruit. But every time she gave it to him she first tasted it to ensure that it was sweet and tasty as a testament to her devotion. Rama also understood her devotion and ate all the half-eaten bers given by her. Such was the reciprocation of love and compassion he had for his people. This place is believed in the Hindu tradition to be the same as <a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh">Chitrakoot</a> on the border of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> The region has numerous Rama temples and is an important Vaishnava pilgrimage site.<a href="#cite_note-dalal99-58">[55]</a> The texts describe nearby hermitages of Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishis</a> (sages) such as <a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a>, and that Rama roamed through forests, lived a humble simple life, provided protection and relief to ascetics in the forest being harassed and persecuted by demons, as they stayed at different <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalal99-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindery99-56">[53]</a> After ten years of wandering and struggles, Rama arrives at Panchavati, on the banks of river Godavari. This region had numerous demons (rakshashas). One day, a demoness called Shurpanakha saw Rama, became enamored of him, and tried to seduce him.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a> Rama refused her. Shurpanakha retaliated by threatening <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>. Lakshmana, the younger brother protective of his family, in turn retaliated by cutting off the nose and ears of <a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Shurpanakha</a>. The cycle of violence escalated, ultimately reaching demon king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, who was the brother of Shurpanakha. Ravana comes to <a href="/wiki/Panchavati" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchavati">Panchavati</a> to take revenge on behalf of his family, sees Sita, gets attracted, ask <a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Maricha</a>, his uncle, to disguised himself as a magnificent deer to lure Sita,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> and kidnaps her to his <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">kingdom of Lanka</a> (believed to be modern <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindery99-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana,_an_album_painting_on_paper,_c1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg/220px-Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg/330px-Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg/440px-Rama_and_Hanuman_fighting_Ravana%2C_an_album_painting_on_paper%2C_c1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4445" data-file-height="6182" /></a><figcaption>Rama seated on back of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> (right) fights Ravana, c. 1820</figcaption></figure> Rama and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> discover the kidnapping, worry about Sita's safety, despair at the loss and their lack of resources to take on Ravana. Their struggles now reach new heights. They travel south, meet <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a>, marshall an army of monkeys, and attract dedicated commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> who was a minister of Sugriva.<a href="#cite_note-Ramayana-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Meanwhile, Ravana harasses Sita to be his wife, queen or goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1996406-63">[60]</a> Sita refuses him. Ravana gets enraged and ultimately reaches Lanka, fights in a war that has many ups and downs, but ultimately Rama prevails, kills Ravana and forces of evil, and rescues his wife Sita. They return to Ayodhya.<a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman199690-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_rule,_death_and_re-appearance">Post-war rule, death and re-appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg/220px-Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg/330px-Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg/440px-Rama_departs_to_enter_Heaven_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Rama departs to enter Heaven - Ramayana By Akbar</figcaption></figure> The return of Rama to Ayodhya was celebrated with his coronation. It is called Rama pattabhisheka, and his rule itself as Rama rajya described to be a just and fair rule.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> It is believed by many that when Rama returned people celebrated their happiness with <a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">diyas</a> (lamps), and the festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> is connected with Rama's return.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Upon Rama's accession as king, rumours emerge that Sita may have gone willingly when she was with Ravana; Sita protests that her capture was forced. Rama responds to public gossip by renouncing his wife and asking her to prove her chastity in front of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> (fire). She does and passes the test. Rama and Sita live happily together in Ayodhya,<a href="#cite_note-hindery99-56">[53]</a> have twin sons named <a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a>, in the Ramayana and other major texts. However, in some revisions, the story is different and tragic, with Sita dying of sorrow for her husband not trusting her, making Sita a moral heroine and leaving the reader with moral questions about Rama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindery1978100-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hess2001-69">[66]</a> In these revisions, the death of Sita leads Rama to drown himself. Through death, he joins her in afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Depiction of Rama dying by drowning himself and then emerging in the sky as a six-armed incarnate of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is found in the Burmese version of Rama's life story called Thiri Rama.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama%27s_Court,_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_(Adventures_of_Rama)_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg/220px-Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg/330px-Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg/440px-Rama%27s_Court%2C_Folio_from_a_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_LACMA_AC1999.127.36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1691" /></a><figcaption>Rama darbar (Rama's court), <a href="/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh#Chamba_miniature_paintings" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba</a> painting, 1775–1800. Rama and Sita on the throne with Rama's brothers behind. Hanuman with Sugriva and Jambavan pay their respects.</figcaption></figure> Rama's legends vary significantly by the region and across manuscripts. While there is a common foundation, plot, grammar and an essential core of values associated with a battle between good and evil, there is neither a correct version nor a single verifiable ancient one. According to Paula Richman, there are hundreds of versions of "the story of Rama in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Southeast Asia and beyond".<a href="#cite_note-richman7-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iyengar2005p29-73">[70]</a> The versions vary by region reflecting local preoccupations and histories, and these cannot be called "divergences or different tellings" from the "real" version, rather all the versions of Rama story are real and true in their own meanings to the local cultural tradition, according to scholars such as Richman and Ramanujan.<a href="#cite_note-richman7-72">[69]</a> The stories vary in details, particularly where the moral question is clear, but the appropriate ethical response is unclear or disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horstmann1991p9-75">[72]</a> For example, when demoness <a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Shurpanakha</a> disguises as a woman to seduce Rama, then stalks and harasses Rama's wife Sita after Rama refuses her, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> is faced with the question of appropriate ethical response. In the Indian tradition, states Richman, the social value is that "a warrior must never harm a woman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85-74">[71]</a> The details of the response by Rama and Lakshmana, and justifications for it, has numerous versions. Similarly, there are numerous and very different versions to how Rama deals with rumours against Sita when they return victorious to Ayodhya, given that the rumours can neither be objectively investigated nor summarily ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199111–12,_89–108-76">[73]</a> Similarly the versions vary on many other specific situations and closure such as how Rama, Sita and Lakshmana die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">[74]</a> The variation and inconsistencies are not limited to the texts found in the Hinduism traditions. The Rama story in the Jain tradition also show variation by author and region, in details, in implied ethical prescriptions and even in names – the older versions using the name Padma instead of Rama, while the later Jain texts just use Rama.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_historicity">Dating and historicity</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg/200px-The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg/300px-The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg/400px-The_Divine_Hero_Rama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A 4th-century-CE terracotta sculpture depicting Rama</figcaption></figure> In some Hindu texts, Rama is stated to have lived in the <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon200810–11-79">[76]</a> that their authors estimate existed before about 5000 BCE. Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Dhirajlal_Sankalia" title="Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia">H. D. Sankalia</a>, who specialised in Proto- and Ancient Indian history, find such estimate to be "pure speculation".<a href="#cite_note-dhirajlal-80">[77]</a> A few other researchers place Rama to have more plausibly lived around 1250 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> based on regnal lists of Kuru and Vrishni leaders which if given more realistic reign lengths would place Bharat and Satwata, contemporaries of Rama, around that period. Sankalia dates various incidents of the Ramayana to have taken place as early as 1,500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-dhirajlal-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The composition of Rama's epic story, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, in its current form is usually dated between 8th and 4th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:02-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> According to John Brockington, a professor of Sanskrit at Oxford known for his publications on the Ramayana, the original text was likely composed and transmitted orally in more ancient times, and modern scholars have suggested various centuries in the 1st millennium BCE. In Brockington's view, "based on the language, style and content of the work, a date of roughly the fifth century BCE is the most reasonable estimate".<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> often highlight that Rama's narrative reflects not only religious beliefs but also societal ideals and moral principles. They explore the possibility of Rama being a composite figure, embodying virtues and qualities valued in ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> This perspective underscores the Ramayana's role as both a religious scripture and a cultural artifact, illustrating how legends like Rama's have shaped India's collective consciousness and ethical frameworks over centuries. Ariel Glucklich about this, quoted: "[...] Rama serve not only as historical narratives but also as moral and spiritual teachings, shaping cultural identity and religious beliefs in profound ways."<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon2004139–144-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_characteristics">Iconography and characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_with_companions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ram_with_companions.jpg/220px-Ram_with_companions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ram_with_companions.jpg/330px-Ram_with_companions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ram_with_companions.jpg/440px-Ram_with_companions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Rama with Lakshmana (left), Sita (right) and Hanuman at his feet. <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_painting" title="Thanjavur painting">Tanjore painting</a>, mid 19th century</figcaption></figure> Rama iconography shares elements of avatars of Vishnu, but has several distinctive elements. He has two hands, holds a bana (arrow) in his right hand, while he holds the dhanus (bow) in his left.<a href="#cite_note-raoramaicon-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> The most recommended icon for him is that he be shown standing in <a href="/wiki/Tribhanga" title="Tribhanga">tribhanga</a> pose (thrice bent "S" shape). He is shown black, blue or dark color, typically wearing reddish color clothes. Rama is often accompanied with his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> on his left side while his consort <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> always on his right, both of golden-yellow complexion. His monkey companion <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> stands nearby with folded arms. The group can be accompanied with Rama's brothers Bharata and Shatrughna too.<a href="#cite_note-raoramaicon-90">[87]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Who is Rama <div class="poem"> I Think of that Rama Who lives in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> Who is decorated with gems Who sits beneath a golden canopy Whose doorways are festooned with mandana flowers. He, who is seated on a throne Surrounded by celestial vehicles Who is revered by rishis Who has <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> on the left Who is served by <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>; Who is the blue complexioned, Whose face is tranquil, Who is adorned with ornaments </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Rama Rahasya Upanishad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201061-92">[89]</a></cite></div> </div> The Ramayana describes Rama as a charming, well built person of a dark complexion (varṇam śyāmam) and long arms (ājānabāhu, meaning a person whose middle finger reaches beyond their knee).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan[[Ramayan#Kishkindha_Kanda|kishkindha_kanda]]-93">[90]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara Kanda</a> section of the epic, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> describes Rama to <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> when she is held captive in <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, to prove to her that he is indeed a messenger from Rama.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> He says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">He has broad shoulders, mighty arms, a conch-shaped neck, a charming countenance, and coppery eyes; he has his clavicle concealed and is known by the people as Rama. He has a voice (deep) like the sound of a kettledrum and glossy skin, is full of glory, square-built, and of well-proportioned limbs and is endowed with a dark-brown complexion.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:142px;max-width:142px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:196px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg/138px-Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg/207px-Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg/276px-Rama_meets_Janaki_at_the_beginning_of_Vanavasa_the_exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1999" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:248px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama,_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg/138px-Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg/207px-Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg/276px-Rama%2C_Sita_and_Lakshmana_leaving_the_palace_of_Ayodhya_for_exile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6102" data-file-height="10997" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press,_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg/138px-Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg/207px-Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg/276px-Bazaar_art_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1920%27s_-_Surphanaka_Nose_cut_off.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shabari_episode,_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg/138px-The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg/207px-The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg/276px-The_Shabari_episode%2C_from_an_early-20th-century_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="641" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:201px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg/138px-Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg/207px-Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg/276px-Rama_sending_his_signet_ring_to_Sita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2956" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_conquers_Varuna,_the_sea_god.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg/138px-Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg/207px-Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg/276px-Rama_conquers_Varuna%2C_the_sea_god.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1766" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazaar_art_print,_c.1910%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/138px-Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/207px-Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/276px-Bazaar_art_print%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="654" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Iconography of Rama during his exile and his war with Ravana</div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_symbolism">Philosophy and symbolism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_Rama" title="Symbolism of Rama">Symbolism of Rama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg/220px-King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg/330px-King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg/440px-King_Dasharatha_grieves_inconsolably_at_his_obligation_to_banish_Rama_to_the_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Rama, symbolised as an ideal son, accepting <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Lord_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile of Lord Rama">exile</a> to honor <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">his father</a>'s words.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> Rama's life story is <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_Rama" title="Symbolism of Rama">imbued with symbolism</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>, the life of Rama as told in the Indian texts is a masterpiece that offers a framework to represent, conceptualise and comprehend the world and the nature of life.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Like major epics and religious stories around the world, it has been of vital relevance because it "tells the culture what it is". Rama's life is more complex than the Western template for the battle between the good and the evil, where there is a clear distinction between immortal powerful gods or heroes and mortal struggling humans. In the Indian traditions, particularly Rama, the story is about a divine human, a mortal god, incorporating both into the exemplar who transcends both humans and gods.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Responding to evil <div class="poem"> A superior being does not render evil for evil, this is the maxim one should observe; the ornament of virtuous persons is their conduct. (...) A noble soul will ever exercise compassion even towards those who enjoy injuring others. </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Ramayana 6.115, Valmiki (Abridged, Translator: Roderick Hindery)<a href="#cite_note-hindery103-100">[97]</a></cite></div> </div> As a person, Rama personifies the characteristics of an ideal person (purushottama).<a href="#cite_note-Hess2001-69">[66]</a> He had within him all the desirable virtues that any individual would seek to aspire, and he fulfils all his moral obligations. Rama is considered a maryada purushottama or the best of upholders of Dharma.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> According to Rodrick Hindery, Book 2, 6 and 7 are notable for ethical studies.<a href="#cite_note-Horstmann1991p9-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindery100-102">[99]</a> The views of Rama combine "reason with emotions" to create a "thinking hearts" approach. Second, he emphasises through what he says and what he does a union of "self-consciousness and action" to create an "ethics of character". Third, Rama's life combines the ethics with the aesthetics of living.<a href="#cite_note-hindery100-102">[99]</a> The story of Rama and people in his life raises questions such as "is it appropriate to use evil to respond to evil?", and then provides a spectrum of views within the framework of Indian beliefs such as on <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hindery103-100">[97]</a> Rama's life and comments emphasise that one must pursue and live life fully, that all three life aims are equally important: virtue (dharma), desires (<a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a>), and legitimate acquisition of wealth (<a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a>). Rama also adds, such as in section 4.38 of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, that one must also introspect and never neglect what one's proper duties, appropriate responsibilities, true interests, and legitimate pleasures are.<a href="#cite_note-hindery106-47">[44]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_sources">Literary sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dashavatara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dashavatara.jpg/170px-Dashavatara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dashavatara.jpg/255px-Dashavatara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dashavatara.jpg/340px-Dashavatara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Rama (right third from top) depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> (ten incornations) of Vishnu. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/180px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/270px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg/360px-Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a> composing the Ramayana</figcaption></figure> The primary source of the life of Rama is the Sanskrit epic Ramayana composed by <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a> <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan-103">[100]</a> The epic had many versions across India's regions. The followers of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> believe that an older version of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the Mula-Ramayana, previously existed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The Madhva tradition considers it to have been more authoritative than the version by <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith-105">[102]</a> Versions of the Ramayana exist in most major Indian languages; examples that elaborate on the life, deeds and divine philosophies of Rama include the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a>, and the following vernacular versions of Rama's life story:<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <ul><li>Ramavataram or Kamba-Ramayanam in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> by the poet <a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a>. (12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> by poet <a href="/wiki/Madhava_Kandali" title="Madhava Kandali">Madhava Kandali</a>. (14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> by poet <a href="/wiki/Krittibas_Ojha" title="Krittibas Ojha">Krittibas Ojha</a>. (15th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> by sant <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>. (16th century)</li> <li>Pampa Ramayana, Torave Ramayana by Kumara Valmiki and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayana_Darshanam" title="Sri Ramayana Darshanam">Sri Ramayana Darshanam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li>Bhavartha Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> by Sant <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>. (16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanamu" title="Ranganatha Ramayanamu">Ranganatha Ramayanam</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300) by <a href="/wiki/Gona_Budda_Reddy" title="Gona Budda Reddy">Ranganatha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavruksham</a> by <a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><a href="#cite_note-Pollet1995-107">[104]</a></li> <li>Vilanka Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li>Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Ezhuttachan</a> (this text is closer to the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>-inspired rendition Adhyatma Ramayana).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal20104-108">[105]</a> (16th century)</li></ul> The epic is found across India, in different languages and cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Tamil_literature">In Tamil literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_in_Tamil_literature" title="Ramayana in Tamil literature">Ramayana in Tamil literature</a></div> There are several references of the Ramayana in early Tamil literature even before the <a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> (Kamba Ramayanam), which seems to indicate that the story of the text was familiar in the Tamil lands even before the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-MSPPillai-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-KZvelebil-111">[108]</a> Tamil <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam</a> texts like the <a href="/wiki/Akananuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Akananuru">Akananuru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University_Press-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purananuru-114">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalittokai" title="Kalittokai">Kalittokai</a> mention scenes of the Ramayana and figures such as Rama, Sita, the ten-faced demon (Ravana), and monkeys. The Tamil epic <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a> also mentions Rama as the avatar of Vishnu, who measured the three worlds and destroyed the city of Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adhyatma_Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</h3></div> Adhyatma Ramayana is a late medieval <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text extolling the spiritualism in the story of <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. It is embedded in the latter portion of <a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81nda_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmānda Purana">Brahmānda Purana</a>, and constitutes about a third of it.<a href="#cite_note-jnfarquhar158-116">[113]</a> The text philosophically attempts to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> in god Rama and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986158–159_with_footnotes-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">[115]</a> The text represents Rama as the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (metaphysical reality), mapping all attributes and aspects of Rama to abstract virtues and spiritual ideals.<a href="#cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">[115]</a> Adhyatma Ramayana transposes Ramayana into symbolism of self study of one's own soul, with metaphors described in Advaita terminology.<a href="#cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">[115]</a> It influenced the popular Ramcharitmanas by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jnfarquhar158-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">[115]</a> and inspired the most popular version of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> Ramayana by <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> This was also translated by <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan">Thunchath Ezhuthachan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, which lead the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramacharitmanas">Ramacharitmanas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg/170px-Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg/255px-Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg/340px-Tulsidas_composing_his_famous_Avadhi_Ramcharitmanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> hints at several places in his works, that he had met face to face with Hanuman and Rama.<a href="#cite_note-ralhan-quest2-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The detailed account of his meetings with Hanuman and Rama are given in the Bhaktirasbodhini of Priyadas.<a href="#cite_note-lutgendorf-darshan2-123">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The Ramayana is a Sanskrit text, while <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramacharitamanasa</a> retells the Ramayana in <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-britramcharit-124">[121]</a> commonly understood in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a> by speakers of the several <a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Hindi languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf1991-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Ramacharitamanasa was composed in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britramcharit-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The popular text is notable for synthesising the epic story in a <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> framework, wherein the original legends and ideas morph in an expression of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotional love) for a personal god.<a href="#cite_note-britramcharit-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198775-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[δ]</a> Tulsidas was inspired by Adhyatma Ramayana, where Rama and other figures of the Valmiki Ramayana along with their attributes (saguna narrative) were transposed into spiritual terms and abstract rendering of an <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atma</a> (soul, self, <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahman</a>) without attributes (<a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">nirguna</a> reality).<a href="#cite_note-jnfarquhar158-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">[115]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731,_74–75_with_footnotes,_Quote:_"What_is_striking_about_the_dohas_in_the_Ramcharitmanas_however_is_that_they_frequently_have_a_sant-like_ring_to_them,_breaking_into_the_very_midst_of_the_saguna_narrative_with_a_statement_of_nirguna_reality"._133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731,_74–75_with_footnotes,_Quote:_"What_is_striking_about_the_dohas_in_the_Ramcharitmanas_however_is_that_they_frequently_have_a_sant-like_ring_to_them,_breaking_into_the_very_midst_of_the_saguna_narrative_with_a_statement_of_nirguna_reality".-133">[129]</a> According to Kapoor, Rama's life story in the Ramacharitamanasa combines mythology, philosophy, and religious beliefs into a story of life, a code of ethics, a treatise on universal human values.<a href="#cite_note-Pollet1995p181-134">[130]</a> It debates in its dialogues the human dilemmas, the ideal standards of behaviour, duties to those one loves, and mutual responsibilities. It inspires the audience to view their own lives from a spiritual plane, encouraging the virtuous to keep going, and comforting those oppressed with a healing balm.<a href="#cite_note-Pollet1995p181-134">[130]</a> The Ramacharitmanas is notable for being the Rama-based play commonly performed every year in autumn, during the weeklong performance arts festival of <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_Lindsay_2006_12–14-16">[16]</a> The "staging of the Ramayana based on the Ramacharitmanas" was inscribed in 2008 by UNESCO as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity.<a href="#cite_note-unescodussehra-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Human effort can be used for self-betterment and that there is no such thing as an external fate imposed by the gods. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Yoga Vasistha (Vasistha teaching Rama) Tr: Christopher Chapple<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a></cite></div> </div> Yoga Vasistha is a Sanskrit text structured as a conversation between young Prince Rama and sage <a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a> who was called as the first sage of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hindu philosophy by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>. The complete text contains over 29,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-chappleix-137">[133]</a> The short version of the text is called Laghu Yogavasistha and contains 6,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-Leslie2003-105-138">[134]</a> The exact century of its completion is unknown, but has been estimated to be somewhere between the 6th century CE to as late as the 14th century CE, but it is likely that a version of the text existed in the 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a> text consists of six books. The first book presents Rama's frustration with the nature of life, human suffering and disdain for the world. The second describes, through the figure of Rama, the desire for liberation and the nature of those who seek such liberation. The third and fourth books assert that liberation comes through a spiritual life, one that requires self-effort, and present cosmology and metaphysical theories of existence embedded in stories.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple1984-xii-140">[136]</a> These two books are known for emphasising free will and human creative power.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple1984-xii-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The fifth book discusses meditation and its powers in liberating the individual, while the last book describes the state of an enlightened and blissful Rama.<a href="#cite_note-Chapple1984-xii-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Yoga Vasistha is considered one of the most important texts of the <a href="/wiki/Vedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedantic">Vedantic</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The text, states David Gordon White, served as a reference on <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> for medieval era Advaita Vedanta scholars.<a href="#cite_note-whiteysxvi-144">[140]</a> The Yoga Vasistha, according to White, was one of the popular texts on Yoga that dominated the Indian Yoga culture scene before the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-whiteysxvi-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishad">Upanishad</h3></div> Rama is the central character in three of the fourteen <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Upanishads" title="Vaishnava Upanishads">Vaishnava Upanishads</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Rama Tapaniya Upanishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Rama Rahasya Upanishad talks about is largely recited by <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, who states that Rama is identical to the supreme unchanging reality <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, same as major Hindu deities, and the means to <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">satcitananda</a> and liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002193-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001118-147">[143]</a> The text also includes sections on <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> suggesting the <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">Bīja</a> mantra based on Rama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002193-146">[142]</a> The Rama Tapaniya Upanishad, emphasis is on the Rama mantra Rama Ramaya namaha. It presents him as equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul, self) and the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Ultimate Reality).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002191-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001118-147">[143]</a> Tarasara Upanishad describes Rama as Paramatman, Narayana and supreme Purusha (cosmic man),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991174-149">[145]</a> the ancient <a href="/wiki/Purushottama" title="Purushottama">Purushottama</a>, the eternal, the liberated, the true, the highest bliss, the one without a second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914126-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_major_texts">Other major texts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg/220px-A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg/330px-A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg/440px-A_relief_summary_of_Ramayana_at_Hindu_temple_cave_16_Ellora_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Rama story is carved into stone as an 8th-century relief artwork in the largest Shiva temple of the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, suggesting its importance to the Indian society by then.<a href="#cite_note-vatsyayan335-151">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> Other important historic Hindu texts on Rama include Bhusundi Ramanaya, Prasanna Raghava, and Ramavali by Tulsidas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> The Sanskrit poem <a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a> of Bhatti, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in the seventh century CE, is a retelling of the epic that simultaneously illustrates the grammatical examples for <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s Aṣṭādhyāyī as well as the major figures of speech and the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Another historically and chronologically important text is <a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Raghuvaṃśa">Raghuvamsa</a> authored by <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-154">[150]</a> Its story confirms many details of the Ramayana, but has novel and different elements. It mentions that Ayodhya was not the capital in the time of Rama's son named Kusha, but that he later returned to it and made it the capital again. This text is notable because the poetry in the text is exquisite and called a Mahakavya in the Indian tradition, and has attracted many scholarly commentaries. It is also significant because Kalidasa has been dated to between the 4th and 5th century CE, suggesting that the Ramayana legend was well established by the time of Kalidasa.<a href="#cite_note-:1-154">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> has a summary of the Ramayana. The Jainism tradition has extensive literature of Rama as well, but generally refers to him as Padma, such as in the Paumacariya by Vimalasuri.<a href="#cite_note-cort313-40">[38]</a> Rama and Sita legend is mentioned in the Jataka tales of Buddhism, as <a href="/wiki/Dasaratha_Jataka" title="Dasaratha Jataka">Dasaratha-Jataka</a> (Tale no. 461), but with slightly different spellings such as Lakkhana for Lakshmana and Rama-pandita for Rama.<a href="#cite_note-Francis325-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-cowell78-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Rama appears in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> namely the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> (as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>),<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986-159">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a> (as form of <a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> (as form of Vishnu), the <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a>,<a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> (as Rama), the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Additionally, the Rama story is included in the <a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana Parva</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, which has been a part of evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> is likely more ancient, and it was summarised in the Mahabharata epic in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198684_with_footnote_26-163">[159]</a> Rama and Sita appears as the central character in <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Samhita" title="Valmiki Samhita">Valmiki Samhita</a>, which is attributed to their worship and describes them to be the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">ultimate reality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Apart from other versions of Ramayana, many 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">saints</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nabha_Dass" title="Nabha Dass">Nabha Dass</a>, Tulsidas and <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a> have their works written about Rama's life.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> While Ramananda's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramarchan_Paddati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramarchan Paddati">Sri Ramarchan Paddati</a> explains the complete procedure to worship Sita-Rama, Tulsidas's <a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Patrika" title="Vinaya Patrika">Vinaya Patrika</a> has devotional hymns dedicated to Rama including <a href="/wiki/Shri_Ramachandra_Kripalu" title="Shri Ramachandra Kripalu">Shri Ramachandra Kripalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Ramananda through his conversation with disciple Surasurananda in <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Matabja_Bhaskara" title="Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara">Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara</a>, explains about the worship of Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, and answers the 10 most prominent questions related to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamsa-Sandesha" title="Hamsa-Sandesha">Hamsa-Sandesha</a>, is a love poem which describes Rama sending message to Sita through a swan.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals">Worship and festivals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG/220px-Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG/330px-Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG/440px-Srisita_ram_laxman_hanuman_manor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Idols of Sita (far right), Rama (center), Lakshmana (far left) and Hanuman (below, seated) at <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Manor" title="Bhaktivedanta Manor">Bhaktivedanta Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Supreme deity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Holy scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sampradayas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Teachers—acharyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kantha_Krishnamacharyulu" title="Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu">Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu" title="Bhadrachala Ramadasu">Bhadrachala Ramadasu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>, Rama became focus of the <a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi Sampradaya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi">sannyasi</a> community founded by the 14th-century North-Indian poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a>. This community has grown to become the largest Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">monastic</a> community in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200298–108-172">[168]</a> This Rama-inspired movement has championed social reforms, accepting members without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion since the time of Ramananda who also accepted Muslims wishing to leave Islam.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-174">[170]</a> Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement poet-saints such as <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-:2-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Ram is also the supreme god in the <a href="/wiki/Haridas_Niranjani" title="Haridas Niranjani">Niranjani Sampradaya</a>, that primarily worships Rama and Sita.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> The sampradaya was founded by the 16th-century North-Indian poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Haridas_Niranjani" title="Haridas Niranjani">Haridas Niranjani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> represents Rama as the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (metaphysical reality), mapping all saguna (attributes) of Rama to the nirguna nature (ultimate unchanging attributeless virtues and ideals, in the <a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The text raises every mundane activity of Rama to a spiritual or transcendent level, the story into symbolism, thus instructing the seeker to view his or her own life through the symbolic vision for his soul, where the external life is but a metaphor for the eternal journey of the soul in Advaita terminology.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymns">Hymns</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram,_Sita,_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg/220px-Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg/330px-Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg/440px-Ram%2C_Sita%2C_Lakshman_and_Hanuman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanumana worship at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hindu_Temple" title="Gibraltar Hindu Temple">Gibraltar Hindu Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></figcaption></figure> List of prayers and hymns dedicated to Rama are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a> – Greeting or Salutation in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> dedicated to Rama.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Siya_Ram" title="Jai Siya Ram">Jai Siya Ram</a> – Greeting or Salutation in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> dedicated to Sita and Rama.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></li> <li>Siyavar Ramchandraji Ki Jai – Greeting or Salutation dedicated to Sita and Rama. The hymns introduces Rama as Sita's husband.</li> <li>Sita-Ram-Sita-Ram – The maha-mantra is as follows:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">सीता राम सीता राम सीता राम जय सीता राम। सीता राम सीता राम सीता राम जय सीता राम।।</blockquote> <ul><li>Hare Rama Rama Rama, Sita Rama Rama Rama.</li> <li>Ramashatanamastotra – The hymn dedicated to Rama, which contains 108 names of Rama, mentioned in the Yaga Kanda of <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Ramayana" title="Ananda Ramayana">Ananda Ramayana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a></li> <li>Ramastotram – The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Vilasa Kanda of Ananda Ramayana.</li> <li>Ramaraksha Mahamantra – The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Janma Kanda of Ananda Ramayana.</li> <li>Ramasahasranamastotra – The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Rajya Kanda of Ananda Ramayana.</li> <li>Rama Kavacha – The hymn dedicated to Rama, mentioned in the Manohar Kanda of Ananda Ramayana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Patrika" title="Vinaya Patrika">Vinaya Patrika</a> – The devotional poem has prayers dedicated to Rama, including <a href="/wiki/Shri_Ramachandra_Kripalu" title="Shri Ramachandra Kripalu">Shri Ramachandra Kripalu</a>, which is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">श्री रामचन्द्र कृपालु भजुमन हरण भवभय दारुणं । नव कञ्ज लोचन कञ्ज मुख कर कञ्ज पद कञ्जारुणं ॥</blockquote> <ul><li>Janaki Mangal – This verse describes the episode of Sita and Rama's marriage and has hymns and prayers dedicated to them.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumak_Chalat_Ram_Chandra" title="Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra">Thumak Chalat Ram Chandra</a> – This devotional song describes the beauty of Rama's face during his childhood.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)" title="Hare Krishna (mantra)">Hare Rama Hare Krishna</a> – This hymn is dedicated to both Rama and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kali-Santarana Upanisad.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rama_Navami">Rama Navami</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a> is a spring festival that celebrates the birthday of Rama. The festival is a part of the spring <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a>, and falls on the ninth day of the bright half of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> month in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>. This typically occurs in the Gregorian months of March or April every year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpage562_562]-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The day is marked by recital of Rama legends in temples, or reading of Rama stories at home. Some Vaishnava Hindus visit a temple, others pray within their home, and some participate in a <a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> with music as a part of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarti">aarti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The community organises charitable events and volunteer meals. The festival is an occasion for moral reflection for many Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-bp-193">[189]</a> Some mark this day by <a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">vrata</a> (fasting) or a visit to a river for a dip.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-dna8apr2014-195">[191]</a> The important celebrations on this day take place at <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitamarhi" title="Sitamarhi">Sitamarhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bhadrachalam" title="Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Vontimitta" title="Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta">Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>. Rathayatras, the chariot processions, also known as Shobha yatras of Rama, Sita, his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, are taken out at several places.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> In Ayodhya, many take a dip in the sacred river <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Sarayu</a> and then visit the Rama temple.<a href="#cite_note-dna8apr2014-195">[191]</a> Rama Navami day also marks the end of the nine-day spring festival celebrated in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh called <a href="/wiki/Vasanthotsavam" title="Vasanthotsavam">Vasanthothsavam</a> (Festival of Spring), that starts with <a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a>. Some highlights of this day are Kalyanam (ceremonial wedding performed by temple priests) at <a href="/wiki/Bhadrachalam" title="Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam</a> on the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhadradri_Kothagudem_district" title="Bhadradri Kothagudem district">Bhadradri Kothagudem</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, preparing and sharing Panakam which is a sweet drink prepared with jaggery and pepper, a procession and Rama temple decorations.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramlila_and_Dussehra">Ramlila and Dussehra</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramlila_artists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/190px-Ramlila_artists.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/285px-Ramlila_artists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/380px-Ramlila_artists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In Northern, Central and Western states of India, the Ramlila play is enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).</figcaption></figure> Rama's life is remembered and celebrated every year with dramatic plays and fireworks in autumn. This is called <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a>, and the play follows the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> or more commonly the <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002389-200">[196]</a> It is observed through thousands<a href="#cite_note-SchechnerHess51-14">[14]</a> of Rama-related performance arts and dance events, that are staged during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-201">[197]</a> After the enactment of the legendary war between Good and Evil, the Ramlila celebrations climax in the <a href="/wiki/Dussehra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dussehra">Dussehra</a> (Dasara, Vijayadashami) night festivities where the giant grotesque effigies of Evil such as of demon Ravana are burnt, typically with fireworks.<a href="#cite_note-unescodussehra-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in historically important Hindu cities of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satna" title="Satna">Satna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_district" title="Madhubani district">Madhubani</a> – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-unescodussehra-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002561–562-203">[199]</a> The epic and its dramatic play migrated into southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, and Ramayana based Ramlila is a part of performance arts culture of Indonesia, particularly the Hindu society of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diwali">Diwali</h4></div> In some parts of India, Rama's return to Ayodhya and his coronation is the main reason for celebrating <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>, also known as the Festival of Lights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1991fontcover-205">[201]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, Diwali is marked as a special occasion and celebrated with a lot of fanfare. It is observed as a national holiday in this part of the world and some ministers of the Government also take part in the celebrations publicly. Just like Vijayadashmi, Diwali is celebrated by different communities across India to commemorate different events in addition to Rama's return to Ayodhya. For example, many communities celebrate one day of Diwali to celebrate the Victory of Krishna over the demon <a href="/wiki/Narakasur" class="mw-redirect" title="Narakasur">Narakasur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[ε]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vasanthotsavam">Vasanthotsavam</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Vasanthotsavam" title="Vasanthotsavam">Vasanthotsavam</a> is an annual Seva celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Tirumala" title="Tirumala">Tirumala</a> to celebrate the arrival of spring season.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> Abhishekam - specifically called Snapana Thirumanjanam (Holy bathing), is performed to the utsava murthy and his consorts on all the three days. On the third day, abhishekam is performed to the idols of Rama, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanumana" title="Hanumana">Hanumana</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a>. Procession of the consecrated idols are taken in a procession in the evening on all the three days.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rama_temples" title="Category:Rama temples">List of Rama temples</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Temple,_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Ram_Temple%2C_Ramtek_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rama Temple at <a href="/wiki/Ramtek" title="Ramtek">Ramtek</a> (10th century, restored). A medieval inscription here calls Rama as Advaitavadaprabhu or "Lord of the Advaita doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Lord_Rama_on_a_temple_at_Bhadrachalam_in_Khammam_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A rare 4th-armed Rama with Sita on his lap (left) and Lakshmana is the central icon of <a href="/wiki/Sita_Ramachandraswamy_Temple,_Bhadrachalam" title="Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> </figcaption></figure> Temples dedicated to Rama are found all over India and in places where Indian migrant communities have resided. In most temples, the iconography of Rama is accompanied by that of his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXQjgAAAAMAAJqwhyRamaalwaysdrawnwithsitaandlakshman_36]-212">[207]</a> In some instances, <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> is also included either near them or in the temple premises.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Hindu temples dedicated to Rama were built by the early 5th century, according to copper plate inscription evidence, but these have not survived. The oldest surviving Rama temple is near <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a> (Chhattisgarh), called the Rajiva-locana temple at <a href="/wiki/Rajim" title="Rajim">Rajim</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a> river. It is in a temple complex dedicated to Vishnu and dates back to the 7th-century with some restoration work done around 1145 CE based on epigraphical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The temple remains important to Rama devotees in the contemporary times, with devotees and monks gathering there on dates such as <a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harle1994p207-216">[211]</a> Some of the Rama temples include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir,_Ayodhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mandir, Ayodhya">Rama Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi, Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrachalam_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrachalam Temple">Bhadrachalam Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple,_Vontimitta" title="Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta">Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramateertham" title="Ramateertham">Ramateertham Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Temple,_Kumbakonam" title="Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam">Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Valvill_Ramar_Temple,_Tiruvelliyangudi" title="Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi">Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruvallur" class="mw-redirect" title="Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, Tiruvallur">Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, Tiruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Jagannatha_Perumal_Temple" title="Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple">Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchaura_Mandir" title="Ramchaura Mandir">Ramchaura Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudikondan_Kothandaramar_Temple" title="Mudikondan Kothandaramar Temple">Mudikondan Kothandaramar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayaraghava_Perumal_temple" title="Vijayaraghava Perumal temple">Vijayaraghava Perumal temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnainallur_Kothandaramar_Temple" title="Punnainallur Kothandaramar Temple">Punnainallur Kothandaramar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eri-Katha_Ramar_Temple" title="Eri-Katha Ramar Temple">Eri-Katha Ramar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothandarama_Temple,_Thillaivilagam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kothandarama Temple, Thillaivilagam">Kothandarama Temple, Thillaivilagam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamilnadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnadu">Tamilnadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothandaramaswamy_Temple" title="Kothandaramaswamy Temple">Kothandaramaswamy Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kothanda_Ramaswamy_Temple" title="Sri Kothanda Ramaswamy Temple">Sri Kothanda Ramaswamy Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothandaramar_temple,_Vaduvur" title="Kothandaramar temple, Vaduvur">Kothandaramar temple, Vaduvur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Yoga_Rama_temple" title="Sri Yoga Rama temple">Sri Yoga Rama temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandaramaswamy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodandaramaswamy Temple">Kodandaramaswamy Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothandaramaswami_Temple,_Nandambakkam" title="Kothandaramaswami Temple, Nandambakkam">Kothandaramaswami Temple, Nandambakkam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriprayar_Temple" title="Thriprayar Temple">Triprayar Sriramaswami Kshetram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprayar" title="Triprayar">Triprayar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaram_Temple" title="Kalaram Temple">Kalaram Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Temple" title="Raghunath Temple">Raghunath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_district" title="Jammu district">Jammu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir,_Bhubaneswar" title="Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar">Ram Mandir, Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodandarama_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodandarama Temple">Kodandarama Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur" title="Chikmagalur">Chikmagalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odogaon_Raghunath_Temple" title="Odogaon Raghunath Temple">Odogaon Raghunath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Rama_Temple,_Ramapuram" title="Sri Rama Temple, Ramapuram">Sri Rama Temple, Ramapuram</a>, Kerala.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurdwara_Bhagwan_Narainji" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji">Thakurdwara Bhagwan Narainji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilwadrinatha_Temple" title="Vilwadrinatha Temple">Vilwadrinatha Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvilwamala" title="Thiruvilwamala">Thiruvilwamala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hindu_Temple" title="Gibraltar Hindu Temple">Gibraltar Hindu Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a></li> <li>Perth Ram Temple, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Rama in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Salakapurusa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swarn_Jain_temple,_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg/220px-Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg/330px-Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg/440px-Swarn_Jain_temple%2C_Gwalior_-_Ram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita with Jain acharya yugal-charan, Swarn Jain temple in Gwalior.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the earliest known version of Rama story is variously dated from the 1st to 5th century CE. This Jain text credited to <a href="/wiki/Vimalsuri" title="Vimalsuri">Vimalsuri</a> shows no signs of distinction between <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a>-<a href="/wiki/Svetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetambara">Svetambara</a> (sects of Jainism), and is in a combination of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauraseni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauraseni language">Sauraseni languages</a>. These features suggest that this text has ancient roots.<a href="#cite_note-Doniger1993p190-225">[220]</a> In Jain <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, people continue to be reborn as they evolve in their spiritual qualities, until they reach the Jina state and complete enlightenment. This idea is explained as cyclically reborn triads in its Puranas, called the <a href="/wiki/Balabhadra" title="Balabhadra">Baladeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> and evil <a href="/wiki/Prati-vasudeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Prati-vasudeva">Prati-vasudeva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Rama, Lakshmana and evil Ravana are the eighth triad, with Rama being the reborn Baladeva, and Lakshmana as the reborn Vasudeva.<a href="#cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">[74]</a> Rama is described to have lived long before the 22nd Jain Tirthankara called <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>. In the Jain tradition, Neminatha is believed to have been born 84,000 years before the 9th-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953226-228">[223]</a> Jain texts tell a very different version of the Rama legend than the Hindu texts such as by Valmiki. According to the Jain version, Lakshmana (Vasudeva) is the one who kills Ravana (Prativasudeva).<a href="#cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">[74]</a> Rama, after all his participation in the rescue of Sita and preparation for war, he actually does not kill, thus remains a non-violent person. The Rama of Jainism has numerous wives as does Lakshmana, unlike the virtue of monogamy given to Rama in the Hindu texts. Towards the end of his life, Rama becomes a Jaina monk then successfully attains <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">[74]</a> His first wife Sita becomes a Jaina nun at the end of the story. In the Jain version, Lakshmana and Ravana both go to the hell of Jain cosmology, because Ravana killed many, while Lakshmana killed Ravana to stop Ravana's violence.<a href="#cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">[74]</a> Padmapurana mentions Rama as a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Munisuvrata" title="Munisuvrata">Munisuvrata</a>, 20th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankara</a> of Jainism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200421–23-229">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg/220px-Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg/330px-Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg/440px-Bharhut_Dasaratha_Jataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Scene from Dasaratha Jataka, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, c. 200–300 CE</figcaption></figure> The Dasaratha-Jataka (Tale no. 461) provides a version of the Rama story. It calls Rama as Rama-pandita.<a href="#cite_note-Francis325-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-cowell78-156">[152]</a> At the end of this Dasaratha-Jataka discourse, the Buddhist text declares that the Buddha in his prior rebirth was Rama: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Master having ended this discourse, declared the Truths, and identified the Birth (...): 'At that time, the king Suddhodana was king Dasaratha, Mahamaya was the mother, <a href="/wiki/Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahula">Rahula</a>'s mother was Sita, Ananda was Bharata, and I myself was Rama-Pandita. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jataka Tale No. 461, Translator: W.H.D. Rouse<a href="#cite_note-cowell78-156">[152]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While the Buddhist Jataka texts co-opt Rama and make him an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> in a previous life,<a href="#cite_note-cowell78-156">[152]</a> the Hindu texts co-opt the Buddha and make him an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka</a> literature of Buddhism is generally dated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium BCE, based on the carvings in caves and Buddhist monuments such as the <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> stupa.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[ζ]</a> The 2nd-century BCE stone <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> carvings on Bharhut stupa, as told in the Dasaratha-Jataka, is the earliest known non-textual evidence of Rama story being prevalent in ancient India.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama in Sikhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana,_Lahore_or_Amritsar,_about_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png/220px-Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png/330px-Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png/440px-Sikh_woodcut_of_a_battle_scene_from_the_Ramayana%2C_Lahore_or_Amritsar%2C_about_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Sikh woodcut of a battle scene from the Ramayana, Lahore or Amritsar, about 1870</figcaption></figure> Rama is mentioned as one of twenty four divine incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chaubis_Avtar" title="Chaubis Avtar">Chaubis Avtar</a>, a composition in <a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a> traditionally and historically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-rGts-237">[η]</a> The discussion of Rama and Krishna avatars is the most extensive in this section of the secondary Sikh scripture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> The name of Rama is mentioned more than 2,500 times in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> and is considered as <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rGts-237">[η]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_depiction">Influence and depiction</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/180px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/270px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/360px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Rama (Yama) and Sita (Thida) in <a href="/wiki/Yama_Zatdaw" title="Yama Zatdaw">Yama Zatdaw</a>, the Burmese version of the Ramayana</figcaption></figure> Rama's story has had a major socio-cultural and inspirational influence across <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199117_note_11-240">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama_and_Ravana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rama_and_Ravana.jpg/220px-Rama_and_Ravana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rama_and_Ravana.jpg/330px-Rama_and_Ravana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rama_and_Ravana.jpg/440px-Rama_and_Ravana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Rama and Ravana as depicted in Yakshagana, a traditional theater art from Karnataka, a southern state in India.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"> Few works of literature produced in any place at any time have been as popular, influential, imitated and successful as the great and ancient Sanskrit epic poem, the Valmiki Ramayana. <dl><dd>– <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Robert Goldman</a>, Professor of Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-10">[10]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">Arthur Anthony Macdonell</a>, a professor at Oxford and Boden scholar of Sanskrit, Rama's ideas as told in the Indian texts are secular in origin, their influence on the life and thought of people having been profound over at least two and a half millennia.<a href="#cite_note-Goldmanramabp-241">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> Their influence has ranged from being a framework for personal introspection to cultural festivals and community entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-goldmanrama-10">[10]</a> His life stories, states <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Goldman</a>, have inspired "painting, film, sculpture, puppet shows, shadow plays, novels, poems, TV serials and plays."<a href="#cite_note-Goldmanramabp-241">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg/170px-The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg/255px-The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg/340px-The_Great_Human_ShriRam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="4861" /></a><figcaption>A painting of Rama, at <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a></figcaption></figure> Rama and Sita have inspired many forms of performance arts and literary works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002-243">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani paintings">Madhubani paintings</a> are charismatic art of Bihar, and are mostly based on religion and mythology. In the paintings, Hindu gods like Sita-Rama are in center with their marriage ceremony being one of the primary theme.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Rama's exile, Sita's abduction and Lanka war have also been depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput paintings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> Rama is a primary figure in <a href="/wiki/Maithili_music" title="Maithili music">Maithili music</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> region. The folk music genre Lagan, mentions about the problems faced by Rama and Sita during their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_arts_in_Southeast_Asia">Hindu arts in Southeast Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet)_(11804234493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/190px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/285px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/380px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Rama's story is a major part of the artistic reliefs found at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, Cambodia. Large sequences of Ramayana reliefs are also found in Java, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a></figcaption></figure> Rama's life story, both in the written form of Sanskrit Ramayana and the oral tradition arrived in southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2009p22-250">[243]</a> Rama was one of many ideas and cultural themes adopted, others being the Buddha, the Shiva and host of other Brahmanic and Buddhist ideas and stories.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2009p15-251">[244]</a> In particular, the influence of Rama and other cultural ideas grew in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2009p15-251">[244]</a> The Ramayana was translated from Sanskrit into old Javanese around 860 CE, while the performance arts culture most likely developed from the oral tradition inspired by the Tamil and Bengali versions of Rama-based dance and plays.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2009p22-250">[243]</a> The earliest evidence of these performance arts are from 243 CE according to Chinese records. Other than the celebration of Rama's life with dance and music, Hindu temples built in southeast Asia such as the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> (Java), and at the <a href="/wiki/Panataran" class="mw-redirect" title="Panataran">Panataran</a> near <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a> (East Java), show extensive reliefs depicting Rama's life.<a href="#cite_note-Brandon2009p22-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> The story of Rama's life has been popular in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">Rama (Kings of Thailand)</a></div> In the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> and its capital Ayuttaya was named after the Hindu holy city of Ayodhya, with the official religion of the state being Theravada Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Thai kings, continuing into the contemporary era, have been called Rama, a name inspired by Rama of Ramakien – the local version of Sanskrit Ramayana, according to Constance Jones and James Ryan. For example, King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (1853–1910) is also known as Rama V, while King <a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a> who succeeded to the throne in 2016 is called Rama X.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> region, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, people use salutations such as <a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jai_Siya_Ram" title="Jai Siya Ram">Jai Siya Ram</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreman1999270-257">[250]</a> and Siyavar Ramchandraji Ki Jai.<a href="#cite_note-IE_assertive-258">[251]</a> Ramanandi ascetics (called Bairagis) often use chants like "Jaya Sita Ram" and "Sita Ram".<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> The chants of Jai Siya Ram is also common at religious places and gatherings, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> It is often used during the recital of Ramayana, <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara Kanda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreman1999-263">[256]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people">Boro people</a> call themselves Ramsa, which means Children of Ram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001139-264">[257]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramnami_Samaj" title="Ramnami Samaj">Ramnami people</a> tattooed their whole body with name of Ram.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201231–32-265">[258]</a> Rama has been considered as a source of inspiration and has been described as Maryāda Puruṣottama Rāma (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> The Ideal Man).<a href="#cite_note-266">[θ]</a> He has been depicted in many films, television shows and plays.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Television_series_based_on_the_Ramayana" title="Category:Television series based on the Ramayana">Television series based on the Ramayana</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4></div> The following people portrayed Rama in the film adaptation of Ramayana.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Kapoor" title="Prithviraj Kapoor">Prithviraj Kapoor</a> portrayed him in the 1934 Bengali film <a href="/wiki/Seeta_(1934_film)" title="Seeta (1934 film)">Seeta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Adib" title="Prem Adib">Prem Adib</a> portrayed him in the 1943 Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Ram_Rajya_(1943_film)" title="Ram Rajya (1943 film)">Ram Rajya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a> portrayed him in the 1958 Tamil film <a href="/wiki/Sampoorna_Ramayanam_(1958_film)" title="Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)">Sampoorna Ramayanam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="N. T. Rama Rao Jr">N. T. Rama Rao Jr</a> portrayed him in the 1997 Telugu film <a href="/wiki/Ramayanam_(1997_film)" title="Ramayanam (1997 film)">Ramayanam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nazir" title="Prem Nazir">Prem Nazir</a> portrayed him in the 1960 Malayalam film <a href="/wiki/Seeta_(1960_film)" title="Seeta (1960 film)">Seeta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanta_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanta Rao">Kanta Rao</a> portrayed him in the 1968 Telugu film <a href="/wiki/Veeranjaneya" title="Veeranjaneya">Veeranjaneya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeetendra" title="Jeetendra">Jeetendra</a> portrayed him in the 1997 Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Lav_Kush" title="Lav Kush">Lav Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a></li> <li>Nikhil Kapoor and <a href="/wiki/Arun_Govil" title="Arun Govil">Arun Govil</a> voiced him in the 1992 animated film <a href="/wiki/Ramayana:_The_Legend_of_Prince_Rama" title="Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama">Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Bajpayee" title="Manoj Bajpayee">Manoj Bajpayee</a> voiced him in the 2010 animated Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Ramayana:_The_Epic" title="Ramayana: The Epic">Ramayana: The Epic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandamuri_Balakrishna" title="Nandamuri Balakrishna">Nandamuri Balakrishna</a> portrayed him in the 2011 Telugu film <a href="/wiki/Sri_Rama_Rajyam" title="Sri Rama Rajyam">Sri Rama Rajyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)" title="Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)">Kunal Kapoor</a> voiced her in the 2016 Hindi animated film <a href="/wiki/Mahayoddha_Rama" title="Mahayoddha Rama">Mahayoddha Rama</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhas" title="Prabhas">Prabhas</a> portrayed him in the 2023 Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Adipurush" title="Adipurush">Adipurush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4></div> The following people portrayed Rama in the television adaptation of Ramayana. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Govil" title="Arun Govil">Arun Govil</a> portrayed him in the 1987 series <a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(1987_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (1987 TV series)">Ramayan</a> and the 1998 series <a href="/wiki/Luv_Kush" title="Luv Kush">Luv Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a></li> <li>Siraj Mustafa Khan portrayed him in the 1997 series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Hanuman_(1997_TV_series)" title="Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)">Jai Hanuman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Bharadwaj" title="Nitish Bharadwaj">Nitish Bharadwaj</a> portrayed him in the 2000 series <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Puran_(TV_series)" title="Vishnu Puran (TV series)">Vishnu Puran</a> and the 2002 series <a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(2002_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (2002 TV series)">Ramayan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmeet_Choudhary" title="Gurmeet Choudhary">Gurmeet Choudhary</a> portrayed him in the 2008 series <a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(2008_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (2008 TV series)">Ramayan</a>.</li> <li>Debargo Sanyal voiced him in the 2008 America animated series <a href="/wiki/Sita_Sings_the_Blues" title="Sita Sings the Blues">Sita Sings the Blues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Sahdev" title="Piyush Sahdev">Piyush Sahdev</a> portrayed him in the 2011 series <a href="/wiki/Devon_Ke_Dev...Mahadev" title="Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev">Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagan_Malik" title="Gagan Malik">Gagan Malik</a> portrayed him in the 2012 series <a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(2012_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (2012 TV series)">Ramayan</a> and the 2015 series <a href="/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Mahabali_Hanumaan" title="Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan">Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_Duggal" title="Rajneesh Duggal">Rajneesh Duggal</a> portrayed him in the 2012 mini-series <a href="/wiki/Ramleela_%E2%80%93_Ajay_Devgn_Ke_Saath" title="Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath">Ramleela – Ajay Devgn Ke Saath</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashish_Sharma" title="Ashish Sharma">Ashish Sharma</a> portrayed him in the 2015 series <a href="/wiki/Siya_Ke_Ram" title="Siya Ke Ram">Siya Ke Ram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himanshu_Soni" title="Himanshu Soni">Himanshu Soni</a> portrayed him in the 2019 series <a href="/wiki/Ram_Siya_Ke_Luv_Kush" title="Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush">Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waseem_Mushtaq" title="Waseem Mushtaq">Waseem Mushtaq</a> portrayed him in the 2019 series <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Bhagwat_Mahapuran" title="Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran">Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diganth" title="Diganth">Diganth</a> portrayed him in the 2021 web series Ramyug.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Upadhyay" title="Amar Upadhyay">Amar Upadhyay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karan_Suchak" title="Karan Suchak">Karan Suchak</a> portrayed him in the 2022 series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Hanuman_%E2%80%93_Sankatmochan_Naam_Tiharo" title="Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo">Jai Hanuman – Sankatmochan Naam Tiharo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sujay_Reu" title="Sujay Reu">Sujay Reu</a> portrayed him in the 2024 series <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Ramayan" title="Shrimad Ramayan">Shrimad Ramayan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></li> <li>Pavan Sharma portrayed him in 2024 DD National series <a href="/wiki/Kakabhushundi_Ramayan-_Anasuni_Kathayein" title="Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein">Kakabhushundi Ramayan- Anasuni Kathayein</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="YouTube">YouTube</h4></div> <ul><li>Tarun Chandel portrayed in 2024 YouTube series Valmiki Ramayan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div> <ul><li>Rama's life struggles were portrayed in the "Sita-Rama episode" of the 2023 play, Prem Ramayan.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a></li> <li>Shri Ram Janki Medical College and Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Samastipur" title="Samastipur">Samastipur</a>, Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_Shen" title="Erlang Shen">Erlang Shen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Rama">Genealogy of Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanama" title="Ramanama">Ramanama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Statue">Ram Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Shri_Ram" title="Jai Shri Ram">Jai Shri Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(1987_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (1987 TV series)">Ramayan (1987 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Balak Ram">Balak Ram</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-greek" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, delete the terminal 'a' sound in Sanskrit words. Others, such as Tamil and Malayalam, have their own suffixes; -r and -n in this case. <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The legends found about Rama, state Mallory and Adams, have "many of the elements found in the later Welsh tales such as Branwen Daughter of Llyr and Manawydan Son of Lyr. This may be because the concept and legends have deeper ancient roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA165_165]-35">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Kosala is mentioned in many Buddhist texts and travel memoirs. The Buddha idol of Kosala is important in the Theravada Buddhism tradition, and one that is described by the 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzhang. He states in his memoir that the statue stands in the capital of Kosala then called Shravasti, midst ruins of a large monastery. He also states that he brought back to China two replicas of the Buddha, one of the Kosala icon of Udayana and another the Prasenajit icon of Prasenajit.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> For example, like other Hindu poet-saints of the Bhakti movement before the 16th century, Tulsidas in Ramcharitmanas recommends the simplest path to devotion is Nam-simran (absorb oneself in remembering the divine name "Rama"). He suggests either vocally repeating the name (jap) or silent repetition in mind (ajapajap). This concept of Rama moves beyond the divinised hero and connotes an "all-pervading Being" and equivalent to atmarama within. The term atmarama is a compound of "Atma" and "Rama", it literally means "he who finds joy in his own self", according to the French Indologist <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Vaudeville" title="Charlotte Vaudeville">Charlotte Vaudeville</a> known for her studies on Ramayana and Bhakti movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731–32_with_footnotes_13_and_16_(by_C._Vaudeville).-131">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> As per another popular tradition, in the Dvapara Yuga period, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, killed the demon <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>, who was the evil king of Pragjyotishapura, near present-day Assam and released 16000 girls held captive by <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>. Diwali was celebrated as a sign of the triumph of good over evil after Krishna's Victory over Narakasura. The day before <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> is remembered as Naraka Chaturdasi, the day on which Narakasura was killed by Krishna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1991107-206">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Richard Gombrich suggests that the Jataka tales were composed by the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rGts-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rGts_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rGts_237-1">b</a> Ath Beesvan Ram Avtar Kathan or Ram Avtar is a Composition in the second sacred Granth of Sikhs i.e Dasam Granth, which was written by Guru Gobind Singh, at Anandpur Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh was not a worshiper of Ramchandra, as after describing the whole Avtar he cleared this fact that ਰਾਮ ਰਹੀਮ ਪ੝ਰਾਨ ਕ੝ਰਾਨ ਅਨੇਕ ਕਹੈਂ ਮਤਿ ਝਕ ਨ ਮਾਨਿਯੋ ॥. Ram Avtar is based on Ramayana, but a Sikh studies the spiritual aspects of this whole composition.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBlank2000">Blank 2000</a>, p. 190</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFDodiya2001">Dodiya 2001</a>, pp. 109–110</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTripathy2015">Tripathy 2015</a>, p. 1</li></ul> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSATTAR2020" class="citation book cs1">SATTAR, ARSHIA (20 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmTgDwAAQBAJ&q=the+ideal+man+Rama&pg=PT13">Maryada: Searching for Dharma in the Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5357-713-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5357-713-1"><bdi>978-93-5357-713-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062200/https://books.google.com/books?id=rmTgDwAAQBAJ&q=the+ideal+man+Rama&pg=PT13">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maryada%3A+Searching+for+Dharma+in+the+Ramayana&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers%2C+India&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.isbn=978-93-5357-713-1&rft.aulast=SATTAR&rft.aufirst=ARSHIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmTgDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bideal%2Bman%2BRama%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/dharma-personified/article2328340.ece">"Dharma Personified"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 5 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122100251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/dharma-personified/article2328340.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Dharma+Personified&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Freligion%2Fdharma-personified%2Farticle2328340.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002555_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/rama">"Rama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013656/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rama">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webster%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Rama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Frama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulasīdāsa1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulasīdāsa</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VV7leonJ8aQC&pg=PA871">Sri Ramacaritamanasa</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/R._C._Prakash" title="R. C. Prakash">Prakash, RC</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 871–872. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0762-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Ramacaritamanasa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E871-%3C%2Fspan%3E872&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0762-4&rft.au=Tulas%C4%ABd%C4%81sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVV7leonJ8aQC%26pg%3DPA871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=175953">The nine-day festival of Navratri leading up to Sri Rama Navami has bhajans, kirtans and discourses in store for devotees</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407143924/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=175953">Archived</a> 7 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104195645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-02/mysore/28056195_1_ramanavami-music-festival-temples-devotees">Ramnavami</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, 2 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brackney2013p238-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney2013p238_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brackney2013p238_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._Brackney2013" class="citation book cs1">William H. Brackney (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZRgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Human Rights and the World's Major Religions, 2nd Edition</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2812-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2812-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-2812-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062214/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZRgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+the+World%27s+Major+Religions%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2812-6&rft.au=William+H.+Brackney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZRgAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindery1978p95-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindery1978p95_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Hindery (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA95">Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062244/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.au=Roderick+Hindery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldmanrama-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldmanrama_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldmanrama_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldmanrama_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldmanrama_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVālmīki1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Vālmīki</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWX43jnbOngC">The Ramayana of Valmiki: Balakanda</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Goldman, Robert P.</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8455-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8455-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-8455-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062200/https://books.google.com/books?id=DWX43jnbOngC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+Balakanda&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8455-1&rft.au=V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWX43jnbOngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimock1963-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Dimock1963_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimock,_E.C._Jr.1963" class="citation journal cs1">Dimock, E.C. Jr. (1963). "Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal". History of Religions. 3 (1): 106–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462474">10.1086/462474</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062079">1062079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162027021">162027021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Practice+among+the+Vaisnavas+of+Bengal&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162027021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462474&rft.au=Dimock%2C+E.C.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000" class="citation book cs1">Marijke J. Klokke (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC&pg=PA51">Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia</a>. BRILL. pp. 51–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11865-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11865-9"><bdi>90-04-11865-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Sculpture+and+Literary+Traditions+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11865-9&rft.au=Marijke+J.+Klokke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfx3mpR4uKmkC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201228-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201228_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012">Ramdas Lamb 2012</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-SchechnerHess51-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchechnerHess51_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchechnerHess51_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechnerHess1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). "The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]". The Drama Review: TDR. 21 (3). The MIT Press: 51–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145152">10.2307/1145152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145152">1145152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review%3A+TDR&rft.atitle=The+Ramlila+of+Ramnagar+%5BIndia%5D&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schechner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hess%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennifer_Lindsay_2006_12–14-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jennifer_Lindsay_2006_12–14_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jennifer_Lindsay_2006_12–14_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Lindsay2006" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Lindsay (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks-nUAO_fJgC&pg=PA12">Between Tongues: Translation And/of/in Performance in Asia</a>. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 12–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-339-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Tongues%3A+Translation+And%2Fof%2Fin+Performance+in+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-339-8&rft.au=Jennifer+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKs-nUAO_fJgC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010337–338-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010337–338_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-ClausDiamond2003p508-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003p508_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA508">South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-19"><a href="#cite_ref-King_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Anna S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvH1aCXETwC">The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions</a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2801-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2801-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062200/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FvH1aCXETwC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+intimate+other%3A+love+divine+in+Indic+religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2801-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Anna+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FvH1aCXETwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matchett-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Matchett_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatchett2001" class="citation book cs1">Matchett, Freda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC">Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu</a>. 9780700712816. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1281-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%2C+Lord+or+Avatara%3F%3A+the+relationship+between+Krishna+and+Vishnu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=9780700712816&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6&rft.aulast=Matchett&rft.aufirst=Freda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oqTYiPeAxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200272–73-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200272–73_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalem2020" class="citation web cs1">Palem, Supreeth (11 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templepurohit.com/24-avatars-lord-vishnu/">"24-avatars-lord-vishnu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.templepurohit.com/">https://www.templepurohit.com/</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.templepurohit.com%2F&rft.atitle=24-avatars-lord-vishnu&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft.aulast=Palem&rft.aufirst=Supreeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.templepurohit.com%2F24-avatars-lord-vishnu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2011">Robin Rinehart 2011</a>, pp. 14, 28–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/15617/why-we-put-a-after-each-hindu-name/15622">"Why we put 'a' after each Hindu name"</a>. Hinduism.Stackexchange. 16 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417180922/https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/15617/why-we-put-a-after-each-hindu-name/15622">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hinduism.Stackexchange&rft.atitle=Why+we+put+%27a%27+after+each+Hindu+name&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhinduism.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F15617%2Fwhy-we-put-a-after-each-hindu-name%2F15622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). 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Allied Publishers. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-10-4"><bdi>978-81-86062-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Chambers+transliterated+Hindi-Hindi-English+dictionary&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-86062-10-4&rft.aulast=Wagenaar&rft.aufirst=Hank+W.&rft.au=Parikh%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kWROaer5UsC%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajarajan2001" class="citation book cs1">Rajarajan, R.K.K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263747582">Sītāpaharaṇam: Changing thematic Idioms in Sanskrit and Tamil. In Dirk W. Lonne ed. Tofha-e-Dil: Festschrift Helmut Nespital, Reinbeck, 2 vols., pp. 783–97</a>. Dr. Inge Wezler, Verlag für Orientalistische Fachpublikationen. pp. 783–797. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88587-033-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-88587-033-9"><bdi>3-88587-033-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C4%ABt%C4%81pahara%E1%B9%87am%3A+Changing+thematic+Idioms+in+Sanskrit+and+Tamil.+In+Dirk+W.+Lonne+ed.+Tofha-e-Dil%3A+Festschrift+Helmut+Nespital%2C+Reinbeck%2C+2+vols.%2C+pp.+783%E2%80%9397&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E783-%3C%2Fspan%3E797&rft.pub=Dr.+Inge+Wezler%2C+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Orientalistische+Fachpublikationen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-88587-033-9&rft.aulast=Rajarajan&rft.aufirst=R.K.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263747582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201231-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamdas_Lamb201231_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012">Ramdas Lamb 2012</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsDouglas_Q._Adams2013" class="citation book cs1">Adams; Douglas Q. 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Rodopi. p. 587. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3671-0"><bdi>978-90-420-3671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Tocharian+B%3A+Revised+and+Greatly+Enlarged&rft.pages=587&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3671-0&rft.au=Adams&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWziAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA160_160]-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA160_160]_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaloory_and_en1997">Maloory and en 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA160">160</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA165_165]-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloory_and_en1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtzU3RIV2BWICpgPA165_165]_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaloory_and_en1997">Maloory and en 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA165">165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVālmīkiSheldon_I._Pollock2007" class="citation book cs1">Vālmīki; Sheldon I. Pollock (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1g6fWIu-kAC">The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Araṇyakāṇḍa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 41 with footnote 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3164-3"><bdi>978-81-208-3164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India.+Ara%E1%B9%87yak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da&rft.pages=41+with+footnote+83&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3164-3&rft.au=V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki&rft.au=Sheldon+I.+Pollock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1g6fWIu-kAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guruge1991p51-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge1991p51_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guruge1991p51_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._W._P._Guruge1991" class="citation book cs1">A. W. P. Guruge (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364">The Society of the Ramayana</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116402264364/page/51">51</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-265-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+the+Ramayana&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-265-9&rft.au=A.+W.+P.+Guruge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116402264364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SanskritTextWithHindiTranslation-DpSharma10/ShrimadValmikiRamayan-SktHindi-DpSharmaVol01-BalaKanda1927#page/n177/mode/2up">Valmiki Ramayana</a>, Bala Kanda </li> <li id="cite_note-cort313-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cort313_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cort313_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2010" class="citation book cs1">Cort, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC">Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 313 note 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8"><bdi>978-0-19-973957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pages=313+note+9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973957-8&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Winternitz, Moriz</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA491">A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 491–492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0264-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0264-0"><bdi>81-208-0264-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062238/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA491#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=81-208-0264-0&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Moriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C%26pg%3DPA491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cort2010" class="citation book cs1">John Cort (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC">Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 160–162, 196, 314 note 14, 318 notes 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8"><bdi>978-0-19-973957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E162%2C+196%2C+314+note+14%2C+318+notes+57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973957-8&rft.au=John+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988">, Quote (p. 314): "(...) Kosala was the kingdom centered on Ayodhya, in what is now east-central Uttar Pradesh." </li> <li id="cite_note-veer157-43"><a href="#cite_ref-veer157_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_van_der_Veer1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter van der Veer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA157">Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India</a>. University of California Press. pp. 157–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4"><bdi>978-0-520-08256-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Nationalism%3A+Hindus+and+Muslims+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08256-4&rft.au=Peter+van+der+Veer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp29ArJ7j6zgC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Cort2010" class="citation book cs1">John Cort (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC">Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–200, 318 notes 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973957-8"><bdi>978-0-19-973957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E200%2C+318+notes+57-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973957-8&rft.au=John+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70775665">Essential Hinduism</a>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99006-0"><bdi>0-275-99006-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70775665">70775665</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062808/https://search.worldcat.org/title/70775665">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Hinduism&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70775665&rft.isbn=0-275-99006-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70775665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindery106-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindery106_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery106_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Hindery (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA98">Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.au=Roderick+Hindery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadguru_Sant_Keshavadas1988" class="citation cs2">Sadguru Sant Keshavadas (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XIatVGyjmQC">Ramayana at a Glance</a>, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, p. 15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120805453" title="Special:BookSources/9788120805453"><bdi>9788120805453</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788120805453&rft.au=Sadguru+Sant+Keshavadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XIatVGyjmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal2010p326-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p326_49-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 326–327 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhalla2009" class="citation book cs1">Bhalla, Prem P. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24">The Story Of Sri Ram</a>. Peacock Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-248-0191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-248-0191-8"><bdi>978-81-248-0191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+Of+Sri+Ram&rft.pub=Peacock+Books&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-248-0191-8&rft.aulast=Bhalla&rft.aufirst=Prem+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxiv9_Cp3OtQC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraśānta_Guptā1998" class="citation book cs1">Praśānta Guptā (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RazqpUWg3KYC&pg=PA32">Vālmīkī Rāmāyaṇa</a>. Dreamland Publications. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173012549" title="Special:BookSources/9788173012549"><bdi>9788173012549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C4%81lm%C4%ABk%C4%AB+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Dreamland+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788173012549&rft.au=Pra%C5%9B%C4%81nta+Gupt%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRazqpUWg3KYC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhalla2009" class="citation book cs1">Bhalla, Prem P. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiv9_Cp3OtQC&pg=PA24">The Story Of Sri Ram</a>. Peacock Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-248-0191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-248-0191-8"><bdi>978-81-248-0191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+Of+Sri+Ram&rft.pub=Peacock+Books&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-248-0191-8&rft.aulast=Bhalla&rft.aufirst=Prem+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxiv9_Cp3OtQC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValmiki" class="citation book cs1">Valmiki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan">The Ramayana</a>. pp. 126–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.au=Valmiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheRamayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebroy2005" class="citation book cs1">Debroy, Bibek (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQlAQAAIAAJ&q=Rama+">The History of Puranas</a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8090-062-4"><bdi>978-81-8090-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Puranas&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-8090-062-4&rft.aulast=Debroy&rft.aufirst=Bibek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6oQlAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DRama%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goldman, Robert P. (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa. Princeton University Press. pp. 248–263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindery99-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindery99_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery99_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery99_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery99_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindery1978">Hindery 1978</a>, pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujan2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Ramanujan" title="A. K. Ramanujan">Ramanujan, A. K.</a> (1 March 2023). Teen Sau Ramayan [Three Hundred Ramayanas]. Vani Prakashan. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9350721728" title="Special:BookSources/978-9350721728"><bdi>978-9350721728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teen+Sau+Ramayan&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Vani+Prakashan&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.isbn=978-9350721728&rft.aulast=Ramanujan&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalal99-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalal99_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalal99_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalal99_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, pp. 99, 326–327 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPargiter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pargiter, F. E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315268069">"The Geography of Ráma's Exile"</a>. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2 (26): 231–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+R%C3%A1ma%27s+Exile&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pargiter&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315268069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/the-golden-deer/article3780783.ece">"The golden deer"</a>. The Hindu. 16 August 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+golden+deer&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Freligion%2Fthe-golden-deer%2Farticle3780783.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramayana-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramayana_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._A_van_Nooten_William2000" class="citation book cs1">B. A van Nooten William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzg6wFJ5xwC">Ramayana</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22703-3"><bdi>978-0-520-22703-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062702/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzg6wFJ5xwC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22703-3&rft.au=B.+A+van+Nooten+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Wzg6wFJ5xwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_Sutherland_Goldman1996" class="citation cs2">Robert P. Goldman; Sally Sutherland Goldman, eds. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFmsrEszbxgC&q=parayana&pg=PA80">The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India : Sundarkand</a>, Princeton University Press, pp. 80–82, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2"><bdi>978-0-691-06662-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India+%3A+Sundarkand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06662-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFmsrEszbxgC%26q%3Dparayana%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman1996406-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman1996406_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1996">Goldman 1996</a>, p. 406: 16. ... Ravana is represented as merely requesting that Sita stop thinking of him as an enemy and that she abandon her mistaken notion that he wants her to be his wife. By mentioning his chief queen, he is really saying that he wants Sita to be the chosen goddess of both him and his chief queen, Mandodari. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldman199690-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldman199690_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman1996">Goldman 1996</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamashraya_Sharma1986" class="citation book cs1">Ramashraya Sharma (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Vo0OJtO6DQC&pg=PA2">A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0078-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0078-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Socio-political+Study+of+the+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0078-6&rft.au=Ramashraya+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Vo0OJtO6DQC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Claeys2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Claeys (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&pg=PA240">The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82842-0"><bdi>978-1-139-82842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Utopian+Literature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82842-0&rft.au=Gregory+Claeys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFCuoqykV9QC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ">Self-realization Magazine</a>. Self-Realization Fellowship. 1971. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ&q=is+diwali+connected+to+lord+rama+returned">50</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062702/https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnuAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-realization+Magazine&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Self-Realization+Fellowship&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOnuAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindery1978100-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindery1978100_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHindery1978">Hindery 1978</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess2001-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess2001_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess2001_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess,_L.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, L. (2001). "Rejecting Sita: Indian Responses to the Ideal Man's Cruel Treatment of His Ideal Wife". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 67 (1): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2F67.1.1">10.1093/jaarel/67.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21994992">21994992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Rejecting+Sita%3A+Indian+Responses+to+the+Ideal+Man%27s+Cruel+Treatment+of+His+Ideal+Wife&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2F67.1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21994992&rft.au=Hess%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2015" class="citation book cs1">Frye, Northrope (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AV-zCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Northrop Frye's Uncollected Prose</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4972-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-4972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northrop+Frye%27s+Uncollected+Prose&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4972-9&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Northrope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAV-zCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2017" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Dawn F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiCEDgAAQBAJ">The Thiri Rama: Finding Ramayana in Myanmar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31395-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-31395-5"><bdi>978-1-315-31395-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thiri+Rama%3A+Finding+Ramayana+in+Myanmar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-31395-5&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Dawn+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiCEDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richman7-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richman7_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-richman7_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1991">Richman 1991</a>, pp. 7–9 (by Richman), pp. 22–46 (Ramanujan) </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyengar2005p29-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Iyengar2005p29_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._N._Jani2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._N._Jani" title="A. N. Jani">A. N. Jani</a> (2005). Kodaganallur R.S. Iyengar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&pg=PA29">Asian Variations in Ramayana: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on 'Variations in Ramayana in Asia</a>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 29–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Variations+in+Ramayana%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+International+Seminar+on+%27Variations+in+Ramayana+in+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1809-3&rft.au=A.+N.+Jani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCU92nFk5fU4C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman199110–12,_67–85_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1991">Richman 1991</a>, pp. 10–12, 67–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horstmann1991p9-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horstmann1991p9_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horstmann1991p9_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonika_Horstmann1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monika_Boehm-Tettelbach" title="Monika Boehm-Tettelbach">Monika Horstmann</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40A6s8l1lqQC">Rāmāyaṇa and Rāmāyaṇas</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 9–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03116-5"><bdi>978-3-447-03116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03116-5&rft.au=Monika+Horstmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40A6s8l1lqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199111–12,_89–108-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman199111–12,_89–108_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1991">Richman 1991</a>, pp. 11–12, 89–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Padmanabh216-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Padmanabh216_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padmanabh216_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padmanabh216_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padmanabh216_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Padmanabh216_77-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabh_S_Jaini1993" class="citation book cs1">Padmanabh S Jaini (1993). 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State University of New York Press. pp. 216–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4&rft.au=Padmanabh+S+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah2005" class="citation book cs1">Umakant P. Shah (2005). 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Sahitya Akademi. pp. 57–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Variations+in+Ramayana%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+International+Seminar+on+%27Variations+in+Ramayana+in+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1809-3&rft.au=Umakant+P.+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCU92nFk5fU4C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon200810–11-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon200810–11_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenon2008">Menon 2008</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-dhirajlal-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhirajlal_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhirajlal_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirajlal_Sankalia1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Dhirajlal_Sankalia" title="Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia">Dhirajlal Sankalia, Hasmukhlal</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgVkAAAAMAAJ">The Ramayana in historical perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (branch): <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 4–5, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-333-90390-2" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-333-90390-2"><bdi>9-780-333-90390-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062703/https://books.google.com/books?id=bgVkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=India+%28branch%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5%2C+51&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9-780-333-90390-2&rft.aulast=Dhirajlal+Sankalia&rft.aufirst=Hasmukhlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgVkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2020" class="citation web cs1">Pattanaik, Devdutt (8 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms">"Was Ram born in Ayodhya"</a>. mumbaimirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814150318/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mumbaimirror&rft.atitle=Was+Ram+born+in+Ayodhya&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fwas-ram-born-in-ayodhya%2Farticleshow%2F77380259.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasmukhlal_Dhirajlal_Sankalia1977" class="citation book cs1">Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia (1977). Aspects of Indian History and Archaeology. B. R. 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Swarup & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3"><bdi>978-81-7625-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas&rft.pub=Swarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-226-3&rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2006" class="citation book cs1">Simanjuntak, Truman (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. 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Routledge. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39063-3"><bdi>978-1-317-39063-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Ramayana+Women%3A+Regional+Rejection+and+Response&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39063-3&rft.au=John+Brockington&rft.au=Mary+Brockington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgQzDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Ramprasad (2016). 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 189–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023. 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Brill Research Perspectives in Religion and Art. 2 (4): 1–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F24688878-12340006">10.1163/24688878-12340006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202530099">202530099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brill+Research+Perspectives+in+Religion+and+Art&rft.atitle=Clothing+as+devotion+in+Contemporary+Hinduism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F24688878-12340006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202530099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Urmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Frpra%2Frpra-overview.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201061-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201061_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan[[Ramayan#Kishkindha_Kanda|kishkindha_kanda]]-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan[[Ramayan#Kishkindha_Kanda|kishkindha_kanda]]_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValmiki_Ramayan">Valmiki Ramayan</a>, p. <a href="/wiki/Ramayan#Kishkindha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramayan">kishkindha kanda</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_Sutherland_Goldman1996" class="citation cs2">Robert P. Goldman; Sally Sutherland Goldman, eds. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFmsrEszbxgC&q=parayana&pg=PA80">The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India : Sundarkand</a>, Princeton University Press, pp. 80–82, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2"><bdi>978-0-691-06662-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India+%3A+Sundarkand&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06662-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFmsrEszbxgC%26q%3Dparayana%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hanumanchalisahindilyrics.com/sunderkand-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1-lyrics-hindi/">"Sundar Kand PDF"</a>. hanumanchalisahindilyrics. 29 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hanumanchalisahindilyrics&rft.atitle=Sundar+Kand+PDF&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhanumanchalisahindilyrics.com%2Fsunderkand-%25e0%25a4%25b8%25e0%25a5%2581%25e0%25a4%2582%25e0%25a4%25a6%25e0%25a4%25b0%25e0%25a4%2595%25e0%25a4%25be%25e0%25a4%2582%25e0%25a4%25a1-lyrics-hindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValmiki_Ramayan">Valmiki Ramayan</a>, p. 1235 (Volume 2 of Śrīmad Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: With Sanskrit Text and English Translation) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuman2019" class="citation cs2">Tuman, Myron (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15701-2_12">"The Dutiful Son—Flaubert"</a>, The Sensitive Son and the Feminine Ideal in Literature, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 207–233, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-15701-2_12">10.1007/978-3-030-15701-2_12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15700-5"><bdi>978-3-030-15700-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 28 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sensitive+Son+and+the+Feminine+Ideal+in+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Dutiful+Son%E2%80%94Flaubert&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15701-2_12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-15700-5&rft.aulast=Tuman&rft.aufirst=Myron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15701-2_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1v2xtbf.6">"Nature and Interior"</a>, Appropriating Theory, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 35–60, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1v2xtbf.6">10.2307/j.ctt1v2xtbf.6</a>, retrieved 28 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appropriating+Theory&rft.atitle=Nature+and+Interior&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1v2xtbf.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1v2xtbf.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVālmīkiPollock2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Vālmīki</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Pollock, Sheldon I.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1g6fWIu-kAC">The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Araṇyakāṇḍa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 41–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3164-3"><bdi>978-81-208-3164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India.+Ara%E1%B9%87yak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3164-3&rft.au=V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki&rft.au=Pollock%2C+Sheldon+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1g6fWIu-kAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindery103-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindery103_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery103_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Hindery (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA100">Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 103–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.au=Roderick+Hindery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Flood2008" class="citation book cs1">Gavin Flood (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LexraSEgRfIC&q=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism">The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</a>. Wiley India Pvt. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1629-2"><bdi>978-81-265-1629-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062703/https://books.google.com/books?id=LexraSEgRfIC&q=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Wiley+India+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.isbn=978-81-265-1629-2&rft.au=Gavin+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLexraSEgRfIC%26q%3DThe%2BBlackwell%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BHinduism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindery100-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindery100_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindery100_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Hindery (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA100">Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.au=Roderick+Hindery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmiki_Ramayan_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValmiki_Ramayan">Valmiki Ramayan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimm1992" class="citation book cs1">Timm, Jeffrey R. (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryswPhIBcZkC">Texts in Context: Traditional Hermeneutics in South Asia</a>. SUNY Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0796-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-0796-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+in+Context%3A+Traditional+Hermeneutics+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0796-7&rft.aulast=Timm&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryswPhIBcZkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffith">Griffith</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollet1995-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Pollet1995_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_Pollet1995" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert Pollet (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&q=ranganatha+ramayana+telugu&pg=PA59">Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6-8 July 1991</a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5"><bdi>978-90-6831-701-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409035526/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&q=ranganatha+ramayana+telugu&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epic+Values%3A+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+Its+Impact+%3A+Proceedings+of+the+8th+International+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%BA%A1+Conference%2C+Leuven%2C+6-8+July+1991&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-701-5&rft.au=Gilbert+Pollet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVnK3q48dL0C%26q%3Dranganatha%2Bramayana%2Btelugu%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal20104-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal20104_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan_sac_inside.aspx?id=36507224368&terms=Regional%20Ramayanas">"The Oral Tradition and the many 'Ramayanas'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225123703/https://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan_sac_inside.aspx?id=36507224368&terms=Regional%20Ramayanas">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Moynihan @Maxwell, <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_School" title="Maxwell School">Maxwell School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>'s South Asian Center </li> <li id="cite_note-MSPPillai-110"><a href="#cite_ref-MSPPillai_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1904" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, M S Purnalingam (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/APrimerOfTamilLiterature">A Primer of Tamil Literature</a>. Madras, British India: The Ananda Press. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.place=Madras%2C+British+India&rft.pub=The+Ananda+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=M+S+Purnalingam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAPrimerOfTamilLiterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KZvelebil-111"><a href="#cite_ref-KZvelebil_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSmileOfMuruganOnTamilLiteratureOfSouthIndia">The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: E J Brill. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan+on+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=E+J+Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheSmileOfMuruganOnTamilLiteratureOfSouthIndia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakshinamurthy2015" class="citation web cs1">Dakshinamurthy, A (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adakshinamurthy.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/akananuru-neythal-poem-70/">"Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70"</a>. Akananuru. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akananuru&rft.atitle=Akananuru%3A+Neytal+%E2%80%93+Poem+70&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Dakshinamurthy&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadakshinamurthy.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F07%2F01%2Fakananuru-neythal-poem-70%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_University_Press-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_University_Press_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartHeifetz1999" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George L; Heifetz, Hank (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00">The four hundred songs of war and wisdom : an anthology of poems from classical Tamil : the Puṟanāṉūṟu</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00/page/219">219</a>-220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231115629" title="Special:BookSources/9780231115629"><bdi>9780231115629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+four+hundred+songs+of+war+and+wisdom+%3A+an+anthology+of+poems+from+classical+Tamil+%3A+the+Pu%E1%B9%9Fan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780231115629&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George+L&rft.au=Heifetz%2C+Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourhundredsongs00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purananuru-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Purananuru_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalakam1950" class="citation book cs1">Kalakam, Turaicămip Pillai, ed. (1950). Purananuru. Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purananuru&rft.place=Madras&rft.date=1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201802/page/n251/mode/2up">"The Silappadikaram"</a>. 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Silappadikaram&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.201802%2Fpage%2Fn251%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jnfarquhar158-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jnfarquhar158_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jnfarquhar158_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jnfarquhar158_116-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Nicol_Farquhar1920" class="citation book cs1">John Nicol Farquhar (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100309">An Outline of the Religious Literature of India</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100309/page/n356">324</a>–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Religious+Literature+of+India&rft.pages=324-325&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=John+Nicol+Farquhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.100309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986158–159_with_footnotes-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986158–159_with_footnotes_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 158–159 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tulasīdāsa1989p875-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tulasīdāsa1989p875_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tulasīdāsa1989p875_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tulasīdāsa1989p875_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tulasīdāsa1989p875_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tulasīdāsa1989p875_118-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRC_Prasad1989" class="citation book cs1">RC Prasad (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiYt00x5tcQC&pg=PA875">Tulasīdāsa's Sriramacharitmanasa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xiv–xv, 875–876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0443-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0443-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0443-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulas%C4%ABd%C4%81sa%27s+Sriramacharitmanasa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E875-%3C%2Fspan%3E876&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0443-2&rft.au=RC+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiYt00x5tcQC%26pg%3DPA875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Barz1991" class="citation book cs1">R. Barz (1991). Monika Horstmann (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40A6s8l1lqQC">Rāmāyaṇa and Rāmāyaṇas</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 32–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03116-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03116-5"><bdi>978-3-447-03116-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03116-5&rft.au=R.+Barz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40A6s8l1lqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaniker2006" class="citation cs2">Paniker, K. Ayyappa (2006) [1977], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE/page/n29/mode/1up">A Short History of Malayalam Literature</a>, Information & Public Relations Department Kerala State, p. 31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Malayalam+Literature&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Information+%26+Public+Relations+Department+Kerala+State&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Paniker&rft.aufirst=K.+Ayyappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE%2Fpage%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ralhan-quest2-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ralhan-quest2_121-0">^</a> Ralhan 1997, pp. 194–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Pradas 2008, p. 878, quoting J. L. Brockington: ... for in his more personal Vinayapatrika Tulasi alludes to having visions of Rama. </li> <li id="cite_note-lutgendorf-darshan2-123"><a href="#cite_ref-lutgendorf-darshan2_123-0">^</a> Lutgendorf 1991, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-britramcharit-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britramcharit_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britramcharit_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britramcharit_124-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411223352/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramcharitmanas">Archived</a> 11 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf1991-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf1991_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf1991">Lutgendorf 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller 2008</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarma2010">Varma 2010</a>, p. 1565 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoddar2001">Poddar 2001</a>, pp. 26–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDas2010">Das 2010</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198775-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198775_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987">Schomer & McLeod 1987</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731–32_with_footnotes_13_and_16_(by_C._Vaudeville).-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731–32_with_footnotes_13_and_16_(by_C._Vaudeville)._131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987">Schomer & McLeod 1987</a>, pp. 31–32 with footnotes 13 and 16 (by C. Vaudeville).. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731,_74–75_with_footnotes,_Quote:_"What_is_striking_about_the_dohas_in_the_Ramcharitmanas_however_is_that_they_frequently_have_a_sant-like_ring_to_them,_breaking_into_the_very_midst_of_the_saguna_narrative_with_a_statement_of_nirguna_reality".-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod198731,_74–75_with_footnotes,_Quote:_"What_is_striking_about_the_dohas_in_the_Ramcharitmanas_however_is_that_they_frequently_have_a_sant-like_ring_to_them,_breaking_into_the_very_midst_of_the_saguna_narrative_with_a_statement_of_nirguna_reality"._133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987">Schomer & McLeod 1987</a>, pp. 31, 74–75 with footnotes, Quote: "What is striking about the dohas in the Ramcharitmanas however is that they frequently have a sant-like ring to them, breaking into the very midst of the saguna narrative with a statement of nirguna reality".. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollet1995p181-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollet1995p181_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollet1995p181_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Kapoor1995" class="citation book cs1">A Kapoor (1995). Gilbert Pollet (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&pg=PA181">Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact</a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 181–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5"><bdi>978-90-6831-701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epic+Values%3A+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+Its+Impact&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-701-5&rft.au=A+Kapoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVnK3q48dL0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescodussehra-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unescodussehra_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unescodussehra_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unescodussehra_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110">"Ramlila-The traditional performance of Ramayana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131032510/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Ramlila-The+traditional+performance+of+Ramayana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2FRL%2Framlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1984">Chapple 1984</a>, pp. x–xi with footnote 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-chappleix-137"><a href="#cite_ref-chappleix_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1984">Chapple 1984</a>, pp. ix–xi </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie2003-105-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie2003-105_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeslie2003">Leslie 2003</a>, pp. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1984">Chapple 1984</a>, p. x </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapple1984-xii-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple1984-xii_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple1984-xii_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapple1984-xii_140-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1984">Chapple 1984</a>, pp. xi–xii </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Surendranath Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04779-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04779-1">978-0-521-04779-1</a>, pages 252–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValmiki1984" class="citation book cs1">Valmiki (1984). The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha. Translated by Venkatesananda, S. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8"><bdi>0-87395-955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Yoga+V%C4%81si%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADha&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87395-955-8&rft.au=Valmiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigunait2002" class="citation book cs1">Tigunait, Rajmani (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&q=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition">The Himalayan Masters: A Living Tradition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_University" title="Himalayan University">Himalayan Institute Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&dq=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition&pg=PA33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89389-227-2"><bdi>978-0-89389-227-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062742/https://books.google.com/books?id=gukW2iojhrQC&q=The+Himalayan+Masters:+A+Living+Tradition#v=snippet&q=The%20Himalayan%20Masters%3A%20A%20Living%20Tradition&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Himalayan+Masters%3A+A+Living+Tradition&rft.place=Itanagar&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Himalayan+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89389-227-2&rft.aulast=Tigunait&rft.aufirst=Rajmani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgukW2iojhrQC%26q%3DThe%2BHimalayan%2BMasters%3A%2BA%2BLiving%2BTradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whiteysxvi-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whiteysxvi_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whiteysxvi_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon (2014). The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. xvi–xvii, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14377-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Yoga+Sutra+of+Patanjali%22%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exvi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvii%2C+51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14377-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA809">Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26pg%3DPA809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002193-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2002193_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2002193_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb2002">Lamb 2002</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001118-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001118_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodiya2001118_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodiya2001">Dodiya 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb2002191-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb2002191_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb2002">Lamb 2002</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991174-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou1991174_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1991">Daniélou 1991</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914126-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar1914126_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-vatsyayan335-151"><a href="#cite_ref-vatsyayan335_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2004" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2004). 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Oxford University Press. pp. 335–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516832-7"><bdi>978-0-19-516832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516832-7&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ar2Qfr-UeQC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmour_J._Babineau1979" class="citation book cs1">Edmour J. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi/page/85">85</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/loveofgodsociald0000babi/page/85">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89684-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89684-050-8"><bdi>978-0-89684-050-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+of+God+and+Social+Duty+in+the+R%C4%81mcaritm%C4%81nas&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89684-050-8&rft.au=Edmour+J.+Babineau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floveofgodsociald0000babi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaṭṭi600" class="citation book cs1">Bhaṭṭi (600) [2009]. <a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a>. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3"><bdi>978-0-520-90883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90883-3&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzldwMHeS6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2017" class="citation cs2">Dalal, Roshen (14 July 2017), "Hinduism and its basic texts", Reading the Sacred Scriptures, New York: Routledge, pp. 157–170, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315545936-11">10.4324/9781315545936-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-54593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-54593-6"><bdi>978-1-315-54593-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+the+Sacred+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Hinduism+and+its+basic+texts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315545936-11&rft.isbn=978-1-315-54593-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitenen1973" class="citation book cs1">Buitenen, J. 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Prajñā Prakāśana Mañca. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramanand+Darshan+Samiksha&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Praj%C3%B1%C4%81+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Bana+Ma%C3%B1ca&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bhagav%C4%81nad%C4%81sa&rft.aufirst=Vaish%E1%B9%87ava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWcWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lordrama.co.in/goswami-tulsidas.html">"Goswāmi Tulasīdās"</a>. lordrama.co.in. 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Kolkata: Bhartiye Bhasha Parishad. p. 430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Vadamay+Kosh&rft.place=Kolkata&rft.pages=430&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bhartiye+Bhasha+Parishad&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Varnekar&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Sridhar+Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsanskrit-vadamay-kosh-part-1%2Fpage%2F430%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1970" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Dr. Rajbali (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ToEI_hindu-dharma-kosha-edited-by-dr.-rajbali-pandey-hindi-samiti-prabhag-series-248-/page/n627/mode/1up?q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0">Hindu Dharma Kosha</a> (5th ed.). Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sansthan. p. 612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788193783948" title="Special:BookSources/9788193783948"><bdi>9788193783948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Dharma+Kosha&rft.place=Lucknow&rft.pages=612&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Uttar+Pradesh+Hindi+Sansthan&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9788193783948&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Rajbali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FToEI_hindu-dharma-kosha-edited-by-dr.-rajbali-pandey-hindi-samiti-prabhag-series-248-%2Fpage%2Fn627%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, S. 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"Lovers, Messengers and Beloved Landscapes: Sandeśa Kāvya in Comparative Perspective". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Hindu_Studies" title="International Journal of Hindu Studies">International Journal of Hindu Studies</a>. 8 (1–3): 29–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-004-0002-2">10.1007/s11407-004-0002-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144529764">144529764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Lovers%2C+Messengers+and+Beloved+Landscapes%3A+Sande%C5%9Ba+K%C4%81vya+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-004-0002-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144529764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajHarman2006" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Selva J.; Harman, William P. 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-6708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+Deities%3A+The+Ritual+Vow+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6708-4&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Selva+J.&rft.au=Harman%2C+William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOv2oltTLinkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200298–108-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld200298–108_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. 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Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Agony+Over+Religion%3A+Confronting+Diversity+in+Teacher+Education&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995-02-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2412-4&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6jmckIUHMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. 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Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417599003084">10.1017/S0010417599003084</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190227261" title="Special:BookSources/9788190227261"><bdi>9788190227261</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179424">179424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247327484">247327484</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185737/https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. 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Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaisnava+Sects%2C+Saiva+Sects%2C+Mother+Worship&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=1st+revised&rft.pub=Firma+KLM+Private+Ltd.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tattwananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.128453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "Mahārāj Śri Haridās Jī Kī Vaṇī." In Mahārāj Śri Haridās Jī Kī Vaṇī, edited by Swami Mangaldas. Jaipur: Nikhil Bharatiya Niranjani Mahasabha, 1931. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRC_Prasad1989" class="citation book cs1">RC Prasad (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiYt00x5tcQC&pg=PA875">Tulasīdāsa's Sriramacharitmanasa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xiv–xv, 875–876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0443-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0443-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0443-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulas%C4%ABd%C4%81sa%27s+Sriramacharitmanasa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E875-%3C%2Fspan%3E876&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0443-2&rft.au=RC+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiYt00x5tcQC%26pg%3DPA875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=+Adhyatma&trans=Translate">Adhyātma</a>, Sanskrit-English Digital Lexicon, Koeln University, Germany (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachander" class="citation web cs1">Ramachander, P.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Adhyathma_Ramayanam">"Adhyatma Ramayanam"</a>. Hindupedia. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindupedia&rft.atitle=Adhyatma+Ramayanam&rft.aulast=Ramachander&rft.aufirst=P.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindupedia.com%2Fen%2FAdhyathma_Ramayanam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonam2020" class="citation news cs1">Poonam, Snigdha (13 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/13/jai-shri-ram-india-hindi/">"The 3 Most Polarizing Words in India"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175319/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/13/jai-shri-ram-india-hindi/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+3+Most+Polarizing+Words+in+India&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.aulast=Poonam&rft.aufirst=Snigdha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F02%2F13%2Fjai-shri-ram-india-hindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursera.org/lecture/india/6-1-many-ramayanas-text-and-tradition-KpEhe">"6.1 Many Ramayanas: text and tradition - The Ramayan"</a>. Coursera. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coursera&rft.atitle=6.1+Many+Ramayanas%3A+text+and+tradition+-+The+Ramayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursera.org%2Flecture%2Findia%2F6-1-many-ramayanas-text-and-tradition-KpEhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagar2006" class="citation book cs1">Nagar, Shantilal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parimalpublication.com">Ananda Ramayana</a>. Delhi, India: Parimal Publications. p. 946. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7110-282-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7110-282-4"><bdi>81-7110-282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ananda+Ramayana&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=946&rft.pub=Parimal+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-7110-282-4&rft.aulast=Nagar&rft.aufirst=Shantilal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parimalpublication.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128130205/http://www.abhyuday.org/vp/index2.html">"Vinay Patrika website, Kashi Hindu Vishwavidhyalaya"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abhyuday.org/vp/index2.html">the original</a> on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinay+Patrika+website%2C+Kashi+Hindu+Vishwavidhyalaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhyuday.org%2Fvp%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128130205/http://jPZX_janaki-mangal-of-tulsidas-gita-press/mode/1up">"Tulsidas's Janaki Mangal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jPZX_janaki-mangal-of-tulsidas-gita-press/mode/1up">the original</a> on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tulsidas%27s+Janaki+Mangal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FjPZX_janaki-mangal-of-tulsidas-gita-press%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3_mDwAAQBAJ">"The Indian Listener: Vol. XIV. No. 20"</a>. All India Radio. 21 August 1949. Retrieved 19 June 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Listener%3A+Vol.+XIV.+No.+20&rft.pub=All+India+Radio&rft.date=1949-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3_mDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaudiya.com/pdf/References_to_the_Hare_Krishna_Maha-Mantra.pdf">"References to the Maha Mantra (pdf)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530025102/http://www.gaudiya.com/pdf/References_to_the_Hare_Krishna_Maha-Mantra.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=References+to+the+Maha+Mantra+%28pdf%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaudiya.com%2Fpdf%2FReferences_to_the_Hare_Krishna_Maha-Mantra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caitanyacaritamrta.com/adi/5/132/en1">Chaitanya Charitamrita Adi-5.132</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225603/http://caitanyacaritamrta.com/adi/5/132/en1">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "if someone says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Lord Ramacandra and someone else says that the "Rama" in "Hare Rama" is Sri Balarama, both are correct". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpage562_562]-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpage562_562]_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/562">562</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/">"City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407143924/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=175953">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=City+News%2C+Indian+City+Headlines%2C+Latest+City+News%2C+Metro+City+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fsection%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104195645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-02/mysore/28056195_1_ramanavami-music-festival-temples-devotees">Ramnavami</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_192-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/rama.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Hinduism: Rama Navami"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725153056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/rama.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Hinduism%3A+Rama+Navami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fholydays%2Frama.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bp-193"><a href="#cite_ref-bp_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/president-and-pm-greet-people-as-india-observes-ram-navami-today/">"President and PM greet people as India observes Ram Navami today"</a>. IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 8 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409001520/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/president-and-pm-greet-people-as-india-observes-ram-navami-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANS&rft.atitle=President+and+PM+greet+people+as+India+observes+Ram+Navami+today&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.biharprabha.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fpresident-and-pm-greet-people-as-india-observes-ram-navami-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.gov.in/">"National Portal of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Govt._of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Govt. of India">Govt. of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314045800/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4282">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govt.+of+India&rft.atitle=National+Portal+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dna8apr2014-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dna8apr2014_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dna8apr2014_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2014" class="citation web cs1">John, Josephine (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344">"Hindus around the world celebrate Ram Navami today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zee_News" title="Zee News">DNA India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225011544/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNA+India&rft.atitle=Hindus+around+the+world+celebrate+Ram+Navami+today&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-hindus-around-the-world-celebrate-ram-navami-today-1976344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sitamarhi">"Sitamarhi | India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427100105/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2021. <q>A large Ramanavami fair, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama, is held in spring with considerable trade in pottery, spices, brass ware, and cotton cloth. A cattle fair held in Sitamarhi is the largest in Bihar state. The town is sacred as the birthplace of the goddess Sita (also called Janaki), the wife of Rama.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sitamarhi+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSitamarhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/">"Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Today's News Headlines Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407015100/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990325/ige25105.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Latest+News%2C+India+News%2C+Breaking+News%2C+Today%27s+News+Headlines+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/section/cities/">"City News, Indian City Headlines, Latest City News, Metro City News"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407143929/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=47910">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=City+News%2C+Indian+City+Headlines%2C+Latest+City+News%2C+Metro+City+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Fsection%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatpathy2016" class="citation web cs1">Satpathy, Kriti Saraswat (14 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/travel/articles/did-you-know-these-rituals-of-ram-navami-celebration-in-karnataka-3234872/">"Did you know these rituals of Ram Navami celebration in Karnataka?"</a>. India News, Breaking News | India.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112131440/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/did-you-know-these-rituals-of-ram-navami-celebration-in-karnataka-3234872/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+News%2C+Breaking+News+%7C+India.com&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+these+rituals+of+Ram+Navami+celebration+in+Karnataka%3F&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.aulast=Satpathy&rft.aufirst=Kriti+Saraswat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Ftravel%2Farticles%2Fdid-you-know-these-rituals-of-ram-navami-celebration-in-karnataka-3234872%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002389-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002389_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015">Encyclopedia Britannica 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasbekar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasbekar, Asha (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA44">Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-636-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-636-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&q=Jatra+bengal&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pop+Culture+India%21%3A+Media%2C+Arts%2C+and+Lifestyle&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-636-7&rft.aulast=Kasbekar&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSv7Uk0UcdM8C%26q%3DJatra%2Bbengal%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002561–562-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002561–562_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 561–562. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2004" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Mandakranta (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC">The Ramayana Revisited</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 342–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516832-7"><bdi>978-0-19-516832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516832-7&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Mandakranta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ar2Qfr-UeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1991fontcover-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1991fontcover_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1991">Gupta 1991</a>, p. fontcover. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1991107-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1991107_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1991">Richman 1991</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN1981" class="citation book cs1">N, Ramesan (1981). The Tirumala Temple. <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupati (city)">Tirupati</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Tirupati_Devasthanams" title="Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams">TTD</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tirumala+Temple&rft.place=Tirupati&rft.pub=TTD&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=N&rft.aufirst=Ramesan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419152327/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/12/stories/2006041210620300.htm">"Vasanthotsavam begins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 12 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/12/stories/2006041210620300.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Vasanthotsavam+begins&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F04%2F12%2Fstories%2F2006041210620300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Bakker1990" class="citation book cs1">Hans Bakker (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ">The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia</a>. BRILL. pp. 70–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09318-4"><bdi>90-04-09318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sacred+Places+in+India+As+Reflected+in+Traditional+Literature%3A+Papers+on+Pilgrimage+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=90-04-09318-4&rft.au=Hans+Bakker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcwUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xL8dDlujiw">Teerthayatra Archival – Bhadrachalam</a>. <a href="/wiki/E_TV_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="E TV (India)">ETV Andhra Pradesh</a>. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7xL8dDlujiw">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teerthayatra+Archival+%E2%80%93+Bhadrachalam&rft.pub=ETV+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7xL8dDlujiw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXQjgAAAAMAAJqwhyRamaalwaysdrawnwithsitaandlakshman_36]-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXQjgAAAAMAAJqwhyRamaalwaysdrawnwithsitaandlakshman_36]_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta1991">Gupta 1991</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman">36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2006i" class="citation book cs1">Bhat, Rama (2006i). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMgclIr9aeEC&q=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman&pg=PA79">The Divine Anjaneya: Story of Hanuman</a>. iUniverse. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMgclIr9aeEC&dq=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman&pg=PA79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-41262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-41262-4"><bdi>978-0-595-41262-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062747/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMgclIr9aeEC&q=why+Rama+always+drawn+with+sita+and+lakshman&pg=PA79#v=snippet&q=why%20Rama%20always%20drawn%20with%20sita%20and%20lakshman&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Anjaneya%3A+Story+of+Hanuman&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-595-41262-4&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=Rama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMgclIr9aeEC%26q%3Dwhy%2BRama%2Balways%2Bdrawn%2Bwith%2Bsita%2Band%2Blakshman%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Brockington1998" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Brockington (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C">The Sanskrit Epics</a>. BRILL. pp. 471–472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10260-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10260-4"><bdi>90-04-10260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sanskrit+Epics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E472&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-10260-4&rft.au=J.+L.+Brockington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHR-_LK5kl18C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1988" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (1988). "Prasada as Palace: Kutina Origins of the Nagara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3/4): 254–280 (Figure 21). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250039">10.2307/3250039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250039">3250039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Prasada+as+Palace%3A+Kutina+Origins+of+the+Nagara+Temple&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=254-280+%28Figure+21%29&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harle1994p207-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Harle1994p207_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994" class="citation book cs1">James C. Harle (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl">The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/148">148</a>–149, 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=148-149%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.au=James+C.+Harle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html">"Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important"</a>. The New York Times. 22 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206160611/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+India%27s+New+Ram+Temple+Is+So+Important&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-ram-temple-ayodhya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408092151/https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/godavari-pushkaralu-at-bhadrachalam-1-1-443709.html">"అదిగదిగో భద్రగిరి"</a> [Welcome to Bhadragiri]. <a href="/wiki/Namasthe_Telangana" title="Namasthe Telangana">Namasthe Telangana</a> (in Telugu). 11 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnews.com/telangana-news/godavari-pushkaralu-at-bhadrachalam-1-1-443709.html">the original</a> on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Namasthe+Telangana&rft.atitle=%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B+%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF&rft.date=2015-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnews.com%2Ftelangana-news%2Fgodavari-pushkaralu-at-bhadrachalam-1-1-443709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiwakar2011" class="citation book cs1">Diwakar, Macherla (2011). Temples of South India (1st ed.). Chennai: Techno Book House. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83440-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83440-34-4"><bdi>978-93-83440-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+South+India&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=138&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Techno+Book+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-83440-34-4&rft.aulast=Diwakar&rft.aufirst=Macherla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=374">"Sri Kolavilli Ramar temple"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dinamalar" title="Dinamalar">Dinamalar</a>. 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Kolavilli+Ramar+temple&rft.pub=Dinamalar&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftemple.dinamalar.com%2Fen%2Fnew_en.php%3Fid%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nativeplanet.com/hajipur/attractions/ramchaura-mandir/">about ramchaura mandir</a>nativeplanet.com </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkar2009" class="citation book cs1">Karkar, S.C. (2009). The Top Ten Temple Towns of India. Kolkota: Mark Age Publication. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87952-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87952-12-1"><bdi>978-81-87952-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Top+Ten+Temple+Towns+of+India&rft.place=Kolkota&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Mark+Age+Publication&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-87952-12-1&rft.aulast=Karkar&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231609/http://pampadydesam.com/vilwadrinatha-temple/">"Vilwadrinatha Temple"</a>. PampadyDesam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pampadydesam.com/vilwadrinatha-temple/">the original</a> on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vilwadrinatha+Temple&rft.pub=PampadyDesam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpampadydesam.com%2Fvilwadrinatha-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2006" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Edward G. (2006). Gibraltar, identity and empire. London: Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415347969" title="Special:BookSources/9780415347969"><bdi>9780415347969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibraltar%2C+identity+and+empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415347969&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doniger1993p190-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Doniger1993p190_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E_Cort1993" class="citation book cs1">John E Cort (1993). Wendy Doniger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC">Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1381-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1381-4&rft.au=John+E+Cort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kZFzHCuiFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobi, Herman (2005). Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam (2nd ed.). Ahemdabad: Prakrit Text Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vimalsuri%27s+Paumachariyam&rft.place=Ahemdabad&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prakrit+Text+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2005" class="citation book cs1">Iyengar, Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&pg=PA80">Asian Variations in Ramayana</a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1809-3"><bdi>978-81-260-1809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Variations+in+Ramayana&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1809-3&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=Kodaganallur+Ramaswami+Srinivasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCU92nFk5fU4C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953226-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953226_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200421–23-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200421–23_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004">Natubhai Shah 2004</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassuk1987" class="citation book cs1">Bassuk, Daniel E (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ">Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-08642-9"><bdi>978-1-349-08642-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131063255/https://books.google.com/books?id=k3iwCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incarnation+in+Hinduism+and+Christianity%3A+The+Myth+of+the+God-Man&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-349-08642-9&rft.aulast=Bassuk&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3iwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Geoffrey_Parrinder1997" class="citation book cs1">Edward Geoffrey Parrinder (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkV5AAAAMAAJ">Avatar and Incarnation: The Divine in Human Form in the World's Religions</a>. Oxford: Oneworld. pp. 19–24, 35–38, 75–78, 130–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-130-3"><bdi>978-1-85168-130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avatar+and+Incarnation%3A+The+Divine+in+Human+Form+in+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E24%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E38%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E78%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oneworld&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-130-3&rft.au=Edward+Geoffrey+Parrinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkV5AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausDiamondMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margarat (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA306">South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Mills%2C+Margarat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaomi_Appleton2010" class="citation book cs1">Naomi Appleton (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=86Kaus872e0C&pg=PA51">Jātaka Stories in Theravāda Buddhism: Narrating the Bodhisatta Path</a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1092-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-1092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%81taka+Stories+in+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism%3A+Narrating+the+Bodhisatta+Path&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1092-8&rft.au=Naomi+Appleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D86Kaus872e0C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandakranta_Bose2004" class="citation book cs1">Mandakranta Bose (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_vuoXvAUfQC&pg=PA337">The Ramayana Revisited</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 337–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803763-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803763-7"><bdi>978-0-19-803763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Revisited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803763-7&rft.au=Mandakranta+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_vuoXvAUfQC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Singh, Govind</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wpTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Nihang+sikhs+and+shri+ram">Dasamgranth</a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1044-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1044-8"><bdi>978-81-215-1044-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131063211/https://books.google.com/books?id=wpTXAAAAMAAJ&q=Nihang+sikhs+and+shri+ram">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dasamgranth&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1044-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Govind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwpTXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNihang%2Bsikhs%2Band%2Bshri%2Bram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris_R._Jakobsh2010" class="citation book cs1">Doris R. Jakobsh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBJPAQAAIAAJ">Sikhism and Women: History, Texts, and Experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806002-4"><bdi>978-0-19-806002-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131063328/https://books.google.com/books?id=NBJPAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Women%3A+History%2C+Texts%2C+and+Experience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806002-4&rft.au=Doris+R.+Jakobsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBJPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudgeKaur2010" class="citation journal cs1">Judge, Paramjit S.; Kaur, Manjit (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620888">"The Politics of Sikh Identity: Understanding Religious Exclusion"</a>. Sociological Bulletin. 59 (3): 219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038022920100303">10.1177/0038022920100303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0229">0038-0229</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620888">23620888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152062554">152062554</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529013855/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620888">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021 – via Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Sikh+Identity%3A+Understanding+Religious+Exclusion&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0038-0229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152062554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23620888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038022920100303&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Paramjit+S.&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Manjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23620888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman199117_note_11-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman199117_note_11_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichman1991">Richman 1991</a>, p. 17 note 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldmanramabp-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldmanramabp_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldmanramabp_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Goldman, Robert</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028145411/http://southasia.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/documents/Ramayana.pdf">The Valmiki Ramayana</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>: Center for South Asia Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasia.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/documents/Ramayana.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valmiki+Ramayana&rft.place=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Center+for+South+Asia+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.berkeley.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fshared%2Fdocuments%2FRamayana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundaram2002" class="citation book cs1">Sundaram, P S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPTcCd32pJIC">Kamba Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-100-2"><bdi>978-93-5118-100-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamba+Ramayana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-100-2&rft.aulast=Sundaram&rft.aufirst=P+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPTcCd32pJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G._Lochtefeld2002_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002">James G. Lochtefeld 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&pg=PA96">Madhubani Painting</a>. Abhinav Publications. 30 September 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170171560" title="Special:BookSources/9788170171560"><bdi>9788170171560</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110108/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96&dq=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8kJ761p_SAhUrIsAKHb2ZDfYQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madhubani+Painting&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.isbn=9788170171560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvuJyvtsCjwC%26q%3Dmadhubani%2Bart%2Bmadhubani%2Bdistrict%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting">"Rājput painting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.britannica.com/art/Rajput-painting">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=R%C4%81jput+painting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FRajput-painting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sahibdin">"Sāhibdīn | Indian painter | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=S%C4%81hibd%C4%ABn+%7C+Indian+painter+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSahibdin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_O._Henry1998" class="citation journal cs1">Edward O. Henry (1998). "Maithil Women's Song: Distinctive and Endangered Species". Ethnomusicology. 42 (3): 415–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F852849">10.2307/852849</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/852849">852849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=Maithil+Women%27s+Song%3A+Distinctive+and+Endangered+Species&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F852849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F852849%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Edward+O.+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512091648/http://nepal.saarctourism.org/nepal-music.html">"Maithili Music of India and Nepal : SAARC Secreteriat"</a>. SAARC Music Department. South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepal.saarctourism.org/nepal-music.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAARC+Music+Department&rft.atitle=Maithili+Music+of+India+and+Nepal+%3A+SAARC+Secreteriat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnepal.saarctourism.org%2Fnepal-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_Frederik_Stutterheim1989" class="citation book cs1">Willem Frederik Stutterheim (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoitUqGk8PAC">Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 109–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma-legends+and+R%C4%81ma-reliefs+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-251-2&rft.au=Willem+Frederik+Stutterheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoitUqGk8PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon2009p22-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon2009p22_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon2009p22_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon2009p22_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._Brandon2009" class="citation book cs1">James R. Brandon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-tAlBV5_LkC">Theatre in Southeast Asia</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 22–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02874-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062705/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-tAlBV5_LkC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02874-6&rft.au=James+R.+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-tAlBV5_LkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandon2009p15-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon2009p15_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brandon2009p15_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2009" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, James R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-tAlBV5_LkC">Theatre in Southeast Asia</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 15–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02874-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02874-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131062705/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-tAlBV5_LkC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02874-6&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-tAlBV5_LkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Jan Fontein (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171579">The Abduction of Sitā: Notes on a Stone Relief from Eastern Java</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506025631/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171579">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Boston Museum Bulletin, Vol. 71, No. 363 (1973), pp. 21–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKats1927" class="citation journal cs1">Kats, J. (1927). "The Ramayana in Indonesia". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 4 (3). Cambridge University Press: 579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00102976">10.1017/s0041977x00102976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162850921">162850921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ramayana+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=579&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00102976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162850921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kats&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_D._K._ChingMark_M._JarzombekVikramaditya_Prakash2010" class="citation book cs1">Francis D. K. Ching; Mark M. Jarzombek; Vikramaditya Prakash (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciywCgAAQBAJ">A Global History of Architecture</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-40257-3"><bdi>978-0-470-40257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-40257-3&rft.au=Francis+D.+K.+Ching&rft.au=Mark+M.+Jarzombek&rft.au=Vikramaditya+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciywCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The name of the capital city [Ayuttaya] derives from the Hindu holy city Ayodhya in northern India, which is said to be the birthplace of the Hindu god Rama." </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael C. Howard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC">Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</a>. McFarland. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-9033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.au=Michael+C.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA443">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. 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(1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZpeAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%22&pg=PA308">A Dictionary English and Maráthí ... commenced by J. T. Molesworth ... completed by T. 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Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Prabhas+says+he+was+%27frightened%27+to+play+Lord+Ram+in+%27Adipurush%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fbollywood%2Fnews%2Fprabhas-says-he-was-frightened-to-play-lord-ram-in-adipurush%2Farticleshow%2F94617957.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (23 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana">"All Indian life is here"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/an-epic-battle/1160681/">the original</a> on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=An+epic+battle&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=Anushree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Farchive%2Fan-epic-battle%2F1160681%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/what-helps-ashish-sharma-emote-better/">"What helps Ashish Sharma emote better?"</a>. Indian Express. 7 February 2016. 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Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Ramyug+first+impression%3A+Kunal+Kohli%27s+retelling+of+Lord+Ram%27s+story+misses+the+mark&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fentertainment%2Fweb-series%2Framyug-first-impression-kunal-kohli-mx-player-7303122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sujay-reu-plays-maryada-purushottam-prabhu-shri-ram-sony-entertainments-new-show-srimad-ramayan/">"Sujay Reu portrayed him in Sony Entertainment's show Srimad Ramayan"</a>. Bollywood Hungama. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bollywood+Hungama&rft.atitle=Sujay+Reu+portrayed+him+in+Sony+Entertainment%27s+show+Srimad+Ramayan&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodhungama.com%2Fnews%2Fbollywood%2Fsujay-reu-plays-maryada-purushottam-prabhu-shri-ram-sony-entertainments-new-show-srimad-ramayan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/full-house-and-constant-applause-for-atul-satya-koushik-s-play-prem-ramayan-depicting-five-love-stories-and-sacrifices-by-women-101684519851768.html">"Darpan theatre festival: Tales of epic love, sacrifice draw applause"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Darpan+theatre+festival%3A+Tales+of+epic+love%2C+sacrifice+draw+applause&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Flucknow-news%2Ffull-house-and-constant-applause-for-atul-satya-koushik-s-play-prem-ramayan-depicting-five-love-stories-and-sacrifices-by-women-101684519851768.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhelari2024" class="citation news cs1">Bhelari, Amit (21 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-dedicates-500-bed-hospital-named-after-lord-ram-and-goddess-sita/article67762411.ece/amp/">"Nitish dedicates 500-bed hospital named after Lord Ram and goddess Sita"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nitish+dedicates+500-bed+hospital+named+after+Lord+Ram+and+goddess+Sita&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.aulast=Bhelari&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fnitish-dedicates-500-bed-hospital-named-after-lord-ram-and-goddess-sita%2Farticle67762411.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyar1914" class="citation web cs1">Aiyar, Narayanasvami (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n3/mode/2up">"Thirty minor Upanishads"</a>. 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Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8"><bdi>0-87395-955-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11044869">11044869</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063559/https://books.google.com/books?id=1FFdOj2dv8cC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. 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Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-265-1629-2"><bdi>978-81-265-1629-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Wiley+India+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.isbn=978-81-265-1629-2&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLexraSEgRfIC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Goldman, Robert P.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFmsrEszbxgC">The Ramayan of Valmiki</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06662-2"><bdi>978-0-691-06662-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayan+of+Valmiki&rft.place=New+Jersey%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06662-2&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFmsrEszbxgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1991" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Shakti M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ">Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Indiana">University of Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Clarion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-788-185-12023-2" title="Special:BookSources/9-788-185-12023-2"><bdi>9-788-185-12023-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108734495">1108734495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals%2C+Fairs%2C+and+Fasts+of+India&rft.place=University+of+Indiana%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108734495&rft.isbn=9-788-185-12023-2&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shakti+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQjgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertelHumes1993" class="citation book cs1">Hertel, Bradley R.; Humes, Cynthia Ann (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-OYL6Khg0UC&pg=PA78">Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural Context</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1331-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-1331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Banaras%3A+Hindu+Religion+in+Cultural+Context&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1331-9&rft.aulast=Hertel&rft.aufirst=Bradley+R.&rft.au=Humes%2C+Cynthia+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-OYL6Khg0UC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Hindery, Roderick (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA98">Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.aulast=Hindery&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Ramdas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R51OEErb9g8C&pg=PA28">Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 28–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8856-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8856-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-8856-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapt+in+the+Name%3A+The+Ramnamis%2C+Ramnam%2C+and+Untouchable+Religion+in+Central+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8856-0&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Ramdas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR51OEErb9g8C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2003" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Julia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authoritymeaning00lesl">Authority and meaning in Indian religions: Hinduism and the case of Vālmīki</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3431-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3431-0"><bdi>0-7546-3431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authority+and+meaning+in+Indian+religions%3A+Hinduism+and+the+case+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-3431-0&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauthoritymeaning00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. 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SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5386-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapt+in+the+Name%3A+The+Ramnamis%2C+Ramnam%2C+and+Untouchable+Religion+in+Central+India&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Ramdas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDv1nxyOTgN0C%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kevin Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWlqK0ZGPJYC&pg=PA217">A Community of Sentiment: Indo-Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-72404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-72404-9"><bdi>978-0-549-72404-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Community+of+Sentiment%3A+Indo-Fijian+Music+and+Identity+Discourse+in+Fiji+and+Its+Diaspora&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-72404-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWlqK0ZGPJYC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorārībāpu1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morari_Bapu" title="Morari Bapu">Morārībāpu</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XJjAAAAMAAJ">Mangal Ramayan</a>. 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10373-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10373-2"><bdi>90-04-10373-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluralism+and+Identity%3A+Studies+in+Ritual+Behaviour&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10373-2&rft.aulast=Platvoet&rft.aufirst=Jan.+G.&rft.au=Toorn%2C+Karel+Van+Der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D178X5n7zArwC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoddar2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Prasad_Poddar" title="Hanuman Prasad Poddar">Poddar, Hanuman Prasad</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gitapress.org/">Balkand</a>. 94 (in Awadhi and Hindi). <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, India: <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-293-0406-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-293-0406-6"><bdi>81-293-0406-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219222556/http://www.gitapress.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2014. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87as%3A+The+Diversity+of+a+Narrative+Tradition+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07589-4&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkifYfljHP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2011" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC">Debating the Dasam Granth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6"><bdi>978-0-19-984247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Dasam+Granth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984247-6&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqe6WnpbT2BkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). 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"Rama and Sita in Wonoboyo". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 159 (2/3): 389–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003748">10.1163/22134379-90003748</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868037">27868037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Rama+and+Sita+in+Wonoboyo&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0006-2294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27868037%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003748&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Molen&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma2010" class="citation book cs1">Varma, Ram (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p9CJ8Hl6DOcC&pg=PT1565">Ramayana : Before He Was God</a>. Rupa & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1616-1"><bdi>978-81-291-1616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana+%3A+Before+He+Was+God&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1616-1&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp9CJ8Hl6DOcC%26pg%3DPT1565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953) [April 1952], <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer">Philosophies Of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Blank" title="Jonah Blank">Blank, Jonah</a> (2000). Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana Through India. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3733-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3733-4"><bdi>0-8021-3733-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrow+of+the+Blue-Skinned+God%3A+Retracing+the+Ramayana+Through+India&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8021-3733-4&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith" title="Ralph T. H. Griffith">Griffith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185021/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24869">archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020, retrieved 28 August 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.au=Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F24869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloory_and_en1997" class="citation book cs1">J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219032618/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=J.+P.+Mallory&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Menon" title="Ramesh Menon">Menon, Ramesh</a> (2008) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmQuLwAACAAJ">The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-660-8"><bdi>978-0-86547-660-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131063210/https://books.google.com/books?id=JmQuLwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana%3A+A+Modern+Retelling+of+the+Great+Indian+Epic&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-660-8&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJmQuLwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValmiki_Ramayan" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, Uttar Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana&rft.place=Gorakhpur%2C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=Gita+Press&rft.au=Valmiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html">Jain Rāmāyaṇa of Hemchandra (English translation), book 7 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra</a>, 1931, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084219/https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html">archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2018, retrieved 31 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+Hemchandra+%28English+translation%29%2C+book+7+of+the+Trishashti+Shalaka+Purusha+Caritra&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fjainism%2Fbook%2Ftrishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra%2Fd%2Fdoc213981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_Frederik_Stutterheim1989" class="citation book cs1">Willem Frederik Stutterheim (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoitUqGk8PAC">Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia</a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma-legends+and+R%C4%81ma-reliefs+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-251-2&rft.au=Willem+Frederik+Stutterheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoitUqGk8PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyas1992" class="citation book cs1">Vyas, R.T., ed. (1992). Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa. <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>: Oriental Institute. <q>Text as Constituted in its Critical Edition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.place=Vadodara&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrowse2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F.S._Growse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F.S. Growse (page does not exist)">Growse, F.S.</a> (2017). The Ramayana of Tulsidas. Trieste Publishing Pty Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-649-46180-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-649-46180-6"><bdi>9-780-649-46180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Tulsidas&rft.pub=Trieste+Publishing+Pty+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9-780-649-46180-6&rft.aulast=Growse&rft.aufirst=F.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambar" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a>. Kamba Ramayanam.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rama" class="extiw" title="commons:Rama">Rama</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rama" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rama">category</a>) at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Rama </div><div><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Kosala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala Kingdom">King of Kosala</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramayana" title="Template:Ramayana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramayana" title="Template talk:Ramayana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramayana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramayana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramayana191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitra" title="Sumitra">Sumitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmila" title="Urmila">Urmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavi" title="Mandavi">Mandavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrutakirti" title="Shrutakirti">Shrutakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramapanchayan,_Raja_Ravi_Varma_(Lithograph).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/125px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/188px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/250px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="5712" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angada" title="Angada">Angada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Ramayana)" title="Tara (Ramayana)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%81" title="Rumā">Rumā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_(Ramayana)" title="Nala (Ramayana)">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_(Ramayana)" title="Nila (Ramayana)">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaradhwaja" title="Makaradhwaja">Makaradhwaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Indrajit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshayakumara" title="Akshayakumara">Akshayakumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikaya" title="Atikaya">Atikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabandha" title="Kabandha">Kabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khara_(Ramayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khara (Ramayana)">Khara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushana">Dushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Mandodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanyamalini" title="Dhanyamalini">Dhanyamalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavanasura" title="Lavanasura">Lavanasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malyavan" title="Malyavan">Malyavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Maricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasura" title="Mayasura">Mayasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Narantaka-Devantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahasta" title="Prahasta">Prahasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarama_(Ramayana)" title="Sarama (Ramayana)">Sarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subahu" title="Subahu">Subahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulochana_(Ramayana)" title="Sulochana (Ramayana)">Sulochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumali">Sumali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Shurpanakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataka" title="Tataka">Tataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijata" title="Trijata">Trijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishira" title="Trishira">Trishira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viradha" title="Viradha">Viradha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahalya" title="Ahalya">Ahalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)" title="Arundhati (Hinduism)">Arundhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Kambhoja" title="Sage Kambhoja">Kambhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishyasringa" title="Rishyasringa">Rishyasringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in the Ramayana">Other figures and concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_rekha" title="Lakshmana rekha">Lakshmana rekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavan" title="Jambavan">Jambavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushadhvaja" title="Kushadhvaja">Kushadhvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthara" title="Manthara">Manthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Sita" title="Maya Sita">Maya Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampati" title="Sampati">Sampati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta" title="Shanta">Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravana Kumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedavati" title="Vedavati">Vedavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambuka" title="Shambuka">Shambuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila (ancient)">Mithila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandakaranya" title="Dandakaranya">Dandakaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshadhiparvata" title="Oshadhiparvata">Oshadhiparvata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Books/Kandas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Kand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya Kand">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara%E1%B9%87ya-K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Araṇya-Kāṇḍa">Aranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishkindha Kanda">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuddha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuddha Kanda">Yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kanda">Uttara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">Versions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adbhuta_Ramayana" title="Adbhuta Ramayana">Adbhuta Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyathmaramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Ramayana" title="Ananda Ramayana">Ananda Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilanka_Ramayana" title="Bilanka Ramayana">Bilanka Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittivasi Ramayana">Krittivasi Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana">Maharadia Lawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam">Molla Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Ram" title="Phra Lak Phra Ram">Phra Lak Phra Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Ramayana" title="Raghunatha Ramayana">Raghunatha Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavruksham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanamu" title="Ranganatha Ramayanamu">Ranganatha Ramayanamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayana_Darshanam" title="Sri Ramayana Darshanam">Sri Ramayana Darshanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayanamu" title="Sri Ramayanamu">Sri Ramayanamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_Zatdaw" title="Yama Zatdaw">Yama Zatdaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a> (for example)1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div>1 The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rama_Rajya">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Rama at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rama" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rama">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" class="extiw" title="c:राम">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rama" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Rama">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rama" class="extiw" title="q:Rama">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hinduism/Rama" class="extiw" title="v:Hinduism/Rama">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160213" class="extiw" title="d:Q160213">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1407" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160213#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160213#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98149414860989550105">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKF9fvtj3XG9fcf8ffb7d">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118881477">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017241692">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908744&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000061871&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007413896805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118881477">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118881477">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/rahma">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama&oldid=1276372019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama&oldid=1276372019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rama" title="Category:Rama">Rama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Indian_culture" title="Category:Ancient Indian culture">Ancient Indian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythological_kings_of_Kosala" title="Category:Mythological kings of Kosala">Mythological 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id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Rama</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" 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</a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 110 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-zhbbf","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.475","walltime":"3.938","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22995,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":737830,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21610,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":961630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3194.982 1 -total"," 40.91% 1307.020 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.47% 877.605 152 Template:Cite_book"," 12.80% 409.096 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 11.58% 369.919 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.15% 260.439 54 Template:Sfn"," 7.62% 243.398 47 Template:Cite_web"," 3.53% 112.887 5 Template:IAST"," 3.46% 110.638 5 Template:Transliteration"," 3.33% 106.316 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.074","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21102518,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._N._Jani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._W._P._Guruge1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA_Kapoor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsDouglas_Q._Adams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAiyar1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArcher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsko_Parpola1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._A_van_Nooten_William2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalajiwale2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassuk1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagavānadāsa1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagwan_Das_Garg1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhalla2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBhat2006i\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharyya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhaṭṭi600\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhelari2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlank2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuitenen1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBéteilleGuhaParry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapple1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClausDiamondMills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCort2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowellRouse1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakshinamurthy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalrymple2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_E_Bassuk1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebroy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhirajlal_Sankalia1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimock,_E.C._Jr.1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiwakar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodiya2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoris_R._Jakobsh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmour_J._Babineau1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Geoffrey_Parrinder1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_O._Henry1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_D._K._ChingMark_M._JarzombekVikramaditya_Prakash2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Flood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert_Pollet1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Claeys2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrowse2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._T._FrancisE._J._Thomas1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_Bakker1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartHeifetz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasmukhlal_Dhirajlal_Sankalia1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertelHumes1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess,_L.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindery1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._L._Brockington1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaiswal1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Harle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_R._Brandon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_Lindsay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_BrockingtonMary_Brockington2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Cort2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_E_Cort1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Nicol_Farquhar1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudgeKaur2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalakam1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKambar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarkar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasbekar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKats1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutgendorf1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMOLESWORTH1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloory_and_en1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandakranta_Bose2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarijke_J._Klokke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonika_Horstmann1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorārībāpu1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagpaul_D\u0026#039;souza2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaidu1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaomi_Appleton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnial2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmanabh_S_Jaini1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalem2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaniker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPargiter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmeshwaranand2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_van_der_Veer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillai1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatvoetToorn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoddar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonam2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPraśānta_Guptā1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Barz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRC_Prasad1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRajHarman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajadhyakshaWillemen1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajarajan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamachander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanujan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamashraya_Sharma1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamdas_Lamb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_P._GoldmanSally_Sutherland_Goldman1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRooney2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSATTAR2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadguru_Sant_Keshavadas1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatpathy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechnerHess1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimanjuntak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStasikTrynkowska2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundaram2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTattwananda1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigunait2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimm1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulasīdāsa1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValmiki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValmiki1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValmiki2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValmiki_Ramayan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Molen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarma2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarnekar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijayakumar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVyas1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVālmīki1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVālmīkiPollock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVālmīkiSheldon_I._Pollock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagenaarParikh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillem_Frederik_Stutterheim1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_H._Brackney2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinternitz1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1973\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite LPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 151,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons and category inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further information\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvard citation no brackets\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"HinduAvatars\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"IAST\"] = 3,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Ramayana\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 9,\n [\"Religion and politics\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-break\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 54,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Trans\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Url\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vaishnavism\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","22.2"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rama","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rama","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160213","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160213","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-24T10:17:02Z","dateModified":"2025-02-18T13:42:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/45\/Lord_Rama_with_arrows.jpg","headline":"Main character of Ramayana"}</script> </body> </html>